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Abstract This pilot observational study examined the effectiveness of trauma-informed and culturally responsive behavior support practices on the academic outcomes of predominantly First Nations children in an Australian primary school. The research supports integrating culturally relevant ways of knowing, being and doing into prevalent pedagogical and behavior support practices. The cohort study found that the co-designed, multi-tier Trauma-informed Behaviour Support program improved students’ literacy and numeracy scores over 2 years. The findings highlight the complex relationship between behavioral difficulties and academic abilities. Changes in numeracy scores were significantly higher for students with improved teacher-reported rates of disruptive behaviors. In contrast, changes in literacy scores were equivalent between students with and without such improvements. The findings suggest that educators can improve academic outcomes by promoting cultural safety across the school and making the curriculum more flexible, engaging, and relevant. Further implications for educators, policymakers, and researchers working with First Nations students are discussed.

Background Environmental disasters such as wildfires, floods and droughts can introduce significant interruptions and trauma to impacted communities. Children and young people can be disproportionately affected with additional educational disruptions. However, evaluating the impact of disasters is challenging due to difficulties in establishing studies and recruitment post-disasters. Objectives We aimed to (1) develop a Bayesian model using aggregated school-level data to evaluate the impact of environmental disasters on academic achievement and (2) evaluate the impact of the 2014 Hazelwood mine fire (a six-week fire event in Australia). Methods Bayesian hierarchical meta-regression was developed to evaluate the impact of the mine fire using easily accessible aggregated school-level data from the standardised National Assessment Program-Literacy and Numeracy (NAPLAN) test. NAPLAN results and school characteristics (2008–2018) from 69 primary/secondary schools with different levels of mine fire-related smoke exposure were used to estimate the impact of the event. Using an interrupted time series design, the model estimated immediate effects and post-interruption trend differences with full Bayesian statistical inference. Results Major academic interruptions across NAPLAN domains were evident in high exposure schools in the year post-mine fire (greatest interruption in Writing: 11.09 [95%CI: 3.16–18.93], lowest interruption in Reading: 8.34 [95%CI: 1.07–15.51]). The interruption was comparable to a four to a five-month delay in educational attainment and had not fully recovered after several years. Conclusion Considerable academic delays were found as a result of a mine fire, highlighting the need to provide educational and community-based supports in response to future events. Importantly, this work provides a statistical method using readily available aggregated data to assess the educational impacts in response to other environmental disasters.

Mental illnesses are the greatest health problems faced by younger people. As a group, tertiary education students demonstrate higher levels of distress than their age matched peers who are not tertiary students, making them an at-risk group for the development of psychopathology. Therefore, this study investigates existing theories of resilience in order to determine how it may be promoted in tertiary education students. Data relating to affect, depression, anxiety, distress, and resilience were collected from 1072 tertiary education students during the COVID-19 pandemic. The results of this study found that positive affect was responsible for approximately 25% of the variance in depressive symptoms but less than 10% of the variance in symptoms of anxiety in tertiary students. The results further showed that positive affect was responsible for 21% of variance in overall distress and the 15% of variance in resilience. The findings of this study suggest that positive affect is more closely associated with symptoms of depression than with symptoms of anxiety in tertiary students. The results further suggest that positive affect may be a useful tool for relieving symptoms of depression and overall distress, and improving levels of resilience in this population.

Students' sense of school belonging is associated with healthier psychological functioning and improved academic outcomes. Currently, most research on school belonging has been conducted in the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand, resulting in school belonging practices and interventions largely biased towards Western school systems and cultures. This study sought to identify Indian students' perceptions of teacher-level and school-level factors that could contribute to a sense of school belonging. Open-ended survey questions were used to qualitatively explore how teacher- and school-level practices contributed to the school belonging of 93 Indian students aged 12-19. Data analysis followed manifest content analysis, identifying themes within teacher-level and school-level domains of enquiry. Results reveal valuable insights into factors influencing school belonging from the students' perspective. These findings can inform the development of targeted interventions to support Indian students in rebuilding their sense of school belonging, improving their wellbeing, and enhancing their academic success. The research also contributes to a broader understanding of school belonging practices and their cultural sensitivity, benefiting educators, policymakers, and researchers worldwide.

