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Storage racks are nonstructural components mainly designed to support the vertical load of goods. During strong external loads such as an earthquake, which acts in the lateral direction of the racks, stored goods become structurally vulnerable. To identify and reinforce the vulnerable parts of storage racks and improve their seismic performance, we developed a viscoelastic damper system with a capacity designed for storage racks. First, we performed an experiment to analyze the behavioral characteristics of a pallet rack — a representative storage rack used for large goods — under vibration. Based on the results of the experiment, we chose the members of storage racks that were vulnerable to vibration. For the proper seismic reinforcement of vulnerable members, we developed a viscoelastic damping system for storage racks by calculating the structural shear force on each floor of the rack and the capacity of the damper to distribute the shear force. First, three viscoelastic dampers of different capacities were fabricated using a viscoelastic material and subjected to cyclic loading tests to evaluate their mechanical performance. We determined the position on which the damper should be placed to improve the rack’s seismic performance by considering the shear force on each floor of the storage rack and its operational characteristics. Finally, we conducted a shaking table test to verify the new viscoelastic damper system. The system improves the seismic performance of storage racks by controlling their elastic and permanent deformations.

Wavefronts of the reconstructed images from holograms displayed on both rhomb and square pixel type DMDs are visually identified with a color phase map obtained with a Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor to show wavefront aberration induced by DMDs’ unique pixel structure and working principle. The wavefronts of different holograms show very similar color phase maps to each other. But the phase maps reveal clearly the presence of the aberration and indicate that the square pixel DMD which has around two times bigger in dimension compared with the rhomb reveal that its wavefronts are aberrated more than those of the rhomb. In addition to this revelation, they also informs that the aberration is appearing along the DMDs’ pixel rotation directions. This aberration makes the reconstructed images to be blurred and distorted. But when the phase maps are compensated by that of the reflected beam from the On-states of the DMD surfaces without any hologram loading, the reconstructed images becomes more distinguished and identified for both DMDs

We describe an optical phenomenon of unmovable moiré patterns in sliding (moving) grids and gratings. The phenomenon was observed visually in the planar straight movement of the black-and-white gratings with a period of several mm. This is a velocity-independent effect confirmed analytically and in a computer simulation based on the spatial averaging. We found the static directions of the moiré patterns in the regular grids, but our technique can be also applied to other objects. The orientation and period of the static moiré patterns are not obvious, especially in the presence of the distance effect. The phenomenon can be practically used in security applications.

This paper aims to evaluate the resistance performance of the vinyl acetate ethylene polymer cement (VAEPC) composite and the polyvinyl alcohol fiber-reinforced cement (PAFRC) composite against a low-velocity impact in varying temperature. Their impact resistance performances are analyzed and compared with plain mortar after 28 days of age. Low-velocity impact tests were carried out under the various room temperatures of −70°C, 70°C, and 140°C. Also, an INSTRON CEAST 9350 drop-tower system has been used to get the impact load, fracture energy, and displacement of the specimens while loading low-velocity impacts. From these tests, the failure pattern, shape, and strength of each test specimen were evaluated for the VAEPC, the PAFRC composite, and the plain mortar. Those test results showed that the flexural strength of both the VAEPC and the PAFRC composites has increased compared to that of the plain mortar. However, the compressive strength of the PAFRC composite decreased slightly after 28 days, while its flexural strength increased by 24.4% compared to that of the plain mortar. In addition, the drop test results show that PAFRC composite specimens have the highest impact fracture energy compared to other specimens at −70°C, 70°C, and 140°C, whereas plain mortar specimens have their lowest. This is because the PVA fiber included in the PAFRC acts as a bridge to suppress crack propagation and to improve energy absorption performance, which helps it resist relatively better against impact. It is also known that while the VAEPC composite and the plain mortar were destroyed in a form of being perforated, the specimens of PAFRC composite were observed to some extent to suppress the perforation failures. Therefore, under a load of low-velocity impact, the resistance performance of the VAEPC composite and the plain mortar was proven to show brittle fracture behavior, while the PAFRC showed ductile fracture behavior in virtue of PVA fiber reinforcement which improved its flexural performance. According to the SEM observation which followed the tests, the PAFRC composite as a fiber-reinforced material of the hydrophilic material was found to show the most excellent interfacial bond adhesion compared to the other composite and the plain mortar. The PAFRC composite manufactured in the study has been proven to be very useful as a reinforcement material in both high and low temperature environments.

