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Violence involving firearms in the USA is a very important problem. As a consequence, a large number of crimes of this type are recorded every year. However, the solutions proposed have not managed to reduce the number of this type of crime. One of the cities with a large number of violent crimes is New York City. The number of crimes is not homogeneous and depends on the district where they occur. This paper proposes to study the information about the crimes in which firearms are involved with the aim of characterizing the factors on which the occurrence of this type of crime depends, such as the levels of poverty and culture. Since the districts are not homogeneous, the information has been analyzed at the district level. For this, data from the open data portal of the city of New York have been used and machine-learning techniques have been used. The results have shown that the variables on which they depend are different in each district. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses Nirmala Erevelles' Disability and Difference in Global Contexts: Enabling a Transformative Body Politic and Samuel R. Delaney's Times Square Red, Times Square Blue to examine the Giuliani administration's rezoning and redistricting of New York City's public sex spaces in the late '80s and early '90s as an example of "structural violence." This paper foregrounds Johan Galtung's theory of "structural violence" and Ervelles' definition of the social model of "disability" to argue that the Giuliani administration's spatial redefinition of New York (of Times Square, specifically) was a heteronormatively and capitalistically motivated initiative that effectively 'disabled' the homosexual population that frequented the homoerotic public sex spaces. The spatial redesign of Times Square supplanted Times Square's prior identity as an "entertainment area catering largely to the working classes who lived in the city," for a vision of a new Times Square that would capitalistically cater to a middleclass group of heteronormative families and tourists. This analysis reads the redistricting of New York through a disability theory lens to tease out the relationship between structural violence, capitalism, aberrant sexual identity, and conceptions of space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mercury (Hg) pollution is an environmental problem that adversely affects human and ecosystem health at local, regional, and global scales—including within New York State. More than two-thirds of the Hg currently released to the environment originates, either directly or indirectly, from human activities. Since the early 1800s, global atmospheric Hg concentrations have increased by three- to eight-fold over natural levels. In the U.S., atmospheric emissions and point-source releases to waterways increased following industrialization into the mid-1980s. Since then, water discharges have largely been curtailed. As a result, Hg emissions, atmospheric concentrations, and deposition over the past few decades have declined across the eastern U.S. Despite these decreases, Hg pollution persists. To inform policy efforts and to advance public understanding, the New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA) sponsored a scientific synthesis of information on Hg in New York State. This effort includes 23 papers focused on Hg in atmospheric deposition, water, fish, and wildlife published in Ecotoxicology. New York State experiences Hg contamination largely due to atmospheric deposition. Some landscapes are inherently sensitive to Hg inputs driven by the transport of inorganic Hg to zones of methylation, the conversion of inorganic Hg to methylmercury, and the bioaccumulation and biomagnification along food webs. Mercury concentrations exceed human and ecological risk thresholds in many areas of New York State, particularly the Adirondacks, Catskills, and parts of Long Island. Mercury concentrations in some biota have declined in the Eastern Great Lakes Lowlands and the Northeastern Highlands over the last four decades, concurrent with decreases in water releases and air emissions from regional and U.S. sources. However, widespread changes have not occurred in other ecoregions of New York State. While the timing and magnitude of the response of Hg levels in biota varies, policies expected to further diminish Hg emissions should continue to decrease Hg concentrations in food webs, yielding benefits to the fish, wildlife, and people of New York State. Anticipated improvements in the Hg status of aquatic ecosystems are likely to be greatest for inland surface waters and should be roughly proportional to declines in atmospheric Hg deposition. Efforts that advance recovery from Hg pollution in recent years have yielded significant progress, but Hg remains a pollutant of concern. Indeed, due to this extensive compilation of Hg observations in biota, it appears that the extent and intensity of the contamination on the New York landscape and waterscape is greater than previously recognized. Understanding the extent of Hg contamination and recovery following decreases in atmospheric Hg deposition will require further study, underscoring the need to continue existing monitoring efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the second most widely spoken language in the City after English, Spanish in New York has long been the object of scholarly attention. Recent publications have reported on work based on data from the Otheguy-Zentella corpus, one of the largest corpora of spoken Spanish ever gathered in the United States. The corpus provides the common thread for research in this issue, which addresses problems having to do with phonology, lexicon, and grammar in Spanish in New York. Some of the papers address issues of language contact, others look at Spanish in the City without reference to the influence of English. The data from the corpus consists of naturalistic speech samples obtained