1,394 results
Search Results
202. Toward a Sociology of Cloning: Rethinking the Political Economies of the Copy.
- Author
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Friese, Carrie
- Subjects
HUMAN cloning ,SOCIAL sciences ,HIGH technology ,SOCIAL interaction - Abstract
Since the birth of Dolly the Sheep and with the potential to create regenerative medicines using somatic cell nuclear transfer, "cloning" has re-emerged as a social and ethical problem over the past decade. Despite the ways this set of techniques has been deemed problematic for social life, there has been a marked lack of sociological attention paid to cloning. I contend that sociologists can contribute to our understandings of cloning and other biotechnologies by researching how these biotechnical practices are enacted in their contemporary form. Studying cloning empirically necessarily directs analytic attention away from popular speculations regarding the potential of human cloning to the real and widespread practices of animal cloning. In this paper, I provide results from a qualitative study of cloning practices with endangered wildlife in the United States that was conducted between March 2005 and August 2006. Based on this research, I contend that the meanings of cloning do not necessarily lie in the possibilities of mass producing life. Rather, somatic cell nuclear transfer is used in conjunction with studbooks and kinship charts to generate value in a manner that is both consistent with and diverges from longstanding breeding practices that have long been used with animal bodies to generate often-times capital intensive bodies. This finding sets the groundwork for an alternative reading of the political economies of cloning that challenges many core assumptions regarding the meaning of cloning itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2008
203. Deconstructing Symbolic Boundaries: Cultural Strategies of New Social Movements.
- Author
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Cherry, Elizabeth
- Subjects
SOCIAL movements ,SOCIAL change ,ACTIVISM ,SOCIAL sciences - Abstract
Research on new social movements has largely focused on cultural processes surrounding the creation, maintenance, and deployment of collective identities. Although sociologists argue that new social movements seek to change symbolic and cultural codes, few studies illuminate the processes that lead to such changes. Moreover, they typically characterize cultural change as an unintended consequence of social movements. Rather than investigating how activists attempt to change obvious, public cultural codes, in this paper I focus on activists' attempts to change a specific type of cultural structureâ”symbolic boundaries. I argue that activists in new social movements attempt to enact such cultural change by employing four main cultural strategies of symbolic boundary deconstruction: focusing, transgression, victimization-association, and contention-association. I use the animal rights movements in France and the United States as my primary cases, with data from participant observation and interviews with activists in both countries, but I also demonstrate the broader applicability of these concepts with examples from other new social movements. This study contributes a new theoretical and empirical example to the cultural changes studied by scholars of social movements, and it also provides a useful counterpoint to studies of symbolic boundary construction and maintenance in the sociology of culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2008
204. Concepts of Indigenousness.
- Author
-
Lerma, Michael
- Subjects
- *
INDIGENOUS peoples , *SOCIAL sciences , *TRIBES , *GOVERNMENT policy - Abstract
none ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2007
205. The Possibilities and Limitations of Community Empowerment as a Strategy for Social Justice.
- Author
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Barlow, Andrew L.
- Subjects
SOCIAL justice ,EQUALITY ,JUSTICE ,MASS mobilization ,SOCIAL sciences - Abstract
This paper critically examines the assumptions of the community empowerment strategy, and accounts for its growing acceptance in the United States today.It then raises three critiques of this model, and calls for a strategic approach to social justice that includes community empowerment, but recognizes the mobilization of community-based power as only one component of the strategy. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2007
206. Queer Internal Colonialism: Aiding Conquest Through Borderless Discourse.
- Author
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Ryan, Maura
- Subjects
TRANSGENDER identity ,IMPERIALISM ,COLONIES ,GAY community ,TRANSGENDER people ,SOCIAL sciences - Abstract
The idea of internal colonialism has been popular in both social science writings and political discourse. This paper attempts to provide a new way to think about this concept in the realm of sexual communities. Specifically, I engage the topic of racism in the queer community, arguing that white gays and lesbians are active participants in larger U.S. internal colonialism of people of color by their denial of race differences along sexual orientation lines and by their use of racist political rhetoric to further sexual rights for their group. The raced dimensions of queer theory and of mainstream gay and lesbian politics are linked to the idea of internal colonialism, making the argument that sexual communities aid the U.S. nationalist project of racism. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2007
207. Examples of Importance to Nations of Timely Results from the Social and Behavioral Sciences.
- Author
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Scioli, Frank P.
- Subjects
RESEARCH ,SOCIAL sciences ,SOCIOLOGY ,GEOGRAPHY ,POLITICAL science ,PSYCHOLOGY - Abstract
This paper discusses the broader implications of research in the social and behavioral sciences funded by the United States National Science Foundation. A history of the establishment of the Directorate for Social, Behavioral, and Economic Sciences is presented and the role of basic and applied research at the National Science Foundation is discussed. Contributions to the Nation from economics, sociology, geography, political science and other disciplines are presented. The argument is made that the National Science Foundation has enabled the social and behavioral sciences to flourish and they have provided society with scientific knowledge and expertise of relevance to policy makers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2006
208. When Bad Science Makes Good Politics: A Comparative Study of United States' and Canada's Federal Autism Policy.
- Author
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Baker, Dana
- Subjects
- *
POLITICAL science , *AUTISM , *FEDERAL government , *SOCIAL sciences - Abstract
The purpose of this essay is to demonstrate and compare the impact of the autism narrative construction on federal autism policy in the United States and Canada. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2005
209. Contacting and Identification as aIndependent Learning Partisan.
- Author
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Barry-Goodman, Colleen
- Subjects
- *
POLITICAL parties , *ASSOCIATIONS, institutions, etc. , *POLITICAL science , *SOCIAL sciences - Abstract
Over the course of the last generation, there has been a decline in the proportion of individuals who identify themselves directly with either of the two major political parties in the United States. Rather than seeing tremendous growth in the proportion of individuals who identify as “pure” independents, most of the growth is in those categorized as “independent leaners.” (Keith, et al 1992) Though we have seen this shift in identification, there has not been a corresponding shift in the fundamental beliefs of any large group of society, indicating that there must be another explanation for the shift in party identification. I propose that the decrease in the proportion of individuals who identify with one of the two major parties can be attributed to a decrease in person-to-person contacting on the part of the two major political parties. This contacting serves as a priming mechanism, causing those who are contacted to be more cognizant of the connections between their own political stances and the stances of the political parties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
