Search

The cybersecurity threat landscape evolves quickly, continually, and consequentially. This means that the "transfer" of cybersecurity learning is crucial. We compared how different recognized "cognitive" transfer theories might help explain and synergize three aspects of cybersecurity education. These include "teaching and training" in diverse settings, "assessing learning" formatively & summatively, and "testing & measuring" achievement, proficiency, & readiness. We excluded newer sociocultural theories and their implications for inclusion as we explore those theories elsewhere. We first summarized the history of cybersecurity education and proficiency standards considering transfer theories. We then explored each theory and reviewed the most relevant cybersecurity education research; in some cases, we broadened our search to computing education. We concluded that (a) archaic "differential" transfer theories are still influential but have negative implications to be avoided, (b) "constructionist" theories are popular in K-12 settings but raise issues for assessment and transfer, (c) many embrace a "general cognitive science perspective" that can resolve tensions between modern "cognitive-associationist" and "cognitive-constructivist" theories that are popular with innovators, and (d) new "perceptual" and "coordinative" theories have potential worth exploring. These insights should support "generative" cybersecurity learning that transfers readily and widely to future classes, tests, and workplaces. These insights should be beneficial when designing and using cyber "ranges" and other hyper-realistic simulations, where transfer assumptions inform costly design decisions and undergird the validity of performance as evidence of proficiency.

Teen dating violence (TDV) is a significant public health problem that can have lifelong consequences. Using a longitudinal, cluster randomized controlled trial (RCT), this study examines whether the "Dating Matters" comprehensive prevention model, implemented in middle school, prevented TDV and negative relationship behaviors and promoted positive relationship behaviors in high school (9th-11th grades), when compared with a standard of care intervention. "Dating Matters" includes programs for sixth to eighth grade youth and their parents, training for school staff, a youth communications program, and policy and data activities implemented in the community. Self-report survey data were collected from students in 46 middle schools that were randomly assigned to condition within site. Students completed two surveys (fall and spring) in each middle school grade and a single survey in the spring of each high school grade. This study examined self-reported TDV perpetration and victimization, use of negative conflict resolution strategies, and positive relationship skills in the high school follow-up. While varying patterns emerged, latent panel models demonstrated significant program effects for all outcomes. "Dating Matters" students reported 19% reduced risk for TDV perpetration, 24% reduced risk for TDV victimization, 7% reduced risk for use of negative conflict strategies, and 3% more use of positive relationship skills, on average across time and cohort, than standard of care students. On average, "Dating Matters," implemented in middle school, continued to be more effective at reducing TDV perpetration, TDV victimization, and use of negative conflict resolution strategies in high school than an evidence-based comparison program.

Reductions in nonresidential water demand during the COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the importance of understanding how water age impacts drinking water quality and microbiota in piped distribution systems. Using benchtop model distribution systems, we aimed to characterize the impacts of elevated water age on microbiota in bulk water and pipe wall biofilms. Five replicate constant-flow reactors were fed with municipal chloraminated tap water for 6 months prior to building closures and 7 months after. After building closures, chloramine levels entering the reactors dropped; in the reactor bulk water and biofilms the mean cell counts and ATP concentrations increased over an order of magnitude while the detection of opportunistic pathogens remained low. Water age, and the corresponding physicochemical changes, strongly influenced microbial abundance and community composition. Differential initial microbial colonization also had a lasting influence on microbial communities in each reactor (i.e., historical contingency).