from both first- and second-generation speakers from a variety of Latin American origins. The papers deal with the relationship between loanwords and collocations, the role of efficiency in determining which patrimonial words are retained and which replaced by loanwords, the nature of suprasegmental variation in phonology, and the variable use of subject personal pronouns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to highlight how soft variables play an important role in travel mode choices in the New York metropolitan area. This study focuses on the effects of racial/ethnic affinities and travel purposes on travel mode choices. This study finds that racial/ethnic affinities play a different role in travel mode choices according to racial/ethnic groups. For instance, racial/ethnic affinities play a negative role in carpooling of whites for leisure, unlike other racial/ethnic groups. This result shows that the general hypothesis is wrong, that is, living in racial/ethnic neighborhoods has a positive impact on carpooling. This study highlights that travel mode choices are differentiated by travel purposes across racial/ethnic groups. For example, Hispanics are positively related to the household carpool for shopping, whereas they show a negative probability of that for school. The results show that urban planners should take soft variables into account for travel mode choices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Científica Intellectus is the property of Intellectus Revista Academica Digital and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

London and New York have often been hailed for their sustainable planning practices. However, when one focuses on the entire city region, there is ever-increasing car-dependent development. This paper focuses on the exurban region of the two cities investigating transport-created CO2emissions. The research is based on the analysis of data of the National Travel Surveys of Great Britain and the USA through a quantification of personal travel and a top-down estimation of CO2emissions. It is the exurban region that accounts for the vast majority of CO2emissions: 77% for London and 87% for New York. In the wider region for both cities there is a policy vacuum and dearth of regional planning mechanisms to deliver policies to reduce CO2emissions. The paper argues that transport needs to be planned at the city-regional scale.ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHERCopyright of Journal of Environmental Planning & Management is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper problematizes public housing privatization. It compares the trajectory of tenure change in two garden communities – Garbatella, Rome and Sunnyside Gardens, New York City – which privileged public and private ownership, respectively. The cases are currently dealing with tenure change. Sunnyside experienced the enclosure of gardens and citizens’ attempt to reclaim what was held in common in order to bring back the communal spaces. Garbatella is a place where growth over time of rights, powers, immunities, and privileges is manifested in long-lasting processes of appropriation of public housing goods. Despite their different stories, Sunnyside helps to problematize the process of public housing privatization in Garbatella which is further complicated by tenure complexity, State-induced rent gap and institutional displacement. The analysis of tenure change, done by using the ‘incidents of ownership’ notion developed by Marcuse, contributes to the understanding of what public housing privatization means in social and spatial terms. Housing privatization leads to an erosion of the in-between space where individual and collective aspiration meet as a precondition for the reproduction of what is held in common: spatial goods such as open spaces and housing – a fundamental aspect of our citizenship. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

What determines how many adults live in a house? How do people divide themselves up among households? Average household sizes vary substantially, both over time and in the cross-section. In this paper, we describe how a variety of government policies affect living arrangements, intentionally or not. Using data from a survey of households in New York City, we find that these incentives appear to have an impact. Specifically, households receiving these housing and income subsidies are smaller on average (measured by number of adults). The impacts appear to be considerably larger than those that would occur if the programs were lump-sum transfers. Small average household size can be extremely expensive in terms of physical and environmental resources, higher rents, and possibly homelessness. Thus, we encourage policymakers to pay greater heed to the provisions built into various social policies that favor smaller households. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highly-skilled professionals, who circulate within and between transnational corporations as inter-company transferees (ICTs), are important constituents of the global economic system. In Castells' 'Network Society', such labour is referred to as 'managerial elites', but what remains invisible in this meta-narrative is their transnational existence. The aim of this paper, therefore, is to unpack further our understanding of transnational managerial elites by drawing upon a study of British highly-skilled ICTs who were posted from London to New York in the late 1990s. The paper is divided into four parts. Following a discussion of transnational managerial elites in globalisation, the paper highlights the transnational organisational and social networks of these ICTs in New York. The paper then revisits the conceptualisation of transnational managerial elites, suggesting that individual career paths, physical mobility and cross-border connections, ties and business/social networks (both physical and virtual) are key factors which reproduce traits of 