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In this detailed field study we explore how managers react to changes resulting from globalization. In observing and analyzing these managers in their daily routines, the situations they face, the ...

Background: Analyses of the European Surveillance System on Contact Allergies (ESSCA) database have focused primarily on the prevalence of contact allergies to the European baseline series, both overall and in subgroups of patients. However, affected body sites have hitherto not been addressed. Objective: To determine the prevalence of contact allergies for distinct body sites in patients with allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). Methods: Analysis of data collected by the ESSCA (www.essca-dc.org) in consecutively patch tested patients, from 2009 to 2014, in eight European countries was performed. Cases were selected on the basis of the presence of minimally one positive patch test reaction to the baseline series, and a final diagnosis of ACD attributed to only one body site. Results: Six thousand two hundred and fifty-five cases were analysed. The head and hand were the most common single sites that ACD was attributed to. Differences between countries were seen for several body sites. Nickel, fragrance mix I, cobalt and methylchloroisothiazolinone/-methylisothiazolinone were the most frequent allergens reported for various body sites. Conclusions: Distinct allergen patterns per body site were observed. However, contact allergies were probably not always relevant for the dermatitis that patients presented with. The possibility of linking positive patch test reactions to relevance, along with affected body sites, should be a useful addition to patch test documentation systems.

Contact allergy to fragrances is common, and impairs quality of life, particularly in young women. OBJECTIVE: To provide current results on the prevalences of sensitization to fragrance allergens used as markers in the baseline series of most European countries. METHODS: Data of patients consecutively patch tested between 2009 and 2012 in 12 European countries with fragrance allergens contained in the baseline series were collected by the European Surveillance System on Contact Allergies network and descriptively analysed. Four departments used the TRUE Test(®) system. RESULTS: The 'basic markers' were tested on 51 477 [fragrance mix II (FM II)] to 57 123 [Myroxylon pereirae, balsam of Peru] patients, and yielded positive reactions as follows: fragrance mix I 6.9%, Myroxylon pereirae 5.4%, FM II 3.8%, colophonium 2.6%, and hydroxyisohexyl 3-cyclohexene carboxaldehyde 1.7%, with some regional differences. Prevalences with TRUE Test(®) allergens were lower. Additional fragrances were tested on 3643 (trimethylbenzenepropanol) to 14 071 (oil of turpentine) patients, and yielded between 2.6% (Cananga odorata) and 0.7% (trimethylbenzenepropanol) positive reactions. CONCLUSIONS: Contact allergy to fragrances is common throughout Europe, with regional variation probably being explained by patch test technique, and differences in exposure and referral patterns. The current basic markers of fragrance sensitivity in the baseline series should be supplemented with additional fragrance allergens.

Background: Occupational contact dermatitis is one of the most common occupational diseases in Europe. In order to develop efficient preventive measures, detailed and up-to-date data on the incidence, main causes and professions at risk of occupational contact dermatitis are needed. Objectives: To describe the pattern of patch test reactivity to allergens in the European baseline series in patients with occupational dermatitis in different occupations. Methods: We analyzed data collected by the European Surveillance System on Contact Allergy network (ESSCA) from 2002 to 2010, from 11 European countries. Results: Allergens in the European Baseline Series associated with an at least doubled risk of occupational dermatitis include thiuram rubber chemicals, epoxy resin, and the antimicrobial chloromethylisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone. Conclusions: When planning and implementing measures aiming to prevent occupational contact dermatitis, the focus should be on high-risk occupational groups and particularly the most common occupational allergies. Patch testing solely with the baseline series is not adequate in diagnostic work-up of occupational contact dermatitis. Special series and, as appropriate, materials from the workplace must be included in the test programme.

