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Rapid and accurate mapping of landslides triggered by extreme events is essential for effective emergency response, hazard mitigation, and disaster management. However, the development of generalized machine learning models for landslide detection has been hindered by the absence of a high-resolution, globally distributed, event-based dataset. To address this gap, we introduce the Globally Distributed Coseismic Landslide Dataset (GDCLD), a comprehensive dataset that integrates multi-source remote sensing images, including PlanetScope, Gaofen-6, Map World, and uncrewed aerial vehicle (UAV) data, with varying geographical and geological background for nine events across the globe. The GDCLD data are freely available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13612636 (Fang et al., 2024). In this study, we evaluated the effectiveness of GDCLD by comparing the mapping performance of seven state-of-the-art semantic segmentation algorithms. These models were further tested by three different types of remote sensing images in four independent regions, with the GDCLD-SegFormer model achieving the best performance. Additionally, we extended the evaluation to a rainfall-induced landslide dataset, where the models demonstrated excellent performance as well, highlighting the dataset's applicability to landslide segmentation triggered by other factors. Our results confirm the superiority of GDCLD in remote sensing landslide detection modeling, offering a comprehensive database for rapid landslide assessment following future unexpected events worldwide.

Traditional discharge monitoring usually relies on measuring flow velocity and cross-section area with various velocimeters or remote-sensing approaches. However, the topography of mountain streams in remote sites largely hinders the applicability of velocity–area methods. Here, we present a method to continuously monitor mountain stream discharge using a low-cost commercial camera and deep learning algorithm. A procedure of automated image categorization and discharge classification was developed to extract information on flow patterns and volumes from high-frequency red–green–blue (RGB) images with deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs). The method was tested at a small, steep, natural stream reach in southern China. Reference discharge data were acquired from a V-shaped weir and ultrasonic flowmeter installed a few meters downstream of the camera system. Results show that the discharge-relevant stream features implicitly embedded in RGB information can be effectively recognized and retrieved by CNN to achieve satisfactory performance in discharge measurement. Coupling between CNNs and traditional machine learning models (e.g., support vector machine and random forest) can potentially synthesize individual models' diverse merits and improve generalization performance. Besides, proper image pre-processing and categorization are critical for enhancing the robustness and applicability of the method under environmental disturbances (e.g., weather and vegetation on river banks). Our study highlights the usefulness of deep learning in analyzing complex flow images and tracking flow changes over time, which provides a reliable and flexible alternative apparatus for continuous discharge monitoring of rocky mountain streams.

Charcoal rot (CR) caused by the fungal pathogen Macrophomina phaseolina is a devastating disease affecting soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill.) worldwide. Identifying the genetic factors associated with resistance to charcoal rot is crucial for developing disease-resistant soybean cultivars. In this research, we conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) using different models and genotypic data to unravel the genetic determinants underlying soybean resistance to сharcoal rot. The study relied on a panel of 252 soybean accessions, comprising commercial cultivars and breeding lines, to capture genetic variations associated with resistance. The phenotypic evaluation was performed under natural conditions during the 2021–2022 period. Disease severity and survival rates were recorded to quantify the resistance levels in the accessions. Genotypic data consisted of two sets: the results of genotyping using the Illumina iSelect 6K SNP (single-nucleotide polymorphism) array and the results of whole-genome resequencing. The GWAS was conducted using four different models (MLM, MLMM, FarmCPU, and BLINK) based on the GAPIT platform. As a result, SNP markers of 11 quantitative trait loci associated with CR resistance were identified. Candidate genes within the identified genomic regions were explored for their functional annotations and potential roles in plant defense responses. The findings from this study may further contribute to the development of molecular breeding strategies for enhancing CR resistance in soybean cultivars. Marker-assisted selection can be efficiently employed to accelerate the breeding process, enabling the development of cultivars with improved resistance to сharcoal rot. Ultimately, deploying resistant cultivars may significantly reduce yield losses and enhance the sustainability of soybean production, benefiting farmers and ensuring a stable supply of this valuable crop.