'transnationalism' in the city. The paper concludes that major constituents of the transnationalism of managerial elites are the organisational and social networks that stretch across national boundaries, grounded in the translocal of the city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the relevance of social capital in shaping Irish immigrants' reconstructions of their attachment to New York City (NYC) as place. Using extracts from Irish immigrants' previously unpublished oral histories, I make the case for situational capital, a multi-faceted and dynamic place-based resource which connects people in situ by virtue of their literal and metaphorical positionality. The coalescence of individual and collective memories, including childhood memories, underpinned the network of social relationships which fuelled interviewees' quest to recreate and reimagine a sense of 'home' both in NYC and Ireland. The resultant situational capital created by these relationships fostered a reflexive and sustained attachment to place which served to advance the cumulative economic, cultural, political and social prosperity of Irish men and women individually and collectively over time and space. Situational capital was also instrumental in advancing opportunities for Irish men and women and altering the physical characteristics of neighbourhoods. It shaped the genius loci of NYC as reconstructed by those interviewed pivoting around the fluid and ambiguous notion of real and imagined 'home.' [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Financial centres are central to contemporary capitalism, but research on their development has been impeded by methodological challenges related to data availability. This paper offers a new typology of financial centre activity. Based on the nationality of parent companies of financial service providers operating in a centre, and the nationalities of their customers, we distinguish between domestic, export, import and platform activities. Second, we compile a unique dataset of investment banking deals worldwide, which allows us to apply the new typology and introduce the first ever ranking of top financial centres based on the actual investment banking activity conducted in these centres. Our findings confirm the dominance of New York and London as global financial centres, with New York focused on domestic activities, and London on export and platform activities. Our data also show that, overall, investment banking activity has fallen dramatically since 2007, with 60% of the decline concentrated in New York, and a further 30% in Zurich, London, Frankfurt, Amsterdam and Edinburgh combined. As a result, the dominance of investment banking by New York and London has diminished, contributing to a trend that predates the crisis, explainable by the increasing shares of Asian centres, with Tokyo and Chinese cities in the lead. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper employs the skyscraper to show how culture and economy are necessarily intertwined. I begin with the idea of the sublime, and then move on to consider representations of the tall building from the 1870s to the present day in order to illustrate what these artefacts are understood to ‘mean’. But skyscrapers are not merely symbols of modern organization, they are themselves forms of economic organizing and the second section of the paper notes the various ways in which the tall building, and the divisions of labour that enabled it, began by ‘making the land pay’ in cities with a burgeoning rental market for small firms. This shift involves partly displacing the architect and the corporation, and instead focussing on project organization and rental values. I conclude by suggesting that the term ‘organization’, because of its mutability, can provide a bridge between culturalist and economic representations. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The COVID-19 pandemic has had significant effects on urban and regional food systems. Local administrations worldwide have been challenged to design and implement policies to mitigate immediate food system disruptions while planning for longer-term equity and resilience. The fast pace and high degree of uncertainty of the pandemic have made systematic tracking and assessment of food system change and related policy responses arduous. To address this gap, this paper applies the multilevel perspective on sociotechnical transitions and the multiple streams framework on policy change to 16 months of food policy (March 2020 through June 2021) during the New York State-issued COVID-19 state of emergency, comprising more than 300 food policies advanced by New York City and State legislators and administrators. Content analysis of these policies revealed the most salient policy areas during this period, the status of legislation, and key programs and budget allocations, as well as local food governance and the organizational spaces within which food policy operates. The paper shows that food policy domains that gained prominence focused on support for food businesses and food workers and on ensuring and expanding food access through food security and nutrition policies. Most COVID-19 food policies were incremental and were limited to the duration of the emergency, yet the crisis allowed for enactment of novel policies that deviated from the common policy issues or the typical scale of changes proposed pre-pandemic. Taken together, and viewed through a multilevel and policy streams framework, the findings provide insight into the trajectory of food policymaking in New York during the pandemic and the areas that food justice activists, researchers, and policy makers should focus on as the COVID-19 pandemic is abated. • NY City and State advanced more than 300 food policies during the COVID emergency. • Policies focusing on food businesses, food workers, and food access were prominent. • Most policies were incremental and limited to the duration of the emergency. • The crisis propelled the enactment of several breakthrough food policies. • Pandemic food policymaking continues beyond the emergency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A bridge across the Hudson River opposite Manhattan Island was a dream that started in the early 19th century. Many giants of civil engineering, including Gustav Lindenthal and Othmar Ammann, were involved in planning such a bridge but it was not until 1931 that Ammann’s George Washington Bridge crossed the river. This paper covers the period from 1805 to 1935. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following the collapse of the World Trade Center towers in September 2001, there has been heightened interest among building owners and government entities in evaluating the progressive collapse potential of existing buildings and in designing new buildings to resist this type of collapse. The General Services Administration and Department of Defense have issued general guidelines for evaluating a building’s progressive collapse potential. However, little detailed information is available to enable engineers to confidently perform a systematic progressive collapse analysis satisfying these guidelines. In this paper, we present four successively more sophisticated analysis procedures for evaluating the progressive collapse hazard: linear-elastic static; nonlinear static; linear-elastic dynamic; and nonlinear dynamic. We discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each method. We conclude that the most effective analysis procedure for progressive collapse evaluation incorporates the advantageous parts of all four procedures by systematically applying increasingly comprehensive analysis procedures to confirm that the possibility of progressive collapse is high. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change is expected to severely impact agricultural practices in many important food-producing regions, including the Northeast United States. Changing climate conditions, such as increases in the amount of rainfall, will require farmers to adapt. Yet, little is known with regard to farmers' perceptions and understandings about climate change, especially in the industrialized country context. This paper aims at overcoming this research limitation, as well as determining the existing contextual, cognitive, and psychological barriers that can prevent adoption of sustainable practices of farmers in New York State. The study is framed within the adaptive capacity and risk perception literature, and is based on a qualitative analysis of in-depth interviews with farmers in 21 farms in two counties in Central New York. The results reveal diverging views about the long-term consequences of climate change. Results also reveal that past experience remains as the most important source of information that influences beliefs and perceptions about climate change, confirming previous research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The following text provides a glimpse into New York City's experimental drag scene and late-night culture in the early 1990s. It introduces the work of Blacklips Performance Cult, a group founded by ANOHNI, Johanna Constantine, and Psychotic Eve in 1992, and presents their gory, monster camp plays as a form of worldmaking in response to the cosmic grief of mass queer death in the wake of the epidemic that decimated the East Village arts community in the preceding decade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

However it may be defined, urban ‘development’ typically implies the production of durable legacies. Yet these legacies are often planned through contingent, temporary projects. The role of temporary projects in implementing urban development is often interpreted in linear fashion: projects are viewed as isolated events which incrementally work toward already-existing development agendas. I argue instead that temporary projects play a recursive role in development planning: interpreted as a series of interlinked projects, they not only support but also redefine agendas for durable development. I focus on one type of temporary project: (failed) bids to host the Olympics, which I assess through a comparative 20-year sample of bids and through case studies of failed bids in Doha (Qatar) and New York (USA). I show that event-led development planning leverages project contingency and policy failure to construct long-term development agendas, as cities bid multiple times and recycle plans across projects. The paper contributes to debates over the long-term impacts of speculation and experimentation in urban governance, by assessing the role of contingency in urban politics. Temporariness is an asset in urban politics which can be used to mitigate risk in speculative development planning: since Olympic bids often fail to secure hosting rights, references to the possibility of failure can insulate project planners from critique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Across a diverse range of urban geographical contexts, the provision and governance of public spaces frequently generates conflicts of varying intensity involving urban inhabitants and urban authorities. A clear moral and philosophically based argument and evaluative framework is necessary for both critiquing and informing the positions that are taken in public space disputes. In this paper, we develop a model of socially just public space that could inform analysis of, and interventions in, these conflicts. In dialogue with the literatures on urban public space and on social and spatial justice, we offer five propositions about what makes for more just public space. The five propositions concern distributive justice, recognition, interactional justice and encounter, care and repair, and procedural justice. The application of these five propositions is exemplified through brief reflections on the politics of the street in New York City, and ‘broken windows’ style policing of graffiti. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