The 8-bit RGB image of a cracked concrete surface, obtained with a high resolution camera based on a close distance photographing and using an optical microscope is used to estimate the geometrical parameters of the crack. The parameters such as the crack’s width, depth and morphology can be determined by the pixel intensity distribution of the image. For the estimation, the image is transformed into 16-bit gray scale to enhance the geometrical parameters of the crack and then. a mathematical relationship relating the intensity distribution with the depth and width is derived based on the enhanced image. This relationship enables to estimate the width and depth with ±10% and ±15% accuracy, respectively for the crack samples used for the experiments. OriginLab tools were used for mathematical processing of image data and statistical calculations of geometric parameters of cracks in concrete. It is expected that the accuracy can be further improved if the 8-bit RGB image is synthesized by the images of the cracks obtained with different illumination directions.

This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation conducted to evaluate the mechanical properties, including strength and flexural toughness of hybrid fiber-reinforced mortar (FRM) containing various combinations of steel and carbon fibers with different material characteristics. The mortar specimens were mixed with steel and carbon fibers in the mix proportions of 100 + 0%, 75 + 25%, 50 + 50%, 25 + 75%, and 0 + 100% by volume at a total volume fraction of 1.0%. The flexural performance (flexural strength and toughness) of the mortar specimens was obtained using the third-point loading arrangement stipulated in the test methods of ASTM C 1609/C 1609/M and KS F 2566. In addition, compressive strength was also measured according to the KS F ISO 679 test method. Their mechanical properties were examined and compared with plain mortar (PM) at the age of 28 days. The test results showed the highest compressive and flexural strengths in the hybrid FRM reinforced with 75% steel fibers + 25% carbon fibers, confirming the synergistic reinforcing effect of the steel and carbon hybrid fibers. However, the hybrid FRM reinforced with 50% steel fibers + 50% carbon fibers has obtained slightly low flexural strength but owned the highest flexural toughness and hence can be judged as the most appropriate combination to be employed in hybrid FRM to improve the flexural toughness. Moreover, the fractured FRM surface was also observed via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) after platinum coating in vacuum. These results would be of great help in establishing the microstructural mechanism of hybrid reinforcing fibers in the cement matrix.

In South Korea, sewage pipeline exploration devices have been developed using high resolution digital camera of 2 mega-pixels or above. However, most of the devices are less than 300 kilo-pixels due to poverty of the business. Moreover, since 100 kilo-pixels devices are widely used, environment for image processing is very poor. In this study, we adapted very low resolution (240 × 320 = 76,800 pixels) images by which it is difficult to detect cracks. Considering that images of sewers in South Korea have very low resolution, this study selected low resolution images to be investigated. An automatic crack detection technique has been studied using digital image processing technology for low resolution images of sewage pipeline. Authors have developed a program to automatically detect cracks as per eight steps based on MATLAB’s functions. In this study, the third step covers an algorithm developed to find optimal threshold value, and the sixth step deals with algorithm to determine cracks. When we select [1.11:1.29] of zero padding range, exact detection rate is 89.2% and error rate is 4.44%. As the result, in spite of very low-resolution images, the performance of crack detection turned out to be excellent.

In this paper, a hybrid seismic response control (HSRC) system was developed to control bridge behavior caused by the seismic load. It was aimed at optimum vibration control, composed of a rubber bearing of passive type and MR-damper of semi-active type. Its mathematical modeling was driven and applied to a bridge model so as to prove its validity. The bridge model was built for the experiment, a two-span bridge of 8.3 meters in length with the HSRC system put up on it. Then, inflicting the EI Centro seismic load on it, shaking table tests were carried out to confirm the system\'s validity. The experiments were conducted under the basic structure state (without an MR-damper applied) first, and then under the state with an MRdamper applied. It was also done under the basic structure state with a reinforced rubber bearing applied, then the passive on/off state of the HSRC system, and finally the semi-active state where the control algorithm was applied to the system. From the experiments, it was observed that pounding rather increased when the MR-damper alone was applied, and also that the application of the HSRC system effectively prevented it from occurring. That is, the experiments showed that the system successfully mitigated structural behavior by 70% against the basic structure state, and, further, when control algorithm is applied for the operation of the MR-damper, relative displacement was found to be effectively mitigated by 80%. As a result, the HSRC system was proven to be effective in mitigating responses of the two-span bridge under seismic load.