Young people have emerged as one of the most impacted groups from the COVID-19 pandemic and related restrictions to daily activities, with disruptions to schooling, social interactions, and connections. Simultaneously, students’ access to school mental health professionals were restricted or modified. The aim of this paper was to identify how school mental health professionals supported and addressed the mental health needs of young people during COVID-19 restrictions in Australia. School mental health professionals were surveyed during the 2020 lockdowns using a questionnaire designed by researchers in the United States of America. The innovations school mental health staff adopted to support students during lockdowns and remote learning were presented, including telehealth services, digital resources, and the online training and support they received/provided. The barriers and facilitators to providing counselling and assessment services during lockdowns were identified, including issues with providing psychometric assessments during remote learning, and ethical concerns when delivering remote counselling to students. Recommendations have been included, which address how school mental health professionals could be supported to assess and treat young people during future pandemics and school restrictions.

BackgroundOver the last decade there has been increased recognition about the role of school staff in preventing mental ill health and promoting wellbeing in young people. Despite this, information regarding the long-term benefits of school mental health programs is not widely available.AimsThe aim of this systematic review was to synthesize the evidence for school-based mental health and wellbeing programs which are available in Australia and have been shown to have long-term benefits for children and adolescents.ResultsThis systematic review of the literature identified 74 articles reporting long-term outcomes for student mental health and wellbeing, distributed across 29 unique programs. Common features of efficacious programs included cognitive behavioral interventions, mental health literacy, and social-emotional skills programs.ConclusionsSome of the identified school-based interventions for student mental health and wellbeing demonstrated long-term positive impacts on students' physical and psychological health and wellbeing.

Haplotype reconstruction of distant genetic variants is problematic in short-read sequencing. Here, the authors describe HapTree-X, a probabilistic framework that uses differential allele-specific expression to better reconstruct paternal haplotypes from diploid and polyploid genomes.

There is growing awareness of the impact of intergenerational trauma and community disadvantage on the educational achievement of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander (First Nations) children in Australia. Scholars have identified the need for culturally responsive and trauma-informed approaches to complement existing disciplinary and behavior support practices utilized in schools. This pilot research project explored the experiences of primary school teachers who were supported to implement trauma-informed practices in a regional primary school with a large number of First Nations students. Qualitative interviews with eight teachers were conducted after a 3-year (2017–2020) implementation of the Trauma-Informed Behavior Support (TIBS) program. Using a thematic analysis approach, the study identified the following themes: changes in teacher knowledge about the impact of intergenerational trauma, acknowledgment of the multi-systemic influences on student behavior difficulties, increased self-efficacy in providing culturally safe learning environments and strategies for building relationships with First Nations students. The findings offer insights into factors that support the successful and sustainable implementation of culturally responsive and trauma-informed practices in primary school settings.

Background: Students' sense of school belonging is important for mental health, physical health, and academic performance. However, some students do not feel as though they belong in their schools. This study investigated Greek secondary school students' perspectives on practices that enhanced their sense of belonging during the COVID-19 pandemic. Method: An online survey used open-ended questions to explore the views of 226 Greek secondary school students. Results: Thematic analysis identified four teacher-level practice themes: communication and understanding, respect and inclusion, support to become involved in the school community, and classroom structure. Four school-level practice themes were identified: support and inclusion, psychological support and career guidance, improved school facilities and safety, and activities and opportunities for social connections. Implications for School Health Policy, Practice, and Equity: Teacher communication that fostered belonging included being approachable, understanding, and caring. Students valued inclusion, safety, and equality. Extracurricular activities and workshops strengthened belonging at school. Group work, creative lessons, and at the school-level, opportunities for social connection, were also important for developing a sense of belonging. Conclusions: By understanding different level factors linked to school belonging, schools and policymakers can better identify effective and appropriate practices that improve student belonging.