210. Motion in Tocqueville’s Democracy in America.
- Author
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C'de Baca Eastman, Elizabeth
- Subjects
- *
LOCAL government , *POLITICAL science , *DEMOCRACY , *SOCIAL sciences - Abstract
The theme of motion is prominent throughout Tocqueville’s Democracy in America. In the chapter on the real advantages that American society derives from the government of democracy, Tocqueville makes the following observation: "When one passes from a free country into another that is not, one is struck by a very extraordinary spectacle: there, all is activity and movement; here, all seems calm and immobile." Whether the activity and movement-the motion-of the people be a confused clamor, a thousand voices, a gathering of neighbors, an assembling of citizens, Tocqueville identifies this activity as one of the great benefits of democratic government. "This agitation, constantly reborn, that the government of democracy has introduced into the political world, passes afterwards into civil society. I do not know if, all in all, that is not the greatest advantage of democratic government, and I praise it much more because of what it causes to be done than for what it does" (DA I.2.6). The success of a democracy rests in large part on the motion of the people. Their active participation in township government, political and civil associations, jury service, and commerce provides opportunities for the people to learn to govern themselves and participate in a meaningful way in the governing process. Yet this constant motion of the people also has disadvantages that have an impact on many facets of the lives of those living in a democracy. For example the continual movement of the people breaks or relaxes the bond with prior generations. The individualism that originates in democratic societies can also lead to selfishness. To reflect further on the topic of the challenge that the motion of the people in a democracy presents, I propose first to explain how motion is present in Democracy in America, discuss how the motion of the people makes a positive contribution to democracy, identify the challenges that accompany this agitation in society, consider the ensuing consequences if the motion of the people is threatened, and finally to explore what type of balance can be struck between motion and rest in a democratic society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
211. Regional Transnational Political Advocacy Networks for Guatemalan and Salvadoran Migrant Rights.
- Author
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Jonas, Susanne
- Subjects
IMMIGRANTS ,EMIGRATION & immigration ,SOCIOLOGY ,SOCIAL sciences - Abstract
This paper analyzes the efforts by Salvadorans and Guatemalans living and working in the U.S., many of them since the 1980s, to organize for their rights as immigrants in the U.S. -- and the potential broader consequences of their organizing. It briefly lays out the specificities of this particular generation of Central American migrants, growing out of the experiences and ideas they brought with them as a result of the coincidence of economic crises with civil wars in their home countries during the 1980s. It examines their evolving activities and perspectives during the 1990s and early 2000s. (Future generations may reflect different perspectives and goals, in some sense, less ?politicized.?) The paper then locates the efforts of Guatemalan and Salvadoran advocacy organizations in the U.S. as actors in the broader regional context, including their relations with counterpart organizations in Mexico and Central America. Finally, it introduces a cross-border perspective, in order to include the worldviews coming from those key actors in Mexico and Central America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
212. Rootedness, Attitude Stability and Political Socialization in Rural America.
- Author
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Gimpel, James G. and Lay, J. Celeste
- Subjects
- *
SOCIAL sciences , *POLITICAL community , *POLITICAL participation , *CIVIL rights , *RACISM , *HOMOPHOBIA , *POLITICAL socialization , *RURAL population , *COUNTRY life - Abstract
Rural America and its electorate are the subject of highly contradictory characterizations and judgments in academic literature across the social sciences. Some accounts suggest that rural locales are sterling examples of civic vitality, to be held up as models for the rest of the country on how to produce a truly enlightened political community, characterized by low crime, less hostility, better health, and civic and economic equality. A rather different view is expressed by those who are convinced that rural America is racist, homophobic, hostile to civil liberties, anti-government and generally at war with liberal political values. Using panel data from a study of rural adolescents from the Fall of 2001 and Spring of 2002, we examine the sources of conservative political socialization in the rural population. We find that many of the same features of rural life that are subject to widespread admiration: agrarianism, rootedness, entrepreneurship and involvement in community, are some of the same characteristics that are the foundation for conservative opinions on civil liberties, morality and the response to terrorism after 9-11. It is certainly possible to find citizens with liberal political values among the rural population, but many of the core features of rural life, including its rootedness, appear to conspire in favor of the values of the past. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2002
213. Republicans, Democrats, and the New Politics of Old Values.
- Author
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White, John Kenneth
- Subjects
- *
ECONOMICS , *POLITICAL science , *SOCIAL sciences , *POLITICAL candidates - Abstract
In 1992, the Clinton campaign ran on the slogan, "It’s the economy, stupid!" Eight years later, Al Gore "lost" to George W. Bush, despite the fact that many Americans believed the economy was the best it had been in their lifetimes. While economics matters in politics, an even more important calculation in determining how citizens vote is their sense of a candidate’s and a particular pary’s public values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2002
214. Applied social and behavioral science to address complex health problems.
- Author
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Livingood WC, Allegrante JP, Airhihenbuwa CO, Clark NM, Windsor RC, Zimmerman MA, and Green LW
- Subjects
- Behavioral Research organization & administration, Humans, National Institutes of Health (U.S.), Public Health Practice, United States, Behavioral Medicine organization & administration, Preventive Medicine organization & administration, Social Sciences organization & administration
- Abstract
Complex and dynamic societal factors continue to challenge the capacity of the social and behavioral sciences in preventive medicine and public health to overcome the most seemingly intractable health problems. This paper proposes a fundamental shift from a research approach that presumes to identify (from highly controlled trials) universally applicable interventions expected to be implemented "with fidelity" by practitioners, to an applied social and behavioral science approach similar to that of engineering. Such a shift would build on and complement the recent recommendations of the NIH Office of Behavioral and Social Science Research and require reformulation of the research-practice dichotomy. It would also require disciplines now engaged in preventive medicine and public health practice to develop a better understanding of systems thinking and the science of application that is sensitive to the complexity, interactivity, and unique elements of community and practice settings. Also needed is a modification of health-related education to ensure that those entering the disciplines develop instincts and capacities as applied scientists., (Copyright © 2011 American Journal of Preventive Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
215. The mental health sector and the social sciences in post- World War II USA. Part 2: The impact of federal research funding and the drugs revolution.
