525 results on '"COOLING"'
Search Results
2. Optimal control of single stage LiBr/water absorption chiller.
- Author
-
Sabbagh, Alejandro A. and Gómez, Jorge M.
- Subjects
- *
COOLING , *LOW temperature engineering , *CHILLERS (Refrigeration) , *REFRIGERANTS , *REFRIGERATION & refrigerating machinery - Abstract
Highlights • A dynamic model for and absorption chiller is used to derivate an optimal control problem. • The model discretization leads the problem to a large-scale NLP. • Two perturbances are used to evaluate the performance of the machine. • It is possible to keep the temperature of the chilled water for both disturbances. Abstract Low-capacity refrigeration and space conditioning systems have increased significantly in the last years, increasing primary energy demand. For this reason, it is important to start implementing refrigeration and space conditioning system that can be driven by unconventional energy sources, such as a single stage lithium bromide absorption refrigeration chiller since it can be powered by a low grade heat source. Therefore, we establish an optimal control strategy to operate these systems. For the implementation of the optimum control a dynamic model to evaluate the system is developed and discretized and solved using the interior point optimization (IPOPT) solver. The cases studied where a step and a sinusoidal perturbation on the hot water inlet temperature. The results obtained are promising because, through the implementation of the optimal control strategy, the coefficient of performance (COP) of the refrigeration system was significantly improved, reducing operational cost and all this without affecting the cold water outlet temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Structure of water molecules from Raman measurements of cooling different concentrations of NaOH solutions.
- Author
-
Li, Fabing, Li, Zhanlong, Wang, Shenghan, Li, Shuo, Men, Zhiwei, Ouyang, Shunli, and Sun, Chenglin
- Subjects
- *
RAMAN spectra , *SODIUM hydroxide , *MOLECULAR structure of water , *COOLING , *LOW temperature engineering - Abstract
The Raman spectra of different concentrations of NaOH solutions have been successfully obtained at normal pressure by cooling. The results indicate that the icing point and the ice phase transition temperature of NaOH solutions decrease with increasing concentrations. Particularly, the different concentrations (2, 4, 6 or 8 and 12 M) take place the liquid- III- I h , liquid- V- I h , liquid- VI- XV and liquid- IX- VI phase transition, respectively. In addition, the three peaks of around 3524, 3580 and 3624 cm − 1 appear spectra of the NaOH solutions at low temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Effects of internal cooling by cryogenic on the machinability of hardened steel.
- Author
-
Islam, AKM, Mia, Mozammel, and Dhar, Nikhil
- Subjects
- *
COOLING , *STEEL analysis , *LOW temperature engineering , *LIQUID nitrogen , *MATHEMATICAL models - Abstract
The present study includes three parts-design and development of rotary liquid nitrogen applicator, investigation of machining performance under cryogenic application by using the developed applicator, and lastly comparison of the performances with dry and flood cutting. The surface milling of hardened EN 24 steel was performed at different speed-feed combinations corresponding to full factorial design plan (48 exp. runs). The effects of cutting speed, feed rate, and cutting conditions were investigated in respect of surface roughness, cutting force, and tool flank wear. The results of this study revealed the supremacy of cryogenic cooling in respect of all investigated quality characteristics. Lack of cooling and lubrication in dry cutting, and inadequate cooling and lubrication of flood cutting resulted in worse performance. On contrary, the double action cooling effect of cryogenic produces a superior performance, when passes through internal channel, firstly-due to an increased heat transfer rate caused by the primary and secondary flow within cutter, and secondly-because of the creation of a swirl flow at the outlet of the channel but within work surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Operating characteristics of a single-stage Stirling cryocooler capable of providing 700 W cooling power at 77 K.
- Author
-
Xu, Ya, Sun, Daming, Qiao, Xin, Yu, Yan S.W., Zhang, Ning, Zhang, Jie, and Cai, Yachao
- Subjects
- *
LOW temperature engineering , *COOLING , *COOLING towers , *THERMODYNAMICS of heat exchangers , *ENERGY conversion , *CARNOT cycle - Abstract
High cooling capacity Stirling cryocooler generally has hundreds to thousands watts of cooling power at liquid nitrogen temperature. It is promising in boil-off gas (BOG) recondensation and high temperature superconducting (HTS) applications. A high cooling capacity Stirling cryocooler driven by a crank-rod mechanism was developed and studied systematically. The pressure and frequency characteristics of the cryocooler, the heat rejection from the ambient heat exchanger, and the cooling performance are studied under different charging pressure. Energy conversion and distribution in the cryocooler are analyzed theoretically. With an electric input power of 10.9 kW and a rotating speed of 1450 r/min of the motor, a cooling power of 700 W at 77 K and a relative Carnot efficiency of 18.2% of the cryocooler have been achieved in the present study, and the corresponding pressure ratio in the compression space reaches 2.46. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Performance evaluation of cryogenic cooling in reaming titanium alloy.
- Author
-
Ahmed, Shakeel and Kumar, Pradeep
- Subjects
LOW temperature engineering ,TITANIUM alloys ,EFFECT of temperature on metals ,COOLING ,PERFORMANCE evaluation ,PHYSICS experiments - Abstract
Removal of materials in metal cutting operations through drilling and reaming of hard materials is a difficult process. Wear of the tool and high cutting zone temperature have big effect on it. In this study, experiments have been carried out in a reaming operation on titanium alloy material under flood and cryogenic LN2cooling separately. Cutting speed, feed rate, and hole depth (constant) are the three input variable parameters. Torque (Mt), thrust force (Ft), cutting temperature (T), quality of the hole, surface roughness (Ra), and chip morphology are the output parameters. In both cooling conditions, each of the nine experiments based on orthogonal array (OA) L9were conducted under both cooling conditions. Based on the results obtained, cutting temperature was reduced by 12–21%, thrust force reduction is 17–32%, and torque reduction is 7–30% in cryogenic LN2cooling. Surface roughness is increased by 4–15% and hole quality (circularity and cylindricity) parameters are affected in cryogenic LN2cooling with respect to flood cooling. Better chip breaking was found in both flood and cryogenic LN2cooling. No drastic changes were observed in microstructure under both cooling conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Experimental performance investigation of an active magnetic regenerator subject to different fluid flow waveforms.
- Author
-
Teyber, R., Trevizoli, P.V., Niknia, I., Christiaanse, T.V., Govindappa, P., and Rowe, A.
- Subjects
- *
LOW temperature engineering , *REFRIGERATION & refrigerating machinery , *MAGNETIC cooling , *COOLING systems , *COOLING - Abstract
A flow control mechanism based on cam actuated valves is designed and implemented on an active magnetic regenerator test apparatus. The objective is to overcome the brief low field period of the nested concentric Halbach array by decreasing the fluid blow width, displacing fluid only when the magnetic field is close to the minimum and maximum values. Flow waveforms are simulated to evaluate varying blow durations with the same displaced volume. AMR experiments are performed where the largest Ex Q of 1.62 W is obtained with V D = 13.90 cm 3 and a diversion ratio of δ = 0.41, demonstrating an 11.2% increase over the sinusoidal waveform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Performance improvement of a transcritical CO2 refrigeration cycle using two-stage thermoelectric modules in sub-cooler and gas cooler.