A sense of school belonging is essential for adolescent development, though there is limited research investigating ways to improve students' sense of school belonging in Qatar. With 116 Qatari secondary school students, the current study explored student perspectives of ways teachers and schools could improve their sense of school belonging. Students responded to a survey including open-ended questions and a descriptive scale measuring the usefulness of established belonging strategies during remote learning, in-person, or all the time (both). Encouragement and support from teachers were found to be useful all the time, with school activities during breaks and opportunities to make friends only being useful during school-based learning. From the examination of open-ended responses using a hybrid qualitative approach with inductive and deductive coding, two overarching themes each at the teacher-level and school-level were found, defined by several subthemes. Belonging practices at the teacher-level included caring and supportive teachers and teachers treating students as people. Belonging practices at the school-level included student engagement and a positive and supportive school environment. For Qatari students practices such as prioritising supportive student-teacher relationships, introducing policies which promote a respectful, fair and safe environment, and offering school wide-extracurricular activities that encourage peer connections are important to develop their sense of school belonging.

Recognition that schools should be responsive to children who are impacted by adversity and trauma is burgeoning internationally. However, consensus regarding the necessary components of a trauma-informed school is lacking. This research developed expert-informed and internationally relevant best-practice trauma-informed principles for schools. A four-phase methodology included (i) identification of school-relevant trauma-informed practice programs, (ii) inductive thematic analysis of the main concepts underlying programs, (iii) phrasing of draft Principles and (iv) Principle revision and finalisation via a two-round Delphi survey with international experts. Excellent agreement by experts on the importance of all Principles was achieved (round 1 [greater than or equal to] 86.4%, 2 [greater than or equal to] 92.3%). The final 'International Trauma-Informed Practice Principles for Schools' (ITIPPS) include four Overarching (A-D) and 10 Practice Principles (1-10). Summarised, these include that the school: (A) is student focussed; (B) models compassion and generosity; (C) is understanding and responsive; (D) incorporates recognition of their First Nations peoples in the school's ethos: (1) prioritises safety and wellbeing; (2) models positive relationships; (3) provides a positive culture and connects; (4) consults and collaborates; (5) supports vulnerable students; (6) teaches social and emotional learning; (7) provides trauma-informed practice training; (8) is predictable yet flexible; (9) identifies and nurtures strengths and (10) reflects, changes and grows. The ITIPPS provide clear guidance for education sectors, schools and other settings about appropriate learning environments for children and young people impacted by trauma. Research is now underway in Western Australian schools to pilot test the feasibility and impact of using the ITIPPS within a framework (thoughtfulschools.org.au) to establish trauma-informed schools.

Despite clear evidence detailing the academic and psychosocial benefits resulting from a sense of school belonging, there is currently no consistent global consensus about the strategies that can be employed to promote school belonging. In addition, existing research is primarily derived from democratic and developed countries. The current study sought to explore if students in Australia, Greece, Iran, and Qatar differed in their experience of school belonging and to establish common and unique practices students voiced as improving their sense of belonging. Cross-country responses from 698 secondary school students (from Australia, Greece, Iran, and Qatar) were analysed using both quantitative (ANOVA) and qualitative (thematic analysis) methods. Iranian students reported significantly higher school belonging than their Australian, Greek, and Qatari counterparts, while Qatari students also scored higher than those from Australia and Greece. Common teacher- and school-level belonging practices were established from the student responses, and cross-country differences are discussed. The study underscores the importance of cultural sensitivity and student involvement in crafting context-specific strategies to enhance school belonging for optimal student wellbeing and success. Implications for cross-country belonging practices are discussed and considered within the context of the study's limitations.

Numerous studies show that children and young people in out-of-home care (OOHC) face significant disadvantage in completing high school and accessing post-secondary education. The current research involved a two-round Delphi survey which aimed to identify educational challenges and school reforms to improve the educational experiences of children and young people in OOHC. A total of 45 participants from three OOHC stakeholder groups (carers of children in OOHC, professionals/educators, and young people with lived experience of OOHC) completed the round one survey which consisted of open-ended questions analysed using thematic analysis. In the second survey round, 19 participants completed a Likert scale questionnaire which drew on themes from the round one thematic analysis. Using a consensus threshold of 70% for the round two survey, participants agreed that students in OOHC face a myriad of educational challenges, such as dealing with a history of trauma, frequent home and school transitions, mental health issues and stigma as a result of being in OOHC. It was agreed that teachers lack knowledge and experience, and schools lack support for students in OOHC. Stakeholders recommended provision of greater mental health support, coordination of services and more autonomy for OOHC students regarding their education.