The vast majority of reductions in aerosol emissions are projected to take place in the near future; however, associated impacts on the large-scale circulation over the populated Asian monsoon region remain uncertain. Using the state-of-the-art UK Earth System Model version 1 (UKESM1), this study examines the response of the South Asian summer monsoon and East Asian summer monsoon (SASM and EASM, respectively) to idealized reductions in anthropogenic emissions of carbonaceous aerosols and SO2. The analysis focuses on changes in the monsoon temporal extent and intensity of precipitation following decreases in either scattering (SCT) or absorbing (ABS) aerosols or decreases in both. For SCT, the combination of the early transition of land–sea thermal contrast and sea level pressure gradient during the pre-monsoon season, together with the late transition in the post-monsoon season associated with the tropospheric warming, advances the monsoon onset but delays its withdrawal, which leads to an extension of the summer rainy season across South Asia and East Asia. The northward shift of the upper-tropospheric Asian jet forced by the SCT reduction causes the anomalous convergence of tropospheric moisture and low-level ascent over northern India and eastern China. The intensification of the South Asian high (SAH) due to the warming over land also contributes to the dynamic instability over Asia. These changes enhance the rainy season of these regions in boreal summer. Reductions in absorbing aerosol act in the opposite sense, making the Asia's rainy season shorter and weaker due to the opposite impacts on land–sea contrast, Asian jet displacement and SAH intensity. With reductions in both SCT and ABS aerosol together the monsoon systems intensify, as the overall impact is dominated by aerosol scattering effects and results in the strengthening of monsoon precipitation and 850 hPa circulation. Although aerosol scattering and absorption play quite different roles in the radiation budget, their effects on the monsoon precipitation seem to add almost linearly. Specifically, the patterns of monsoon-related large-scale responses from reducing both SCT and ABS together are similar to the linear summation of separate effect of reducing SCT or ABS alone; this is despite the inherent nonlinearity of the atmospheric systems. The opposing adjustments of Asian rainy season forced by the ABS and SCT aerosol emission reductions suggest that emission controls that target factors like emissions of black carbon that warm the climate would have a different response to those that target overall aerosol emissions.

Splinting is a conventional treatment for de Quervain's tenosynovitis (dQt). However, existing splints have problems such as excessive thermal discomfort and poor fit, which have been pointed out in previous studies. This study proposes a new functional splint consisting of both hard and soft materials with the aim of providing wear comfort with a good fit and sufficient stability of the injured hand. Thumb support of the splint is an important component that controls and protects the affected thumb. To develop an ergonomically shaped thumb support, 16 participants with dQt were recruited for three-dimensional (3D) scanning of their hands. The angles of the wrist and the curvature of the thumb were measured using computer software, and the results were used as a reference for the design of the prototype supports. Excessive pressure on particular regions, such as bony areas, may cause discomfort or pain. To ensure the wear comfort of the proposed splint, a finite element model (FEM) was built to simulate the wear process of the splint and hence to predict the pressure distribution exerted from the splint onto the hand of the wearer. The simulated results show that the pressure is evenly distributed over the hand, indicating that patients are likely to wear the proposed splint comfortably during their treatment period.

The surface morphology of lake ice remarkably changes under the combined influence of thermal and mechanical forces. However, research on the surface morphology of lake ice and its interaction with climate is scarce. A large-scale linear structure has repeatedly appeared on satellite images of Chagan Lake in recent years. The Geostationary Ocean Color Imager (GOCI), with a 1 h revisit, and Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI), with a spatial resolution of 30 m, provide the possibility for the study of hourly changes in the large-scale linear structure. We merged the Landsat and GOCI images, using an Enhanced Spatial and Temporal Adaptive Reflectance Fusion Model (ESTARFM), and extracted the lengths and angles of the linear structure. We monitored the hourly changes in the surface morphology during the cold season from 2018 to 2019. The average length of the linear structure in the completely frozen period was 21 141.57 ± 68.36 m. The average azimuth angle was 335.48 ± 0.23∘, nearly perpendicular to the domain wind in winter. Through two field investigations during the two recent cold seasons, we verified the linear structure as being ice fractures and ridges. The evolution of surface morphology is closely associated with air temperature, wind, and shoreline geometry.