- Author
-
Jamali, Siamak, Yari, Mortaza, and Mohammadkhani, Farzad
- Subjects
- *
LOW temperature engineering , *THERMOELECTRIC generators , *REFRIGERATION & refrigerating machinery , *COOLING systems , *COOLING - Abstract
A novel integration of a trans-critical CO 2 refrigeration cycle with thermoelectric modules in the gas cooler and sub-cooler is presented, wherein a two-stage thermoelectric generator (TEG) produces power from the waste heat of gas cooler, which is a considerable amount of required power in two-stage thermoelectric cooler (TEC) to sub-cool the refrigerant before expansion device. Mathematical simulation of TEG and TEC as well as energy and exergy based thermodynamic analysis of the proposed system is performed, and the effects of some important parameters on the system performance are investigated. A comparison is carried out between the proposed system and the simple CO 2 refrigeration cycle, indicating that the proposed configuration improves the coefficient of performance (COP) about 19%. Also, it is observed that the TEC and TEG have better performance in a two-stage configuration. The parametric study reveals that the new configuration decreases the cycle operation pressure at maximum COP and exergetic efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. Modeling and simulation of counterflow wet-cooling towers and the accurate calculation and correlation of mass transfer coefficients for thermal performance prediction.
- Author
-
Llano-Restrepo, Mario and Monsalve-Reyes, Robinson
- Subjects
- *
COOLING towers , *HEAT exchangers , *COOLING , *HEAT pump thermodynamics , *LOW temperature engineering - Abstract
This work provides a detailed mathematical derivation of a steady-state one-dimensional continuous differential air-water contactor (CDAWC) model that describes the material and energy balances in a counterflow wet-cooling tower. The model consists of four ordinary differential equations that describe the changes (along the packed height) of the liquid water temperature, dry-bulb temperature of moist air, liquid water mass flowrate, and moist-air humidity mass ratio. The model is formulated for the cases of unsaturated and supersaturated air, and the model equations are compared to those of previous works. It is shown that the equations of some previous models are approximately equivalent to the equations of the CDAWC model. However, the formulation of the CDAWC model is simpler and the resulting equations have a more general form. A simulation method is proposed to determine accurate values of the volumetric mass transfer coefficient by matching the experimental thermal performance of counterflow wet-cooling towers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. Solid desiccant solar air conditioning unit in Tunisia: Numerical study.
- Author
-
Zouaoui, Ahlem, Zili-Ghedira, Leila, and Ben Nasrallah, Sassi
- Subjects
- *
SOLAR air conditioning , *COOLING , *LOW temperature engineering , *SPACE cooling ,TUNISIAN economy - Abstract
In this paper, a method for the provision of the human thermal comfort through solar activated solid desiccant cooling technologies is discussed. These technologies were numerically studied under different Tunisian climatic conditions (relatively cold and humid: Bizerte; hot and dry: Remeda; moderate: Djerba). The studied solid desiccant cooling is based on the use of a fixed solid desiccant bed instead of a rotary desiccant wheel. The development of the mathematical equations modeling the functioning of the different components (solid fixed bed, heat exchanger, humidifier, solar collector) is based on heat and mass transfers' balances. Results showed good functioning and applicability of these studied systems for various outdoor conditions of the major Tunisian cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. First Principles Modeling of RFQ Cooling System and Resonant Frequency Responses for Fermilab’s PIP-II Injector Test.
- Author
-
Edelen, J. P., Edelen, A. L., Bowring, D., Chase, B. E., Steimel, J., Biedron, S. G., and Milton, S. V.
- Subjects
- *
HEAT sinks , *LOW temperature engineering , *COOLING systems , *HEAT transfer , *RADIO frequency - Abstract
In this paper we develop an a priori method for simulating dynamic resonant frequency and temperature responses in a radio frequency quadrupole (RFQ) and its associated water-based cooling system respectively. Our model provides a computationally efficient means to evaluate the transient response of the RFQ over a large range of system parameters. The model was constructed prior to the delivery of the PIP-II Injector Test RFQ and was used to aid in the design of the water-based cooling system, data acquisition system, and resonance control system. Now that the model has been validated with experimental data, it can confidently be used to aid in the design of future RFQ resonance controllers and their associated water-based cooling systems. Without any empirical fitting, it has demonstrated the ability to predict absolute temperature and frequency changes to 11% accuracy on average, and relative changes to 7% accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. Very low temperature spectroscopy: The pressure broadening coefficients for CH3F between 4.2 and 1.9 K.
- Author
-
Willey, Daniel R., Crownover, Richard L., Bittner, D. N., and De Lucia, Frank C.
- Subjects
- *
COLLISIONS (Nuclear physics) , *LOW temperature engineering , *COOLING - Abstract
Pressure broadening parameters and cross sections for the CH3F–He system have been measured between 4.2 and 1.9 K by means of a recently developed technique based on collisional cooling in a cryogenic cell. The cross sections for the K=0 and K=1 components of the J=1–2 transition were found to be 75.2 and 66.6 Å2, respectively, at 4.2 K and 55.5 and 54.5 Å2, respectively, at 1.9 K. The cross sections at 4.2 K are about 50% larger than the 300 K values. These results are compared with earlier experimental and theoretical results obtained for the CO–He system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1988
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. Experimental Investigation of 4.2 K High Efficiency G-M Refrigerators.
- Author
-
Hao, X. H. and Yao, S. H.
- Subjects
- *
COOLING , *REGENERATORS , *REFRIGERATION & refrigerating machinery , *HEAT transfer , *CRYOGENICS , *LOW temperature engineering , *MATHEMATICAL optimization - Abstract
A 1.1W/4.2K Gifford-McMahon (G-M) refrigerator has recently been developed by Advanced Research Systems, Inc. The typical cooling capacity of 40 W at 40K for the first stage and 1.1 W at 4.2 K for the second stage has been achieved. The cooling performance of this 4.2K G-M refrigerator was significantly improved by optimizing packing materials both inside 1st and 2nd stage regenerators, as well as operation conditions. The experimental results and improvements are presented and their optimal cases are also given in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. Mixed Refrigerant Joule-Thomson Sorption Cryocoolers.
- Author
-
Tzabar, Nir and Grossman, Gershon
- Subjects
- *
REFRIGERANTS , *JOULE-Thomson effect , *SORPTION , *COOLING , *COMPRESSORS , *LOW temperature engineering , *NITROGEN - Abstract
Joule-Thomson (JT) sorption cryocooling is the most mature technology for cooling from a normal Room- Temperature (RT) down to temperatures below 100 K in the absence of moving parts. Therefore, high reliability and no vibrations are attainable, in comparison with other cryocoolers. Cooling to 80 - 100 K with JT cryocoolers is often implemented with pure nitrogen. Alternatively, mixed refrigerants have been suggested for reducing the operating pressures to enable closed cycle cryocooling. There is a variety of publications describing nitrogen sorption cryocoolers with different configurations of sorption compressors. In the present research we suggest a novel sorption JT cryocooler that operates with a mixed refrigerant. Merging of sorption cryocooling and a mixed refrigerant enables the use of a simple, single stage compressor for cooling to 80 - 100 K, lower operating temperatures of the sorption cycle, and thus - reduced power consumption. In previous studies we have analyzed sorption compressors for mixed gases and mixed refrigerants for JT cryocoolers, separately. In this paper the option of mixed refrigerant sorption JT cryocoolers is explored. The considerations for developing mixed refrigerants to be driven by sorption compressors and to be utilized with JT cryocoolers are provided. It appears that, unlike with pure nitrogen, mixed refrigerants can be suitable for JT cryocooling with a single stage sorption compressor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. Optical Cryostat Realizations at Absolut System.