In the present study, SiO2 particles were coated on the surface of carbon fibers by means of chemical reaction of silane coupling agent (glycidoxypropyl trimethoxysilane, GPTMS) and colloidal SiO2 sol to improve the interfacial bonding force between fibers and matrix in cement matrix. The surface of the modified carbon fibers was confirmed through a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The mechanical properties of SiO2-coated carbon fiber mortar and uncoated carbon fiber mortar with different fiber lengths (6 mm and 12 mm) and fiber volume fractions (0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, and 2.0%) were compared and analyzed. The experimental results show that the flow values of the carbon fiber mortar were greatly disadvantageous in terms of fluidity due to the nonhydrophilicity of fibers and fiber balls, and the unit weight decreased significantly as the fiber volume fractions increased. However, the air content increased more or less. In addition, regardless of whether the fibers were coated, the compressive strength of carbon fiber-reinforced mortar (CFRM) composite specimens tended to gradually decrease as the fiber volume fractions increased. On the other hand, in case of the SiO2-coated CFRM composite specimens, the flexural strength was significantly increased compared to uncoated CFRM composite specimens and plain mortar specimens, and the highest flexural strength was obtained at 12 mm and 1.5%, particularly. It can be seen that the new carbon fiber surface modification method employed in this study was very effective in enhancing the flexural strength as cement-reinforcing materials.

This report develops non-contact optical methods for measuring concrete cracks for remote diagnostics of hard-to-reach building surfaces using drones. The drone’s high-resolution digital camera captures remote close-up photography of the concrete surface under high light intensity levels. The digital image of the crack converted in a data matrix, each element of which contains information about the level of reflected light from the concrete surface and the crack. Using the formulas obtained by us earlier, with the help of computer processing of the image, the morphology of the crack in real geometrical dimensions can be calculated. Using special tools computer programs, the crack’s geometrical parameters can be measured maximal accurately as possible. The proposed remote optical method for non-contact detection of cracks in concrete when photographing with a drone from a close distance allows achieving an accuracy of measuring the length and width of a crack of 5%, and its depth of 10%.

The certified test equipment of the MTDI Inc. Materials Testing System under bending test was using for cracking in concrete with carbon fiber-reinforced composites. The concrete samples included microfibers 6 and 12 mm long with a total volume fraction of fibers from 0.5 to 2.0%. To record the results of the experiment, a high-speed video camera was used, since with an increase in the value of the load, cracking and then destruction of the sample can occur at any moment, which is unpredictable when using different samples. This significantly increases the accuracy of determining the moment of crack formation and describing the geometric dimensions of cracks depending on the load. Optical non-contact methods of the measurements and image processing is used for determining the geometric dimensions of cracks in specimen. For concrete containing carbon fibers 6 mm long, with an increase in load and volume fractions ν cracking occurs at loads that are 1.67 times lower than in specimens with 12 mm filaments. Concretes with 12 mm long carbon fibers had a higher time for crack formations (the load increased linearly with time on Bending jig of the Materials Testing System), which slightly increases by 1.13 times with increasing parameter ν from 0.5 to 2.0%. Cracks in concrete in both cases are observed at practically the same load magnitudes at values of ν =2%.

This study aimed to develop a hybrid control algorithm for semiactive control devices to effectively control the drift caused by seismic loads in the superstructure of an isolated multispan bridge. First, bridge behavior was simulated using the Newmark method to select a semiactive control device that would be appropriate for the bridge structure. An optimal control force was selected to control the displacement and relative displacement of each superstructure element. Next, an equation of motion that employed a stochastic linearization capable of representing the nonlinearity beyond the structural linear limits was used. Further, a Bouc–Wen model was designed to simulate the nonlinearity of the structure model and the control device to configure the control logic. A hybrid control algorithm was developed to overcome the disadvantages of the clipped-optimal and Lyapunov control algorithms, which show excellent control effectiveness but experience problems during nonlinear control along with extreme manual control problems owing to their use of the Heaviside step function. The two control algorithms were used individually to make judgments, and the results of each were used to produce a three-stage signal (min., max., median). The performance of the proposed control method with the developed algorithm was verified through experimental tests. The developed hybrid control algorithm improved the performance of the two individual control algorithms and effectively controlled the behavior of multispan bridges.