International audience; Classic corporate finance literature often emphasizes executive incentives, such as stock options, as a way to encourage risk-averse executives to adopt more risk-neutral stances. Behavioral finance studies also note the potential impact of personality variables. In a further step, the current study suggests the relevance of human biology, in the form of hormones, for predicting risk-taking. Experimental results affirm that stock-options contracts drive risk-neutral behavior, mainly due to a shift in focus from losses to gains. Among women, lower testosterone levels and higher cortisol levels encourage greater risk-taking; for men, the findings indicate an inverted U-shaped relationship between testosterone and risk-taking. These impacts are comparable in degree to the effects of contracts, for both their predictive power and economic effect. By establishing the impact of biological variables on risk-taking, this study emphasizes the need for a comprehensive behavioral approach to contract setting.

International audience; We characterize negative awards. Their pervasiveness in various domains as well as the objectives of their designers and promoters are documented. We discuss the outcomes generated by negative awards and provide some rationales explaining why individuals and organizations may be interested in getting them. Several issues deserve further exploration.

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International audience; This paper investigates the relationship between Employee Stock Ownership (ESO) and voluntary carbon disclosures. Given that previous research has shown the beneficial effects of ESO on work attitudes and corporate performance, we link ESO and board representation with the attributes of voluntary climate-related disclosures. We use three proxies to capture these attributes: corporate decisions to respond to the Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP) annual questionnaire; corporate decisions to make responses publicly available, and the quality of a firm’s disclosures on climate-change-related risks and strategies to mitigate them. Our results show a positive association between ESO and decisions to both answer the CDP questionnaire, and make responses publicly available. In contrast, ESO does not seem to impact carbon disclosure quality. The findings contribute to the ongoing debate on the determinants of voluntary climate change disclosures, highlighting the importance of ESO to enhance the transparency of voluntary disclosures of climate change business impacts.

International audience; This paper focuses on network development processes in organizations developing internationally. The theoretical framework is based on the network approach and micro-foundations theory, which emphasize the role played by individuals in the dynamics of networks. We constructed a longitudinal case study of a French organization, which aims to develop international opportunities through a network of individuals. The empirical study is based on 121 participant observations, 36 interviews and secondary data. Our findings contribute to a better understanding of the interplay between micro- and meso-levels in international network development processes. They enable us to propose the V-wave model, which explains interactions between individuals and organizations in the evolution of networks in a novel way.

International audience; While previous research has studied the effect human resource diversity could have on firm’s internationalization, only few consider the management of this diversity, especially when small and medium enterprises (SMEs) are concerned. Building on the resource-based theory, this paper explores how diversity management influence SMEs’ internationalization by taking into account the heterogeneity of this population. This multiple-case, qualitative study of 14 French SMEs, include four traditional internationalizers, eight early internationalizing firms and two born-again globals. Findings show that management of diversity varies across the different types of internationalizing SMEs, with the exception of EIFs for which the within-type heterogeneity is stronger than the between-types heterogeneity. Therefore, we discuss the specific features of the different types of internationalizing SMEs around the relationship between diversity management and internationalization. On a managerial level, this research reveals that diversity management is a factor to be considered strategically as it can fill the resource gap associated with rapid internationalization. It also shows that diversity management needs to be anchored in some managerial practices to strengthen a firm international expansion.

Donald Trump's use of Twitter was unprecedented. Despite his erratic communication style, some of Trump's strong statements were made in reference to the U.S. oil & gas industry, in line with his domestic policy agenda aimed at supporting re-industrialization and local investment. Did his Twitter messages actually reach domestic oil producers, refiners and transport operators or rather speculators willing to financially gamble on new information sources? To address this question, we model the WTI-Brent spread, which commonly reflects supply bottlenecks in the U.S. crude oil sector, using a nonlinear approach that reveals the perverse influence of some of Trump's tweets particularly on market speculative dynamics. Finally, we outline policy recommendations to counteract the market consequences of speculative behaviour driven by political noise.

International audience; While extending the scarce literature on determinants of corporate social responsibility (CSR) decoupling, we examine the impact of CEO power on CSR decoupling. Using panel data of US firms for 2002–2017, we find that CEO power increases CSR decoupling. Our results remain consistent after controlling for the endogeneity problem. Aligned with the managerial power theory, our results suggest that firms with powerful CEOs are more likely to manage CSR performance through decoupling.

