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A person's age estimation from biological evidence is a crucial aspect of forensic investigations, aiding in victim identification and criminal profiling. In this study, we present a novel approach of utilizing Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR FT‐IR) spectroscopy to predict the age of donors based on nail samples. A diverse dataset comprising nails from donors spanning different age groups was analyzed using ATR FT‐IR, with subsequent multivariate analysis techniques used for age prediction. The developed partial least squares regression (PLS‐R) model demonstrated promising accuracy in age estimation, with a root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) equal to 11.1 during external validation. Additionally, a partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS‐DA) classification model achieved high accuracy of 88% in classifying donors into younger and older age groups during external validation. This proof‐of‐concept study highlights the potential of ATR FT‐IR spectroscopy as a non‐destructive and efficient tool for age estimation in forensic investigations, offering a new approach to forensic analysis with practical implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Money laundering in Latvian law is considered a criminal offence against the interests of the financial system and the administration of justice. However, money laundering may also affect the property interests of the victim of a predicate offence whose assets due to money laundering have become unrecoverable. The study examines whether the victim can claim compensation from the launderer under Latvian law compared to Swiss and German laws. The results show that Latvian courts do not consider money laundering activities to cause economic losses to the victim, thus excluding compensation. However, payment of the value of the laundered assets may be ordered for the benefit of the victim. In contrast, Swiss and German courts acknowledge economic losses stemming from the money laundering itself, which provides a basis for compensation. Both approaches lead to different legal issues, which are analysed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the use of virtual reality to introduce the thrill of immersive crime fiction and to obtain feedback from students who have experienced the program. It is the subject of practice of English Literature students at Bina Nusantara University. As part of a collaboration between Shinta VR and the Faculty of Humanities at Bina Nusantara University, a virtual reality environment was created to introduce students to the learning experience within VR. In the experiment, the students took turns to experience the VR environment in a criminal profiling class on a murder mystery, which can be immersed in a gamified crime novel related to English literature. An e-questionnaire was then administered, inquiring about their impressions of VR and the metaverse as well as their perceptions of VR as a technology itself. Analysis of the questionnaire responses revealed three key findings: 1)no correlation between the experience of using VR and the willingness to learn or the understanding of the task, but rather, a more favorable opinion of VR learning was obtained as the understanding of the learning task deepened, 2)it is also clear that there was a previous mistrust of information literacy and health risks, and 3) concerns relating to safety and ethical implications with VR usage. These findings emphasize the transformative potential of VR in education while also highlighting the need for further research to discuss ethical considerations and ensure safe application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on Erin I. Kelly's review of Tommie Shelby's book, "The Idea of Prison Abolition." Topics include Shelby's defense of incarceration as a necessary and justifiable penalty for certain criminal offenses, the response to Angela Davis's abolitionist writings and her significance in the black radical tradition, and the exploration of the social problems that necessitate a punishment system.