This paper examines the effectiveness of a MR damping system with lumped mass for a longitudinal vibration control of two-span bridge, preventing spans from pounding each other and mitigating its seismic responses when earthquake-induced load is inflicted. The MR damping system with lumped mass proposed in this study it was constituted by three components: a MR damper (30 kN) which connected two spans of a bridge and two spans themselves made different mass and stiffness. Its function was designed to impose an effective check on relative displacement and pounding. In order to prove its effectiveness, a two-span bridge (8.3 m long) was constructed with a MR damper installed beneath the two spans. First, a mathematical model of the bridge was derived; also, a model of the MR damper was verified through a separate test on its performance. Next, shaking table tests were carried out by inflicting 150% of El-centro earthquake and 60% of Kobe earthquake to see how effective the system would be in mitigating seismic responses. All the tests were done under various conditions (un-control, passive off, passive on, Lyapunov control, and Clipped-optional control) in order to closely examine and analyze under which condition mitigation could be maximized and how mitigation could be effected. As a result of the tests, it was found that the MR damping system with lumped mass was effective in preventing two spans from pounding each other and its active performance decreased the relative displacement of the bridge structure. Therefore, it was proven to be effective in attenuating the seismic responses of two-span bridge in longitudinal direction.

Pounding between adjacent structures has been a concern in multi-span bridges in recent earthquakes. In this paper, a pounding mitigation strategy using magnetorheological dampers is proposed, and its performance is tested for a three-span bridge using a series of shake-table experiments. A new semi-active control algorithm called SMC-OPC is developed that is based on a clipped sliding mode control (SMC) with sliding surfaces designed using an optimal polynomial control (OPC) approach. The control design uses a stochastically linearized model of the nonlinear bridge with passive components of the magnetorheological dampers embedded to achieve a more representative system characterization. Optimal weighting matrices for the optimal polynomial control are found through a genetic algorithm. The proposed method along with uncontrolled, passive-off, and passive-on cases are tested on shake-tables for several scaled near-field Kobe ground motion records. Although no pounding is observed in all control cases for small earthquakes, significant pounding occurs in the uncontrolled and passive-off systems under large earthquakes. For these ground motions, the performance of the semi-active controller converges to that of the passive-on case but with noticeably reduced power consumption. The study shows that the use of magnetorheological dampers between adjacent spans is very effective in mitigating critical bridge responses especially under large earthquakes. In addition, the proposed SMC-OPC semi-active control strategy enables achieving balance among multiple performance objectives with significantly reduced power consumption as compared to passive-on case.

Structural conditions assessment utilizes data analysis methods based on signals measured from subject structures. Among the various signal-based analysis methods available, a Statistical Pattern-recognition Technique (SPRT) based on Mahalanobis Distance (MD) theory is considered useful in assessing structural conditions; however, its evaluation of volatile signal data incurred by external loads such as seismic loads is usually limited. In this study, an experiment was conducted to attempt to overcome such limitations of MD theory. Furthermore, research was conducted on condition assessment methods based on SPRTs that can accurately assess structural conditions, even with highly volatile measured data. As a first step, the limitations of the standard MD theory were experimentally confirmed. Based on these limitations, a revised MD (RMD) theory was subsequently proposed. To verify the proposed SPRT, standardized cyclic loads and non-standardized seismic loads were used to conduct experiments on structural damage assessment. Based on these results, the RMD theory proposed in this study was confirmed to be a valid method for comprehending structural damage.

Wireless sensor networks based-structural health monitoring is being widely researched. To make a better structural health monitoring, real-time acquisition of structural responses is indispensable. However, the data, which is large in number especially when they are of moving structures, are difficult to be measured, and the adaptation of wireless sensor networks further limits structural health monitoring within the capacity of radio frequency. In this study, cochlea-inspired artificial filter bank was developed as a technological way to efficiently acquire dynamic responses at a wireless sensor networks based-structural health monitoring. The cochlea-inspired artificial filter bank developed in this article was enabled to acquire valid dynamic responses of compressed size around the frequency range of interest by simulating raw data to the full regarding to time and frequency of dynamic responses. In addition, the digitalized cochlea-inspired artificial filter bank was also found to fix the disadvantages of analogue filters by its easy and efficient development of logics, optimization, design of software, and real-time autonomous execution. Finally, the cochleainspired artificial filter bank makes it possible to compress and reduce the vast amount of real-time dynamic responses usually obtained by means of a uniform rate of sample, into a manageable size. It is thus expected to open up a new paradigm in the Wireless sensor networks based-structural health monitoring of civil structures by facilitating an efficient measurement and management of data base.