Employee stock ownership (ESO) is often associated with reductions in agency costs because it increases employee satisfaction and attachment to their company and aligns the interests of employees with those of their firm. Another stream of research argues that ESO may have the opposite effect on agency costs because it serves as a management entrenchment tool and leads to divergence between stakeholders. This paper examines the relationship between ESO and agency costs in France, which is a leading European country for ESO. Using a panel database of 125 firms over the period 2002–2016, we find an inverted U-shaped relationship between ESO and agency costs. That evidence highlights that low levels of ESO increase agency costs, which is consistent with managerial entrenchment mechanisms. The findings also suggest that beyond a certain point, ESO reduces agency problems because it links employee wealth to their firm’s success. L'actionnariat salarié (AS) est souvent associé à une diminution des coûts d'agence car il augmente la satisfaction des salariés et leur attachement à leur entreprise et aligne leurs intérêts avec ceux de l'entreprise. Un autre courant de recherche suggère que l'AS peut avoir l'effet inverse sur les coûts d'agence en servant l’enracinement des dirigeants. Il entraînerait une divergence entre les parties prenantes et diminuerait la valeur actionnariale. Cet article étudie la relation entre AS et coûts d'agence en France, un pays leader européen en matière d’AS. Nos analyses sur des données issues de 125 entreprises françaises cotées sur la période 2002-2016 mettent en évidence une relation en U inversé entre l'AS et les coûts d'agence. Nos résultats indiquent que des niveaux faibles ou élevés d’AS sont associés à des coûts d'agence élevés en raison de l’enracinement des dirigeants. Les résultats suggèrent aussi qu’au-delà d’un certain seuil, l'AS réduit les problèmes d'agence en liant le patrimoine des salariés à la performance de leur entreprise.

International audience; Recherche et Applications en Marketing was created in 1986 and quickly became a benchmark academic journal among the francophone community. While it is now facing a decisive period during which the sustainability of its existence requires broadening its readership to the international sphere, being published in English is necessary but not sufficient to stand out in a landscape that already has many general journals. The need to find an axis of differentiation while respecting the dominant scientific formalism can lead to favouring, in a given context, the most relevant and precise definition (and therefore the most valid measure) of the fundamental constructs that structure a field of research.

International audience; The objective of this article is to examine the relevant dimensions of distance for foreign market entry mode choice. Based on a sample of 203 interfirm linkages formed by French multinationals with partners across the world, we analyze the impact of four dimensions of distance on the choice between cooperative alliances and mergers-acquisitions. The findings indicate that administrative and economic distance have a significant influence on market entry mode choice, whereas the impact of cultural and geographic distance is not significant. They further highlight the important role of the host country's government effectiveness for market entry mode decisions.

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CNRS 2, FNEGE 1, HCERES A; International audience; Pharmaceutical industry marketers are confronted with specific ethical issues linked to the tension between the economic interest being pursued and the health mission of this sector. Indeed this dual mission could be problematic for them when the two objectives contradict each other. We use the concept of moral dissonance to examine how marketers in the pharmaceutical industry perceive the profit/health tension inherent in their sector and how they deal with it. Based on narratives of 18 marketers working in the pharmaceutical sector, our qualitative study identifies ethical conflicts of varying intensity that generate differing degrees of moral dissonance among marketers. To cope with this moral dissonance, they use the following strategies: (1) minimize the sensitivity of their activity; (2) invoke the benefits to patients; and (3) avoid behaviors that conflict with their values.