• Galleries in New York had always played important roles in NY art world. • The boundaries between NY museums and other organizations gradually collapsed. • Boundaries had been formed between the university and other organizations. • NY galleries and museums in other American cities had strong connections in the 1940s. • The connection between NY galleries and NY museums became more apparent in the 1960s. This paper examines the composition and transition of symbolic boundaries in the New York art world of painting and sculpture from 1940 to 1969 through social network analysis of inter-organizational ties between art venues. As culture-led redevelopments become more controversial in the age of neoliberal urban management, recent studies make it clear that symbolic boundaries and boundary works of urban cultures become more important topics for urban studies. So far, existing research on symbolic boundaries in urban culture has focused on social class and urban organizations, such as amenities and business establishments, and have pointed to the loss of the symbolic boundary between the museum and the gallery, this paper will show that more diverse changes were occurring in addition to such changes while following the critical methods of the previous studies. Utilizing the exhibition histories of 43 prominent American avant-garde artists based in New York, I obtain affiliation network data of artists-by-art venues. Based on the affiliation data, this paper examines the social networks among art venues, such as museums, galleries and universities, using block modeling and other methods of social network analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Both production-centered and more consumption-oriented theorists have speculated that in the wake of the 2008 financial crash, the creative industries will replace finance as an economic driver in major cities. One advantage of the productionist account is that it is inclined to analyze a wider range of social and institutional factors. This paper assesses the consequences of the crash for cultural and creative industries (CCIs) in New York City by drawing on the productionist approach and extending its consideration of the context of creativity to include speculative cycles and policy responses. The paper finds that while the CCI have taken an increasing role in the New York economy in the long term, they have been more vulnerable than the rest of the economy in the immediate aftermath of the crash. It also shows the importance of context in good as well as bad times. Those CCI that were most directly linked to particular episodes of financial speculation had the most explosive rises during boom and the most dramatic falls when the boom ended. In addition, specific industrial conditions (e.g., digitalization, tourism) can constrain growth in a CCI segment during a boom, or conversely, provide a boost even after the boom ends. Regarding policy responses, the paper finds that federal interventions buffered New York’s economy temporarily while the city has experimented with more active support of some CCI, namely media and fashion. This suggests that the post-crash fate of New York’s CCI is not yet settled. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Museums and heritage operations are increasingly employing experiential forms of interpretation, such as role adoption and first-person interpretation, in order to cultivate emotional bonds between visitors and the characters that populate historic sites. The paper argues that this form of relating to the past affectively reflects a notion of memory that is underpinned by commonsense temporality and a privileging of the corporeal, both of which serve to legitimate existing relations of power. Using a dispute surrounding public entry to Ellis Island, New York, via a bridge connected to New Jersey, I ask that we understand memory as a practice generating the past's perpetual arrival where the past continually comes into existence anew rather than 'returns' from what once was. Throughout the paper I relate a number of examples where thinking about memory along these lines, as arrival, can help us question the temporal logics that underpin heritage and the authorities heritage maintains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the role of grand urban visions in neoliberal urbanism by drawing on ethnographic and other research into the administration of New York City's ex-CEO Mayor, Michael Bloomberg. It argues that such visions illustrate the cultural dimensions and power of neoliberal urbanism, of which Bloomberg's approach to governance and development was an example. It describes the details and development of such visions in the Bloomberg administration, their role in the administration's ambitious development agenda, and the ways in which they affected the politics surrounding this agenda. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper considers the subjunctive implications of three relations in Thomas Pynchon's Bleeding Edge (2013) structured along the lines of inside/outside, real/virtual and now/then. Critics have applied the idea of the subjunctive and questions of Pynchon's experiments with time and space relations in earlier works to investigate ambiguity or multiple realities in his fiction. This analysis of his latest novel focuses on how Other figurations of New York commute between hopeful, subjunctive and pessimistic, indicative readings. The first of three relations identifies the way in which urban planning has been a locus for discussions of dispossession and colonization in Pynchon's work. In this text exemplified by the loss of diversity effected by Rudy Giuliani's sanitizing of Time's Square in the 1980s and the different outcomes projected for the bird sanctuary, Isle of Meadows, and for the landfill site containing it, Fresh Kills, before and after 9/11 in 2001. The second relation focuses on how different character remember the architectural past of New