- Author
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Scull A
- Subjects
- History, 20th Century, Humans, United States, Community Mental Health Services history, Financing, Government history, National Institute of Mental Health (U.S.) history, Psychiatry history, Psychotropic Drugs history, Research Support as Topic history, Social Sciences history, World War II
- Abstract
The second of two linked papers examining the interactions of psychiatry and the social sciences since World War II examines the role of NIMH on these disciplines. It analyses the effects of the prominence and the decline of psychoanalysis, and the impact of the psychotropic drugs revolution and the associated rise of biological psychiatry on relations between psychiatry and clinical psychology; and it explores the changing relationships between psychiatry and sociology, from collaboration to conflict to mutual disdain.
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
216. The mental health sector and the social sciences in post-World War II USA. Part I: total war and its aftermath .
- Author
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Scull A
- Subjects
- History, 20th Century, Humans, United States, Combat Disorders history, Mental Health history, National Institute of Mental Health (U.S.) history, Psychiatry history, Psychoanalysis history, Psychology, Clinical history, Social Sciences history, World War II
- Abstract
This paper examines the impact ofWorldWar II and its aftermath on the mental health sector, and traces the resulting transformations in US psychiatry and psychology. Focusing on the years between 1940 and 1970, it analyses the growing federal role in funding training and research in the mental health sector, the dominance of psychoanalysis within psychiatry in these years, and the parallel changes that occurred in both academic and clinical psychology.
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
217. Divorce and Remarriage: International Studies (Book).
- Author
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Schlesinger, Benjamin
- Subjects
DIVORCE ,REMARRIAGE ,SOCIAL sciences - Abstract
The article presents an abstract from the book "Divorce and Remarriage: International studies," edited by C.A. Everett. This book is a reprint of the Journal of Divorce and Remarriage-1997, vol. 26. The collection covers 12 countries in 15 papers. The authors come from behavioral sciences, demography medicine, pastoral psychology, psychology, sociology, social sciences, and social work. There is no unifying theme, nor comparative analysis of divorce and remarriage in any of the articles. Thus, it is an international collection of papers which deals with some aspects of the topic at hand. The editor has a one- paragraph introduction in which he states that "it was not possible to assemble manuscripts under specific themes." The shortest chapter compares divorce rates in Hungary and the United States using 1985 data. The findings are that divorce rates were higher in regions where marriage and suicide rates were higher. An introductory essay, some bridging between topics, and a possible epilogue would have made this book worthwhile.
- Published
- 1998
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
218. On Scaling of Scientific Knowledge Production in U.S. Metropolitan Areas.
- Author
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Nomaler, Önder, Frenken, Koen, and Heimeriks, Gaston
- Subjects
SCIENTIFIC knowledge ,METROPOLITAN areas ,RESEARCH ,PER capita ,DEMOGRAPHIC surveys - Abstract
Using data on all scientific publications from the Scopus database, we find a superlinear scaling effect for U.S. metropolitan areas as indicated by the increase of per capita publication output with city size. We also find that the variance of residuals is much higher for mid-sized cities (100,000 to 500,000 inhabitants) compared to larger cities. The latter result is indicative of the critical mass required to establish a scientific center in a particular discipline. Finally, we observe that the largest cities publish much less than the scaling law would predict, indicating that the largest cities are relatively unattractive locations for scientific research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
219. The promise and challenges of incorporating genetic data into longitudinal social science surveys and research.
- Author
-
Conley D
- Subjects
- Data Collection methods, Genetic Markers, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Genome, Human, Genotype, Humans, Social Environment, United States, Genetic Privacy, Longitudinal Studies, Metagenomics methods, Social Sciences methods
- Abstract
In this paper, I argue that social science and genomics can be integrated; however, the way this marriage is currently occurring rests on spurious methods and assumptions and, as a result, will yield few lasting insights. However, recent advances in both econometrics and in developmental genomics provide scientists with a novel opportunity to understand how genes and environment interact to produce social outcomes. Key to any causal inference about the interplay between genes and social environment is that either genotype be exogenously manipulated (i.e. through sibling fixed effects) while environmental conditions are held constant, and/or that environmental variation is exogenous in nature, i.e. experimental or arising from a natural experiment of sorts. Further, initial allele selection should be motivated by findings from genetic experiments in model animal studies linked to orthologous human genes. Likewise, genetic associations found in human population studies should then be tested through knock-out and over-expression studies in model organisms.
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
220. From health research to social research: privacy, methods, approaches.
- Author
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Roos LL, Brownell M, Lix L, Roos NP, Walld R, and MacWilliam L
- Subjects
- Cohort Studies, Confidentiality, Family, Health Status, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Manitoba, Population, Research organization & administration, Residence Characteristics, Social Class, United States, Medical Record Linkage, Public Health statistics & numerical data, Public Health Informatics, Registries statistics & numerical data, Social Sciences statistics & numerical data
- Abstract
Information-rich environments in Canada, Australia, and the United Kingdom have been built using record linkage techniques with population-based health insurance systems and longitudinal administrative data. This paper discusses the issues in extending population-based administrative data from health to additional topics more generally connected with well being. The scope of work associated with a multi-faceted American survey, the Panel Study in Income Dynamics (PSID), is compared with that of the administrative data in Manitoba, Canada. Both the PSID and the Manitoba database go back over 30 years, include families, and have good information on residential location. The PSID has emphasized research design to maximize the opportunities associated with expensive primary data collection. Information-rich environments such as that in Manitoba depend on registries and record linkage to increase the range of variables available for analysis. Using new databases on education and income assistance to provide information on the whole Manitoba population has involved linking files while preserving privacy, scaling educational achievement, assessing exposure to a given neighborhood, and measuring family circumstances. Questions being studied concern the role of the socioeconomic gradient and infant health in child development, the comparative influence of family and neighborhood in later well being, and the long-term effects of poverty reduction. Issues of organization of research, gaps in the data, and productivity are discussed.