- Author
-
Trollier, T., Ravex, A., and Tanchon, J.
- Subjects
- *
CRYOSTATS , *TEMPERATURE control , *COOLING , *PULSE tube refrigerators , *OPTICS , *CRYOGENICS , *LOW temperature engineering - Abstract
This paper describes two kinds of optical cryostats designed and manufactured at Absolut System. The first one makes use of pressurized LN2 for temperature control of a sample holder in the 80 K - 470 K temperature range. An optical window is implemented above the sample holder to allow for rugosity and 3D distortion of heterogeneous semicon sample assemblies on a wafer. The second one makes use of CRYOMECH remote motor type pulse tube cryocoolers for temperature control of the sample holder in the 3 K - 300 K temperature range. In this type of cryostats, particular attention has been paid to reduce the vibrations exported by the cooler. These 4 K ultra low vibration cryostats are used for characterization of samples via optical windows. Both designs will be presented and the performance reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. On the Reachable Cycles Via the Unified Perspective of Cryocoolers. Part B: Cryocoolers with isentropic expanders.
- Author
-
Maytal, Ben-Zion and Pfotenhauer, John M.
- Subjects
- *
ISENTROPIC expansion , *COOLING , *STIRLING cycle , *COMPRESSORS , *HEAT transfer , *CRYOGENICS , *LOW temperature engineering - Abstract
Solvay, Stirling and Gifford-McMahon types of cryocoolers employ an isentropic expander which is their elementary mechanism for temperature reduction (following the unified model of cryocoolers as described in a previous paper, Part A) . Solvay and Stirling cryocoolers are driven by a larger temperature reduction than that of the Gifford-McMahon cycle, for a similar compression ratio. These cryocoolers are compared from the view of the unified model, in terms of the lowest attainable temperature, compression ratio, the size of the interchanger and the applied heat load. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. Liquid Hydrogen Target for the COMPASS Experiment.
- Author
-
Bremer, J., Doshita, N., Dufay-Chanat, L., Geyer, R., Mallot, G. K., Pirotte, O., and Vullierme, B.
- Subjects
- *
LIQUID hydrogen , *KAPTON (Trademark) , *ENERGY dissipation , *FABRICATION (Manufacturing) , *COOLING , *HEAT transfer , *LOW temperature engineering - Abstract
A liquid hydrogen target has been developed for the COMPASS experiment at CERN. The target has a diameter of 40 mm and a length of 2.5 meter, creating an active volume of about 3 liter of liquid hydrogen. The cylindrical part of the target wall is formed by a Kapton® foil strip, wound and glued to a thickness of 0.125 mm. The Kapton® foil is used to minimize the energy loss of the particles, scattered or created within the target volume, crossing the target boundary. The two end-caps enclosing the target volume have been fabricated from Mylar®. The system is cooled with a 30 W at 20 K cryocooler, delivering the cooling capacity for the cool-down as well as for the continuous operation of the system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. A Helium Based Pulsating Heat Pipe For Superconducting Magnets.
- Author
-
Fonseca, Luis Diego, Miller, Franklin, and Pfotenhauer, John
- Subjects
- *
HELIUM , *PULSATION (Electronics) , *HEAT pipes , *SUPERCONDUCTING magnets , *COOLING , *HEAT transfer , *LOW temperature engineering - Abstract
This study was inspired to investigate an alternative cooling system using a helium-based pulsating heat pipes (PHP), for low temperature superconducting magnets. In addition, the same approach can be used for exploring other low temperature applications. The advantages of PHP for transferring heat and smoothing temperature profiles in various room temperature applications have been explored for the past 20 years. An experimental apparatus has been designed, fabricated and operated and is primarily composed of an evaporator and a condenser; in which both are thermally connected by a closed loop capillary tubing. The main goal is to measure the heat transfer properties of this device using helium as the working fluid. The evaporator end of the PHP is comprised of a copper winding in which heat loads up to 10 watts are generated, while the condenser is isothermal and can reach 4.2 K via a two stage Sumitomo RDK408A2 GM cryocooler. Various experimental design features are highlighted. Additionally, performance results in the form of heat transfer and temperature characteristics are provided as a function of average condenser temperature, PHP fill ratio, and evaporator heat load. Results are summarized in the form of a dimensionless correlation and compared to room temperature systems. Implications for superconducting magnet stability are highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. Natural Circulation Loop using Liquid Nitrogen for Cryo-detection System.
- Author
-
Yeon Suk Choi
- Subjects
- *
LIQUID nitrogen , *LOW temperature engineering , *FOURIER transform spectroscopy , *ION cyclotron resonance spectrometry , *COOLING , *THERMAL noise , *ULTRAHIGH vacuum - Abstract
The natural circulation loop is designed for the cryogenic insert in a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR) mass spectrometer. Sensitivity is the key parameter of a FTICR mass spectrometer and the cryo-cooling of the pre-amplifier can reduce the thermal noise level and thereby improve the signal-to-noise ratio. The pre-amplifier consisted of non-magnetic materials is thermally connected to the cooling loop which is passing through the flange maintaining ultra-high vacuum in the ion cell. The liquid nitrogen passes through inside of the loop to cool the preamplifier indirectly. At the end, a cryocooler is located to re-condense nitrogen vapor generated due to the heat from the pre-amplifier. The circulating fluid removes heat from the pre-amplifier and transports it to the cryocooler or heat sink. In this paper the natural circulation loop for cryogenic pre-amplifier is introduced for improving the sensitivity of cryodetector. In addition, the initial cool-down of the system by a cryocooler is presented and the temperature of the radiation shield is discussed with respect to the thickness of shield and the thermal radiation load. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. Optimal design of adsorption chillers based on a validated dynamic object-oriented model.
- Author
-
Lanzerath, Franz, Bau, Uwe, Seiler, Jan, and Bardow, André
- Subjects
- *
HEAT radiation & absorption , *HEAT transfer , *COOLING , *COOLING systems , *LOW temperature engineering - Abstract
The design of adsorption chillers is usually based on experience and high experimental effort. Experimental effort can be reduced by using dynamic models. In the present study, a dynamic model is validated with a modular adsorption chiller test bed and then used to optimize design and process parameters to gain maximum cooling power. The modularity of the test bed enables the exchange of single components without changing the remaining setup. This modular structure is also reflected in the object-oriented dynamic model. Model calibration is based on the heat flows of all components. This measure allows the gain of deep insight into the system behavior and a quantitative comparison of model accuracy. The calibrated model is validated by predicting the system behavior for different operating conditions and also changed adsorbent materials. Adsorbent materials silica gel 123 and zeolite 13X are investigated. Operating points vary in cycle time, as well as temperatures of evaporation, adsorption, and desorption. The model exhibits excellent prediction capability for the coefficient of performance and for the cooling power. The modular setup of the model is then used for targeted optimization of the adsorption system; the cycle time and the sizing of the heat exchangers are rigorously optimized, leading to adsorption chillers with maximum cooling power. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. Modified methodology for technology trending: Case study of cryocooler efficiency.
