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International audience; We provide an estimate of the environmental impact of the recruitment system in the economics profession, known as the “international job market for economists”. Each year, most graduating PhDs seeking jobs in academia, government, or companies participate in this job market. The market follows a standardized process, where candidates are pre-screened in a short interview which takes place at an annual meeting in Europe or in the United States. Most interviews are arranged via a non-profit online platform, econjobmarket.org, which kindly agreed to share its anonymized data with us. Using this dataset, we estimate the individual environmental impact of 1057 candidates and one hundred recruitment committees who attended the EEA and AEA meetings in December 2019 and January 2020. We calculate that this pre-screening system generated the equivalent of about 4800 tons of avoidable CO2-eq and a comprehensive economic cost over €4.4 million. We contrast this overall assessment against three counterfactual scenarios: an alternative in-person system, a hybrid system (where videoconference is used for some candidates) and a fully online system (as it happened in 2020–21 due to the COVID-19 pandemic). Overall, the study can offer useful information to shape future recruitment standards in a more sustainable way.

International audience; Wir stellen drei Debatten zur Globalisierung der Arbeitsmärkte, der Beschäftigung und Qualifikation vor. Zunächst werden die Callcenter und ihre Entwicklung in Mexiko beschrieben ; diese Entwicklung wird in den Zyklus der technischen Transformationen eingeordnet. Dann konzentrieren wir uns auf die transnationalen Betreiber und das transnationale Management der Arbeitskräfte. Schließlich nehmen wir eine Queranalyse der transnationalen Arbeitsmärkte und des mexikanischen Falles vor, um seine Rolle als Versuchslabor nachzuvollziehen. Bei der grenzüberschreitenden Arbeit handelt es sich vor allem um entmaterialisierte Tätigkeiten, womit die räumliche Frage und die geografische Distanz zunehmend entkoppelt werden. Besonders typisch ist der Fall junger Menschen, die in grenznahen Callcentern oder auch in der Software-Produktion arbeiten sowie alle Tätigkeiten, die über Plattformen, Tools und Algorithmen auf jedem beliebigen Territorium ausgeübt werden können.; Here we present three debates on the transnationalisation of the labour, employment and qualification markets. First of all, we will present call centres and their development in Mexico, positioning this development in a cycle of technical transformations. Then, we will focus on transnational operators and this transnational management of labour. Finally, we will develop a cross analysis of transnational labour markets and the Mexican case to understand its role as a laboratory. Transnational work is above all dematerialised work and the key to spatialisation is detached from the question of geographical proximity. The most typical case is the work of young people in border companies in call centres but also in software production, in all organisations whose activity is embodied by platforms, tools, algorithms whose activity can be carried out on any territory.; Aquí presentamos tres debates sobre la transnacionalización de los mercados de trabajo, empleo y cualificación. En primer lugar, presentaremos los centros de llamadas y su desarrollo en México, situando este desarrollo en un ciclo de transformaciones técnicas. A continuación, nos centraremos en los operadores transnacionales y en esta gestión transnacional del trabajo. Por último, desarrollaremos un análisis cruzado de los mercados laborales transnacionales y el caso mexicano para entender su papel como laboratorio. El trabajo transnacional es ante todo un trabajo desmaterializado y la clave de la espacialización se desprende de la cuestión de la proximidad geográfica. El caso más típico es el trabajo de los jóvenes en las empresas fronterizas en los centros de llamadas, pero también en la producción de software, en todas las organizaciones cuya actividad se materializa en plataformas, herramientas, algoritmos cuya actividad puede desarrollarse en cualquier territorio.; Nous présentons ici trois débats autour de la transnationalisation des marchés du travail, de l’emploi et de la qualification. Tout d’abord, nous présenterons les centres d’appels et leur développement, au Mexique, en positionnant ce développement dans un cycle de transformations techniques. Ensuite, nous focaliserons notre regard sur les opérateurs transnationaux et cette gestion transnationale de la main-d’œuvre. Enfin, nous développerons une analyse croisée des marchés du travail transnational et du cas mexicain pour comprendre son rôle de laboratoire. Le travail transnational est surtout un travail dématérialisé et la clé de spatialisation est détachée de la question de la proximité géographique. L’exemple le plus typique est le travail des jeunes dans des entreprises frontalières dans les centres d’appels, mais aussi dans la production de logiciels, dans toutes les organisations dont l’activité est incarnée par des plateformes, des outils, des algorithmes dont l’activité peut se réaliser sur n’importe quel territoire.