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
221. Responding to violence against women: social science contributions to legal solutions.
- Author
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Portwood SG and Heany JF
- Subjects
- Domestic Violence, Female, Humans, United States, Battered Women legislation & jurisprudence, Social Sciences
- Abstract
Violence against women represents a serious problem in America. Not only does intimate partner violence represent a significant threat to women, but it also counts among its victims, children living in the violent household. By its very nature, intimate partner or domestic violence may be approached as either a legal or a social problem. However, there is a shortage of legal approaches that have been informed by sound social science research. One promising framework for developing such integrated responses to intimate partner violence is therapeutic jurisprudence, which encourages legal professionals to work closely with social scientists to develop system responses based on empirical data. Such an approach contrasts sharply with the current practice of developing law based on assumptions, which frequently reflect traditional paternalistic and sexist attitudes toward women. This paper begins by examining the current theories and scientific knowledge on domestic violence with particular emphasis on the supporting data. A theoretical framework for conceptualizing domestic violence characterized as patriarchal terrorism as distinct from common couple violence is examined and offered as a means of explaining inconsistencies in research findings. Following a review of current legal responses to domestic violence, the paper concludes by outlining alternative strategies and recommendations for future efforts that are supported by current theory and research.
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
222. Protecting the privacy of third-party information: recommendations for social and behavioral health researchers.
- Author
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Lounsbury DW, Reynolds TC, Rapkin BD, Robson ME, and Ostroff J
- Subjects
- Data Collection standards, Humans, Informed Consent, Research Subjects, United States, Behavioral Medicine, Confidentiality, Ethics, Research, Social Sciences
- Abstract
In psychosocial and health-behavioral research, we often request that research participants provide information on significant individuals in their lives, so-called "third parties". Recently there has been a greater recognition of privacy issues and risks in research pertaining to third parties. Reaction on the part of USA federal regulatory authorities to one study [Amber, D. (2000). Case at vcu bring ethics to forefront. , 14, 1], which attempted to collect survey data about the psychiatric history of respondents' parents, has generated such concern and caution that longstanding practices for the collection of social determinants of health data are being questioned and are at risk of being disallowed by Institutional Review Boards (IRBs). In this paper, we consider third party research rights and risks from the perspective of social and behavioral scientists. Focusing on research about health and quality of life, we first discuss the rationale for research methods that elicit contextual information about family members, friends, co-workers, and other social contacts. Second, we discuss the matter of 'privacy' and its central role in the current third party rights and risks dialogue. Next, we describe ways to effectively manage third-party information, building upon current recommendations by the Office for Human Research Protections (OHRP) and Botkin's [(2001). Protecting the privacy of family members in survey and pedigree research. Journal of the American Medical Association, 285(2), 207-211] treatment of the matter for survey and pedigree research. Lastly, we discuss the implications of applying these data collection and management strategies in social and behavioral research. We assert that these recommendations protect the rights of, and minimize the risks to, third parties without impeding social and behavioral health research.
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
223. Aids, race and the limits of science.
- Author
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Marshall WE
- Subjects
- Black or African American, Humans, United States, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, Racial Groups, Social Sciences
- Abstract
In the US, HIV is understood as the virus that causes AIDS, the root of a disease syndrome perceived to indicate an immune system that has ceased to function. These understandings reflect the unquestioned hegemony of Euro/American scientific knowledge, a hegemony that precludes alternative interpretations of life and death, health and disease. This paper argues that HIV/AIDS is more complicated than biomedicine allows, and that the "overmedicalization" of treatment and prevention efforts obscures the significant socio-cultural and political-economic realities that shape the global pandemic, including conceptions of race. The paper specifically focuses on the discourses of bio- and socio-pathology that link African diasporic communities around the globe, and which often seamlessly articulate with structural locations, producing a coherent narrative in which social and moral positions justify and substantiate one another. The analysis here occurs on both these levels: the discursive and the structural. If we are to understand the complex relationships that form the AIDS epidemic, the disciplinary lines imagined between scientific paradigms and the clinical focus on the individual body on one hand, and the social sciences and humanities disciplines on the other, must be breached. If what we call AIDS is a socio-cultural and political-economic phenomenon with biological manifestations, then it is essential that the insights of the social sciences and humanities be brought to bear on finding solutions to the epidemic.
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
224. What to do with race? Changing notions of race in the social sciences.
- Author
-
Takeuchi DT and Gage SJ
- Subjects
- Ethnicity, Humans, Mental Health, United States, Racial Groups, Social Sciences
- Abstract
The Supplement to the Surgeon General's Report on Mental Health documents that race, ethnicity, and culture are linked to the use of mental health services and the receipt of quality mental health care. The Supplement provides an elaborate discussion on how culture affects mental health care without a corresponding level of discourse on race. How race is handled in the Supplement suggests that it is still a sensitive topic and one that is difficult to address in a public report. This sensitivity parallels the difficulties that the social sciences have had in investigating issues of race. In this paper, we highlight some perspectives that have influenced the way race has been studied in the past and how these views reflect the general political climates of the eras that produced them.
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
225. Building the School Attendance Boundary Information System (SABINS): Collecting, Processing, and Modeling K to 12 Educational Geography.