Spectropolarimetric results of Fraunhofer lines between 516.3 and 532.6 nm are presented in local upper solar chromosphere and inner corona below a height of about 0.04 solar radius above the solar limb. The data were acquired on 2013 November 3 during a total solar eclipse in Gabon by the prototype Fiber Arrayed Solar Optical Telescope. It is found that the linear polarizations of the Fraunhofer lines in these layers depend strongly on specific spectral lines and positions. A Fraunhofer line at Mg i b _1 518.4 nm can have a polarization amplitude up to 0.36% with respect to the continuum polarization level, while polarizations of lines like Fe i /Cr i 524.7 nm are often merged in the noise level of 6.0 × 10 ^−4 . The polarizations of the Fraunhofer lines, like the emission ones and the continuum, increase with height as a whole trend, and their amplitudes can be close to those of emission ones yielded in close positions, and generally larger than those of the continuum. Rotations of the polarization directions of the Fraunhofer lines are often accompanied by variations in their polarization amplitudes and profile shapes. It is also judged from these polarimetric properties, along with other evidence, that neutral metal atoms exist in these atmospheric layers.

Global warming may lead to carbon transfers from soils to the atmosphere, yet this positive feedback to the climate system remains highly uncertain, especially in subsoils (Ilyina and Friedlingstein, 2016; Shi et al., 2018). Using natural geothermal soil warming gradients of up to +6.4 ∘C in subarctic grasslands (Sigurdsson et al., 2016), we show that soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks decline strongly and linearly with warming (−2.8 t ha−1 ∘C−1). Comparison of SOC stock changes following medium-term (5 and 10 years) and long-term (>50 years) warming revealed that all SOC stock reduction occurred within the first 5 years of warming, after which continued warming no longer reduced SOC stocks. This rapid equilibration of SOC observed in Andosol suggests a critical role for ecosystem adaptations to warming and could imply short-lived soil carbon–climate feedbacks. Our data further revealed that the soil C loss occurred in all aggregate size fractions and that SOC stock reduction was only visible in topsoil (0–10 cm). SOC stocks in subsoil (10–30 cm), where plant roots were absent, showed apparent conservation after >50 years of warming. The observed depth-dependent warming responses indicate that explicit vertical resolution is a prerequisite for global models to accurately project future SOC stocks for this soil type and should be investigated for soils with other mineralogies.

Lapping and polishing technology is an efficient processing method for wafer planarization processing. The structure of the fixed abrasive pad (FAP) is one of the most concerning issues in the research. The FAP structure affects the pressure distribution on the wafer surface, and the pressure distribution during processing has a significant influence on the wafer surface. Therefore, in this paper, a better pressure distribution is obtained by adjusting the angle of the spiral arrangement and the damping distribution of the damping layer of the FAP, thereby obtaining better processing quality. Based on the above theory, a new type of FAP, with coupling between the arrangement of the pellets and the damping regulation of the damping layer, was designed and optimized. The machining effects of different FAPs on the workpiece surface are compared in terms of material removal rate, material removal thickness, and surface roughness. The test results show that the workpiece material removal rate is higher than that of the traditional FAP when using the optimized FAP. The non-uniformity of the optimized FAP for that of material removal was 4.034 µm, which was lower than the traditional FAPs by 24.4 % and 17.6 %, respectively. The average surface roughness, Ra, of the optimized FAP is 0.21 µm, which is lower than 19.1 % and 12.5 % of the two traditional FAPs, respectively. Therefore, workpiece material removal and distribution are more uniform, and the surface quality of the workpiece is better when the optimized FAP processing is used. The test results prove that the optimized pellet arrangement and damping can achieve a better surface quality of the workpiece, which can meet the precision lapping process requirements for high-quality surfaces and large-scale production of brittle and hard materials such as sapphire.

