Effect of Foreign Ion Substitution and Micropore Tuning in Robocasting Single-Phase Bioceramic Scaffolds on the Physicochemical Property and Vascularization

The inorganic powder slurry extrusion printing technique known as robocasting is an interesting method to fabricate complex porous architectures whereby feedstocks containing organic binders and powders are printed and the resulting scaffolds are subjected to sintering. A major limiting factor of this technique is the simultaneous tailoring of vascularization efficacy and osteogenic activity, usually done by adding the secondary phase in the organic slurry before the writing step. Mechanical mixing of biphasic powders is required to avoid compromising the biological performance and physical defects caused by significantly different physicochemical properties. This study addresses this issue by developing a selective ion doping and microstructure tuning for the production of bioceramic scaffolds with a binozzle robocasting process. Different metal ions (Sr