- Author
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Saporito, Salvatore, Van Riper, David, and Wakchaure, Ashwini
- Subjects
- *
SCHOOL attendance , *SOCIAL sciences , *GEOGRAPHIC information systems , *SCHOOL districts , *DATABASES - Abstract
The School Attendance Boundary Information System (SABINS) is a social science data infrastructure project that assembles, processes, and distributes spatial data delineating K through 12th grade attendance boundaries for thousands of school districts in the United States. Until now, attendance boundary data have not been made readily available on a massive basis and in an easy-to-use format. SABINS removes these barriers by linking spatial data delineating attendance boundaries with tabular data that describe the demographic characteristics of populations living within those boundaries. This paper explains why a comprehensive GIS database of K through 12 attendance boundaries is valuable, how original spatial information delineating attendance boundaries is collected from local agencies, and techniques for modeling and storing the data so they provide maximum flexibility to the user community. The goal of this paper is to share the techniques used to assemble the SABINS database so that federal, state, and local agencies can apply a standard set of procedures and models as they gather data for their regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2013
226. Sorokin as Lifelong Russian Intellectual: The Enactment of an Historically Rooted Sensibility.
- Author
-
Nichols, Lawrence
- Subjects
SOCIOLOGICAL research ,SOCIOLOGISTS ,SOCIAL sciences ,HISTORY - Abstract
Prior to his 1922 emigration to Europe and thence to the United States, Pitirim Alexandrovich Sorokin had an exceptional intellectual and political career in Russia and the Soviet Union (Sorokin , ; Johnston ; Krotov ). Indeed, he was among the early founders of the science of sociology in his native land, where, according to a relatively recent bibliography (Sorokin ), he produced 162 Russian-language publications between the ages of 21 and 33. This listing includes not only book reviews and journal articles, but also substantial monographs and a two-volume theoretical treatise. While still a relatively young man, Sorokin had thus gained widespread recognition as a scholar of the first rank. He was also the initial chairperson (from 1919 to 1922) of a fledgling department of sociology at the University of Petrograd (St. Petersburg), an elected member of the national Constituent Assembly and an appointed staff member of the 1917 Provisional Government, the first democratic regime in Russia. This much would have sufficed for an entry in a sociological encyclopedia, and Sorokin's political career has few parallels in the history of the field, other than the involvement of Emile Durkheim in French educational policy and the participation of Max Weber in creating the Weimar Republic in Germany. Nevertheless sociologists in the United States and most western historians of the field have not yet appreciated the full influence of the formative period, especially from 1905 to 1922. Lacking familiarity with Russian culture of that era and knowing little about the larger Russian socio-historical milieu, its intellectual discourse and collective memory, they have not been able to comprehend Sorokin's outlook, behavior and professional output in the United States in relation to these earlier contextual factors. This is arguably a fundamental reason why many U.S. sociologists have tended to see Sorokin, especially since 1937, as a marginal figure and to regard his works largely as deviations from accepted social scientific practice. This paper will argue that a more adequate appreciation of Sorokin's background and early adult life illumines both stylistic features of his works in America and also places into proper perspective several of his substantive foci that did not accord with contemporary 'normal science' (Kuhn ). In short, despite his overall assimilation into American society and higher education, including his appointment at Harvard University and his election as president of the American Sociological Association, Sorokin should be understood in large measure as a life-long Russian intellectual. His was a Russian-born sensibility and consciousness-indeed a 'Russian soul'-so deeply ingrained that it stamped his entire professional career in the United States, including his published researches, his popular sociology and his university teaching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
227. The Forsaken-Liberty Syndrome: Looking at Published Judgments to Say Whether Economists Reach a Conclusion.
- Author
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Klein, Daniel B.
- Subjects
ECONOMISTS ,GOVERNMENT policy ,LIBERTY ,FINANCIAL liberalization ,LIBERALISM ,SOCIAL sciences ,FREE enterprise ,ECONOMICS - Abstract
Do economists reach a conclusion on a given policy issue? One way to answer the question is to survey economists at large. Another is to look at the published judgments of economists who have gone on the record. Relative to an anonymous survey, going on the record makes for much greater accountability, and presumably more personal responsibility. I discuss 11 studies of economists' published judgments. Several of them show greater support for liberalization than found among economists at large. This is offered as evidence of what I call the forsaken-liberty syndrome. I discuss the nature of this test of such syndrome and point to some of the larger questions to which it relates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
228. Comments on research in the social sciences pertaining to Alzheimer's disease: a more humble approach.
- Author
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Post SG
- Subjects
- Aged, Alzheimer Disease psychology, Ethics, Medical, Forecasting, Humans, Nootropic Agents therapeutic use, Terminal Care trends, United States, Alzheimer Disease therapy, Geriatric Assessment, Needs Assessment trends, Social Sciences trends
- Abstract
This paper suggests that social scientists should make greater efforts to study those questions that truly address the daily needs of the AD community; that they should be more creative in their approach to future care, especially with regard to the social implications of new anti-dementia drugs and other treatments that may alter the course of the disease; and that more research is needed with respect to end of life care, and the controversies surrounding the use of tube-feeding and antibiotics.
- Published
- 2001
229. The Challenges of Multidisciplinary Education in Computer Science.
- Author
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Roberts, Fred
- Subjects
INTERDISCIPLINARY education ,COMPUTER science education ,LIFE sciences ,COMPUTER scientists - Abstract
Some of the most important problems facing the United States and China, indeed facing our entire planet, require approaches that are fundamentally multidisciplinary in nature. Many of those require skills in computer science (CS), basic understanding of another discipline, and the ability to apply the skills in one discipline to the problems of another. Modern training in computer science needs to prepare students to work in other disciplines or to work on multidisciplinary problems. What do we do to prepare them for a multidisciplinary world when there are already too many things we want to teach them about computer science? This paper describes successful examples of multidisciplinary education at the interface between CS and the biological sciences, as well as other examples involving CS and security, CS and sustainability, and CS and the social and economic sciences. It then discusses general principles for multidisciplinary education of computer scientists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
230. Alive and Well: The State of Behavioral Gerontology in 2011.
- Author
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Burgio, Louis and Kowalkowski, Jennifer D.