York city or rebuild it in a virtual and virtuous alternative form, though the Internet is a highly contested space in Bleeding Edge. The final relation overlays the two first spatial and virtual relations with the complicated temporal and modal relationship between the 2001 setting of the 2013 text and the present-day reader. Pynchon has often worked with the historically inevitable, deterministic closing down of subjunctive possibilities by the forward march of indicative, possessive, indexed world. Some elements of this this text, and not least the position of the reader in the flow of time between the historical facts presented in the text and the as-of-yet unknown outcomes of these in present-day real life, keeps some ambiguity about projected (negative) outcomes alive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper conducts a comparative analysis on the megacity transportation planning systems between New York and Shanghai. This case study examines the seven lessons learned from New York's public transportation development: building political partnership; ensuring economical reasonableness; optimizing transit project development process; ensuring multimodal connection; integrating land use and transportation; achieving sustainable development; and synchronizing transit system expansion with travel demand increase. Based on this empirical study, the paper makes preliminary recommendations on how to apply these seven lessons to Shanghai. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the New York City water supply performance and suppression of fire during the World Trade Center (WTC) disaster. The water losses sustained by damaged water distribution pipelines are discussed and their impacts on emergency response and telecommunications and transportation infrastructure are noted. The results of hydraulic network analyses are presented to quantify the performance of hose and engine relay systems from fireboats to the WTC site. The results of an analytical study of firefighting relay systems are summarized to provide guidance on the most effective selection of hose size, number of hose lines, and engines for future use of fireboats for landside fire protection. The fire department response to the WTC disaster is compared with similar response to the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. Drawing on lessons from both events, recommendations are made for improved emergency planning and services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Offshore wave setup generated by wave breaking during coastal storms can create significant flow through tidal inlets and increase bay flooding. However, these flow contributions are not always considered when determining coastal flooding risk for engineering studies. This paper describes the wave-driven flow process at tidal inlets and demonstrates its impact on bay flooding on Long Island, New York. Numerical simulations using a coupled hydrodynamic and wave model are presented to show contributions to bay water level by wave-driven flow with respect to those by wind surge. These simulations include two major historical coastal storms and a small nor’easter in 2003, during which the model was validated using field measurements of water level. Finally, an approach is introduced for estimating wave-induced flow contributions to bay flooding as a function of inlet and storm characteristics, including tidal prism and wave conditions. The findings of this study indicate that wave-induced flow contributions make up 15–35% of the total storm surge, where the wave-induced flow contribution increases with increased inlet efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Manhattan Bridge is one of the first examples of an urban bridge whose design was impacted by partisan politics and a desire for a more, in the eyes of some, esthetically pleasing suspension bridge. It was the third bridge to be built across the East River and its design resulted in a battle between Leffert L. Buck, his associates R. S. Buck, and O. F. Nichols and Gustav Lindenthal, the Commissioner of Bridges in New York City, appointed after the preliminary design of the bridge had been completed. This paper is about that battle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Foundation construction adjacent to landmark structures can present numerous challenges for the geotechnical engineer and contractor, including difficult geology, unexpected subsurface conditions, limited access, and massive and relatively heavily loaded foundation elements, in addition to being sensitive to their historic fabric. This paper presents two case histories where underpinning was successfully executed in two different geologic settings and utilized various techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heritage sites and museums play a significant role in the production and legitimization of historical knowledges and social identities. The potential for these institutions to act in ways that maintain deep-rooted inequalities in the relative power of social groups has long been noted by academic commentators. A critique of the role of intiseutns in reproducing 'official' histories is now well established. In this paper we explore new ways of conceptualizing and empirically exploring the production and politics of museum histories. By tracing the historical development of museums, we explore the power play between individual actors and instittitions involved in production of the museum, and the multi-vocal histories and landscapes which result from the interaction between these actors. We illustrate these arguments through a case study of Ellis island Immigration Museum in New York Harbor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents some findings of the FEMA and SEI/ASCE sponsored studies of structural performance of New York’s World Trade Center (WTC) following the attacks of September 11, 2001, and the Murrah Building following the April 19, 1995, Oklahoma City bombing. The