In the case where a MR-damper is employed for vibration control, it is important to decide on how much control capacity should be assigned to it against structural capacities (strength and load, etc). This paper aims to present a MR-damper's control capacity suitable for the capacities of the structure which needs to be controlled. First, a two span bridge was built equipped with a MR-damper, which constitutes a two-span MR-damper control system. Then, inflicting an earthquake load on the system, a basic experiment was performed for vibration control, and a simulation was also carried out reflecting specific control conditions such as MR-damper and rubber bearing. The comparison of the results against each other proved their validity. Then, in order to calculate an optimal control capacity of the MR-damper, structural capacity was divided into eleven cases in total and simulated. For each case, an additional load of 30 KN was inflicted everytime, thereby increasingly strengthening structural capacity. As a result of the study, it was found that the control capacity of MR-damper of 30 KN was safely secured only with lumped mass of more than 150 KN(case 6). Therefore, it is concluded the MR-damper showed the best performance of control when it exerted its capacity at around 20% of structural capacity.

This paper is concerned with an experimental research to control of random vibration caused by external loads specially in cable-stayed bridges which tend to be structurally flexible. For the vibration control, we produced a model structure modelled on Seohae Grand Bridge, and we designed a shear type MR damper. On the center of its middle span, we placed a shear type MR damper which was to control its vibration and also acquire its structural responses such as displacement and acceleration at the same site. The experiments concerning controlling vibration were performed according to a variety of theories including un-control, passive on/off control, and clipped-optimal control. Its control performance was evaluated in terms of the absolute maximum displacements, RMS displacements, the absolute maximum accelerations, RMS accelerations, and the total power required to control the bridge which differ from each different experiment method. Among all the methods applied in this paper, clipped-optimal control method turned out to be the most effective to reduces of displacements, accelerations, and external power. Finally, It is proven that the clipped-optimal control method was effective and useful in the vibration control employing a semi-active devices such MR damper.

This paper attempts to develop a wireless feedback control system as a primary step eventually toward a bio-inspired structure system where inanimate structure behaves like a life form autonomously. It is a standalone wireless control system which is supposed to measure externally caused structural responses, analyze structural state from acquired data, and take its own action on the basis of the analysis with an embedded logic. For an experimental examination of its effectiveness, we applied it on a model of two-span bridge and performed a wireless control test. Experimental tests have been conducted for comparison on both the wireless and the wired system under the conditions of Un-control, Passive-off, Passive-on, and Lyapunov control algorithm. By proving the congruence of the test result of the wireless feedback control system with the wired control system, its control performance was proven to be effective. Besides, it was found to be economical in energy consumption and also autonomous by means of a command algorithm embedded into it, which proves its basic capacity as a bio-inspired system.

There has recently been an increase in interest in structural health monitoring (SHM) using wireless sensor networks. For SHM, in particular, it is important to accurately and efficiently measure the dynamic acceleration response using wireless sensor networks in real-time. For the purpose, a CAFB (cochlea-inspired artificial filter bank) has been developed in a previous study, which is a dynamic data compression technology. Since the developed CAFB can select and compress only the interested range of frequency signals from an entire response of a structure, it efficiently provides a real-time dynamic response based on wireless networking. CAFB of the previous study is optimized to selectively acquire low-frequency signals of sub-10 Hz, which is required for SHM of long and large-scale structures. According to the CAFB’s optimization using an El-Centro seismic waveform, six band-pass filters, 1.0 Hz interval, and 0.6 Hz bandwidth have been adapted. This article is to evaluate dynamic acceleration response performance of civil structures using the CAFB developed in the previous study. To achieve the purpose, the optimally-designed CAFB was embedded in an intelligent data acquisition (IDAQ) system. To evaluate the performance of the IDAQ system with the embedded CAFB, the real-time dynamic response was investigated for a model cable-stayed bridge, measured by a wire-measuring system and the CAFB-based IDAQ system simultaneously. The results show excellent agreement between the compressed dynamic response acquired by the CAFB-based IDAQ system and that acquired by the wire measuring system. In addition, the measurement from the CAFB-based IDAQ system revealed the modal information of the model bridge. The developed CAFB can determine and reconstruct the entire dynamic response from compression with modal information only; its efficient operation illustrates its potential to be utilized in real-time structural health monitoring.