- Author
-
Webb, Darryl, Lim, Elaine, Cha, Jeff, and Yuan, Sidney
- Subjects
- *
TRENDS , *LOW temperature engineering , *ENERGY consumption , *THREE-dimensional flow , *COOLING , *TEMPERATURE measurements - Abstract
This paper presents a methodology for time trending space cryocooler technology (cold tip temperatures, cooling loads). This methodology analyzes historical trends starting from the 1960s across three dimensions (time, specific power, and temperature). It can be used as a basis to assess whether future industrial capability may satisfy future program technology needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. Scaling STI's sapphire cryocooler for applications requiring higher heat loads.
- Author
-
Karandikar, Abhijit and Fiedler, Andreas
- Subjects
- *
RELIABILITY in engineering , *STIRLING engines , *PISTONS , *COOLING , *LOW temperature engineering - Abstract
Superconductor Technologies Inc. (STI) developed the Sapphire cryocooler specifically for the SuperLink® product; a high performance superconducting Radio Frequency (RF) front-end receiver used by wireless carriers such as Verizon Wireless and AT&T to improve network cell coverage and data speeds. STI has built and deployed over 6,000 systems operating 24 hours a day (24/7), 7 days a week in the field since 1999. Sapphire is an integrated free piston Stirling cycle cryocooler with a cooling capacity of 5 Watts at 77 Kelvin (K) with less than 100 Watts (W) input power. It has a field-proven Mean Time Between Failure (MTBF) of well over 1 million hours, requires zero maintenance and has logged over 250 million cumulative runtime hours. The Sapphire cooler is built on a scalable technology platform, enabling the design of machines with cooling capacities greater than 1 kilowatt (kW). This scalable platform also extends the same outstanding attributes as the Sapphire cooler, namely high reliability, zero maintenance, and compact size - all at a competitive cost. This paper will discuss emerging applications requiring higher heat loads and these attributes, describe Sapphire, and show a preliminary concept of a scaled machine with a 100 W cooling capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. Development and demonstration of a supercritical helium-cooled cryogenic viscous compressor prototype for the iter vacuum system.
- Author
-
Duckworth, Robert C., Baylor, Larry R., Meitner, Steven J., Combs, Stephen K., Rasmussen, David A., Hechler, Michael, Edgemon, Timothy, Barbier, Charlotte, Pearce, Robert, Kersevan, Roberto, Dremel, Matthias, and Boissin, Jean-Claude
- Subjects
- *
SUPERCRITICAL fluids , *HELIUM , *COOLING , *LOW temperature engineering , *VISCOUS flow , *PROTOTYPES , *VACUUM , *MICROFABRICATION - Abstract
As part of the vacuum system for the ITER fusion project, a cryogenic viscouscompressor (CVC) is being developed to collect hydrogenic exhaust gases from the toruscryopumps and compress them to a high enough pressure by regeneration for pumping tothe tritium reprocessing facility. Helium impurities that are a byproduct of the fusionreactions pass through the CVC and are pumped by conventional vacuum pumps andexhausted to the atmosphere. Before the development of a full-scale CVC, a representative,small-scale test prototype was designed, fabricated, and tested. With cooling provided bycold helium gas, hydrogen gas was introduced into the central column of the test prototypepump at flow rates between 0.001 g/s and 0.008 g/s. Based on the temperatures and flowrates of the cold helium gas, different percentages of hydrogen gas were frozen to the column surface wall as the hydrogen gas flow rate increased. Results from the measured temperatures and pressures will form a benchmark that will be used to judge future heattransfer enhancements to the prototype CVC and to develop a computational fluid dynamicmodel that will help develop design parameters for the full-scale CVC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. Very high capacity aerospace cryocooler.
- Author
-
Olson, Jeffrey, Champagne, Patrick, Roth, Eric, and Nast, Ted
- Subjects
- *
AEROSPACE engineering , *LOW temperature engineering , *ENERGY storage , *HEAT exchangers , *COOLING , *SURFACES (Technology) - Abstract
Long-term cryogenic propellant storage requires mechanical cryocoolers to maintainzero or very low cryogen boil-off rates. Very large cryogen tanks such as those proposedfor orbital fuel depots may require cryocoolers with very high cooling capacity. In-situresource generation and storage of oxygen and methane on Mars also requires highcapacity cryocoolers, and low mass is extremely desirable for planetary missions becauseof the cost associated with landing mass on the surface of another planet. LockheedMartin's Advanced Technology Center has developed a high capacity low mass aerospacecryocooler with very high power density. This 7 kg pulse tube cryocooler can provide20 W of cooling at 70 K while rejecting heat at 300 K. This large cooling capability couldalso be used to cool large optical structures or other devices with high heat loads. Testingof the cooler with a secondary heat exchanger attached to the pulse tube was alsoconducted, and results are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. Preliminary results of a single stage stirling-type pulse tube cooler for multi-hundred watt cooling power at 80 K.
- Author
-
Yu, Lihong, Dai, Wei, Wang, Xiaotao, Hu, Jianying, and Luo, Ercang
- Subjects
- *
SINGLE stage to orbit vehicles , *STIRLING engines , *COOLING , *COOLING power (Meteorology) , *PULSE tube refrigerators , *LOW temperature engineering - Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. Cryogenics for superconductors: Refrigeration, delivery, and preservation of the cold.
- Author
-
Ganni, Venkatarao and Fesmire, James
- Subjects
- *
SUPERCONDUCTORS , *LOW temperature engineering , *REFRIGERATION & refrigerating machinery , *TEMPERATURE effect , *COOLING , *CRYOELECTRONICS - Abstract
Applications in superconductivity have become widespread, enabled by advancements in cryogenic engineering. In this paper, the history of cryogenic refrigeration, its delivery, its preservation and the important scientific and engineering advancements in these areas in the last 100 years will be reviewed, beginning with small laboratory dewars to very large scale systems. The key technological advancements in these areas that enabled the development of superconducting applications at temperatures from 4 to 77 K are identified. Included are advancements in the components used up to the present state-of-the-art in refrigeration systems design. Viewpoints as both an equipment supplier and the end-user with regard to the equipment design and operations will be presented. Some of the present and future challenges in these areas will be outlined. Most of the materials in this paper are a collection of the historical materials applicable to these areas of interest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. Temperature instability comparison of micro- and mesoscale Joule-Thomson cryocoolers employing mixed refrigerants.
- Author
-
Bradley, Peter, Radebaugh, Ray, Lewis, R.J., Lin, M.-H., and Lee, Y.C.