The purpose of this study is to explore how the Malaysian newspaper The Star represents the LGBT community, specifically Nur Sajat, a local transgender woman, in their published news articles. This study employs van Leeuwen's theory of representation of social actors to investigate how nomination and categorisation strategies are employed in portraying Nur Sajat. Previous studies related to the representation of the LGBT community have only focused on coverage and content released as opposed to looking at them as social actors per se. The study first gathered 29 news articles published by The Star from February 2021 to February 2022 as a corpus. Secondly, through Critical Discourse Analysis, the corpus then underwent nomination and categorisation analyses to identify how Nur Sajat is represented in terms of her unique and shared identities. The findings indicate that The Star misrepresents Nur Sajat through deadnaming and misgendering, which undermines her transgender identity. Despite portraying her as a successful businesswoman, negative depictions resembling criminal profiling are also highlighted. Media might better engage language associated with sensitivity and accuracy in line with legal and societal norms. Recognising diverse gender identities and sexual orientation converges ethical journalism; thus, media coverage might better comply with legal mandates and evolving societal attitudes. Finally, future research could expand on this study by comparing representation strategies of the LGBT community across various Malaysian media outlets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Belügyi Szemle / Academic Journal of Internal Affairs is the property of Ministry of Interior of Hungary and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study presents the criminal profile of homicide offenders in prisons across Brazil. The sample was N = 189 male participants, single-victim homicide (n = 87) and serial homicides (n = 102). Most of the sample had less than nine years of formal education and the most frequent age was 15–28. Robbery homicide was the most frequent motivation for both groups and fight/settling scores were more common in the single homicide group. Men victims were more frequent for both groups. Acquaintances (56.3%) in single homicides and unknown to the aggressor (64.4%) in serial homicides. Firearms was the main method of execution. Mental disorder was more frequent (24.5%) in serial homicides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The exponential growth of crime, violence, and wrongdoing is linked to dysfunction in restraining aggressive impulses, leading to neglect and disrespect of others' feelings, rights, and needs. Two basic forms of communication, verbal and nonverbal, serve individuals to interact and exchange ideas and attitudes with other people in everyday life situations, including within the framework of criminal investigations and criminal justice. The purpose of this study was to draw an analogy between verbal communication (oral speech, written speech) and nonverbal communication (body language, gestures, and silence), with the tendency to explore different components of nonverbal communication and place them in the context of criminal profiling as a method for detecting lies in nonverbal communication. The aim of this study was to emphasize the importance of nonverbal communication as an equal part of the communication process, and often a predominant one in this domain, which helps us demystify suspects, perpetrators, and criminal acts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a model of judicial management of the evidence-taking proceeding in the Italian civil procedure following the reform introduced by Law No. 206 of 26 November 2021, implemented, inter alia, on 28 February 2023 and 30 June 2023 by means of Legislative Decree No. 149 of 10 October 2022 (the reform was named riforma Cartabia after its author, former Minister of Justice, Marta Cartabia). Post-reform, the model has become significantly formalised and more detailed, limiting the judge's decision-making freedom in organising proceedings. From the perspective of the principle of procedural material concentration and judicial management of the evidence-taking proceeding, the preliminary stage is critical: from the plaintiff's summons of the defendant to court (in ius vocatio), which is essentially a lawsuit, to the hearing for the first appearance of the parties and case verification. At this stage, parties are required to present facts, legal elements of a claim, means of evidence, and all defence arguments in their pleadings within statutory deadlines. The subsequent stage of collecting procedural material important for the case resolution is a hearing scheduled for the first appearance of the parties and verification of the case (often termed 'a preliminary hearing'). Here, the judge freely questions the parties and, based on the presented facts, clarifies matters necessary to resolve the case. After questioning the parties, the court may decide to conduct a conciliation proceeding. If not, the judge rules on the parties' evidence-related motions and, considering the nature, urgency and complexity of the case, sets a timetable for subsequent hearings and specifies actions to be taken at each. A hearing intended for the taking of evidence must be scheduled within 90 days. The court may also rule on taking evidence ex officio. Then, according to the timetable developed, the judge takes evidence. The final stage of an ordinary proceeding occurs when the judge determines that the case is mature enough for resolution because it has been appropriately and definitively prepared, and the necessary evidence has been collected, or there is no need for further evidence collection. One tool for managing an evidence-taking proceeding may include the