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The study aims to discuss the contract of forward exchange of money in Islamic Jurisprudence, where the general concept of exchange has been elaborated as well as the evidences of its legitimacy from Qur'an, Sunnah, Ijam (consensus) and Ma'aqul (rational justification). In addition, the study also deals with the contemporary economic concept of exchange. The banknotes has also been discussed with regards to its definition, Islamic ruling of conducting exchange contract in them particularly forward exchange. The methodology used were inductive and descriptive methods; the first one has been used to induce the most important issues related to forward exchange contract; while the later has been used to clarify the most significant Shari'ah rules and controls with regards to exchange and banknotes. The study finally concluded that exchange contract in general is permissible provided its rules and regulations such as receiving and equilibrium will be observed. The banknotes are similar to gold and silver, therefore, all the rules being applied to gold and silver should be applied on banknotes including prohibition of stream, paying Zakat and the permissibility of exchange contract with the exception of forward exchange contract on banknotes which is prohibited by Shari'ah. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paper currency has remained controversial since its advent, until the majority of the modern scholars agreed that paper currency is just like gold and silver, and all the rules and provisions regarding the/of homogeneous and heterogeneous exchange of gold and silver are applicable to paper currency. This viewpoint is widely adopted by prominent modern-day international academies of Islamic Jurisprudence and the same has been preferred by the majority of contemporary scholars in their books, dissertations and scholarly articles. On the contrary, there is a different opinion of majority of the scholars in Indian sub-continent. The reason behind this was that the viewpoint of Ḥanafi school of thought about legal effective cause (᾽illat) of Ribā i.e. weight is not found in paper currency, so the rules of Ṣarf (Exchange of gold and silver) are inapplicable. So, they opined that paper currency is like Fulūs (metal coins). Furthermore, to stop all the possible ways resulting to/in Ribā according to this opinion, they preferred the viewpoint of Imam Muhammad (R.A) regarding the metal coins and set some precautionary measures. However, the said standpoint has not been deliberated and contested in the contemporary jurisprudential research work as it deserved. This research aims to evaluate this viewpoint in detail, clarifying its roots and evidences while revealing its implications and comparing it with the view adopted by the majority of the contemporary scholars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the result of an email exchange which occurred following the publication of my 2020 paper, I have changed my view on LCOE, and wish to retract the argument I presented in 2019. The 2020 paper, which was based on the 2019 paper, is also thus invalidated. It turns out the conventional wisdom is right in this case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The volume of the asset investment and trading market can be expanded through the issuance and management of blockchain-based security tokens that logically divide the value of assets and guarantee ownership. This paper proposes a service model to solve a problem with the existing investment service model, identifies security threats to the service model, and specifies security requirements countering the identified security threats for privacy protection and anti-money laundering (AML) involving security tokens. The identified security threats and specified security requirements should be taken into consideration when implementing the proposed service model. The proposed service model allows users to invest in tokenized tangible and intangible assets and trade in blockchain-based security tokens. This paper discusses considerations to prevent excessive regulation and market monopoly in the issuance of and trading in security tokens when implementing the proposed service model and concludes with future works. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the mid-twentieth century, newspapers were published at nearly every prison in North America. These papers were written, edited, illustrated, and printed by imprisoned staffs, and they were exchanged between editors for journalistic peer review through a network they called the Penal Press. This article describes the methods of production, reception, and most of all distribution of these Penal Press papers, focusing on the practice of trading prison papers across great distances between readers at faraway institutions. It insists that to properly understand the Penal Press, its periodicals must be studied as a collection. The necessity of understanding the Penal Press in this way, however, is circumscribed by the fact that these papers have had no central depository and are scattered in numerous archives across the continent. As Reveal Digital's newly launched American Prison Newspapers database continues to add digitized versions of prison periodicals to its online collection, there is greater hope that a fuller history of the Penal Press will be possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are multiple positive effects of internationalization of Higher Education (HE) on enriching students' experiences in general and providing opportunities for exchange and development of all segments of university functioning. This paper aims to contribute to determining the role of institutional QA in promotion of the international cooperation in HE by analysing undergraduate students' perceptions on their international experience and comparing them to their home University. Individual experiences of students from the Southeast European University (SEEU) in North Macedonia, who participated in Erasmus exchange program in the last two academic years (2021/22 and 2022/23), with regard to the main quality assurance (QA) principles and measurements applied at their home University, are being considered. Their academic progress at the international universities is also taken into consideration. The aim is to collect firsthand information from the main stakeholders in the QA process about areas that can be further developed, as well as to position SEEU and self-check where it stands comparing and benchmarking it with some reputable European universities in order to better prepare its students for the international job market. SEEU has one of the most developed QA systems in the wider region, created and constantly being developed based on the international standards and guidelines and the long institutional experience. Thus, the paper also aims to contribute to defining some basic standards of internationalization of QA which would be recommended to the institutions from less developed, ITC (inclusiveness target countries) in order to assist them to place and welcome international students more successfully. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study a random-matching model of money in which a subset of people, called bankers, have known histories and the rest, called nonbankers, have unknown histories. Earlier, we showed that if there are no outside assets, then an optimal arrangement has bankers issuing objects, banknotes, that are used in trades involving nonbankers. Here, the same model is used to compare such exclusive use of inside money to the exclusive use of outside money. We show that the set of implementable outcomes using outside money is a strict subset of the set using inside money. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates the development of the market for influencer marketing in Sweden. It does so by focusing on the issue of 'stuff' sent to influencers. Such exchanges can be framed in different ways: e.g. stuff sent for the purpose of earning media, or as compensation for a marketing service. Drawing on the notion of framing in Callonian economic sociology, the paper identifies three 'framing practices': (1) framing the sending of stuff to influencers in individual exchanges, (2) reframing exchanges to put them in new light, or (3) preframing how exchanges ought to be performed. In efforts to frame exchanges of stuff, their broader context, and how stuff should be taxed, influencers, marketing professionals and the Swedish Tax Agency contribute to shaping the market for influencer marketing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The proliferation of cryptocurrencies and the remarkable expansion of novel economic practices associated with them pose an unprecedented challenge to established norms of taxation and market regulation. Drawing on two years of fieldwork, surveys, as well as big data analysis of the most valuable 100 cryptocurrencies' white papers and the terms of service agreements of all cryptocurrency exchange platforms, this paper proposes an evidence-based framework to design a novel regulation and taxation approach to cryptocurrencies and their markets by using the US as case study. This new framework calls for approaching cryptocurrencies as data money. Drawing on the material political economy of new digital financial practices, the paper locates the universe of taxable events and invisible/vague regulation areas by approaching exchange platforms as stacked economization processes. We need to make sense of these new economic spaces in order to imagine more effective regulative instruments addressing questions of economic actor protection and efficiency. The paper concludes by proposing a new instrument of taxation (Data Money Tax) and a dynamic regulative approach to cryptocurrency exchange platforms (Stack Regulation). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]