A genome-wide association study (GWAS) was performed on a resource family consisting of white and colored chickens for identification of genes related to plumage coloration using the Fixed and random model Circulating Probability Unification (FarmCPU) package. GWAS identified three chromosomal single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), demonstrating the polygenic basis of plumage phenotypes. Herein, retinoic acid-induced protein 14 (RAI14), a developmentally regulated gene that encodes a protein containing many ankyrin repeats, was identified as a candidate gene involved in plumage color. In this study, mRNA expression profiles of chicken RAI14 were determined, indel (insertion–deletion) variants were identified, and their association was analyzed in white and colored chickens. RA114 mRNA was expressed in all tissues tested (brain, spleen, liver, heart, oviduct, kidney, lung, pituitary gland, ovary, muscle, feather bulb, and skin). A relatively high RAI14 expression in white feather bulb compared to colored feather bulb (P<0.01) indicated a potential association with plumage color. Additionally, statistical analysis revealed that a 4 bp indel genetic variation in RAI14 was associated with plumage phenotypes (P<0.01). Together, our analysis of the identification of the RAI14 gene will enable us to understand the genetic mechanisms behind chicken pigmentation.

PM2.5 aerosol samples were collected from the Chinese megacity of Nanjing (32.21∘ N, 118.73∘ E) during winter and analyzed for a total of 127 compounds from 12 organic compound classes. The most abundant classes of compounds were n-alkanes (mean concentration of 205 ng m−3), followed by fatty acids (76.3 ng m−3), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs; 64.3 ng m−3), anhydrosugars (56.3 ng m−3), fatty alcohols (40.5 ng m−3) and phthalate esters (15.2 ng m−3), whereas hydroxy-/polyacids (8.33 ng m−3), aromatic acids (7.35 ng m−3), hopanes (4.19 ng m−3), primary sugars and sugar alcohols (4.15 ng m−3), lignin and resin products (2.94 ng m−3), and steranes (2.46 ng m−3) were less abundant. The carbon preference index of n-alkanes (0.83–1.38) indicated that they had a strong fossil fuel combustion origin. Diagnostic concentration ratios of organic tracers suggested that PAHs and hopanes originated mostly from coal burning and traffic emissions, respectively, in the Nanjing urban area. Positive matrix factorization analysis demonstrated that fossil fuel combustion was the major pollution source (28.7 %), followed by emissions from biomass burning (17.1 %), soil dust (14.5 %) and plastic burning (6.83 %) for Nanjing winter aerosols, although the contribution of secondary oxidation products (32.9 %) was the most abundant. Most of the compounds generally showed higher concentrations at nighttime compared with daytime; this was due to the accumulation process associated with inversion layers and the enhancement of emissions from heavy trucks at night. We conclude that fossil fuel combustion largely influences the winter organic aerosols in urban Nanjing. Based on the comparison of this study's results with previous research, we found that pollution levels in organic aerosols have decreased in the urban Nanjing atmosphere over the last decade.

Spin-orbit torque (SOT) induced magnetization switching facilitates all electric multi-state spin memories and spin logic devices. Here the authors show a new SOT field-free switching mode where the perpendicular layer with tilted easy axis is coupled to an in-plane layer with a uniaxial easy axis.

In order to solve the problem of the long update cycle of geographical names and addresses, this paper puts forward a dynamic update technique of mobile & PC integration. The combination of related services of NewMap software and mobile APP can effectively improve the speed and accuracy of updating geographical names and addresses. Taking the mobile & PC integration model as a starting point and comprehensively using GIS-related technologies, mobile positioning technologies, offline map technologies, etc., the dynamic update of geographical names and addresses has been successfully implemented and has been successfully applied to the dynamic update of geographical names.

The “Provincial Space Plan Pilot Program” issued in December 2016 pointed out that the existing space management and control information management platforms of various departments were integrated, and a spatial planning information management platform was established to integrate basic data, target indicators, space coordinates, and technical specifications. The planning and preparation will provide supportive decision support, digital monitoring and evaluation of the implementation of the plan, implementation of various types of investment projects and space management and control departments involved in military construction projects in parallel to approve and approve, and improve the efficiency of administrative approval. The space planning system should be set up to delimit the control limits for the development of production, life and ecological space, and the control of use is implemented. On the one hand, it is necessary to clarify the functional orientation between various kinds of planning space. On the other hand, it is necessary to achieve “multi-compliance” of various space planning. Multiple spatial planning intergration need unified and standard basic map(geographic database and technical specificaton) to division of urban, agricultural, ecological three types of space and provide technical support for the refinement of the space control zoning for the relevant planning. The article analysis the main space datum, the land use classification standards, base map planning, planning basic platform main technical problems. Based on the geographic conditions, the results of the census preparation of spatial planning map, and Heilongjiang, Hainan many rules combined with a pilot application.