BACKGROUND: Few hospitals have built surveillance for diagnostic errors into usual care or used comparative quantitative and qualitative data to understand their diagnostic processes and implement interventions designed to reduce these errors. OBJECTIVES: To build surveillance for diagnostic errors into usual care, benchmark diagnostic performance across sites, pilot test interventions, and evaluate the programs impact on diagnostic error rates. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: Achieving diagnostic excellence through prevention and teamwork (ADEPT) is a multicenter, real-world quality and safety program utilizing interrupted time-series techniques to evaluate outcomes. Study subjects will be a randomly sampled population of medical patients hospitalized at 16 US hospitals who died, were transferred to intensive care, or had a rapid response during the hospitalization. Surveillance for diagnostic errors will occur on 10 events per month per site using a previously established two-person adjudication process. Concurrent reviews of patients who had a qualifying event in the previous week will allow for surveys of clinicians to better understand contributors to diagnostic error, or conversely, examples of diagnostic excellence, which cannot be gleaned from medical record review alone. With guidance from national experts in quality and safety, sites will report and benchmark diagnostic error rates, share lessons regarding underlying causes, and design, implement, and pilot test interventions using both Safety I and Safety II approaches aimed at patients, providers, and health systems. Safety II approaches will focus on cases where diagnostic error did not occur, applying theories of how people and systems are able to succeed under varying conditions. The primary outcome will be the number of diagnostic errors per patient, using segmented multivariable regression to evaluate change in y-intercept and change in slope after initiation of the program. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The study has been approved by the University of California, San Francisco Institutional Review Board (IRB), which is serving as the single IRB. Intervention toolkits and study findings will be disseminated through partners including Vizient, The Joint Commission, and Press-Ganey, and through national meetings, scientific journals, and publications aimed at the general public.

Marie Ociskova,1,2 Jan Prasko,1– 4 Krystof Kantor,1,5 Jakub Vanek,1 Vlastimil Nesnidal,1 Kamila Belohradova1 1Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; 2Jessenia Inc. Rehabilitation Hospital Beroun, Akeso Holding, MINDWALK, S.r.o, Beroun, Czech Republic; 3Department of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences and Health Care, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Nitra, Slovak Republic; 4Department of Psychotherapy, Institute for Postgraduate Training in Health Care, Prague, Czech Republic; 5Department of Child Psychiatry, University Hospital in Motol, Prague, Czech RepublicCorrespondence: Jan Prasko, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University in Olomouc, Hnevotinska 3, Olomouc, 779 00, Czech Republic, Email praskojan@seznam.czPurpose: Child abuse and trauma are significant risk factors in the etiology of borderline personality disorder (BPD). Apart from affecting the risk of developing BPD, adverse childhood experiences seem to increase its symptoms and related disability. Self-stigma presents another common issue with equally prominent consequences for mental health. Despite being theoretically linked, the connections among childhood trauma, self-stigma, and mental health have not been explored in patients with BPD. This study aimed to provide first insights into this understudied topic.Patients and Methods: This cross-sectional study included 283 inpatients diagnosed with BPD participating in a residential transdiagnostic psychotherapeutic program. The patients completed several measurements – the Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness Scale, the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire – Short Form, the Clinical Global Impression – Severity, the Beck Depression Inventory-II, the Beck Anxiety Inventory, the Dissociative Experiences Scale, the Sheehan Disability Scale, and a demographic questionnaire. The data was statistically analyzed using IBM SPSS and AMOS 26 programs, and bivariate correlation tests and structural equation modeling explored the hypotheses.Results: Retrospectively reported childhood trauma positively correlated with current self-stigma. Both childhood trauma and self-stigma were also positively related to several indicators of general psychopathology and disability. The significance of these connections was subsequently confirmed by structural equation modeling, where self-stigma acted as a partial mediator of childhood trauma, general psychopathology, and disability.Conclusion: Self-stigma significantly mediates the relationship between childhood trauma and selected mental health symptoms among adult patients diagnosed with BPD. Longitudinal studies are necessary to explore the causality of the findings. Therapeutic and societal efforts to tackle childhood trauma or self-stigma might benefit from reflecting its broader psychosocial context.Keywords: borderline personality disorder, self-stigma, childhood trauma, depression, anxiety, disability

