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The two Large Hadron Collider (LHC) beam dumps have to withstand arduous operating conditions and are essential for the safe and reliable operation of the collider. During the LHC Long Shutdown 2 (2019-2020), extensive work was carried out to upgrade the dumps to cope with the more demanding future operating conditions of the LHC Run 3. The upgrades included modifications to the dump blocks, dump block supports and their lubrication, beam windows, the beam pipes leading to the dumps, and the nitrogen pressurisation system of the dump blocks. A comprehensive instrumentation system was installed to monitor the behaviour of the dumps. In addition, an internal endoscope inspection was performed on the ex-operational dumps to check their condition. Many of these operations had to be carried out in underground radiation areas, therefore the optimization of the dose-to-personnel according to the ALARA principle was an important consideration. The return on experience for these activities will be provided, including the critical tasks, unexpected events and lessons learnt.

Antiprotons are produced at CERN at the Antiproton Decelerator (AD) Target Area by impacting 26 GeV/c proton beams onto a fixed target. Further collection, momentum selection, and transport of the secondary particles - including antiprotons - towards the AD ring is realised by a 400 kA pulsed magnetic horn and a set of magnetic dipoles and quadrupoles. A major consolidation of the area - in operation since the 80s - has taken place during the CERN Long Shutdown 2 (2019-2021). Among other activities, such upgrade included: (i) Installation of a new air-cooled target design and manufacturing of a new batch of magnetic horns, including a surface pulsing test-bench for their validation and fine-tuning (ii) Installation of a new positioning and maintenance system for the target and horn (iii) Refurbishment and decontamination of the Target Area and its equipment, (iv) Construction of a new surface service building to house new nuclear ventilation systems. This contribution presents an overview of such activities and lesson learnt. In addition, it provides the latest results from refractory metals R for the antiproton target and a summary of the recommissioning and optimization plans., Proceedings of the 12th International Particle Accelerator Conference, IPAC2021, Campinas, SP, Brazil

The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) beam dump (TDE) is essential for safe and reliable operation of the collider. It absorbs particles extracted from the accelerator whenever required. The original design of the TDE dates from the mid 2000 and it is constituted of an eight-meter-long cylindrical stainless-steel tube, filled with low-Z carbon-based materials from different grades and densities. The Sigraflex®, an expanded low-density graphite, is employed in the middle section of the TDE core. Due to unexpected behaviour observed in the past LHC runs, several major upgrades were recently implemented in order for the TDE to be ready for LHC Run3 (2021-2024), where up to 555 MJ beam energy is expected to be dumped every few hours. According simulations, temperatures in the Sigraflex core will reach locally up to 1500°C in the regular dump cases, and above 2300°C for failure scenarios. The objective of this contribution is to summarize the LS2 hardware upgrades and the plan for the evaluation of the Sigraflex performance during LHC Run3. This work will also detail the last experimental and numerical findings applied to the Sigraflex®, and possible alternative materials for the future., Proceedings of the 12th International Particle Accelerator Conference, IPAC2021, Campinas, SP, Brazil

Particle accelerator projects share many characteristics with industrial projects. However, experience has shown that best practice of industrial project management is not always well suited to particle accelerator projects. Major differences include the number and complexity of technologies involved, the importance of collaborative work, development phases that can last more than a decade, and the importance of telerobotics and remote handling to address future preventive and corrective maintenance requirements due to induced radioactivity, to cite just a few. The openSE framework was developed as part of the PURESAFE ITN project funded by the European Commission; it is a systems engineering and project management framework specifically designed for scientific facilities' systems and equipment studies and development projects. Best practices in project management, in systems and requirements engineering, in telerobotics and remote handling and in radiation safety management were used as sources of inspiration, together with analysis of current practices surveyed at CERN, GSI and ESS., Proceedings of the 7th Int. Particle Accelerator Conf., IPAC2016, Busan, Korea

The Beam Dump Facility (BDF) Project, currently in its design phase, is a proposed general-purpose fixed target facility at CERN, dedicated to the Search for Hidden Particles (SHiP) experiment in its initial phase and whose aim is to fully absorb the high intensity 400 GeV/c SPS beam. The BDF target complex would be located underground at a depth of about 10 m and is designed to contain most of the cascade generated by the primary beam interaction. Due to the high beam intensity delivered on target, the high density and high-Z composition of the target/dump, high activation of the material is expected, therefore evaluation of radiation protection risks is a crucial aspect for the design of this facility. In particular, high prompt and residual dose rates call for considerable shielding and remote interventions in the target area. Also the risk and environmental impact from air, water and soil activation heavily influence the design. In order to respect the applicable CERN radiation protection legislation regarding doses to personnel as well as the environmental impact, a preliminary radiological study was carried out. In order to validate the design of the BDF target, a scaled prototype was tested during 2018 in the SPS North Area at CERN. Preliminary results of radiological aspects for this test will be presented as well. To assess the above-mentioned radiation protection aspects, extensive simulations were performed with the FLUKA Monte Carlo particle transport code.