so-called abuse of procedural law. The Italian civil procedure does not explicitly regulate this issue. The concept of abuse of procedural law has been defined in case law and doctrine. However, procedural regulations mandate acting in court according to the principle of honesty and loyalty, with various sanctions stipulated for conduct that violates this rule, such as the obligation to pay compensation, reimburse trial costs, or imposition of a fine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to delineate the boundaries of the evidence initiative of the Court of the First Instance, which bears the responsibility to fulfil the goals of criminal proceedings, as outlined in Article 2 § 1 item 1 and § 2 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, from the perspective of evidence reliability, an essential component of the fair criminal trial concept. The court's evidentiary actions were thus examined through the lens of requirements stemming from Article 6(1) and (3) of the ECHR, especially the principles of independence, impartiality, adversarial process, immediacy, and access to criminal proceeding materials. The article adopts a dogmatic approach, building on an analysis of current national legal standards and the Rome Convention's provisions, viewed through doctrine and jurisprudence of national courts and the Court in Strasbourg. This makes the publication relevant for both legal scholars and practitioners involved in criminal proceedings. The analysis suggests that the court's initiative to introduce evidence, its methods of evidence gathering, and access to collected materials during proceedings must not curtail the rights of the parties, especially the accused, to conduct their evidentiary activities. Depriving the court of the primacy of independence and impartiality, restricting the parties' capacity to engage in dispute in favour of an inquisitorial jurisdictional body violates the right to fair evidentiary proceedings. The court, in safeguarding the principle of material truth, must remember its role as a justice administrator and balance all arguments accordingly. Seeking evidence solely to establish the accused's guilt contradicts the procedural function of adjudication and compromises the court's neutrality, making it an extension of the prosecution. Hence, a thorough elucidation of case circumstances by the court should not disempower the parties, particularly regarding their initiative to present evidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The text analyses normative solutions concerning the right to defence in Polish proceedings in cases of offences. It discusses the formation of selected elements of the right to defence, from the pre-war solutions to modern times. The author highlights the autonomy of the solutions in force in the 2001 Code of Proceedings in Misdemeanour Cases, and their similarities to the right to defence in criminal cases, constituting the most comprehensive model of this right. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mobile Forensic Data Analysis is an approach that aims to discover criminals by utilizing data collected from mobile devices and algorithms that detect suspicious patterns. In situations where criminal action is linked to automated processes, such as the propagation of malware, it is simple to anticipate the outcome. Prediction and detection become more appealing for situations in which human behavior is involved, such as in typical criminal cases. The current study suggests a combined criminal profiling and suspicious pattern detection approach. The study focuses on cyberbullying and small-scale drug sales, both of which rely extensively on mobile devices. Another focus of the study is on the identification of suspicious patterns. Through the connecting of several observable patterns, our evidence-based strategy leads to an increase in accuracy and a reduction in the number of false positives on a dataset. Immediately following the evaluation and presentation of the outcomes of tests carried out on a dataset that contains both benign and malicious traffic, the scenarios are re-executed on a real dataset for the purpose of conducting additional testing and verification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article we propose to make an analysis and evaluation of some aspects related to the application of the polygraph to the investigation of crimes. Attention will be paid to the professional skills and competences of the polygraph examiner, as well as the need to know the special procedures that can be applied during the testing. We will establish criteria for classifying the profile of the criminal under psycho-criminological and criminological aspects.The circumstances to be elucidated by applying the polygraph to the investigation of acts of terrorism. We will analyze the psycho-criminological profile of the victim, witnesses and other categories of people to be tested by applying the polygraph. We will focus on the manner and methodology of conducting the polygraph examination and make recommendations for further research in the field of polygraph application [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By undertaking various criminal activities, most of the perpetrators leave traces behind themselves which can be manifested according to the object of the attack, place, time, tools and actions undertaken in the preparatory phase, during the commission of the crime and after it. If it is proven that there are specific circumstances that point to the mentioned elements, it is highly possible that they will result in the basis of suspicion of the combination of the committed acts, namely the circumstances that they were committed by the same person, or the same group. In the operational work, it starts with the known perpetrators who are included in the criminal