Objective: To test the association between food insecurity and educational disruptions from the COVID-19 pandemic and the role of anxiety or depression in mediating this association. Participants: Representative sample of 2,282 City University of New York students. Methods: Using an April 2020 online survey, we estimated adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR) for educational outcomes based on food insecurity status, adjusting for age, sex, race/ethnicity, and degree level with weighted Poisson regressions with robust standard errors. Results: Prevalence of decreased ability to do schoolwork was greater in those with moderate (aPR = 1.12, 95% CIs 1.02, 1.23) and high (aPR = 1.18, 95% CIs 1.08, 1.2) levels of food insecurity compared to food-secure students. Results were similar for dropping/withdrawing from classes and expecting delays or uncertainty around graduation. Anxiety and depression mediated the relationship between food insecurity and educational outcomes. Conclusion: Findings emphasize the urgency of expanded food assistance and mental health services for college students.

School belonging, sometimes referred to as school belonging or school connectedness, involves dimensions like positive affect towards school, relationships with teachers, and feeling socially valued. Previous research points to immediate benefits for students' mental health and wellbeing; however, evidence on the potential long-term benefits of school belonging for mental health--once young people leave the school setting--is limited. This study used data on 1568 adults from the Australian Temperament Project (ATP), a 16-wave longitudinal study which has tracked participants since infancy. The short form of the Australian Council for Educational Research (ACER) School Life Questionnaire was used to assess secondary school belonging at age 15-16 years whilst young adult mental health symptoms were evaluated using the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scales (DASS-21) at 19-20, 23-24, and 27-28 years. Generalised Estimating Equation models were used to examine the link between secondary school belonging and mental health symptoms in young adulthood. Results showed that higher levels of all aspects of school belonging were associated with lower mental health symptoms across young adulthood ([beta] range - 0.05 to - 0.20). Associations were similar by gender. These findings underscore the importance of adolescent school belonging and in particular school status in reference to feeling socially valued, as a long-term protective factor that can mitigate against later depression, anxiety, and stress.

There is increasing pressure on Early Childhood Education and Care (ECEC) settings to align their practices and values to that of schools, with the notion that a quality education in ECEC consists of providing care whilst also ensuring strong learning outcomes. This paper employs the constructs of structural and process quality to theorise the perceived disparities between ECEC institutions and schools and between ECEC services during the COVID-19 pandemic. The experiences of 29 Australian ECEC educators provide insight into the differing constructions of quality across ECEC services during the COVID-19 lockdown periods that occurred from May to August 2020 in the state of Victoria. The findings suggest that despite increasing pressure for ECEC programmes to be more like schools, the pandemic amplified society's positioning of ECEC as a caregiving service, highlighting the perceived differences between ECEC and schools and within the ECEC sector itself. While the findings suggest that ECEC educators were discouraged by the lack of recognition they received for providing quality education during the pandemic, the disruption of the pandemic prompted opportunities for reflection and action, providing more visibility of the quality of care that ECEC educators provide and the importance of their roles within the community.

As the more recent next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies provide longer read sequences, the use of sequencing datasets for complete haplotype phasing is fast becoming a reality, allowing haplotype reconstruction of a single sequenced genome. Nearly all previous haplotype reconstruction studies have focused on diploid genomes and are rarely scalable to genomes with higher ploidy. Yet computational investigations into polyploid genomes carry great importance, impacting plant, yeast and fish genomics, as well as the studies of the evolution of modern-day eukaryotes and (epi)genetic interactions between copies of genes. In this paper, we describe a novel maximum-likelihood estimation framework, HapTree, for polyploid haplotype assembly of an individual genome using NGS read datasets. We evaluate the performance of HapTree on simulated polyploid sequencing read data modeled after Illumina sequencing technologies. For triploid and higher ploidy genomes, we demonstrate that HapTree substantially improves haplotype assembly accuracy and efficiency over the state-of-the-art; moreover, HapTree is the first scalable polyplotyping method for higher ploidy. As a proof of concept, we also test our method on real sequencing data from NA12878 (1000 Genomes Project) and evaluate the quality of assembled haplotypes with respect to trio-based diplotype annotation as the ground truth. The results indicate that HapTree significantly improves the switch accuracy within phased haplotype blocks as compared to existing haplotype assembly methods, while producing comparable minimum error correction (MEC) values. A summary of this paper appears in the proceedings of the RECOMB 2014 conference, April 2-5.