- Subjects
- *
LOW temperature engineering , *JOULE-Thomson effect , *COOLING , *REFRIGERANTS , *TEMPERATURE measurements , *HIGH pressure (Technology) , *GLASS fibers , *HEAT exchangers , *MICROFABRICATION - Abstract
Previously we demonstrated cryogenic cooling in a Joule-Thomson (JT) microcryocooler (MCC) with mixed refrigerants operating at pressure ratios of 16:1 that achieved stable temperatures of 140 K, with transient temperatures down to 76 K, with precooling of the refrigerant to 240 K. Pre-cooling improves the minimum enthalpy difference, (ΔhhT)min compared with that of pure fluids. Micro-scale compressors have been unavailable to meet 16:1 ratios. By reducing the ratio to 4:1, mini-compressors become viable in the near term. Utilizing mixed refrigerants optimized for 4:1 pressure ratios we compare the performance stability of this micro-JT employing a 25 mm long multichannel glass fiber heat exchanger (outer low-pressure capillary ID/OD=536 μm/617 μm, inner high-pressure channels ID/OD=75 μm/125 μm) with a scaled up (meso-scopic) version employing a 20 cm long single channel stainless steel heat exchanger (outer low pressure channel ID/OD=580 μm/760 μm, inner high pressure channel ID/OD=150 μm/266 μm). This easy to fabricate and modify meso-scale version was fabricated to investigate the temperature instabilities of mixed refrigerants for similar operating conditions but for proportionally higher flows of ~ 30 cm3/min compared with ~ 10 cm3/min. We compare measured pressures, flow rates, temperatures, and stabilities for both micro- and meso-JT cryocoolers to better understand the causes for the temperature instabilities within the micro-JT cryocooler. KEYWORDS: Cryocooler, Joule-Thomson, microcryocooler, micro-JT, mixed [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. The effect of component junction tapering on miniature cryocooler performance.
- Author
-
Conrad, Ted, Pathak, Mihir G., Ghiaasiaan, S. Mostafa, and Kirkconnell, Carl
- Subjects
- *
LOW temperature engineering , *HYDRODYNAMICS , *COOLING , *HEAT exchangers , *POROUS materials , *COMPUTATIONAL fluid dynamics , *PULSE tube refrigerators - Abstract
Due to their relatively smaller volume and available cooling power, miniature cryocoolers are likely to be more sensitive to hydrodynamic losses than their full scale counterparts. Abrupt changes in diameter between cryocooler components are a possible source of such losses as flow separation and recirculation may occur at these points. Underutilization of regions of the regenerator and heat exchanger porous matrices may also occur due to jetting of fluid into these components. Eliminating such abrupt diameter changes by tapering transitions between cryocooler components may therefore improve system performance. The effects of various tapers applied at component interfaces on the performance of miniature pulse tube cryocoolers were investigated using system-level CFD models. A miniature scale pulse tube cryocooler design whose suitability for cryocooling under ideal conditions has been theoretically demonstrated was used as the basis for these models. Transitions between different combinations of open and porous regions were considered; tapers or chamfers were applied to these component junctions and the performance predictions for the resulting systems were compared to those for a model with sharp component transitions. Visualizations of the predicted flow patterns were also used to determine the effects of the applied tapers on the flow within the pulse tube. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. Cryogen-free dilution refrigerator with separate 1K cooling circuit.
- Author
-
Uhlig, Kurt
- Subjects
- *
LOW temperature engineering , *REFRIGERATORS , *DILUTION , *COOLING , *CRYOSTATS , *LIQUID helium , *HEAT exchangers - Abstract
Helium-3,4 dilution refrigeration is indispensable for low temperature science and engineering as it is the only method which provides temperatures between 0.3 K and 0.005 K for unlimited working periods. Cryogen-free dilution refrigerators are about to replace traditional cryostats with liquid helium precooling. The dilution circuit is always precooled by a two-stage pulse tube cryocooler; therefore, refrigeration capacities are available to the experimentalist at the temperatures of the two stages of the pulse tube cooler, and furthermore at three temperatures of the dilution circuit (~ 0.7 K - still, 0.1 K - heat exchanger, ~ 0.01 K - mixing chamber). However, there are quite a few applications (e.g. quantum information processing or astro-physics) where the cooling power of the still near ~ 1K is not sufficient to cool amplifiers and electric lines. In our work we present a dilution refrigerator where a He-4 cooling circuit has been added in the cryostat to the dilution circuit. This He-4 circuit provides up to 60 mW of refrigeration capacity in addition to the cooling capacity of ~ 30 mW of the still. The dilution circuit and the 1Kcircuit can be operated together or separately. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. Second-law analysis and optimization of reverse brayton cycles of different configurations for cryogenic applications.
- Author
-
Streit, James Ryder and Razani, Arsalan
- Subjects
- *
BRAYTON cycle , *SECOND law of thermodynamics , *MATHEMATICAL optimization , *LOW temperature engineering , *COOLING , *PRESSURE , *EXERGY - Abstract
Second-law of thermodynamics (2nd law) and exergy analyses and optimization offour Reverse Brayton Refrigeration (RBR) cryogenic cycle configurations: Conventional 1-stage compression cycle; Conventional 2-stage compression cycle; 1-stage compressionModified cycle with intermediate cooling of the recuperator using an auxiliary cooler; andan Integrated 2-stage expansion RBR cycle are performed. The conventional RBR cyclesare analyzed for low and high pressure ratio applications using multistage compressorswith intercooling. Analytical solutions for the conventional cycles are developed includingthermal and fluid flow irreversibilities of the recuperators and all heat exchangers inaddition to the compression and expansion processes. Analytical solutions are used to findthe thermodynamic bounds for the performance of the cycles. Exergy irreversibilitydiagrams of the cycles are developed and the effects of important system parameters onRBR cycle performance are investigated. 2nd law/exergy analyses, and optimization of thecycles with intermediate cooling of the recuperator, considering the cooling temperatureand the recuperator effectiveness and pressure drop, are included. The effect of the 2ndlaw/exergy efficiency of the auxiliary cooler on the total system efficiencies is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. A thermodynamic model for the effect of thermal boundary resistance on multistage thermoelectric cryogenic refrigerators.
- Author
-
Razani, Arsalan, Fraser, Thomas, and Dodson, Christopher
- Subjects
- *
THERMODYNAMICS , *THERMOELECTRIC materials , *REFRIGERATORS , *COOLING , *MATHEMATICAL models , *INFRARED detectors , *LOW temperature engineering - Abstract
New efforts are underway to develop thermoelectric materials for cooling of infrared detectors at cryogenic temperatures. In this study, a control thermodynamic model of multistage Thermoelectric (TE) cryocoolers is developed that includes the effect of heat transfer between the cryocooler and the thermal reservoirs as well as thermal resistance between the stages. It is assumed that a reservoir at 80 K is available and a cooling load at about 35 K, typical of the second stage of conventional cryocoolers, is desired. It is shown that under the assumption of availability of TE materials with a reasonably high figure of merit, a multistage TE cryocooler is required. As an example, a control thermodynamic model of a four-stage TE cryogenic refrigerator is developed. The effect of thermal conductance of the heat exchangers at the hot and cold sides of the refrigerator, the thermal resistance between the stages and the effect of the figure of merit of the TE material on the cooling capacity and efficiency of the multistage TE cryocooler is presented. The thermal design challenges of the development of multistage TE cryocoolers with high efficiency for cryogenic applications including the effect of heat leak are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. The cryogenic system for the SCJ and the 45 T hybrid at the NHMFL.