- Subjects
- *
GERONTOLOGY , *SOCIAL sciences , *GERIATRICS , *BEHAVIOR therapy , *PSYCHOTHERAPY , *BEHAVIOR modification - Abstract
In this paper, the authors present a brief personal account of the senior author's 30 years of exploration in behavioral gerontology. The main thesis of the paper is that behavioral methods and interventions have found a home both in mainstream gerontology and at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). There are three sections: (a) a personal vignette discussing the problems inherent in using operant terminology in a nonoperant world; (b) a discussion, with examples from NIH sources, of the Institutes' views on behavior change; and (c) using Burgio and Burgio (1986) as a reference point, the authors show evidence of progress and vitality of behavioral gerontology in 2011. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
231. Review of comparative studies on market mechanisms for carbon emission reduction: a bibliometric analysis.
- Author
-
Wang, Xiang-Yu and Tang, Bao-Jun
- Subjects
CARBON ,BIBLIOMETRICS ,MARKETING ,ONLINE databases ,SOCIAL sciences - Abstract
This study uses the bibliometric method to analyze the comparative studies on different market mechanisms applied to carbon reduction between 1970 and 2016 based on the online databases of Science Citation Index Expanded (1970-2016) and Social Science Citation Index (2002-2016). We found by observing the characteristics of publications that such studies belong to a multidisciplinary field that has been continuously developing since the 1990s. The USA and the UK have maintained their leading research strengths in the field, whereas China entered late but has developed rapidly. The most productive journal, institution, and author in this field are Energy Policy, Resources for the Future, and Pizer from the USA, respectively. The auctorial and institutional cooperation degrees are growing and still have a broad collaboration space, but the cooperation among countries is fluctuating at a lower level. Nonetheless, the USA keeps its significant international cooperation ties. The bibliographic coupling and co-citation analysis reveals that articles in this field are closely related to one another. The basic literature in the field was written by Weitzman and published in 1974, and the article by Nordhaus published in Science in 1992 is the most cited in the field. The analysis of keywords and abstract shows that the hot spots include policy choice, price-versus-quantity analysis, and mechanism design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
232. Multidisciplinary Education for the Public Good: Using Media Narratives in Graduate Education.
- Author
-
Isbouts, Jean-Pierre
- Subjects
INTERDISCIPLINARY education ,GRADUATE education ,HUMANITIES ,SOCIAL sciences ,EMOTIONS ,EMPATHY ,CURRICULUM - Abstract
In recent decades, narratives have become widely accepted as a crucial component of human knowledge, precisely because stories can activate human faculties -- such as feeling, empathy and affinity -- not usually associated with objective, logico-scientific learning. And yet, the use of media narratives has yet to penetrate the curriculum of most graduate programs in the United States. This paper will examine the benefits of student collaboration in creating and analyzing mediated narratives, based on recent case studies conducted at Fielding Graduate University for both professional and non-professional media production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
233. Local knowledge, state power, and the science of industrial labor relations: William Leiserson, David Saposs, and American labor economics in the interwar years.
- Author
-
Wang, Jessica
- Subjects
INDUSTRIAL relations ,LABOR economics ,ECONOMISTS ,LABOR ,SOCIAL sciences ,ECONOMICS ,HISTORY of industrial relations - Abstract
Recent scholarship has frequently emphasized modern states' use of social science to impose universalized conceptions of rationality and order upon diverse, highly localized settings. The New Deal era experiences of William M. Leiserson and David J. Saposs, however, provide an analytical alternative. As students of the pioneering labor economist John R. Commons, Leiserson and Saposs sought to create mechanisms for state oversight of industrial labor relations that recognized local practices and arrangements. Although their approach failed to take hold within the National Labor Relations Board, localized institutional and political contingencies, and not a hegemonic modernism, account best for their frustrated aspirations in the late 1930s. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
234. Social Capital in Schools: Perceptions and Performance.
- Author
-
Plagens, Gregory K.
- Subjects
INFRASTRUCTURE (Economics) ,PUBLIC schools ,EDUCATION ,SCHOOLS ,SOCIAL sciences - Abstract
Social capital is argued to grow out of social relations and to provide resources to actors engaged in purposive action. One environment where the resources generated have been shown to contribute to positive outcomes is education. Previous research has found social capital in the family and the community to be associated with higher student test scores. Since students, teachers and principals interact at school over the course of a year or longer it is reasonable to assume that social capital may also emerge within individual schools. Any resource produced as a result of these interactions may also be valuable to producing positive outcomes. Drawing on data from Chicago Public Schools in the United States, this paper examines principal and teacher perceptions of social relations within the school that are consistent with social capital theory. Statistical tests are run to see whether social capital within a school is associated with student test scores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
235. Evaluating Causal Explanations of Specific Events.
- Author
-
Runde, Jochen and de Rond, Mark
- Subjects
CAUSAL models ,ORGANIZATIONAL research ,EXPLANATION ,MARKET entry ,MOTORCYCLE industry ,MOTORCYCLES ,SOCIAL sciences ,MARKETING - Abstract
Organizational life and research regularly involve having to explain specific events. This paper considers how such explanations might be evaluated. We outline a theory of causal explanations as answers to why-questions and introduce criteria to assess such explanations. The criteria are illustrated via an analysis of different explanations proposed for the remarkable success of Honda's entry into the US motorcycle market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
236. Knowledge and Empire: The Social Sciences and United States Imperial Expansion.
- Author
-
Nugent, David
- Subjects
SOCIAL sciences ,THEORY of knowledge ,IMPERIALISM ,SOCIAL sciences & state - Abstract
This paper focuses on the relationship between the social sciences in the U.S. and the formation of empire. I argue that the peculiar way the U.S. has established a global presence during the 20th century—by establishing a commercial empire rather than territorially-based colonies—has generated on the part of state and corporation an unusual interest in the knowledge produced by social scientists. It has also generated an unusual willingness on their part to subsidize the production of that knowledge. Not only have government and corporation considered the social sciences essential to the project of managing empire. At each major stage in the reorganization of that empire state and capital have underwritten a massive reorganization in the production of social science knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
237. Top-Down Civic Projects Are Not Grassroots Associations: How The Differences Matter in Everyday Life.
- Author
-
Eliasoph, Nina
- Subjects
CIVIL society ,PUBLIC sphere ,SOCIAL sciences ,MANAGEMENT science ,POLITICAL doctrines - Abstract
Copyright of Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary & Nonprofit Organizations is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
238. Research Dissemination and Diffusion: Translation Within Science and Society.
- Author
-
Kerner, Jon F. and Hall, Kara L.