records precisely because of the appearance of such features in the commission of criminal acts, while in fact they were able to commit the new criminal act as well. Also, the surprise capture of the perpetrator in the act, i.e. his discovery in another way, is the basis for his involvement in other unrelated criminal offenses which were committed in the same way as for the offense for which he is deprived of his liberty1 . In the daily operational work, the official authorized persons discover a whole range of operational information with an indicative character - informal indicative evidence which usually serves as a guide of its own kind in the further work. Indices or grounds of suspicion (indicia - sign) - the grounds of suspicion are facts and circumstances which more or less indicate the existence of a criminal offense and the close or distant connection of the offenses with any person who directly committed, or is indirectly related to the work. Those in criminal processing are a necessary guide, based on which it can be concluded with greater or lesser certainty that it is about the specific criminal offense and that the specific person could be the perpetrator of it or the offense other criminal. In addition, the indices combined with the others, with the direct evidence complete the argumentative material, therefore it is no coincidence that the criminal police relies a large part of its activities precisely on the collection of operative information [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Criminal verification is a measure and a general operative-tactical action, the purpose of which is to prove the accuracy (reasonableness) of the collected (understood) effects (indices, grounds of suspicion), which point to a certain criminal offense, the perpetrator its or other important circumstances for the illumination of the criminal offense or certain criminal activity. Indices or data, the validity of which must be proven through verification, discarded or partially completed, may be of different degrees of probability, more or less real and logical, obtained or collected from different sources. All these facts must be verified in such a way that, on the basis of the records and the correctly proven facts, the work can be continued in the illumination of the specific criminal offense and the discovery of its perpetrator. For this reason, verifications and analyzes are the basis of numerous tactical-operative measures and actions, both general and investigative, such as: raids, ambushes, deprivation of liberty, control, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The exponential growth of crime, violence, and wrongdoing is linked to dysfunction in restraining aggressive impulses, leading to neglect and disrespect of others’ feelings, rights, and needs. Two basic forms of communication, verbal and nonverbal, serve individuals to interact and exchange ideas and attitudes with other people in everyday life situations, including within the framework of criminal investigations and criminal justice. The purpose of this study was to draw an analogy between verbal communication (oral speech, written speech) and nonverbal communication (body language, gestures, and silence), with the tendency to explore different components of nonverbal communication and place them in the context of criminal profiling as a method for detecting lies in nonverbal communication. The aim of this study was to emphasize the importance of nonverbal communication as an equal part of the communication process, and often a predominant one in this domain, which helps us demystify suspects, perpetrators, and criminal acts.

The rgeoprofile R package was developed to implement functions for the analysis of serial crime incidents. Geographic profiling is an investigative technique that utilizes the spatial relationship of a connected series of crime incidents to determine or predict the most probable area of offender residence or anchor point. If successfully used as a decision support system, criminal geography can be used to help law enforcement agencies strategically target certain areas for inquiry or prioritize suspects through a narrowed search window. As an open-source platform, the rgeoprofile package contains several rapid reproducible models of spatial analysis using either centrographic or distance decay functions to predict the offender's home base. An open-source approach results in transparent analyses with no-cost availability for agencies. Additionally, since both mathematical models and investigator heuristics have been shown to provide viable options for criminal geographic profiling, a software package, which integrates different solutions to the geographic profiling problem was needed. Finally, the article demonstrates the various geographic profiling methods in a case study of the Boston Strangler to illustrate the advantages of each approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Pedagogía Profesional is the property of Universidad de Ciencias Pedagogicas "Enrique Jose Varona" Facultad de Ciencias Tecnicas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the past few decades many countries have experienced a surge in crime that is heavily gendered. Men are responsible for much of the rising tide of criminality (and for most criminal offenses prior to the recent surge). This dynamic threatens not only women and children but also societies and polities more generally. Additionally, it occasions serious doubts about state agents' widely touted commitments to law and order and their oft-celebrated claims to prioritize the safety, flourishing, and overall well-being of law-abiding citizens. It is thus paradoxical that mainstream public debates on illegalities and delinquencies oftentimes do not substantively engage the strongly gendered nature of criminal