- Author
-
Bai, Hongyu, Bird, Mark, Hannahs, Scott, Kynoch, John, and Pucci, John
- Subjects
- *
LOW temperature engineering , *COOLING , *MAGNETS , *HYBRID systems , *LIQUID helium , *REFRIGERATORS - Abstract
A new cryogenic system is under construction at the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory (NHMFL) for the cooling of the Series-Connected Hybrid (SCH) magnet as well as the existing 45 T hybrid system. The SCH is a vertical bore, 36 T magnet under development at the NHMFL and it will be installed at the NHMFL in 2013. The 45 T hybrid magnet system producing a 45 T steady field has been operating successfully as a user facility since 1999. The existing cryogenic system at the NHMFL has been in service since 1994 and it is used for supplying Liquid Helium (LHe) to the users and also cooling the 45 T hybrid magnet. The new system has a specified refrigeration capacity of 750 W at 4.5 K and will replace the current refrigerators after its construction due to the increasing maintenance in current refrigerators and the increasing LHe demand by the users at the NHMFL. The design of the new cryogenic system, consisting of a main refrigerator, a distribution system and a gas management and purification system, and its status are presented in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Cryostat design and development for a superconducting undulator for the APS.
- Author
-
Fuerst, Joel, Doose, Charles, Hasse, Quentin, Ivanyushenkov, Yury, Kasa, Matthew, Moog, Elizabeth, Pfotenhauer, John, Potratz, Daniel, Skiadopoulos, Denise, Syrovatin, Vasily, and Trakhtenberg, Emil
- Subjects
- *
CRYOSTATS , *SUPERCONDUCTING magnets , *PHOTONS , *CRYOELECTRONICS , *PERFORMANCE evaluation , *COOLING , *LOW temperature engineering - Abstract
The Advanced Photon Source (APS) upgrade project at Argonne National Laboratory includes the implementation of superconducting undulator insertion devices. A development program is under way to build, test, and operate a prototype device in the storage ring. We present the overall design concept including superconducting magnet structure, cryocooler-based cooling system, and cryostat as well as a status report on the R&D program. Results of cryocooler performance characterization using a model magnet in a test cryostat are described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Performances of single and two-stage pulse tube cryocoolers under different vacuum levels with and without thermal radiation shields.
- Author
-
Kasthurirengan, Srinivasan, Behera, Upendra, Nadig, D. S., and Krishnamoorthy, V.
- Subjects
- *
PULSE tube refrigerators , *LOW temperature engineering , *COOLING , *HEAT radiation & absorption , *VACUUM , *MICROFABRICATION , *STAINLESS steel - Abstract
Single and two-stage Pulse Tube Cryocoolers (PTC) have been designed, fabricated and experimentally studied. The single stage PTC reaches a no-load temperature of ~ 29 K at its cold end, the two-stage PTC reaches ~ 2.9 K in its second stage cold end and ~ 60 K in its first stage cold end. The two-stage Pulse Tube Cryocooler provides a cooling power of ~ 250 mW at 4.2 K. The single stage system uses stainless steel meshes along with Pb granules as its regenerator materials, while the two-stage PTC uses combinations of Pb along with Er3Ni / HoCu2 as the second stage regenerator materials. Normally, the above systems are insulated by thermal radiation shields and mounted inside a vacuum chamber which is maintained at high vacuum. To evaluate the performance of these systems in the possible conditions of loss of vacuum with and without radiation shields, experimental studies have been performed. The heat-in-leak under such severe conditions has been estimated from the heat load characteristics of the respective stages. The experimental results are analyzed to obtain surface emissivities and effective thermal conductivities as a function of interspace pressure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. Nitrogen activated-carbon sorption compressor.
- Author
-
Tzabar, Nir and Grossman, Gershon
- Subjects
- *
ACTIVATED carbon , *NITROGEN , *SORPTION , *COMPRESSORS , *COOLING , *LOW temperature engineering , *HEAT transfer - Abstract
Joule-Thomson (JT) sorption cryocooling is the most mature technology for cooling from a normal Room-Temperature (RT) down to temperatures below 100 K in the absence of moving parts. Therefore, high reliability and no vibrations are attainable, in comparison with other cryocoolers. Nitrogen is usually used as the working fluid for cooling to temperatures between 80 and 100 K and activated carbons are the best adsorbent for this purpose. In this paper we present the development of a sorption compressor for nitrogen with a commercial Chemviron pelleted activated carbon. The development consists of sorption measurements that we performed for characterizing the adsorption of nitrogen on the selected adsorbent, and the compressor experimental results are compared with equilibrium condition analysis and numerical heat transfer analysis predictions [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Second law analysis and optimization of cryogenic transfer lines.
- Author
-
Chorowski, Maciej, Duda, Pawel, Fydrych, Jaroslaw, and Polinski, Jaroslaw
- Subjects
- *
LOW temperature engineering , *MATHEMATICAL optimization , *LIQUEFIED gases , *THERMODYNAMICS , *COOLING , *POWER resources , *ENTROPY , *THERMAL analysis - Abstract
Liquid gases distribution system is an unavoidable element of practically each high capacity cryogenic installation. It comprises transfer lines, which in spite of their first view simplicity, are complex parts of the system, relevant both for its thermodynamic efficiency and its reliability. The presently constructed transfer lines may comprise several process pipes filled with different fluids at different thermodynamic parameters. The heat that inflows to cold process pipes influences significantly the thermal budget of the cryogenic system and consequently the required supply power of the refrigerator. Transfer lines are multi-dimensional, thermo-mechanical objects that can be thermodynamically optimized with entropy generation minimization, based on the Second Law of thermodynamics. The paper presents two practical examples of a simple and complex transfer line optimization. The lines are split into a number of constructional nodes which enables one to calculate the entropy generated in elementary heat transfer and fluid flow processes. The presented examples show that the Second Law analysis can help in identifying the constructional nodes which are responsible for high rate of entropy generation and the method enables constructional and engineering decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. The CERN revamping project of the obsolete cryogenic control systems: Strategy and results.
- Author
-
Inglese, Vitaliano, Pezzetti, Marco, and Rogez, Edouard
- Subjects
- *
LOW temperature engineering , *BUBBLE chambers , *SUPERCONDUCTORS , *SOLENOIDS , *COOLING , *TEMPERATURE effect - Abstract
The cryogenic infrastructure at CERN was originated in the 1960s with the era of bubble chambers and the associated superconducting solenoids. Since then and especially with the construction of the LHC accelerator and its detectors, large and complex cryogenics plants have been installed to provide cooling power from 800 W to 18 kW at different temperatures down to 1.9 K, demanding high and distributed technical capabilities from the control systems. The size and the complexity of the dedicated cryogenics has required the adoption of the CERN standard control framework UNICOS in order to enhance ease of operation and maintenance, and to provide long-term availability. After the completion of the LHC construction, exploiting the gained experience, CERN has started the upgrade of several obsolete cryogenic control systems. This paper describes (i) the overall project challenges, (ii) the technical procedure used in order to meet the technological operational requirements in terms of installation constraints, reduced manpower and minimal financial impact, (iii) an advanced methodology for the virtual commissioning of the new control systems, and (iv) three case studies as examples of the application of the aforementioned strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Test results for a high capacity cryocooler with internal thermal storage.