We study the problem faced by activists who want to maximize …rms'compliance with high environmental standards. Our focus is on radical activism which relies on non-violent civil disobedience. Disruptive actions and the threat thereof are used to force …rms to concede i.e., to engage in self-regulation. We address the optimal use of scarce activist resources in face of incomplete information by looking at a general mechanism, directly adapted from Myerson's (1981) optimal auction theory. The characterization informs that the least vulnerable and most polluting …rms should be targeted with disruptive actions while the others are granted a guarantee not to be targeted in exchange for a concession. This characterization allows studying the determinants of the activist's strength and how it is a¤ected by repression, a central feature for civil disobedience. We …nd that optimal radical activism is relatively resilient to repression. In an extension that accounts for asymmetry between …rms'abatement cost, we …nd that the mechanism optimizes the allocation of abatment efforts and creates incentives for innovation. We discuss some other welfare properties of optimal activism.

The authors thank the Collège des médecins du Québec for making its survey data available and the Régie de l’assurancemaladie du Québec and Marc-André Fournier for the construction of the database. This article was partly written while Fortinand Shearer were visiting the University Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne.; We develop and estimate a structural model that incorporates service intensity and endogenouscontract choice into the standard labour supply framework. We apply our model to datacollected on specialist physicians working in Quebec (Canada). These physicians are typicallypaid a fee-for-service (FFS) contract. Our panel data set covers a period of policy reform whichallowed physicians either to remain on FFS or to adopt a mixed remuneration (MR) contract,under which they receive a per diem as well as a reduced FFS. We estimate the preferenceparameters of physicians governing the choice of contract and their hours worked and servicesprovided. We use our estimates to simulate labour supply elasticities, to predict (ex ante) theeffects of contracts on physician behaviour, and to evaluate selection effects. The supply ofservices is reduced under a MR contract, suggesting incentives matter. The hours spent seeingpatients is less sensitive to incentives than the supply of services. Our results suggest that areform forcing all physicians to adopt the MR system would have had substantially larger effectson physician behaviour than were measured under the observed reform.

International audience; Using data from three waves of PIRLS, this paper examines the effect of teacher quality on fourth-grade students' literacy test scores by exploiting variations induced by reforms in teachers' selection and/or reward schemes. We construct an original data set of relevant reforms taking place at the national level over the last century and affecting the working conditions of primary school teachers, matching them by the year they entered the profession. After showing that teacher experience/age and qualification are significantly correlated with student competencies, we study the correlation between teacher working conditions (including recruitment, pay and retirement policies) and pupil achievement. Our identifying assumption is that the impact of reforms dissipates with the distance between the reform's introduction and entry into the profession. The results point to a more selective recruitment process and, to a lesser extent, more generous reward policies as effective ways to enhance student performance.

International audience; Sont isolés ici deux mécanismes susceptibles de favoriser l’insertion professionnelle des apprentis sortant d’un CAP ou d’un BEP. D’une part, le lien entre l’apprenti et son entreprise peut déboucher sur son maintien dans l’entreprise à l’issue de sa formation. D’autre part, l’apprentissage peut mieux préparer que la voie professionnelle scolaire aux métiers ciblés par le diplôme, procurant un avantage comparatif sur ce segment du marché du travail. Si le maintien dans l’entreprise de formation semble caractériser des trajectoires favorables, la correspondance diplôme-métier au premier emploi n’apparaît pas prédictive d’un devenir plus favorable trois ans après la fin de la formation.

This paper documents and studies the gender gap in performance among associate lawyers in the United States. Unlike other high-skilled professions, the legal profession assesses performance using transparent measures that are widely used and comparable across firms: the number of hours billed to clients and the amount of new client revenue generated. We find clear evidence of a gender gap in annual performance with respect to both measures. Male lawyers bill ten percent more hours and bring in more than twice the new client revenue than do female lawyers. We demonstrate that the differential impact across genders in the presence of young children and differences in aspirations to become a law firm partner account for a large share of the difference in performance. We also show that accounting for performance has important consequences for gender gaps in lawyers’ earnings and subsequent promotion. Whereas individual and firm characteristics explain up to 50 percent of the earnings gap, the inclusion of performance measures explains a substantial share of the remainder. Performance measures also explain a sizeable share of the gender gap in promotion.