Abstract Background Despite evidence demonstrating the effectiveness of the COVID-19 vaccine, vaccine hesitancy has emerged as a major challenge for vaccine uptake. The objective of this study was to classify latent typologies of vaccine hesitant adults in Ethiopia and identify predictors of the latent classes. Methods We employed a cross-sectional household survey among 1,112 individuals aged 18 and above who were partially vaccinated (one dose) or not vaccinated at the time of the survey. Data was collected in August 2022. We collected information on participant socio-demographics, COVID-19 knowledge, prevention practices, disease history, and vaccine hesitancy. Latent class analysis was used to classify individuals into categories of vaccine hesitancy. We conducted multinomial logistic regression to test the associations between latent typologies and different demographic and COVID-19 related characteristics of study participants. Results Using latent class analysis we found a four-class solution for vaccine hesitancy typologies. The identified classes were strong vaccine acceptors (30%); vaccine acceptors with some concerns (7%); vaccine sceptics (13%); and vaccine rejectors (50%). In adjusted models with vaccine sceptics as the referent group, those with high COVID-19 vaccine knowledge were significantly more likely to belong to the strong vaccine acceptors class compared to those with low vaccine knowledge (adj. RRR: 17.36, 95% CI: 10.94–27.55). Better COVID-19 prevention practices were also significantly associated with belonging to the vaccine acceptors with some concerns class than the vaccine sceptics class (adj. RRR: 2.13, 95% CI: 1.09–4.16). Those who had one dose of the COVID-19 vaccine were significantly more likely to belong in the vaccine acceptors class than the vaccine sceptics class compared to those who had no dose (adj. RRR: 6.82, 95% CI: 3.06–15.21). Conclusions Half of the study participants were in the vaccine rejectors class. Individuals in the vaccine sceptics and rejector classes evidenced lower vaccine knowledge and worse COVD-19 prevention practices and were less likely to have been partially vaccinated. Future program interventions should focus on improving knowledge around the vaccine, decrease rumors and misconceptions, and target individuals who may be more amenable to changing their vaccination attitudes or behaviors like vaccine sceptics or acceptors with some concerns.

Abstract Despite extensive evidence on the impact of various mental health issues including smartphone/internet addiction, and personality traits on academic achievement, little is known about the complex interactions between multiple of these factors simultaneously, as well as cross-country differences in these nuanced relationships. In particular, understanding the role of the mentioned addictions has become increasingly important in recent years in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of this cross-country study was to investigate, using path analysis, the complex relationships between mental health determinants (depression, anxiety, stress, resilience, and smartphone/internet addiction) and academic achievement in 1785 Czech and Chinese university students using an online battery of psychological tests. The results confirmed the previously described effect of multiple factors (anxiety, stress, resilience, smartphone/internet addiction, personality traits, and sex, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness) on academic achievement, overlapping in most cases for both groups of students. At the same time, however, different country-dependent patterns of interactions emerged. For the Czech students, the variables formed a complex network of interacting factors, whereas for the Chinese students, the effect of each cluster of factors was separate for individual domains of academic achievement. These cross-country differences have implications particularly for planning and targeting the most effective interventions to promote and develop academic achievement.

Background: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) show promise as blood-based tumor markers for germ cell tumors (GCTs), with miRNA-371-3p being the most studied. The marginal benefit of including other candidate miRNAs to aid with the management of testicular GCTs remains unclear. Objective: To assess the performance of our combined miRNA assay (371a-3p and 372-3p) in patients with clinically localized testicular masses. Design, setting, and participants: This was a retrospective review of patients prospectively enrolled in an ongoing protocol collecting serum miR-371a-3p and miR-372-3p levels (together, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center [MSK] miRNA assay [MMA]) in patients with a suspected or diagnosed testicular GCT. Outcome measurements and statistical analysis: The coprimary outcomes of interest were sensitivity and specificity of miR-371a-3p and 372-3p, individually and together, to detect nonteratomatous GCTs in the orchiectomy specimen. Secondary outcomes included additional assay diagnostic parameters, the relationship of patient and disease factors with variations in miRNA levels, and temporal patterns of miRNA normalization after orchiectomy. Results and limitations: Sixty-two patients were included, 52 had a viable GCT at orchiectomy, and ten had no cancer or a non-GCT. Forty-six patients with a GCT had positive preorchiectomy MMA (sensitivity 88.5% [95% confidence interval {CI}: 79.8, 97.2]), and one patient had positive preorchiectomy MMA but no GCT (specificity 90.0% [95% CI: 71.4, 100]). The diagnostic performance of miR-371a-3-p and miR-372-3p was similar. The time for miRNA to decrease to undetectable levels varied, with some patients having positive levels up to 3 wk after orchiectomy. Conclusions: The biomarkers miR-371a-3p and miR-372-3p demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity for localized testicular GCTs, but causes of variation in relative miRNA levels and time to normalization for individual patients remain unclear. Patient summary: We studied the ability of the blood-based biomarkers miR-371a-3p and miR-372-3p to detect testicular cancer (germ cell tumors) in patients with small testicular masses. We found that together and individually these were sensitive and specific for testicular cancer.