- Author
-
Bertele, Ted, Glaister, Dave, Gully, Wilfred, Hendershott, Paul, Levenduski, Robert, Marquardt, Eric, and Wilson, Colin
- Subjects
- *
LOW temperature engineering , *HEAT storage , *COOLING , *MECHANICAL loads , *ARTIFICIAL satellites , *SCIENTIFIC observation , *NITROGEN - Abstract
Ball Aerospace and Redstone Aerospace are developing a space cryocooler for cooling complex optical systems whose loads are intermittent. An example of such a system would be an Earth observation satellite that images for only a fraction of its orbit. If a cooler can store refrigeration during the lull and provide it when the system is active, the cooler can be considerably smaller than one sized to provide the full load continuously. Our cooler provides two stages of refrigeration, a stage of intermittent cooling at 35 K for a focal plane assembly and a stage of continuous cooling at 85 K for the surrounding thermal shields. The cooler provides the intermittent cooling by collecting liquid neon in a unique internal thermal storage tank and forwarding it to the focal plane when the heat loads are high. Our paper presents extensive performance data for neon at 35 K. It carries 2 W at 35 K for 30 minutes plus the 8.5 W of continuous cooling at 85 K for less than 300 W DC power. It is ready to cool again in an hour. For contrast, the same hardware was filled with nitrogen and tested at 82 K. It carries 5 W for 25 minutes plus 15 W of continuous cooling at 130 K for less than 220 W DC power. It is ready to cool again in a little over an hour. The system has many features for space system compatibility. Because the storage is located within an active control loop, the cooler can maintain the 35 K interface temperature to better than ± 0.1 K. Because it circulates liquid it can be located remotely, which solves many compatibility issues. And with careful liquid management, it can work in any orientation and in 0-g. In this paper our flight like equipment will be described, and its continuing evolution to flight will be discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. Miniature pulse tube cooler at 100HZ.
- Author
-
Chen, Houlei, Xu, Nana, Yin, Chuanlin, Cai, Jinghui, and Liang, Jingtao
- Subjects
- *
PULSE tube refrigerators , *COOLING , *LOW temperature engineering , *MANUFACTURING processes , *PARAMETER estimation , *SIMULATION methods & models - Abstract
Miniature pulse tube coolers operating at 100Hz have been designed and manufactured. The regenerator is designed by REGEN 3.2, and the inertance tube is simulated by DeltaE. An in-line prototype is manufactured according to the theoretical design parameters initially. On that basis, a coaxial cooler is developed and with double inlet it gains higher cooling performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Methane cryogenic heat pipe for space use with a liquid trap for on-off switching.
- Author
-
Cepeda-Rizo, Juan, Rodriguez, Jose Israel, and Bugby, David
- Subjects
- *
METHANE , *HEAT pipes , *LOW temperature engineering , *COOLING , *TEMPERATURE effect , *FOCAL planes - Abstract
A methane cryogenic heat pipe with a liquid trap for on-off actuation was developed by ATK for use on Jet Propulsion Laboratory's Space Interferometer Mission Lite (SIM Lite) pre-Phase A hardware technology demonstration tests. The cryogenic heat pipe coupled to a cold radiator at 160K provides cooling to the Charged Coupled Device camera focal planes. The heat pipe was designed for a transport capacity of 15 W across a 1.5 m span through a near room-temperature spacecraft environment. A key and driving requirement for the heat pipe was the need for switching the heat pipe on and off needed to support low power decontamination cycles to near room temperature of the cryogenic focal planes. The cryogenic heat pipe is turned off by removing the methane working fluid from the heat pipe and storing in the liquid trap. The heat pipe is turned-on by simply reintroducing the working fluid from the liquid trap. This on-off switching capability is a key requirement for cryogenic heat pipes used with passive or active cryocoolers for cooling focal planes or optics. This switching capability provides a means to decouple a cold focal plane or optics from a redundant stand-by cryocooler or a passive cooler when in need for a decontamination cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Operation mode studies of the ITER cryodistribution system.
- Author
-
Chang, Hyun-Sik, Serio, Luigi, Henry, Denis, Chalifour, Michel, and Forgeas, Adrien
- Subjects
- *
LOW temperature engineering , *FUSION (Phase transformation) , *SUPERCONDUCTORS , *REFRIGERATORS , *STEADY-state flow , *COOLING , *MECHANICAL loads - Abstract
In order to achieve and maintain the proper cryogenic conditions for fusion experiments, the ITER Cryogenic System has to cope with various operation modes as per the requirements of the superconducting (SC) magnets and the 4 K Cryopumps (CPs). The refrigerators, source of the cooling power, should operate as much as possible in a quasisteady- state manner for efficiency and reliability reasons, and also to optimize their cooling capacity. The cryogen-related transients generated or required by the magnets and CPs therefore have to be managed and smoothed inside the primary helium loops of the Cryodistribution (CD) cold boxes which distribute and recover the cooling flows. In this proceeding we will propose the internal-component layouts of the ITER CD cold boxes and demonstrate in terms of operation modes how they fulfill the duties of the Cryogenic System with respect to the ITER Tokamak. The methods foreseen for the smoothing of the cryogenic loads and optimization of the cooling power requirements will also be introduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Development and test of a cryogenic pulsating heat pipe and a pre-cooling system.
- Author
-
Bonnet, Fabien, Gully, Philippe, and Nikolayev, Vadim
- Subjects
- *
LOW temperature engineering , *HEAT pipes , *COOLING , *THERMAL analysis , *PERFORMANCE evaluation , *MANUFACTURING processes , *EVAPORATORS - Abstract
The needs of thermal links in cryogenic applications are increasing, especially because of the use of cryocoolers which offer a reduced size cold finger. The Pulsating Heat Pipe (PHP) is a passive two-phase high performance thermal link. Like the conventional heat pipe, it features a closed tube filled with a two-phase fluid able to transfer heat from its hot part (evaporator) to the cold part (condenser). A general problem for any two-phase cryogenic thermal link is the pre-cooling of the evaporator to ensure the presence of liquid inside the evaporator to start the flow motion. In conventional heat pipes, this problem is by passed by the wick but in the case of PHPs it has to be specially addressed. We have designed, manufactured and tested a helium PHP associated to a novel pre-cooling system. The cool down time of the PHP evaporator is reduced significantly. The maximum transferred power of the PHP is 145 mW with a cold source at 4.2 K. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Modified-Collins cryocooler for zero-boiloff storage of cryogenic fuels in space.
- Author
-
Hannon, Charles L., Krass, Brady, Hogan, Jake, and Brisson, John
- Subjects
- *
LOW temperature engineering , *COOLING , *PLANETARY theory , *PLANETARY exploration , *PROPELLANTS , *LIQUID hydrogen , *LOW earth orbit satellites , *REFRIGERATION & refrigerating machinery - Abstract
Future lunar and planetary explorations will require the storage of cryogenic propellants, particularly liquid oxygen (LOX) and liquid hydrogen (LH2), in low earth orbit (LEO) for periods of time ranging from days to months, and possibly longer. Without careful thermal management, significant quantities of stored liquid cryogens can be lost due to boil-off. Boil-off can be minimized by a variety of passive means including insulation, sun shades and passive radiational cooling. However, it has been shown that active cooling using space cryocoolers has the potential to result in Zero Boil-Off (ZBO) and the launch-mass savings using active cooling exceeds that of passive cooling of LOX for mission durations in LEO of less than 1 week, and for LH2 after about 2 months in LEO. Large-scale DC-flow cryogenic refrigeration systems operate at a fraction of the specific power levels required by small-scale AC-flow cryocoolers. The efficiency advantage of DC-flow cryogenic cycles motivates the current development of a cryocooler based on a modification of the Collins Cycle. The modified Collins cycle design employs piston type expanders that support high operating pressure ratios, electromagnetic valves that enable "floating pistons", and recuperative heat transfer. This paper will describe the design of a prototype Modified-Collins cryocooler for ZBO storage of cryogenic fuels in space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. A high-efficiency traveling-wave thermoacoustic refrigerator for cryogenic cooling operation: thermodynamic design and prelimnianry experiment.