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Industrial economics cannot be solely based on market prices, as this could lead to incorrect academic results and policy recommendations because the prices could provide distorted signals and thus diverge from socially efficient prices. To understand this fundamental principle of price formation in industrial economics, it is necessary to better integrate the social dimension of value and the determination of prices. This paper aims to present the thoughts of an underestimated social scientist from the turn of the nineteenth century, Albion W. Small. Essentially based on Small’s personal archives, our aim is to demonstrate to what extent his vision of the relationship between value, valuation, and price is relevant to industrial economics and to pave the way for new research in this field. Although Small considered that price depends on both the remuneration of factors and the relative scarcity of goods, he also determined that price formation always has a social dimension, which must be considered by economists.; L’économie industrielle ne saurait se baser uniquement sur les prix du marché au risque d’aboutir à des résultats académiques et à des recommandations politiques incorrects. Il en est ainsi car les prix effectifs peuvent fournir des signaux déformés et ainsi diverger des prix socialement efficaces. Pour comprendre les principes fondamentaux de la formation des prix en économie industrielle, il est en effet nécessaire de mieux intégrer la dimension sociale de la valeur. Cet article vise ainsi à présenter les pensées d’un sociologue sous-estimé du début du XIXe siècle, Albion W. Small. Essentiellement basé sur les archives personnelles de Small, notre objectif est de montrer en quoi sa vision de la relation entre valeur, valorisation et prix est pertinente pour l’économie industrielle et d’ouvrir, ce faisant, la voie à de nouvelles recherches dans ce sous-champ disciplinaire de l’économie. Bien que Small ait considéré que le prix dépend à la fois de la rémunération des facteurs et de la rareté relative des biens, il a également proposé une argumentation rationnelle montrant que la formation des prix a toujours une dimension sociale, qui doit être scientifiquement considérée par les économistes.

International audience; Attitude and confidence have been extensively studied in the literature on different areas of Marketing. Medical tourism is not one of them, so we decided to start this study to understand their effects on patient travelers. The quality of care, which is essential in the patient's decision in choosing his hospital, his medical center and therefore his medical destination, is also studied to understand its effect in the concept of medical tourism. This study is part of more general research work. A qualitative study was initiated where 14 semi-structured interviews were conducted on Lebanese territory. The results of this study confirm the essential role that both confidence in healthcare and quality of care play on attitude towards medical tourism.

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International audience; We analyse how the COVID-19 pandemic crisis created the window of opportunity (WOP) in the digital industry and digital applications. These led to the leapfrogging of digital transformation in China. This was considered a major contribution to the pandemic recovery in early to mid-2020. By exploring this phenomenon, we examine alternatives for sustainable development during such turbulent circumstances mediating the destruction arisen from the crisis. We unveil the mechanisms that reveal the large-scale digitalisation that emerged as part of the response to managing the crisis. We find that during this crisis in China, the WOPs from policy, technology and demand perspectives facilitated the leapfrogging of the digital transformation in numerous social and economic areas. More importantly, we also discover that the WOPs are unevenly distributed among firms, time, and locations. Based on these results, we put forth that the COVID-19 pandemic brings a relative window of opportunity (RWOP) to society, impacting industries and firms. However, these impacts are disproportionately distributed. To the best of our knowledge, this is one of the first studies to illustrate how a social crisis leads to WOPs enhancing digital transformation. Furthermore, this also ultimately provided a coping mechanism to deal with the pandemic.

International audience; Studying children’s consumption behavior is a sensitive topic, especially in marketing, because children are often not the decision makers for the products and items they consume. Rather, the parents are the moderators and possessors of the purchasing power. Accordingly, parents’ prepurchase acceptance is a crucial determinant in the purchase decisions. Several factors related to the ethical content of children’s movies affect parents’ purchase decisions, including the level of emotional scenes that are depicted in a movie. This research aims to explore the effect of anomalous emotional scenes (AES) in children’s movies on the future revenues of production companies through parents’ acceptance/rejection rates and, consequently reactions to the AES. A total of 791 participants/parents from eight different countries participated by completing a questionnaire for the purpose of this study. Cultural and religious factors were taken into consideration to ensure cross-cultural results. The findings from the quantitative analysis of this study revealed that Anomalous Emotional Scenes perceived by parents in children’s movies negatively impact their demand because of ethical concerns, which are influenced by the cultural factor and not a religion factor. The negative impact consequently reduces potential new and repetitive purchases, which subsequently affects the incremental earnings of the company and thus reduces the overall revenues of the movie. Therefore, AES are a new additional factor that affects the revenues of children’s movies.