Este artículo examina la posición dominante de la economía en la red de ciencias sociales en Estados Unidos. Primero documenta su insularidad relativa usando datos bibliométricos y luego analiza el rígido control desde arriba que le da su estructura jerárquica característica. Los economistas también se distinguen de otros científicos sociales por su mejor situación material, su visión del mundo más individualista y su confianza en la disciplina para resolver los problemas de mundo. Estas características constituyen lo que aquí se llama la superioridad de los economistas, cuya supremacía objetiva está ligada íntimamente a la sensación subjetiva de tener autoridad y derecho a ella. Esa superioridad alienta su intervención práctica y su gran influencia en la economía, pero también los expone a conflictos de interés, a la crítica política e incluso al ridículo. In this essay, we investigate the dominant position of economics within the network of the social sciences in the United States. We begin by documenting the relative insularity of economics, using bibliometric data. Next we analyze the tight management of the field from the top down, which gives economics its characteristic hierarchical structure. Economists also distinguish themselves from other social scientists through their much better material situation (many teach in business schools, have external consulting activities), their more individualist worldviews, and in the confidence they have in their discipline's ability to fix the world's problems. Taken together, these traits constitute what we call the superiority of economists, where economists' objective supremacy is intimately linked with their subjective sense of authority and entitlement. While this superiority has certainly fueled economists' practical involvement and their considerable influence over the economy, it has also exposed them more to conflicts of interests, political critique, even derision.

International audience; This paper examines the incentives from stock options for loss-averse employees subject to probability weighting. Employing the certainty equivalence principle, I built on insights from Cumulative Prospect Theory (CPT) to derive a continuous time model to value options from the perspective of a representative employee. Consistent with a growing body of empirical and experimental studies, the model predicts that the employee may overestimate the value of his options in-excess of their risk-neutral value. This is nevertheless in stark contrast with a common finding of standard models based on the Expected Utility Theory (EUT) framework that options value to a risk-averse undiversified employee is strictly lower than the value to risk-neutral outside investors. In particular, I proved that loss aversion and probability weighting have countervailing effects on the option subjective value. In addition, for typical setting of preferences parameters around the experimental estimates, and assuming the company is allowed to adjust existing compensation when making new stock option grants, the model predicts that incentives are maximized for strike prices set around the stock price at inception. This finding is consistent with companies' actual compensation practices that standard EUT-based models have difficulties accommodating their existence.

PurposeThis paper aims to analyze the valuation of stock options from the perspective of an employee exhibiting preferences as described by cumulative prospect theory (CPT). In addition, it elaborates on their incentives effect and some implications in terms of design aspects.Design/methodology/approachThe paper draws on the CPT framework to derive a continuous time model of the stock option subjective value using the certainty equivalence principle. Numerical simulations are used in order to analyze the subjective value sensitivity with respect to preferences‐related parameters and to investigate the incentives effect.FindingsConsistent with a growing body of empirical and experimental studies, the model predicts that the employee may overestimate the value of his options in‐excess of their risk‐neutral value. Moreover, for typical setting of preferences parameters around the experimental estimates, and assuming the company is allowed to adjust existing compensation when making new stock option grants, the model predicts that incentives are maximized for strike prices set around the stock price at inception. This finding is consistent with companies’ actual compensation practices. Finally, the model predicts that an executive who is subject to probability weighting may be more prompted than a risk‐neutral executive to act in order to increase the firm's assets volatility.Originality/valueThis research proposes an alternative theoretical framework for the analysis of pay‐to‐performance sensitivity of equity‐based compensation that takes into account a number of prominent patterns of employee behavior that expected utility theory cannot explain. It contributes to recent empirical and theoretical researches that have advanced CPT framework as a promising candidate for the analysis of equity‐based compensation contracts.

International audience; As firms have come under increasing competitive pressure to acquire and make effective use of knowledge that has been generated beyond their own boundaries, they are making increasing use of external recruitment of experienced scientists and engineers (SEs) who bring with them skills and knowledge gained in the process of working for other firms. This paper explores the impact of these developments on the returns to inter-firm mobility for individual SEs in the UK and France and finds that average returns to prior experience now match the returns to tenure over a large portion of scientists' and engineers' careers in both countries. The paper discusses some possible reasons for the similarity of labour market outcomes in the two countries, which is rather surprising given the much greater mobility of SEs in the UK compared with France

A survey of thirty years of French literature suggests an assessment of the segmentationist perspective today: a compulsory theoretical reference as soon as one debates the varied nature of the employment relationship; and an old-fashioned reference that is now obscured by more general analyses either of social inequalities or of historical dynamics of productive systems. Reformulations of segmentationist models could give them a better place today., Un survey de trente années de littérature française suggère que la théorie de la segmentation du marché du travail est aujourd'hui sur une position contradictoire : c'est simultanément une référence obligée des débats sur la diversité des modalités de la relation d'emploi ; une référence démodée pour les travaux portant sur les inégalités sociales ou sur les dynamiques historiques des systèmes productifs. Les reformulations segmentationnistes contemporaines peuvent redonner à la perspective segmentationniste une place plus centrale dans les débats d'aujourd'hui