WTC collapses were caused not by aircraft impact alone but by the combination of impact and the resulting fire that weakened structural members and connections. On the other hand, the Murrah Building collapsed as a direct result of the blast. Although these studies call for further research in a number of areas, this report summarizes some of the lessons learned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Between 1909 and 1929, John Cotton Dana directed New Jersey's Newark Museum and pioneered the museum exhibition of mass-produced goods, initiating a trend among American art museums, including the Metropolitan Museum of Art and the Museum of Modern Art in New York. Through his work, Dana hoped to reform the museum community, society and industry. He saw his museum's activities as a progressive response to the problems of increased industrialization, an expanding consumer culture and the country's search for a national aesthetic based on the machine. This paper examines Dana's influence by investigating his correspondence, publications and exhibitions, including the first display in America of modern industrial design, the 1912 exhibit of the work of the Deutscher Werkbund. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Planning Education & Research is the property of Sage Publications Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Historians have conducted important research on the rise of law-and-order politics in New York City, where anxieties over women's freedoms, political battles over police oversight, and crime impacts in poor communities contributed to its rise. The numerous walkouts, negotiations, and worker-management conflicts around high-crime areas in New York City suggest that the question of law and order was a salient workplace issue as well for the members of Communication Workers of America Local 1101. In their case, such concerns predate the rhetorical rise of law and order and help us better understand why such politics found fertile ground among working-class New Yorkers, white and black. Repeated incidences, largely in the city's black ghettoes, prompted workers with a strong class consciousness and commitment to solidarity to transform the problems and experiences of individual workers into a shared question to be addressed via collective action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Current Sociology is the property of Sage Publications Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: This study explores how social networks for coronavirus disease (COVID-19) are differentiated by regions. Methods: This study employs a social network analysis for Twitter in New York and California. Results: National key players play an important role in New York, whereas regional key players exert a significant impact on California. Some key players, such as the US President, play an essential role in both New York and California. Hispanic key players play a crucial role in California. Each group is more likely to show communication networks within groups in New York, whereas it is more apt to exhibit communication networks across groups in California. Government players play a different role in social networks according to regions. Conclusions: Governments should understand how social networks for COVID-19 are differentiated by regions to control the ongoing pandemic effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Every year, diverse Jewish communities around the world observe Tashlich (casting off), a customary atonement ritual performed the day after Rosh Hashanah. This performative ritual is conducted next to a body of water to symbolize atonement and purification of one's sins. Based on multi-sited ethnographic fieldwork in two egalitarian Jewish congregations in Tel Aviv and in New York City, I show how Tashlich performance is constructed as a political act to empower gender and sexual identities and experiences, as well as the socio-political positionality of LGBTQ Jews in various sites. By including new blessings, the blowing of the shofar by gay female participants, and by conducting the ritual in historical and contemporary queer urban spaces, the rabbis and congregants created new interpretations of the traditional customs. They exposed their feelings toward themselves, their community, and its visibility and presence in the city. The fact that the ritual is conducted in an open urban public space creates not only differing meanings and perceptions than from the synagogue, but also exposes queer politics in the context of national and religious identities. Furthermore, this comparative analysis illuminates tensions and trajectories of Jewishness and queerness in Israel and in the US, and sheds light on postmodern tendencies in contemporary urban religious communities as a result of the inclusion of the LGBTQ community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Car travel and associated greenhouse gas emissions per capita in London's outer region are more than double than the ones of its metropolitan area. In New York's outer region car travel is four times per capita than what it is in its urban area. The comparative analyses are based on the UK National Travel Survey and the US National Household Travel Survey. The population outside Greater London' Green Belt and New York's periphery has been growing relentlessly since the 1950s. The transport structure of the South East of England and the New York Tri-State area has been largely shaped around the private car. Measures that aim to meet CO 2 emission targets will need address the nature of the cardependent developments of London's and New York's growing outer fringe. The paper compares the current travel structure of the outer regions of the two cities that are nearly exclusively moulded around the motorcar. Using specially commissioned spatial breakdowns of the respective household travel survey data, detailed travel behaviour is analysed for both the urban and exurban areas. The data illustrates