International audience

La culture nationale « ou distance culturelle » a fait l’objet de plusieurs recherches dans le champ du management international (MI). Afin de mesurer la distance culturelle, ces recherches ont largement mobilisé le cadre culturel de Hofstede. Cet article évalue et compare les différents cadres culturels les plus importants en MI. S’appuyant sur un échantillon d’opérations de rapprochement menées par des entreprises françaises à l’étranger, l’étude révèle des résultats différents selon le cadre culturel mobilisé. Si les cadres culturels de Schwartz et de Globe, tout comme le cadre révisé de Hofstede, semblent influencer le choix du mode d’entrée, aucune incidence ne résulte du cadre culturel initial de Hofstede., National culture «or cultural distance» has been the subject of several studies in the field of International Business (IB). To measure cultural distance this research has mainly used Hofstede’s cultural framework. This article assesses and compares the most important cultural frameworks in IB. Based on a sample of interfirm linkages carried out by French companies with partners across the world the study shows different results according to the cultural framework used. While the Schwartz and Globe frameworks as well as the revised Hofstede’s framework seem to affect the entry mode choice, the Hofstede’s initial framework does not show any significant results., La cultura nacional « o distancia cultural » es objeto de varias investigaciones en el campo de la gestión internacional (GI). Con el fin de medir la distancia cultural, dichas investigaciones han movilizado ampliamente el marco cultural de Hofstede. Este artículo evalúa y compara los diferentes marcos culturales más importantes en GI. Apoyándose sobre una muestra de operaciones de acercamiento llevadas a cabo por empresas francesas en el extranjero, dicho estudio revela resultados diferentes según el marco cultural movilizado. Si los marcos culturales de Schwartz y de Globe, así como el marco revisado de Hofstede, parecen influenciar la escogencia del modo de entrada, ninguna incidencia resulta del marco cultural inicial de Hofstede.

The banking sector plays an important role in the UK economy as a whole, and investors are increasingly concerned about the ability of UK-based banks to withstand the consequences of major uncertainty such as the Brexit. This paper investigates the UK financial system resilience using networks of relationships related to the Credit Default Swap market. We propose a detailed descriptive analysis of the topology of the networks, and characterize the nature of relationships between financial institutions. We compare our results with theoretical network configurations (small-worlds, preferential attachments, etc.) to reveal the connection dynamics of the networks we identify. We then develop a panel analysis including variables of centrality and influence of banks in their networks. We identify prominent banks and groups of banks that could disrupt the system. Our results help identify priority areas of action by regulators and risk managers.

Warm or cold, wet or dry, weather impacts almost every industry as 70% of businesses are exposed to unexpected variations that influence demand for goods and services. The financial losses caused by adverse weather that did not seem material enough to have an impact or to require being managed a decade ago, may now do so as the frequency and severity of abnormal weather have dramatically increased. A surge in investigating the contribution of weather to financial distress is also prompted by more reliable weather data, and the development of new risk mitigation tools. Drawing upon the UK's retail sectors for empirical evidence, this paper provides a methodology to determine the contribution of weather to sales and to structure financial products to reduce the consequences of adverse weather on expected cash-flows. Our results open new research opportunities for weather to be considered as an additional cause of business failure.

International audience; L’industrie musicale est marquée par une concentration oligopolistique des majors. Confrontés à un marché devenu fragmenté et bouleversé par l’innovation technologique, les intermédiaires que sont les maisons de disques se sont regroupées pour devenir des conglomérats. Cette hégémonie a été perçue par une partie du public et des artistes comme menaçant la diversité et l’authenticité du rock. Nous montrons comment certains artistes ont tenté de leur résister. Dans une perspective historique, notre recherche montre que la scène musicale punk constituait une forme originale de résistance. Ces artistes revendiquaient une remise en cause radicale des médiations entre artistes et intermédiaires, notamment à travers l’autoproduction.