The proposed SPS beam dump facility (BDF) is a fixed-target facility foreseen to be situated at the North Area of the SPS. Beam dump in this context implies a target aimed at absorbing the majority of incident protons and containing most of the cascade generated by the primary beam interaction. The aim is a general purpose fixed target facility, which in the initial phase is aimed at the Search for Hidden Particles (SHiP) experiment. Feasibility studies are ongoing at CERN to address the key challenges of the facility. These challenges include: slow resonant extraction from the SPS; a target that has the two-fold objective of producing charged mesons as well as stopping the primary proton beam; and radiation protection considerations related to primary proton beam with a power of around 355 kW. The aim of the project is to complete the key technical feasibility studies in time for the European Strategy for Particle Physics (ESPP) update foreseen in 2020. This is in conjunction with the recommendation by the CERN Research Board to the SHiP experiment to prepare a comprehensive design study as input to the ESPP., Proceedings of the 8th Int. Particle Accelerator Conf., IPAC2017, Copenhagen, Denmark

The International Linear Collider Technical Design Report (TDR) describes in four volumes the physics case and the design of a 500 GeV centre-of-mass energy linear electron-positron collider based on superconducting radio-frequency technology using Niobium cavities as the accelerating structures. The accelerator can be extended to 1 TeV and also run as a Higgs factory at around 250 GeV and on the Z0 pole. A comprehensive value estimate of the accelerator is give, together with associated uncertainties. It is shown that no significant technical issues remain to be solved. Once a site is selected and the necessary site-dependent engineering is carried out, construction can begin immediately. The TDR also gives baseline documentation for two high-performance detectors that can share the ILC luminosity by being moved into and out of the beam line in a "push-pull" configuration. These detectors, ILD and SiD, are described in detail. They form the basis for a world-class experimental programme that promises to increase significantly our understanding of the fundamental processes that govern the evolution of the Universe.

In hostile environments at CERN and other similar scientific facilities, having a reliable mobile robot system is essential for successful execution of robotic missions and to avoid situations of manual recovery of the robots in the event that the robot runs out of energy. Because of environmental constraints, such mobile robots are usually battery-powered and hence energy management and optimization is one of the key challenges in this field. The ability to know beforehand the energy consumed by various elements of the robot (such as locomotion, sensors, controllers, computers and communication) will allow flexibility in planning or managing the tasks to be performed by the robot.

The use of telerobotic systems is essential for remote handling (RH) operations in radioactive areas of scientific facilities that generate high doses of radiation. Recent developments in remote handling technology has seen a great deal of effort being directed towards the design of modular remote handling control rooms equipped with a standard master arm which will be used to separately control a range of different slave devices. This application thus requires a kinematically dissimilar master-slave control scheme. In order to avoid drag and other effects such as friction or other non-linear and unmodelled slave arm effects of the common position-position architecture in nonbackdrivable slaves, this research has implemented a force-position control scheme. End-effector force is derived from motor torque values which, to avoid the use of radiation intolerant and costly sensing devices, are inferred from motor current measurement. This has been demonstrated on a 1-DOF test-rig with a permanent magnet synchronous motor teleoperated by a Sensable Phantom Omni® haptic master. This has been shown to allow accurate control while realistically conveying dynamic force information back to the operator.

The unprecedented design intensities of the LHC require several important advances in beam collimation. With its more than 100 collimators, acting on various planes and beams, the LHC collimation system is the biggest and most performing such system ever designed and constructed. The solution for LHC collimation is explained, the technical components are introduced and the initial performance is presented. Residual beam leakage from the system is analysed. Measurements and simulations are presented which show that collimation efficiencies of better than 99.97 % have been measured with the 3.5 TeV proton beams of the LHC, in excellent agreement with expectations., peer-reviewed

The installation of about 1700 superconducting dipoles and quadrupoles in the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is now well underway. The transport and installation of the LHC cryo-magnets in the LEP tunnels originally designed for smaller, lighter LEP magnets have required development of completely new handling solutions. The severe space constraints combined with the long, heavy loads have meant that solutions had to be very sophisticated. The paper describes the procedure of the installation of the main cryo-magnets in the arc as well as the more specific insertion cryo-magnets. The logistics for the handling and transport are monitored with tri-axial acceleration monitoring devices that are installed on each cryo-magnet to ensure their mechanical and geometric integrity. These dynamic results are commented. The paper includes conclusions and some lessons learned