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Polygenic risk score (PRS) and rare monogenic variant screening are valuable tools for predicting cancer risk and identifying individuals at high risk. Integrating both common and rare genetic variants is crucial for accurate risk assessment. However, estimating the impacts of rare variants on cancer and combining them with PRS remains challenging. Here, we analyze 454,711 exome sequencing and 487,409 array UK Biobank samples, focusing on breast and prostate cancers. We introduce an expanded PRS (EPRS) approach, yielding a systematic model for more effective risk stratification. By prioritizing and clustering genes with cancer-specific rare variants based on odds ratios and population-attributable fraction, we refine risk stratification by combining both monogenic and polygenic effects. Individuals in high-PRS groups with rare high-impact gene variants show up to 15- and 22-fold higher risk for breast and prostate cancers, respectively, compared to those in the intermediate-PRS groups without rare variants. Combined risk profiles vary across distinct rare variant clusters within the same PRS group for both cancers. Our EPRS approach enhances risk stratification for breast and prostate cancers, offering important insights for future research and potential applications to other cancer types. An expanded PRS (EPRS) approach combining polygenic risk scores and rare variant clustering enhances cancer risk stratification for breast and prostate cancers. High-PRS groups with rare high-impact gene variants have up to 15- and 22-fold higher risk for breast and prostate cancers, respectively, compared to intermediate-PRS groups without rare variants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The rate of interval colorectal cancer (iCRC) is now accepted as a key performance indicator of organized colorectal cancer (CRC) screening programs. We aimed to examine the association between endoscopist volumes and the rate of iCRC among individuals with a positive fecal immunochemical test (FIT) within a nationwide population-based CRC screening program. Materials and Methods: Individuals aged ≥ 50 years who underwent colonoscopy after a positive FIT from January 1, 2019 until December 31, 2020 in the Korean National Cancer Screening Program (KNCSP) were enrolled. We converted the data into per-endoscopist screening results, calculated the iCRC rates per endoscopist, and compared them to the previous year's annual volume that was divided into five groups (V1, 1-9; V2, 10-29; V3, 30-59; V4, 60-119; V5, ≥ 120). Results: A total of 10,412 endoscopists performed 216,907 colonoscopies. Overall, the average rate of iCRC per endoscopist was 8.46 per 1,000 examinations. Compared with the group with the highest volume (V5 group), the rate of iCRC was 2.21 times higher in the V1 group. Similar trends were observed in the other groups (V2: relative risks [RR], 2.15; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.57 to 2.94; V3: RR, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.15 to 2.13; V4: RR, 1.18; 95% CI, 0.83 to 1.67). Conclusion: The findings emphasize that endoscopists with lower procedure volumes have higher risks of interval cancer being missed or undetected. To maximize the preventative impact of colonoscopy for CRC, this issue should be addressed by monitoring endoscopist volumes and variations in performances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the rapidly advancing field of perovskite solar cells (PSCs), achieving the Shockley–Queisser efficiency limit is primarily hindered by nonradiative recombination losses. In this study, the strategic incorporation of chiral graphene quantum dots (GQDs) at the PSC interface is pioneered, significantly mitigating these losses through this chiral interface engineering. Also in this study, by synthesizing and characterizing the chiroptic behavior and doping effects of both chiral and racemic GQDs, their pivotal role in enhancing charge extraction and transport is unveiled. In the findings of this study, it is shown that GQDs do not alter the crystallization of perovskite films but significantly boost light absorption owing to improved interfacial contact. Subsequent optical and electrical assessments reveal that the PSCs treated with chiral GQDs outperform those with racemic GQDs, primarily on account of the chiral specificity of chiral GQDs, which leads to reduced nonradiative recombination and enhanced charge transport efficiency. In this work, not only the potential of chiral GQDs is underscored in elevating PSC efficiency but also a compelling proof of concept for chiral interface engineering is established as a key to unlocking the full potential of PSCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we present an efficient and rapid method for synthesizing perovskite nanoparticles (PeNPs) using ultrasonic spray techniques. The synthesized PeNPs are notably larger than the exciton Bohr radius of perovskite, avoiding the quantum confinement effect, and exhibit a size distribution of around 61.6 ± 30 nm. They show an exceptionally narrow full width at half-maximum of approximately 21.8 nm and a high exciton binding energy (Eb) of approximately 204 meV. Furthermore, the physically restrained reprecipitation method not only effectively transforms perovskite precursor droplets into solid PeNPs at the interface of an antisolvent but also concurrently achieves ligand passivation. This dual-action mechanism promotes their dispersion in various organic solvents and highly concentrated solutions, thus significantly expanding the scope of potential optoelectronic applications such as light-emitting diodes and photodetectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]