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Franchisees are often small business owners whose sales, profitability, and financial equilibrium in the first years of operation are increasingly being impacted by weather variability. The literature has analysed the effectiveness of various guarantees offered by franchisors in franchise agreements, but the case of hedging the local weather risk to which each franchisee is exposed has never been addressed. Using Design Science, we show that franchisors operating in one of the activities which are among the 70% of activity sectors exposed to weather risks, can support the setup of franchises, measure their weather risk and incorporate financial protections against the consequences of adverse weather in the franchise agreement. By doing this they can reduce the risk of financial distress, provide an innovative service, and reinforce the quality of the relationship with their franchisees.

This paper proposes a new approach for analyzing the dynamic relationships between carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, energy use, and income for the Middle East and North African (MENA) region. Our study implements a class of regime-switching models, namely a nonlinear panel smooth transition regression (PSTR) framework. Two kinds of estimates for carbon emissions are provided. On the one hand, we measure the impact of energy consumption on CO2 concerning the level of income per capita, as countries with a similar energy usage level would have different levels of energy intensity. On the other hand, we estimate the impact of output growth on emissions concerning energy usage variation, as a higher economic growth does not necessarily mean energy-intensive activities. Our empirical findings support these intuitions as they indicate that pollutant emissions respond nonlinearly to energy consumption and GDP growth. We find an inverted U-shaped pattern for the impact of energy on CO2, in the sense that environmental degradation is declining beyond a given income threshold, which is estimated endogenously within the PSTR model. Also, our results underscore that GDP growth significantly impacts carbon emissions only for higher energy consumption growth.

ResumeNee en 1986, Recherche et Applications en Marketing est rapidement devenue une revue academique de reference dans la communaute francophone. A un moment charniere ou la perennite de sa reconn...

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International audience; This research examines for the first time the relationship between Big data and Smart data among French automotive distributors. Many low-tech firms engage in these data policies to improve their decisions and performance through the predictive capacities of their data. A discussion emerges in the literature according to which an effective policy lies in the conversion of a mass of raw data into so-called intelligent data. In order to understand better this digital transition, we question the transformation of data policies practiced in low-tech firms through the founding model of 3Vs (Volume, Variety and Velocity of data). First of all, this empirical study of 112 French automotive distributors develops the existing literature by 2 proposing an original and detailed typology of the data policies practiced (Low data, Big data and Smart data). Secondly, after specifying the elements of the differences between the quantitative nature of Big data and the qualitative nature of Smart data, our results reveal and analyse for the first time the existence of their synergistic relationship. Companies transform their Big data approach into Smart data when they move from massive exploitation to intelligent exploitation of their data. The phenomenon is part of a high-end loop data exploitation. Initially, the exploitation of intelligent data can only be done by extracting a sample from a large raw data pool previously made by a Big data policy. Secondly, the organization's raw data pool is in turn enriched by the repayment of contributions made by the Smart data approach. Thus, this study develops three important ways. First off, we identify, detail and compare the current data policies of a traditional industry. Secondly, we reveal and explain the evolution of digital practices within organizations that now combine both quantitative and qualitative data exploitation. Finally, our results guide decision-makers towards the synergistic and the legitimate association of different forms of data management for better performance.; Nombreuses sont les firmes qui désormais s’engagent dans des politiques Big data ou Smart data afin d’améliorer leurs décisions. Malgré leur popularité, peu de connaissances sont à ce jour proposées concernant la nature de ces deux démarches que l’on oppose souvent en raison de leurs différents degrés de finesse d’exploitation des données. Notre étude quantitative auprès de 112 PME de la distribution automobile décrit puis explique leur différenciation et leur complémentarité vertueuse.

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