Abstract Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) is a technique that has developed as an adjunct to conventional ultrasound. CEUS offers a number of benefits over conventional axial imaging with computerised tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, primarily as a “beside” test, without ionising radiation or the safety concerns associated with iodinated/gadolinium-based contrast agents. Intravascular use of ultrasound contrast agents (UCAs) is widespread with extensive evidence for effective use. Despite this, the potential utility of UCAs in physiological and non-physiological cavities has not been fully explored. The possibilities for endocavitary uses of CEUS are described in this review based on a single-centre experience including CEUS technique and utility in confirming drain placement, as well as within the biliary system, urinary system, gastrointestinal tract and intravascular catheters. Teaching Points • CEUS offers an excellent safety profile, spatial resolution and is radiation free. • Endocavitary CEUS provides real-time imaging similar to fluoroscopy in a portable setting. • Endocavitary CEUS can define internal architecture of physiological cavities. • Endocavitary CEUS can confirm drain position in physiological and non-physiological cavities.

Background Lower urinary tract infections are common in dogs, and Escherichia coli is the most common bacterial pathogen isolated. The literature has conflicting evidence regarding the inhibitory effects of urine concentration and pH on E. coli growth. Hypothesis/Objectives To determine the effect of different pH and urine concentrations on E. coli growth in vitro. Animals Voided urine samples from 10 apparently healthy spayed female dogs were used. Methods A matrix of 9 urine specific gravity (USG; 1.010, 1.020, and 1.030) and pH (5.5, 7.0, and 8.5) combinations was prepared by diluting and titrating filtered voided urine samples. Three E. coli isolates were obtained from urine of female dogs with signs of lower urinary tract infection and cultured at different urine pH and USG combinations in wells of a microtiter plate. The number of E. coli colony‐forming units (CFU) per mL of urine was calculated after aerobic incubation of the urine at 37°C for 18 hours, and statistically compared. Results Significant differences were identified in the mean log CFU/mL among different combinations of pH and USG. The lowest log CFU/mL were observed in alkaline concentrated urine (pH 8.5 and USG 1.030). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Escherichia coli in vitro growth was higher in neutral to acidic and diluted urine compared to alkaline and concentrated urine. The impact of non‐alkalizing diluting diets on the incidence of E. coli lower urinary tract infections should be further explored.

White-light flares are rare solar events entailing emission in the optical continuum. Here, the authors report a nearly circular white-light flare observed on March 10th 2015 that contains simultaneously both impulsive and gradual white-light kernels.

Chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) plays a vital role in the biogeochemical cycle in aquatic ecosystems. The relationship between CDOM and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) has been investigated, and this significant relationship lays the foundation for the estimation of DOC using remotely sensed imagery data. The current study examined samples from freshwater lakes, saline lakes, rivers and streams, urban water bodies, and ice-covered lakes in China for tracking the variation of the relationships between DOC and CDOM. The regression model slopes for DOC vs. aCDOM (275) ranged from extremely low 0.33 (highly saline lakes) to 1.03 (urban waters) and 3.01 (river waters). The low values were observed in saline lake waters and waters from semi-arid or arid regions, where strong photobleaching is expected due to less cloud cover, longer water residence time, and daylight hours. In contrast, high values were found in waters developed in wetlands or forest in Northeast China, where more organic matter was transported from catchment to waters. The study also demonstrated that closer relationships between CDOM and DOC were revealed when aCDOM (275) were sorted by the ratio of aCDOM(250)∕aCDOM (365), which is a measure for the CDOM absorption with respect to its composition, and the determination of coefficient of the regression models ranged from 0.79 to 0.98 for different groups of waters. Our results indicate the relationships between CDOM and DOC are variable for different inland waters; thus, models for DOC estimation through linking with CDOM absorption need to be tailored according to water types.