This paper aims to develop a SI(structural identification) technique using the kinetic energy optimization technique(KEOT) and the direct matrix updating method(DMUM) to decide on optimal location of sensors and to update FE model respectively, which ultimately contributes to a composition of more effective SHM. Owing to the characteristic structural flexing behavior of cable bridges, which makes them vulnerable to any vibration, systematic and continuous structural health monitoring (SHM) is pivotal for them. Since it is necessary to select optimal measurement locations with the fewest possible measurements and also to accurately assess the structural state of a bridge for the development of an effective SHM, a SI technique is as much important to accurately determine the modal parameters of the current structure based on the data optimally obtained. In this study, the KEOT was utilized to determine the optimal measurement locations, while the DMUM was utilized for FE model updating. As a result of experiment, the required number of measurement locations derived from KEOT based on the target mode was reduced by approximately 80 % compared to the initial number of measurement locations. Moreover, compared to the eigenvalue of the modal experiment, an improved FE model with a margin of error of less than 1 % was derived from DMUM. Finally, the SI technique for long-span bridges proposed in this study, which utilizes both KEOT and DMUM, is proven effective in minimizing the number of sensors while accurately determining the structural dynamic characteristics.

This paper introduces a digital image processing(DIP) method as a method for measuring the displacement of pylon. The comparison of DIP results and ANSYS analysis results verified the validity of the image processing technique. Normalized cross-correlation(NCC) coefficient was used and experiments were performed three times. It shows that the displacement difference was 22% and 5% compared to ANSYS results. Therefore, the image processing method is expected to be able to measure the displacement of pylon sufficiently.

In this paper, a Cochlea-inspired Artificial Filter Bank (CAFB) was developed in order to efficiently acquire dynamic response of structure, and it was also evaluated via dynamic response experiments. To sort out signals containing significant modal information from all the dynamic responses of structure, it was made to adopt a Band-pass filter Optimizing Algorithm (BOA) and a Peak-Picking Algorithm (PPA). Optimally designed on the basis of Kobe earthquake signals, it was then embedded into the Wireless Variety Measurement System (WiVMS). In order to evaluate the performance of the developed CAFB, a vibration test was conducted using the Kobe earthquake signals, and structural responses of a two-span bridge were obtained and analyzed simultaneously by both a wired measurement system and a CAFB-based WiVMS. The test results showed that the compressed dynamic responses acquired by the CAFB-based WiVMS matched with those of the wired system, and they included significant modal information of the two-span bridge. Therefore this study showed that the developed CAFB could be used as a new, economic, and efficient measurement device for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) based real time structural health monitoring because it could reconstruct the whole dynamic response using the compressed dynamic response with significant modal information

This paper aims at determining dynamic characteristics of cable-stayed bridge by means of an artificial filter bank (AFB) for the purpose of efficient attainment of valid dynamic responses in real-time. The AFB was developed by using a band-pass filter optimizing algorithm and a peak-picking algorithm, and it was embedded into a wireless sensing system. Then a modal testing was performed on a cable-stayed bridge model and its natural frequency was calculated to capture dynamic characteristics. They were evaluated in comparison to responses from wired measurement system and FE analysis results for validation. Finally, the AFB based dynamic wireless measurement system was validated for obtaining effective dynamic (acceleration) responses compressed within the frequency range of interest with technological and economical efficacy. using band-pass filter optimizing algorithm and peak-picking algorithm, and embedded into a wireless measurement system in order to filter and obtain effective dynamic response, or acceleration response of infrastructure in real time. Also a modal test was performed on a model of cable-stayed bridge to analyze dynamic characteristics while wired measurement and finite element (FE) analysis were conducted in parallel for comparison and evaluation. Finally, the AFB developed in this study was able to obtain effective dynamic response compressed around frequency range of interest via WSNs in real time, achieving economic and technological efficacy, and providing a new paradigm in real-time measurement, transmission, and management of dynamic structural responses to analyze large infrastructures and other structures.

For the evaluation of the developed AFB, a real time dynamic response experiment was performed on a cable-stayed bridge model, and the response of the cable-stayed bridge model was measured using both the traditional wired system and the developed AFB-based USMS. The experiment results showed that the compressed dynamic response acquired by the AFB-based USMS matched significantly with that of the traditional wired system while still carrying sufficient modal information of the cable-stayed bridge. Therefore, the developed AFB was able to reconstruct or resample the dynamic response wholly from the compressed response signal, and it can be applied as a new kind of measurement system for a WSN-based structural health monitoring system that secures both economy and efficiency.