the stark contrast in mobility of the urban and exurban areas of the cities. Through an analysis of current vehicle use, estimates of CO 2 emissions are made using established average emission factors per vehicle in each region. In our study of London and New York regions the exurban areas produce the bulk of car-based CO 2 emissions: 77% for the London region and 87% for the New York region. Furthermore, using existing population forecasts and estimates of future average CO 2 emissions per vehicle, future levels of CO 2 emissions from private vehicles are estimated. Our estimates show that the CO 2 emission reduction targets that have been set will not be met by a large margin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper presents a detailed empirical description of airport connectivities in four major multiple airport cities (London, New York, Los Angeles, and San Francisco). Our analysis draws on data derived from a previously largely untapped information source, i.e. the so-called ‘Marketing Information Data Transfer’ (MIDT). This dataset contains information on actually flown transnational routes, which allows for a thorough assessment of the chief connectivity characteristics of specific airports. Combined with information derived from a number of other sources, our results point to functional divisions among airports, both in terms of their geographical scale (e.g. national, regional, and international airports) and their specific role in the airline network (e.g. origin/destination versus hub airports). The implications of the results are discussed, and some avenues for future research are considered. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Previous studies of mid-nineteenth-century American BMI values have used data created by military academies and penitentiaries. This paper uses an alternative data set, constructed from legislative documents in which the heights and weights of New York State legislators were recorded. The results reveal that middle- to upper-middle class Americans maintained BMI values closer to the modern standard than did students and prisoners. The average BMI value among this group was 24 and their height–weight combinations did not greatly diverge from historical mortality risk optima. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: As the AIDS epidemic developed in the United States, emphasis turned from estimates of HIV incidence in male populations to estimates of HIV prevalence in the larger population, and to estimates of prevalence in sentinel populations. The concern was that heterosexual contact with male intravenous drug users was responsible for increased HIV prevalence among young women. Increases in HIV infection in women of child bearing age would result in increases in the number of HIV infected children. Thus, women of child bearing age would become an especially important sentinel population. The Newborn Seroprevalence Project was part of a national population-based survey to assess HIV prevalence among women of child bearing age. Blood from every newborn was obtained and tested for the HIV antibody. The observed proportion of seropositive births obtained during a given year in a given age/race/region stratum was used to estimate HIV prevalence of all women in that stratum. The purpose of this paper is to estimate the stratum and population-specific HIV prevalence and prevalence proportions for New York City women of child bearing age in 1991, as well as to estimate the bias that results from using the sample proportion in these efforts. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

As Nuyorican musicians were laboring to develop the unique sounds of New York mambo and salsa, Nuyorican dancers were working just as hard to create a new form of dance. This dance, now known as "on 2" mambo, or salsa, for its relationship to the clave, is the first uniquely North American form of vernacular Latino dance on the East Coast. This paper traces the New York mambo's develop-ment from its beginnings at the Palladium Ballroom through the salsa and hustle years and up to the present time. The current period is characterized by increasing growth, commercialization, codification, and a blending with other modern, urban dance genres such as hip-hop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyses geographical variations in use of acute psychiatric inpatient services within New York City and how these have changed from 1990 to 2000. We review literature suggesting reasons for the variations observed. Data from the New York State Department of Health Statewide Planning Research and Cooperative System were combined with population census data to produce age standardized ratio indicators of admissions and of bed days, as measures of use of general hospitals for psychiatric conditions, by males aged 15–64, in Zip Code Areas of New York City, in 1990 and 2000. Geographical variations in hospital use were related to proximity to general hospitals with psychiatric beds and to socio-economic status of local populations (as recorded in the 1990 and 2000 population censuses). Areas close to psychiatric hospitals areas show high admission levels. Controlling for this, Zip Code Areas with higher concentrations of poverty, of African American residents or of persons living alone were associated with relatively high admission ratios. These relationships vary somewhat between diagnostic groups. Area inequalities in standardized admission ratios persisted and widened between 1990 and 2000, and the highest hospital admission ratios were increasingly concentrated where social and economic disadvantage was greatest. Various possible reasons for this trend are explored. We conclude that increasing intensity of poverty in disadvantaged areas is not likely to provide an explanation and that the trends are more likely to result from changes in hospital management and funding affecting access to hospital services. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]