- Subjects
SOCIAL sciences ,SOCIAL services ,PUBLIC welfare ,PUBLIC health ,PUBLIC sector ,NONPROFIT organizations ,POLITICAL planning ,POLICY sciences - Abstract
In moving health and social service programs from planning into action, it is essential to understand the extent to which the knowledge gained from research should influence the actions taken by organizations and agencies that provide services (e.g., government, nongovernment organizations [NGOs]). The complexity of the challenges in translating lessons learned from science into different service settings, as well as into public policy, requires a multifaceted approach to accelerate the integration of research with practice. In this paper, the relationship between science and service is examined within the contexts of the scientific, health practice, and policy communities largely from a public sector perspective within the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
239. Can social science numbers save public policy from politics?
- Author
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Carruthers, Bruce G.
- Subjects
SOCIAL sciences ,GOVERNMENT policy ,BEHAVIORAL economics - Abstract
The article presents a commentary on W. Kip Viscusi's paper "The Devaluation of Life." It relates the use by Viscusi of the political controversies that arose from recent U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) decisions to address the issue of how social science should inform public policy. It notes that EPA adopted estimates for the value of statistical life (VSL) which involved an age-adjusted discount. It discusses Viscusi's application of behavioral economics to the reaction to new VSL levels.
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
240. Liberty Hyde Bailey, the Country Life Commission and the formalization of farm credit in the USA.
- Author
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Turvey, Calum G.
- Subjects
- *
AGRICULTURAL credit , *LIFE change events , *SOCIAL sciences , *RURAL industries - Abstract
Purpose - This paper reviews the life of Liberty Hyde Bailey and highlights his contributions to the structure of US farm credit 100 years after the Country Life Commission. Design/methodology/approach - This paper is a qualitative historical review. Findings - The paper provides a chronology of life events that led Liberty Hyde Bailey to evolve from botanist/horticulturalists to one of America's most vocal proponents of agricultural and country life, culminating in the recommendation in 1909 that rural credit in the USA be developed along the lines of cooperative principles. Research limitations/implications - The biography is limited to issues of social science, culminating in 1915. Practical implications - The paper offers a historical perspective on conditions in agriculture in the early twentieth century and provides insights into how the present system of rural credit in the USA evolved. Originality/value - This paper provides a historical perspective on US rural credit that is of use to students of rural credit in the USA while providing insights to students and scholars outside of the USA with a perspective on the evolution of US credit reform and cooperative credit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
241. The Neighbourhood Context for Second-Generation Education and Labour Market Outcomes in New York.
- Author
-
Mollenkopf, John and Champeny, Ana
- Subjects
CHILDREN of immigrants ,SOCIAL context ,IMMIGRATION law ,POVERTY in the United States ,SOCIAL sciences ,ECONOMICS - Abstract
Over the last five decades, immigration has profoundly transformed the population of metropolitan New York, long divided by race and class. The almost-forgotten 'underclass' debate established that New York was the nation's capital of concentrated poverty, which grew significantly worse during the 1970s and 1980s. Though more recent data show that New York has achieved a remarkable turnaround since 1990, most probably associated with immigration, it remains a city of economic extremes and stubbornly high poverty. Concern about where new immigrants—and their children—might fit into this matrix of urban inequality led several leading social scientists to hypothesise that some members of the second generation would be downwardly mobile. To investigate this possibility, in 1999 and 2000, the Immigrant Second Generation in Metropolitan New York (ISGMNY) surveyed 3,415 young people aged 18 to 32 years, from five immigrant and three native-born racial and ethnic backgrounds, about their life trajectories. This paper conducts an analysis of the contextual effects of the neighbourhoods in which respondents grew up on their later experiences in terms of educational attainment and labour market success. Using OLS and HLM modelling, we find small but consistent and theoretically interesting effects. In particular, growing up in a poor neighbourhood has a negative effect on later outcomes, while growing up in a black neighbourhood does not, once poverty is taken into account. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
242. Maximizing the Potential of Computer-Based Technology in Secondary Social Studies Education.
- Author
-
Journell, Wayne
- Subjects
SOCIAL sciences ,EDUCATIONAL technology ,INSTRUCTIONAL systems ,CURRICULUM ,SOCIAL sciences education ,EDUCATORS ,EDUCATIONAL planning ,TECHNOLOGICAL innovations - Abstract
This paper looks critically at the way technology is currently used in social studies education and makes the argument that technology can better serve teachers and students as a tool of engagement and inquiry rather than as a supplement to existing practices. In this paper, social studies education is characterized as a quest for reflective inquiry, as a social science, and as a medium for citizenship transmission. Technology can assist in the teaching of all three elements from a constructivist, or inquiry-oriented, perspective. Relevant examples are provided whenever possible and deemed necessary. The paper concludes with a proposal for widespread change in the way social studies teachers utilize technology by focusing on teacher education programs. Teacher educators must contradict students' perceptions of traditional social studies instruction with habits of increased technology usage in order to equip future teachers with the skills required to implement pedagogical change in their classrooms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
243. Is Dialogic Questioning Possible in Social Studies Classrooms?
- Author
-
DULL, LAURA J. and MURROW, SONIA E.
- Subjects
EDUCATION ,TEACHERS ,SOCIAL sciences ,SECONDARY education ,EDUCATIONAL innovations ,EDUCATIONAL planning - Abstract
Many scholars agree that students should be regularly engaged in dialogues that require them to question texts, values, or issues. We observed social studies classrooms in secondary schools serving urban, rural, and suburban students of different socioeconomic backgrounds in New York to learn what kinds of questioning strategies teachers were using and whether their questioning supported dialogue. In this paper we identify and give examples of three patterns of questioning we observed. Then, we explain how frequently these forms of questioning were used in high track and heterogeneous classes and in schools serving different socioeconomic communities. While we found that dialogic questioning can and does occur in classrooms, students in heterogeneous tracks and lower-income schools appear to have few experiences with dialogic questioning that would help them make connections and think critically about course content and texts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