This document surveys 25 years of empirical researches devoted to heterodox labour economics. These researches begin from the study of employment and training policies, then focus on the manpower management by the firms, and, at the end lead to the analysis of the individual trajectory observed on the labour market. Such a movement from a global and macro approach to a micro and pluralist one can be justified by the need of a more precise and richer comprehension of the observed phenomena. But and more deeply this evolution also corresponds to a change in the explanatory framework: leading factors are no more collective one but decisions issued from individual agents even if these ones are not the one suggested by the main neo-classical theory., Ce mémoire retrace 25 années de travaux de recherche empirique d’inspiration hétérodoxe en économie du travail qui vont des politiques d’emploi et de formation aux modes de gestion de la main d’œuvre des entreprises pour terminer sur les trajectoires individuelles sur le marché du travail. Un glissement s’est opéré d’une approche globale et macro des phénomènes observés à une approche plus micro et pluraliste justifiée par la nécessité d’une explication plus fine des phénomènes. Dans le même temps, ce glissement correspond au passage d’un mode d’analyse qui donne la primeur à des déterminants collectifs à un mode plus diffus qui prend en compte les décisions d’acteurs individuels différents des agents de la théorie néo-classique.

As a continuation of preceding publications in cliometrics (Diebolt, 1994, 1997, 2001, Diebolt & El Murr, 2003, 2004, Jaoul, 2004), this article develops 'cobweb' modelling of education-labour market relations applied to higher education. The research is an extension of the seminal work of Freeman (1971) and the book by Ehrenberg & Smith (1994). Our approach differs from this pioneer work in that cobweb effects are studied not only for a single labour market but for the general case of supply allocated to several markets., info:eu-repo/semantics/published

The British labour market is distinguished by a stronger presence of job placement agencies than the French market. We analyse this difference by pointing out the diverse roles played by labour market intermediaries in each country. Theoretically, we elaborate a framework in order to point out that the role played by intermediaries is linked to the nature of job matching processes. Empirically, we compare two samples of advertisements for job offers found in the IT sector. In Great Britain the considerable involvement of specialised recruitment agencies, which contribute to making information transparent, facilitates standard job matching processes. On the contrary, the asymmetry of information, to the applicant's detriment, noticed in French job offers and the role of pre-selection played by the intermediaries are consistent with more specific matches.

National audience; This paper aims, from the viewpoint of scientific labour market, at addressing two questions which concern firstly the nature of science/technology hybridisation in contemporary economy and secondly the transformation of occupational practices and mobility patterns of scientists. Our analysis on the training and the occupational mobility of young PhD scientists in the international comparative perspective shows, first of all, the «overall» tensions of same nature caused by the hybridisation between academia and industry, but also the way that different societal spaces orient the emerging institutional mechanisms, in order to face the uncertainty of cognitive production and high skill formation.; Ce texte tente de traiter, à partir de la problématique du marché du travail des scientifiques, deux questions : la nature d'hybridation de la science et de la technologie et ses formes institutionnelles ; la « déconstruction/reconstruction » de pratiques professionnelles et de trajectoires de mobilité des scientifiques. Notre analyse sur la formation et l'insertion professionnelle des jeunes chercheurs dans une perspective de comparaison internationale montre à la fois les tensions « générales » qui naissent de cette hybridation de l'académie et de l'industrie et surtout la façon dont les différents espaces sociétauxs orientent l'émergence des nouveaux dispositifs, pour faire face à l'incertitude de la production cognitive et de la formation des compétences professionnelles.

This paper aims, from the viewpoint of scientific labour market, at addressing two questions which concern firstly the nature of science/technology hybridisation in contemporary economy and secondly the transformation of occupational practices and mobility patterns of scientists. Our analysis on the training and the occupational mobility of young PhD scientists in the international comparative perspective shows, first of all, the «overall» tensions of same nature caused by the hybridisation between academia and industry, but also the way that different societal spaces orient the emerging institutional mechanisms, in order to face the uncertainty of cognitive production and high skill formation., Ce texte tente de traiter, à partir de la problématique du marché du travail des scientifiques, deux questions : la nature d'hybridation de la science et de la technologie et ses formes institutionnelles ; la « déconstruction/reconstruction » de pratiques professionnelles et de trajectoires de mobilité des scientifiques. Notre analyse sur la formation et l'insertion professionnelle des jeunes chercheurs dans une perspective de comparaison internationale montre à la fois les tensions « générales » qui naissent de cette hybridation de l'académie et de l'industrie et surtout la façon dont les différents espaces sociétauxs orientent l'émergence des nouveaux dispositifs, pour faire face à l'incertitude de la production cognitive et de la formation des compétences professionnelles.