Abstract Fe1-x O, although chemically simple, possesses a complex structural and magnetic phase diagram. The crystal structures of Fe1-x O and its magnetic properties at extreme conditions are still a matter of debate. Here, we performed a systematic investigation on Fe0.94O up to 94 GPa and 1700 K using synchrotron X-ray diffraction and synchrotron Mössbauer source spectroscopy. We observe a transition of Fe0.94O to the monoclinic phases above 40 GPa and at high temperatures and use the group theory analysis of the observed phases to discuss their properties and their relation to the ambient pressure phases. The Mössbauer spectra of the rhombohedral and the room temperature monoclinic phase contain a component attributed to Fe2.5+, caused by the electron exchange between the Fe3+ defect and neighboring Fe2+ atoms. Our results present a structural and magnetic transitional pressure-temperature diagram of Fe1-x O and show the complex physicochemical properties of simple Fe1-x O binary oxide under extreme conditions.

Introduction. Diversification of education of children with special needs, carried out on the basis of the inclusive educational paradigm, actualized the tasks of formation and development of inclusive competencies of teachers in general educational organizations. These competencies, however, should be considered in their connection with inclusive dispositions of a teacher as meaning structures of his/her personality. But the problem of interrelation of inclusive dispositions and teachers’ competences has not been empirically developed so far. Establishing the nature of the relationship between inclusive dispositions and competences of teachers of general education organizations was the purpose of the study, which was implemented in the context of the typological approach to inclusive dispositions of teachers and the materials of which are presented in the paper. Materials and Methods. The study surveyed 759 primary, secondary, and supplementary education teachers from 7 federal districts of Russia. The authors employed diagnostic methods, including a situational professional test for evaluating the development of inclusive competencies in teachers, as well as a self-identification questionnaire for determining a teacher’s inclusive dispositions. Results. The materials of the study show that there are reliable differences between teachers characterized by different types of inclusive dispositions with regard to all basic inclusive competencies. Least of all they are formed among teachers with pronounced negative and skeptical inclusive dispositions, with the negative disposition acting as a predictor of underdevelopment of teachers’ inclusive competencies, while the links of supportive and analytical inclusive dispositions with teachers’ inclusive competencies are weak, although reliable. Discussion and Conclusion. The study, augmented by newly obtained empirical data, enhances understanding of the professional and personal readiness of teachers for inclusive education. Its findings underscore the necessity of focused efforts to shape and refine the perceptions of a teacher’s professional activities within inclusive settings. This necessitates their integration into the development of professional training programs geared towards inclusion for teachers.

Background: Dermatology journals play an essential role in the distribution and promotion of scientific and medical information. Despite this, there are little data on governance structure with respect to its editors, owners, and journal boards that oversee the day-to-day operations for these entities. Objective: This study aimed to explore the current governance structure of dermatology journals and best practice recommendations. Methods: The editors-in-chief of the major dermatology journals participated in an online survey of 29 questions to examine general statistics of each journal, open access model, governance structure, and process for editor selection or dismissal. Results: Of the 52 journal responses, 29 (55.8%) are society-owned journals with 19 (65.5%) primarily governed by a society board, while 18 (34.6%) have an advisory committee or alternative body. Most editor(s)-in-chief (56.9%) serve between 3- and 5-year terms, while 84.6% have the option of at least one renewal. Even though the selection, evaluation, and dismissal processes differed between the journals, generalized best practice recommendations were developed to help improve their overall organization and management. Conclusions: The oversight structure of dermatology journals varies, and some do not follow current best practice recommendations. Transparency regarding leadership, governance, and due process is needed to maintain editorial independence and integrity.