244. A Challenge to Diversity in the United States: Two Points of View on Immigration Reform.
- Author
-
Montesino, Max and Sherr, Mitchell
- Subjects
LAW reform ,IMMIGRATION law ,DEPORTATION ,CULTURAL pluralism ,SOCIAL sciences - Abstract
The debate about immigration reform in the U.S. posses a huge challenge in one of the most diverse countries in the world. With a history of immigration that goes back to pre-historic times, the U.S. is currently confronting the most difficult challenge to its long-time tradition of welcoming immigrants. With an estimated of more than 12 million people (the size of the populations of countries like Belgium and Ecuador) living and working in the country illegally, two distinct points of view have emerged as solution to the problem: a) to discourage the illegal status quo of undocumented aliens (through attrition, deportation, penalization of employers, etc.); and b) an immigration reform that seeks to legalize the status of the undocumented workers and their families. The first point of view is heavily influenced by the legal tradition of the country (rule of law). The second point of view is heavily influenced by economic realities created by the U.S. labor market. This paper will explore these two points of view that were amply debated in the U.S. Congress and the media during the last two years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
245. Emerson as a Proto-Deconstructionist: Putting American Thought into Perspective.
- Author
-
Shafi, Iftikhar
- Subjects
- *
DECONSTRUCTION , *THEORY , *CRITICISM , *POSTSTRUCTURALISM , *SOCIAL sciences , *PERSPECTIVE (Art) - Abstract
In his essay "Structure, Sign and Play in the Discourse of the Human Sciences," Jacques Derrida, the founder of Deconstruction, traces his critical lineage from Nietzsche. The idea of Emerson's inclusion in this family of deconstructionists seems plausible when Nietzsche is heard calling him "a brother soul." This paper attempts to trace the presence of such critical sentiment in Emerson's writings. His work, although written much earlier, informs a substantial part of the critical movement in the late 1960's, generally known among critical theorists as Deconstruction. The major issues that this paper seeks to address are the resistance that Emerson's writings offer in lending themselves unproblematically to a more conventional categorization of being philosophical, creative or critical, and a revised understanding of the Emersonian self in terms that defy the classical western critical categories. In a broader historical context, the discussion hints at a possible explanation of a more open reception of the Deconstructive critical trends among the American academia as compared to their counterparts on the other side of the Atlantic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2008
246. Will Inflation Increase Crime Rate? New Evidence from Bounds and Modified Wald Tests.
- Author
-
Tang, Chor Foon and Lean, Hooi Hooi
- Subjects
UNEMPLOYMENT & crime ,EMPLOYMENT ,PRICE inflation ,ECONOMIC policy ,CRIMINOLOGY ,POLITICAL economic analysis ,SOCIAL sciences ,POLITICAL science - Abstract
This paper employs the modified Wald (MWALD) causality test to re-examine the relationship between crime and its determinants (inflation and unemployment) in the United States from 1960 to 2005. Bounds test approach is employed to investigate the existence of a long-run relationship. The empirical evidence suggests that inflation and crime rates are cointegrated with a positive relationship. Moreover, the causal link is from inflation and unemployment to crime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
247. Policy Developments: Policy Studies Organization Proceedings.
- Subjects
ASSOCIATIONS, institutions, etc. ,POLICY sciences ,POLITICAL science associations ,CHARITABLE uses, trusts, & foundations ,SOCIAL sciences ,SOCIETIES - Abstract
This article presents an update on Policy Studies Organization (PSO) in the U.S. PSO holds concurrent meetings with the Southern Political Science Association (SPSA) in New Orleans, Louisiana every January, with the American Association for the Advancement of Science every February. PSO established and raises funds for three endowments that are held in permanent trust by the American, Midwest, and SPSA. It has also established the Walter E. Beach Fellows Endowment with the SPSA to enable foreign scholars to attend the annual meetings of the Southern.
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
248. EL TRATADO DE LIBRE COMERCIO TLC VISTO DESDE UNA PERSPECTIVA DE GÉNERO.
- Author
-
García Trujillo, Andrés
- Subjects
FREE trade ,ECONOMIC policy ,SOCIAL sciences ,WOMEN'S employment ,SOCIAL impact ,COLOMBIAN politics & government - Abstract
Copyright of Papel Político is the property of Pontificia Universidad Javeriana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2007
249. What's on the path? Path dependence, organizational diversity and the problem of institutional change in the US economy, 1900-1950.
- Author
-
Schneiberg, Marc
- Subjects
CAPITALISM ,COOPERATIVE societies ,BUSINESS enterprises ,CORPORATIONS ,ECONOMICS ,SOCIAL sciences ,COMMERCE ,UNITED States economy - Abstract
Institutionalists commonly invoke exogenous shocks or the transposition of logics across national systems to explain institutional change and new path creation. Using organizational data on American infrastructure industries, this paper shows instead how established institutional paths contain within them possibilities and resources for transformation and off-path organization. Even settled paths are typically littered with flotsam and jetsam—with elements of alternative economic orders and abandoned or partly realized institutional projects. These elements of `paths not taken' are legacies of constitutional struggles and movements for alternative forms of order whose settlement or defeat help fix the path that triumphed. Moreover, they represent resources for endogenous institutional change, including the revival, reassembly, redeployment and subsequent elaboration of alternative logics within national capitalisms. As the analysis of the US case shows, such legacies underwrote the construction of an entirely different, cooperatively organized path alongside the dominant path of impersonal markets and for-profit corporations. Taken together, these findings generate new leverage for explaining institutional change. They also highlight features of the US case that have been ignored by institutionalist and `varieties of capitalism' research, including internal structural variety, endogenous change processes, and the co-evolution of cooperative or coordinated and liberal market economies within American capitalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
250. Criminology/Criminal Justice Representation in the Discipline of Sociology: Changes between 1992 and 2002.
- Author
-
Monk‐Turner, Elizabeth, Triplett, Ruth, and Kim, Green
- Subjects
CRIMINOLOGY ,SOCIOLOGY ,SOCIAL sciences ,CRIMINAL law - Abstract
This paper examines changes in the representation of criminology, as an area of specialization, in the discipline of sociology between 1992 and 2002. Utilizing the ASA Guide to Graduate Programs in Sociology, we note faculty areas of specialization. We expect that criminology will appear more often as a specialty area in 1992 than 2002. All full‐time faculty in U.S. graduate programs in sociology are included in the analyses. We found no significant change in listing criminal justice as a specialty between 1992 and 2002. Our findings suggest that faculty with terminal degrees from less prestigious institutions and those who teach in less prestigious institutions are more likely to list criminology as a specialty area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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