transgression. This article explores such paradoxes by providing interdisciplinary perspectives on the Muslim-majority nation of Malaysia. It draws on nearly three years of ethnographic fieldwork and historical research, supplemented by analysis of court records, media accounts, and other sources, to argue that essentialized categories and conceptual dichotomies in the dominant public narratives on crime contribute to the relative elision of gender in discussions of criminality. The article also addresses the socio-political significance of these dynamics and some of their comparative and theoretical implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigative psychology, the field of psychology examined in detail by Professor David Canter, is not about replacing investigators, but about putting psychological expertise at the service of the investigation, helping to define the profile of the possible perpetrator of a series of crimes by comparing investigative evidence, psychological-relational evidence and traces found at the scene of the crimes. The investigation of violent crime takes place through a procedure defined as 'criminal investigative analysis', one of the ways used to define criminal profiling. Our paper examines crime scene, victim elements, staging, modus operandi and signature, personation, undoing and mutilation. A sub-chapter is also devoted to the transition from criminal profiling to criminal and investigative psychology, presenting tables related to: the 'organised' serial killer and the crime scene, the 'organised' serial killer profile, the 'disorganised' serial killer and the crime scene, and the criminal profile of the 'disorganised' serial killer. After presenting Vernon Geberth's model, namely the criminal profile of the psychopathic serial killer and the socio-demographic profile of the psychopathic serial killer, we examine the three themes proposed by David Canter, namely the 'expressive-impulsive', the 'instrumental-opportunistic' and the 'instrumental-cognitive' themes. Finally, we conduct a brief analysis from the crime scene to the offender profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the underlying aims of denationalization of criminal offenders by framing the discussion within citizenship theory. It argues that such citizenship revocation policies exclude individuals who are perceived as non-ideal citizens under a complex vision of citizenship that combines communitarian and liberal undertones, which has significant consequences for detecting those with weak claims to membership. To develop this argument, the article advances in the following way. I first argue that the 'protective' function of citizenship, which has so far shielded domestic offenders from expulsion, has been eroding due to increasing reliance on denationalization. I then show, by employing an original study of European policies, that the 'protective' function of citizenship is eroding not only in general terms, but that it furthermore targets citizens of a particular profile that is continuously changing. Finally, I argue that recent revocation policies that are premised on security concerns, promote a complex vision of citizenship that combines elements of communitarian and liberal conceptions of belonging and works to exclude citizens of foreign descent who, at the same time, repudiate liberal values. Consequently, the status of the criminal rather than non-citizen, gains prominence in determining those at risk of exclusion from the polity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cuestiones Políticas is the property of Revista Cuestiones Politicas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Political Science Review / Przegląd Politologiczny is the property of Faculty of Political Science & Journalism, Adam Mickiewicz University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

For a long time, people have demonstrated a natural tendency to analyze and assess fellow humans as well as animals, objects, and similar entities, even in everyday scenarios. However, it is a little bit strange that criminal profiling became integrated into standard investigative practices within law enforcement not before the 1980s. Criminal profilers primarily fulfill their role by working on the resolution of intricate crimes where the identity of the perpetrator is unknown. On the other hand, they also have a suppressive impact, and to a lesser degree, a preventive influence, which is enhanced by considering the risk factors associated with the emergence of criminal behavior, as well as the study of criminal phenomenology. The techniques employed in criminal profiling aid in the timely identification of symptoms that indicate a combination of biological, social, and environmental factors, including learning and situational elements. As we navigate through the factors contributing to the development of criminal behavior, as well as the suppression and prevention of crime through the efforts of criminal profilers, we reach the significance of their role in detecting deception and the essentiality of human presence and intervention in diverse formal conversations, encompassing law enforcement, social work, and education. The aim of this paper is to systematically shed light on the factors contributing to the development of criminal behavior, to investigate the phenomenology of crime and to highlight the role of criminal profilers in the prevention and suppression of crime, as well as to analyze their role in the process of lie detection, while giving recommendations for the incorporation of profiling techniques into the body of knowledge and skills of teachers, pedagogues, psychologists, social workers, and others. The methods used in this study include a quantitative and qualitative analysis, using primary and secondary sources, as well as a comparative analysis.