- Author
-
Ren, Jia, Luo, Ercang, Zhang, Liming, Hu, Jianying, and Dai, Wei
- Subjects
- *
THERMOACOUSTICS , *REFRIGERATORS , *LOW temperature engineering , *COOLING , *THERMODYNAMICS , *PHYSICS experiments , *LIQUID nitrogen , *COMPRESSORS - Abstract
This paper theoretically studied a traveling-wave thermoacoustic cryocooler (TWTAC), simultaneously comparing with an inertance-tube pulse tube cryocooler operating in liquid nitrogen temperature range. The same core thermodynamic components are fixed and used in the both cryocoolers. First, thermodynamic design and optimization mainly on their phase shifting devices are made. For 77 K operation, the theoretical results show that the TWTAC has an increase of efficiency by about 10% compared with the inertance pulse tube cryocooler. Then, preliminary experiments on the TWTAC driven by a linear compressor were conducted. So far, the traveling-wave thermoacoustic cryocooler has achieved a no-load refrigeration temperature of 135 K with a pressure ratio of 1.15, and the reasons for huge different between the theoretical and experimental results are being indentified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Qualification test results for the TIRS cryocooler.
- Author
-
Marquardt, Eric, Gully, Wilfred, Marquardt, Jennifer, Boyle, Robert, and Hale, Taylor
- Subjects
- *
LOW temperature engineering , *COOLING , *REFRIGERATORS , *INFRARED detectors , *PERFORMANCE evaluation - Abstract
Ball Aerospace has completed qualification testing of its flight Stirling-cycle mechanical cryocooler for the Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS), an instrument slated to fly on the Landsat Data Continuity Mission (LDCM) platform. The TIRS cooler, developed under subcontract to NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, consists of a sophisticated and highly reliable, two-stage, fixed regenerator Stirling cryocooler and its drive electronics. The TIRS cooler provides 2 W of 38 K cooling to the TIRS detectors and 9.8 W shield cooling to 85 K for less than 225 W total input power. Performance test results are reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. Development of high frequency pulse tube cryocoolers for space applications.
- Author
-
Dang, Haizheng
- Subjects
- *
FREQUENCIES of oscillating systems , *LOW temperature engineering , *REFRIGERATORS , *RELIABILITY in engineering , *COOLING systems , *COOLING ,DESIGN & construction - Abstract
This paper reviews recent advances in high frequency pulse tube cryocoolers developed in SITP/CAS to provide high reliability, low-noise and long life cooling for potential space applications. The advances in understanding the cooler mechanism and minimizing irreversible losses in various components are described, which have made a great contribution to the improved efficiencies. At present, the operating temperatures cover from 30 K to 200 K and the cooling capacities vary from hundreds of milliwatts to over 20 W to meet a variety of requirements. Some typical cryocooler development programs are introduced and a brief overview of the updated data package is presented. The proposed applications, design approaches, research advances, the major problems and the efforts to overcome them are described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Low vibration microminiature split Stirling cryogenic cooler for infrared aerospace applications.
- Author
-
Veprik, Alexander, Zechtzer, Semeon, Pundak, Nachman, Riabzev, Sergey, Kirckonnel, Carl, and Freeman, Jeremy
- Subjects
- *
MICROELECTRONICS , *VIBRATION (Mechanics) , *LOW temperature engineering , *COOLING , *INFRARED radiation , *AEROSPACE engineering - Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. Coupling research in the thermoacoustically driven pulse tube cooler.
- Author
-
Zhou, Gang, Huang, Xin, and Li, Zhengyu
- Subjects
- *
THERMOACOUSTICS , *COOLING , *SIMULATION methods & models , *LINEAR systems , *LOW temperature engineering , *PERFORMANCE evaluation - Abstract
For coupling between the thermoacoustic engine and pulse tube cooler, an acoustic transmission line model is built and simulated based on linear thermoacoustic theory. The simulations shows that with the acoustic transmission line, the input pressure amplitude of the cooling system can be amplified and more acoustic power can be transmitted from the thermoacoustic engine to the cooler, which can improve the performance of the pulse tube cooler. The computational results also reveal that the performance of the thermoacoustic engine can be improved by acoustic transmission line with appropriate length and diameter. In experiments, a linear pulse tube cooler driven by a miniature thermoacoustic engine is constructed and tested. Good agreements are obtained between the theoretical analysis and experimental results. This research is instructive for comprehensively understanding the coupling mechanism in the thermoacoustically driven pulse tube coolers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Future trends of AFRL cryocooler research.
- Author
-
Pettyjohn, Erin
- Subjects
- *
LOW temperature engineering , *SPACE vehicles , *MISSILE attack warning systems , *COOLING ,EDWARDS Air Force Base (Calif.) - Abstract
Over the past year, Air Force Research Labs (AFRL), Space Vehicles Directorate, has significantly defined the science and technology (S&T) path forward for cryocoolers in support of Air Force space missions. There are two trends that are emerging for cryocooler S&T: the first is missile warning and the second is responsive space. Missile warning is moving towards larger Focal Plane Arrays (FPAs), which generate large heat loads. Responsive space is moving towards a cheap, fast alternative to augment, or reconstitute space capabilities. At first glance, these two trends require completely different approaches to cryocooler S&T. However, decreasing the size, weight, and power of cryocoolers supports both trends. This paper will discuss the technology path chosen by AFRL to meet the Air Force (AF) mission needs for cryocoolers to include AFRL's research path, and potential Broad Agency Announcement (BAA) opportunities to help support the research goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Observations of Biological Specimens at Cryo-Temperatures with Soft X-ray Microscope at the SR Center of Ritsumeikan University.
- Author
-
Takemoto, K., Kimura, M., Usui, K., Ohigashi, T., Fujii, H., Nakanishi, K., Namba, H., and Kihara, H.
- Subjects
- *
BIOLOGICAL specimens , *LIQUID nitrogen , *X-ray microscopy , *LOW temperature engineering , *IMAGING systems , *COOLING , *HIGH temperatures - Abstract
We have developed and installed a cryogenic sample chamber system to the soft x-ray microscope BL-12 at SR Center of Ritsumeikan University. The temperature of the specimens can be regulated continuously from 273 K up to 173 K. The cryogenic images of biospecimens have been taken. However, the resolution of the image was lower than that of the microscope. Therefore, the control method of LN2 and the sample chamber have been improved. The new chamber is compact, and LN2 flow is controlled with the LabVIEW program strictly. The compact chamber succeeded in high cooling efficiency, and the LN2 controlling system succeeded in high temperature stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
Catalog
Discovery Service for Jio Institute Digital Library
For full access to our library's resources, please sign in.