The article again addresses the issue of forensic examinations of incapacity or limited capacity due to the mental disorder in the Code of Civil Procedure of the Russian Federation. The article critically discusses the common objections to establishing a mandatory appointment for a comprehensive forensic psychological and psychiatric examination in this category of cases. The author observes how this proposed requirement is connected with earlier legislation updates. The new rule logically follows from the need to consider, in according to law, a person’s ability for decision making and social communication. Currently, a comprehensive forensic psychological and psychiatric examination is appointed too rarely in these cases, which leads to the insufficient comprehension of these significant factors by the courts. Organizational and technical hurdles, which are considered to be main arguments against the discussed rule, shouldn’t prevent the long overdue legislation innovations. Statistical data presented by the opponents relates to different categories of cases and, therefore, cannot be a basis for the conclusions about the issue discussed.

This study describes the case of a student with congenital intestinal perforations and her experience with inclusive education in the Czech Republic. She is also a sister of an identical twin with cerebral palsy. The data were gained from semi-structured interviews and bio-graphical narratives of the student during her studies at the grammar school and from her parents. Van Manen's analyses of lived experiences was used to identify important themes for each participant. The overarching themes present in their narratives concerned Lucy's future and the choice of the most appropriate educational environment. The parents' narratives focused more on barriers to inclusive education, benefits of inclusive environments, medical and educational care and family support based on close cooperation with school. For Lucy, the dominant theme was being a sister with a less severe disability and caretaking of her sister. In addition to enhancing the understanding of different needs of a student with congenital malformations and her parents' experiences with inclusive education, it helped us to explore how the specific sibling's constellation within her family and school contexts impacts her personal perspective on life, driven strongly by a wish for independence.

BackgroundCamostat inhibits severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in vitro. We studied the safety and efficacy of camostat in ACTIV-2/A5401, a phase 2/3 platform trial of therapeutics for COVID-19 in nonhospitalized adults.MethodsWe conducted a phase 2 study in adults with mild-to-moderate COVID-19 randomized to oral camostat for 7 days or a pooled placebo arm. Primary outcomes were time to improvement in COVID-19 symptoms through day 28, proportion of participants with SARS-CoV-2 RNA below the lower limit of quantification (LLoQ) from nasopharyngeal swabs through day 14, and grade ≥3 treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) through day 28.ResultsOf 216 participants (109 randomized to camostat, 107 to placebo) who initiated study intervention, 45% reported ≤5 days of symptoms at study entry and 26% met the protocol definition of higher risk of progression to severe COVID-19. Median age was 37 years. Median time to symptom improvement was 9 days in both arms (P = .99). There were no significant differences in the proportion of participants with SARS-CoV-2 RNA ConclusionsIn a phase 2 study of nonhospitalized adults with mild-to-moderate COVID-19, oral camostat did not accelerate viral clearance or time to symptom improvement, or reduce hospitalizations or deaths. Clinical Trials Registration. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT04518410.

• Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) drug resistance has implications for antiretroviral treatment strategies and for containing the HIV pandemic because the development of HIV drug resistance leads to the requirement for antiretroviral drugs that may be less effective, less well-tolerated, and more expensive than those used in first-line regimens.  • HIV drug resistance studies are designed to determine which HIV mutations are selected by antiretroviral drugs and, in turn, how these mutations affect antiretroviral drug susceptibility and response to future antiretroviral treatment regimens.  • Such studies collectively form a vital knowledge base essential for monitoring global HIV drug resistance trends, interpreting HIV genotypic tests, and updating HIV treatment guidelines.  • Although HIV drug resistance data are collected in many studies, such data are often not publicly shared, prompting the need to recommend best practices to encourage and standardize HIV drug resistance data sharing.  • In contrast to other viruses, sharing HIV sequences from phylogenetic studies of transmission dynamics requires additional precautions as HIV transmission is criminalized in many countries and regions.  • Our recommendations are designed to ensure that the data that contribute to HIV drug resistance knowledge will be available without undue hardship to those publishing HIV drug resistance studies and without risk to people living with HIV.