Two of the worst targeted attacks on American police officers in recent history occurred within eleven days of each other. Although it seems clear their proximity was not merely attributable to chance, the connection between these incidents, and the implications for understanding copycat violence, have never been fully explored. This study analyzes the perpetrators of these attacks from a "thresholds of violence" perspective, which suggests the first actor in a sequence is more likely to be disturbed and violence prone, while subsequent actors are typically less disturbed but more socially influenced. Results suggest the thresholds model has both merits and limits. The first attacker did have more psychological problems and violence in his past, and the second did seem more influenced by violent role models. However, there were also many similarities between them, and both attacked due to a combination of internal and external factors. If this study's findings are generalizable, higher risks of becoming a copycat offender may exist for individuals who have (1) personal similarities with previous attackers, (2) a history of psychological problems, (3) a history of interest in violent actors, and (4) recent escalation in their online behavior. Recommendations are offered for future research, offender profiling, and violence prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Model Penal Code's 'De Minimis' provisions (§ 2.12) cover different kinds of case in which, for reasons of equity, a prosecution should be dismissed. An exploration of these different cases illuminates some general issues about the structure of the criminal process, and about the processes of criminalization. These include the significance of the difference between dismissing a case and acquitting the defendant, and of the distinction between offences and defences; whether criminal offences should always be so defined that they specify at least a pro tanto wrong, or may sometimes legitimately specify only a prima facie wrong – and whether this is consistent with the presumption of innocence; what kinds of conduct we can properly be expected to answer for in a criminal court; and the proper division of responsibilities between legislatures, prosecutors and courts in determining what kinds of conduct are to be defined and treated as criminal wrongs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aspects of corporate law and business education induce white-collar fraud, which costs the public trillions of dollars and kills more Americans than violent crime. This system arose when nineteenth-century robber barons captured legislatures, courts, and universities to empower privileged individuals to profit at society's expense. John Rockefeller, J.P. Morgan, and Leland Stanford transformed state laws and Supreme Court doctrine to enable antisocial commercialism. Capitalists like Joseph Wharton contemporaneously founded profit-centered business schools to normalize patriarchal economic exploitation. These historical foundations produced today's system whereby white men with business degrees perpetrate almost all corporate fraud. Similarly situated women and people of color rarely commit these crimes. Case studies of Purdue's OxyContin, Boeing's 737 Max, and Goldman's derivatives fraud reinforce this criminal profile. Business schools must catalyze systemic change with top-down diversity programs to reconstitute homogenous institutional hierarchies. Meanwhile, the government must begin prosecuting executives as organized criminals to deter corporate fraud. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on moral disengagement associated with adult criminal profiles is recent a recent issue and, therefore, has been less evaluated. This meta-analytic study aims to determine the strength of the relationship between moral disengagement and crime in the adult prison population. The results showed a moderate relationship between moral disengagement and crime, with an effect size of r =.26 (p <.001). The analysis of moderating variables (i.e., type of offence, gender, age, and instrument measuring moral disengagement) do not show statistically significant results in this association. Finally, it is concluded that moral disengagement is a risk factor for criminal behaviour commission, and future lines of research are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the applied areas of criminal psychology, the forensic psychology presents how the knowledge of psychology can be applied in the most optimal way in order to effectively detect individual crimes. A trend has appeared in law enforcement agencies for psychologists to carry out special activities in the criminal field. One specific activity is criminal profiling and the other is the development of the most effective interrogation techniques. Now I attempt to present these two specific criminal tasks of psychology. I present a literature review on how forensic psychology can be used during profiling and the planning of special interrogations. Despite the fact that offender profiling is not new for law enforcement agencies, its clinical trend has begun to appear and spread independently in recent years. The application of psychology in the planning of individual interrogations is a much more researched field and used during weekday work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Archivos de Criminología, Criminalística y Seguridad Privada is the property of Sociedad Mexicana de Criminologia Capitulo Nuevo Leon, A.C. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Criminal profiling is a tool produced and used by the police during conducting investigations. In Malaysia, the practice of using criminal profiling can be identified through several provisions in the Criminal Procedure Code as well as several articles and journals. However, these sources are not able to provide a clear picture of the position of criminal profiling in Malaysia. To date, no specific definition or concept and structured criminal profiling method can be identified. This article aims to provide an overview of the criminal profiling method used in other countries namely Japan and the United States. The main goal is to show the variety of criminal profiling methods used to assist the police during the investigation process. This paper briefly describes each of the methods and emphasizes their differences. A comparison of methods in general needs to be touched on, to see to what extent criminal profiling methods in the United States have an impact on the development of criminal profiling methods in Japan. This paper is aimed at the public, those involved in law, criminology, and any fields related to criminal profiling. The literature review will be used to achieve these objectives. The findings are that Japan has managed to produce its definition of criminal profiling while in the United States, apart from the definition given by the FBI, a single definition is still under discussion. In addition, Japan uses a method namely Behavioral Crime Analysis, quite similar to the United States which is Behavioral Profiling of Offenders, to identify the characteristics of criminal behavior. Therefore, this paper will suggest that Malaysia use the criminal profiling method in these developed countries as an example in producing its guidelines on criminal profiling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although there are plenty of theories which consider psychological factors of criminal behaviour and almost every criminal act has a digital aspect, criminal profiling is not so popular among forensic psychologists, especially when it comes to cybercrime. Thus, the goal of this paper is to give a brief overview of literature considering psychological factors related to deviant computer and online behaviour. Two basic approaches of criminal profiling, inductive and deductive, will be presented, as well as their advantages, disadvantages, logic they follow and concepts they rely on when analysing digital evidence in order to narrow suspect pools. Concrete models developed under each approach will be briefly portrayed. Moreover, studies from the field of cyberpsychology will be presented and their relationship with profiling will be discussed, particularly with inductive approach, which is original contribution of this paper. At the very end, suggestions for overcoming limitations of previous studies and converging disciplines of criminal profiling and cyberpsychology will be offered.

The Constitution of the Republic of Kosovo determines that the right of property is guaranteed and arbitrary deprivation of property is prohibited. Crime against property includes the acts of misappropriation of another's property by violence, acts of damage to another's property without legally justifiable motives, changing the property of another without his permission or knowledge, etc. This paper tries to give a general illustration on the crimes committed against property, the forms of commission and the punishments carried out according to the relevant laws. Through this investigation, an attempt is made to give a clearer meaning of the term theft from a professional and social perspective. To achieve the required results a questionnaire consisting of several questions was used, most of which contained alternatives with the possibility of multiple choices. The questionnaire is distributed and monitored online. the research method is quantitative through which the data will be interpreted in such a way as to obtain numerical values about the various aspects related to the act of theft. The frequency of thefts in Kosovo takes a numerical value above eighty percent of all surveyed cases. Acts of illegally taking the property of another individual in the Republic of Kosovo are more pronounced during the summer season. The material goods that are most often stolen in the Republic of Kosovo are coins and gold. Technological devices and household appliances, especially mobile telephones, are the second most stolen category in Kosovo. In Kosovo, even personal cars are subject of theft in a smaller percentage. Fewer thefts in the Republic of Kosovo are committed on domestic animals. Thieves in Kosovo commit the act of illegally taking another's property in most cases secretly and the most frequent places in which the act of theft is committed in Kosovo are private houses or apartments. Most of the theft cases in Kosovo do not have a perpetrator discovered by the Kosovo justice authorities. The main cause of theft in Kosovo is the lack of suitable economic conditions and the financial crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores procedural justice and motivational postures theories through the lens of Community Protection Notices (CPN), civil measures used to tackle anti-social behaviour in England and Wales. Through a qualitative study of CPN recipients, this article adds to our understanding of the social identity aspect of procedural