Proper brain function depends on the correct assembly of excitatory and inhibitory neurons into neural circuits. Here the authors show that during early postnatal development in mice, NMDAR signaling via activity of long-range synaptic inputs onto neurogliaform cells is required for their appropriate integration into the hippocampal circuitry.

The low frequency error is a key factor which has affected uncontrolled geometry processing accuracy of the high-resolution optical image. To guarantee the geometric quality of imagery, this paper presents an on-orbit calibration method for the low frequency error based on geometric calibration field. Firstly, we introduce the overall flow of low frequency error on-orbit analysis and calibration, which includes optical axis angle variation detection of star sensor, relative calibration among star sensors, multi-star sensor information fusion, low frequency error model construction and verification. Secondly, we use optical axis angle change detection method to analyze the law of low frequency error variation. Thirdly, we respectively use the method of relative calibration and information fusion among star sensors to realize the datum unity and high precision attitude output. Finally, we realize the low frequency error model construction and optimal estimation of model parameters based on DEM/DOM of geometric calibration field. To evaluate the performance of the proposed calibration method, a certain type satellite’s real data is used. Test results demonstrate that the calibration model in this paper can well describe the law of the low frequency error variation. The uncontrolled geometric positioning accuracy of the high-resolution optical image in the WGS-84 Coordinate Systems is obviously improved after the step-wise calibration.

Sand dredging has been practiced in rivers, lakes, harbours and coastal areas in recent years in China mostly because of demand from construction industry as building material. Sand dredging has disturbed aquatic ecosystems by affecting hydrological processes, increasing content of suspended sediments and reducing water clarity. Poyang Lake, connecting with Yangtze River in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, is the largest fresh water lake in China. Sand dredging in Poyang Lake has been intensified since 2001 because such practice was banned in Yangtze River and profitable. In this study, the morphologic change caused by sand dredging in Poyang Lake basin was analysed by overlaying two DEMs acquired in 1952 and 2010 respectively. Since the reflectance of middle infrared band for sand dredging vessel is much higher than that of water surface, sand dredging vessels were showed as isolated grey points and can be counted in the middle infrared band in 12 Landsat images acquired in flooding season during 2000~2010. Another two Landsat images (with low water level before 2000 and after 2010) were used to evaluate the morphologic change by comparing inundation extent and shoreline shape. The following results was obtained: (1) vessels for sand dredging are mainly distributed in the north of Poyang Lake before 2007, but the dredging area was enlarged to the central region and even to Gan River; (2) sand dredging area reached to about 260.4 km2 and is mainly distributed in the north of Songmen Mountain and has been enlarged to central of Poyang Lake from the distribution of sand vessels since 2007. Sand dredged from Poyang Lake was about 1.99 × 109 m3 or 2448 Mt assuming sediment bulk density of 1.23 t m−3. It means that the magnitude of sand mining during 2001–2010 is almost ten times of sand depositions in Poyang Lake during 1955–2010; (3) Sand dredging in Poyang Lake has alternated the lake capacity and discharge section area, some of the watercourse in the northern channel was enlarged by more than 1 km when in low lake level. This study is useful to understand the change of hydrological system, especially the drying up trend in Poyang Lake in recent autumns and winters.

A recent paper by Knorr et al. (2005a) suggested that the decomposition of resistant soil organic matter is more temperature sensitive than labile organic matter. In Knorr et al.'s (2005a) model, the reference decay rate was presumed to be same for all pools of soil carbon. We refit Knorr et al.'s (2005a) model but allow both the activation energy and the reference decay rate to vary among soil C pools. Under these conditions, a similar fit to measured data can be obtained without invoking the assumption that the resistant C pool is more temperature sensitive than the labile pool. Other published evidence does not unequivocally support Knorr et al.'s (2005a) hypothesis of increased temperature sensitivity of resistant pools of soil carbon. Because of the lack of experimental data, Knorr et al.'s (2005a) conclusion that the decomposition of the resistant SOM is more temperature sensitive than the labile pool is premature.