justice theory by examining the impact on self-identified 'upstanding citizens' issued with a CPN for behaviours that they disputed on moral grounds. In order to renegotiate this anti-social label, participants explored other social categories to create distance between themselves and the authorities and challenged their role as representatives of the 'law-abiding majority'. Ultimately, participants felt 'compelled' to comply with the requirements of their CPN, which in turn damaged perceptions of legitimacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evidence from prior research indicates that, in many European countries, immigrants tend to be overrepresented in official crime statistics. Most of these studies treat immigrants as a single category, ignoring considerable differences in the characteristics of this population aggregate. To better understand the nature of immigrant crime, our research explores variation in registered criminal offending across two characteristics that have been relatively neglected in previous work: the immigrants' cultural backgrounds and their reasons to migrate. The analysis uses population-wide microdata from Norwegian administrative sources and considers both violent and total offending rates for men and women separately. Results show that, net of controls for age, employment, and other sociodemographic factors, immigrant men from environments that differ culturally the most from Norway in terms of Survival versus Self-Expression values have increased rates of registered criminal involvement. Rates are also higher for refugees and family members of refugees, but the relative ranking of groups that have migrated for various reasons differs between men and women and between total and violent offending. Our results are consistent with processes to be expected based on social control, anomie/strain, and labelling perspectives, suggesting fruitful avenues of inquiry for future research on the relationships between immigrant background and registered offending. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human trafficking and modern slavery remain an evolving research topic because of the complex and 'illicit' nature of this type of offending, which relies primarily on victim compliance to avoid detection. Worldwide, the exact number of victims of human trafficking is unknown because of the 'hidden' profile of such criminal activity. The International Labour Organisation (2017) estimated that worldwide, on any day in 2016, there were 40 million victims of modern slavery. This is likely a significant under-representation due to the implicit need for secrecy and for victims to be 'hidden', sometimes in 'plain sight', from the local communities within which they are being 'held' by the perpetrators. The focus of this study was to develop a profile of perpetrators within Northern Ireland and to explore coercive control tactics to inform assessment of risk and the development of appropriate offence-focused intervention(s). This paper explores key themes that were identified through the completion of a retrospective content analysis of case files accessed through the Probation Board for Northern Ireland (PBNI)'s case management system. An audit tool was created, which supported identification of three key themes: perpetrator perspective, victim vulnerabilities, and coercion/control tactics. The information collated from the case files supports the creation of evidencebased training to develop practitioner skills in assessing risks associated with this type of offending, succinct analysis within court reports, and creation of tailored interventions to engage service-users who have been convicted of humantrafficking offences. This study has also identified themes which will aid in the potential creation of specific programmes of work with service-users, with the focus on reducing the creation of further victims from this type of offending. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The principle of the rule of law is one of the comprehensive principles of law, which means it is in particular found in the field of criminal law. The specifics of the rule of law in this field is that it shapes the systems of principles of different criminal law institutes (in particular, the institute of criminal offence, the institute of punishment, the institute of the release from punishment). It should be admitted that the institute of the release from punishment has not been given sufficient attention in the research papers. The paper defines principles of the institute of the release from punishment based on the principle of the rule of law. The research is focused on the analysis of the observance of the rule of law in law-making and law enforcement in regards of the core elements of the rule of law within the release from punishment. The case study of lawmaking and court decisions of different countries demonstrated the aspects that do not ensure: the access to law of the convicted and the victim when the release from punishment is considered; legal uncertainty in formulating legal acts about parole; human rights for those on parole for life-sentenced prisoners; the rights of victims when the release from punishment with probation is applied, in case of amnesty or severe disease. The result of the research is the basic 'checklist' for law-makers and law enforcers to observe the rule of law applying the release from punishment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]