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Descriptive bibliometric analysis seeks to present the characteristics of published scientific papers that examine the phenomena of "women", "entrepreneurship" and "education". Using standard bibliographic and bibliometrics indicators, the specifics of publications from the point of publishing dynamics, belonging to different scientific areas, characteristics of a publication source, individual or joint authorship, geographical distribution, published content and citation metrics are presented. The research results rely on analytical tools provided by Scopus and BibExcel, while a Wordcloud text generator was used to create some of the graphical presentations. A total of 330 papers dated in the period from 1976 to 2020, were published in a total of 198 journals indexed in the SCOPUS database. Created as a result of individual research work or in collaboration with 811 different authors, the content of these works falls into one of 22 categories of research areas. The observed papers were cited by 4976 other documents indexed in the Scopus database. This study should be considered as a systematization of articles published in eminent scientific journals and should motivate other authors to conduct further researches in the field of bibliometrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technology-facilitated abuse (TFA), a consequence of structured gendered disadvantage, poses increasing harm to women survivors of intimate partner violence (IPV) and their children. This paper presents a small explorative transdisciplinary (social work and geography) study which aims to assess the knowledge of women professionals from four European countries (Estonia, Finland, Greece, and Northern Ireland) working in the area of IPV about TFA in general and in particular safety planning. The focus on safety planning is what distinguishes this research. The research findings indicate that the risk assessment of TFA is not always included in safety planning. Barriers, such as lack of professional knowledge, are reported. The paper ends with feminist insights about the risks of engaging in a reductionist approach when the focus becomes just the lack of knowledge per se, without accounting for the wider structural inequalities that exist within the context of patriarchal surveillance capitalism and which are primarily responsible for TFA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The marginalisation of female entrepreneurs in accessing credit is well documented. Yet, how female entrepreneurs navigate through the marginalisation to gain funding is under-explored. Design/methodology/approach: The authors address this gap using qualitative data from 30 female entrepreneurs in three neighbourhoods with varying socio-economic characteristics in Ghana's capital, Accra. Findings: The authors find a marked aversion to bank loans among respondents. Consequently, they nurtured trust in their social circles in order to facilitate access to informal credit from internal (e.g. family and friends) and external (e.g. trade credit, associations and religious organisations) sources. This aversion to loans from formal financial institutions (FFIs) had a socio-cultural aspect, including cumbersome application procedures, a deep-rooted fear of the social consequences of defaulting and religious prohibition against interest payment for Islamic traders. Social implications: This paper shows that providing formal access to credit is not enough to support women's entrepreneurship if the socio-cultural factors inhibiting women's access to credit from FFIs are not addressed. Originality/value: The findings suggest that trust is an important factor that bridges the gap in female entrepreneurs' access to funding given their heavy reliance on informal sources of funding. Peer review: The peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/IJSE-02-2023-0090 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crowdfunding is a growing source of finance for entrepreneurs. In this paper, we investigate the existence of a gender effect in the time needed to obtain a business loan through crowdfunding. Using data from three Dutch crowdfunding platforms, survival analysis of the time to completion for 934 business loan campaigns shows that female entrepreneurs have a 20% shorter campaign completion time compared to male entrepreneurs, whereas couples do not differ from males. This effect persists across the different platforms. Subsequent analysis shows that female entrepreneurs do not have the disadvantage they face in traditional lending channels when requesting funds through crowdfunding, and that herding behavior by investors benefits female entrepreneurs most. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The construction industry's male-dominated image, working ethos, and environment have led to an abysmal representation of women professionals in the workforce. The industry, the second largest employer in India, contributing 9% to India’s GDP has a mere 2% representation of women professionals (architects, site engineers, quantity surveyors, planning engineers, safety professionals, etc.) in employment. Manpower shortage continues to challenge the industry and poses an opportunity for women and employers alike. In this context, the paper aims to identify and evaluate the barriers and approaches to improve the wellbeing, safety, and health of women professionals at project sites thus increasing their share in employment. A mixed approach of questionnaire survey, interviews, and focused discussion was adopted. The top three barriers identified were – Long working hours and a culture that working long demonstrate work commitment, Remote and changing work locations of project sites impacting family life, and Inflexible work hours; while the top three approaches were – Providing appropriate sanitary facilities, Separate and clean restrooms and Evaluating performance based on output rather than hours put in. Results suggest that men and women shared a common perception of all barriers and approaches except for three. The findings will aid in advocating for women's wellbeing, safety and health at construction sites and spread the word about the value of gender mainstreaming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Family business has been widely discussed in the literature. Still, a holistic approach summarizing the family business concept in entrepreneurship is fragmented to date. This paper aims to explore the multimedia view of family business research in entrepreneurship and finds the key theme discussed by researchers. Design/methodology/approach: In this paper, a systematic literature review on family business and its role in entrepreneurship have been conducted. The literature review consists of bibliometric and content analyzes. Bibliometric research offers quantitative insights, whereas content analysis provides the qualitative evaluation of the literature. Findings: The findings suggest that recent research in this area focuses on exploring the role of women entrepreneurs and social entrepreneurship in the family business. The literature also finds that because of the nature of family businesses, successors get the opportunity to use their family's network, social status, financing and opportunity toward a well-developed market. Research limitations/implications: This paper may help researchers and practitioners to identify the past and current research trends related to family business and entrepreneurship. Originality/value: The concepts from network theory are applied for content analysis to identify and explore various family business and entrepreneurship literature sub-domains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Role that a women business person plays to battle joblessness should not be misjudged, particularly in nations with developing unemployment rates. This paper featured the systems embraced by women entrepreneurs to guarantee private venture accomplishment in Rajasthan. The fundamental aim of this paper is to distinguish techniques embraced by women entrepreneurs to stay practical and compelling in the market. They, accordingly, receive comprehensive marketing strategies to advance their ventures. Women entrepreneurs deliberately connect the "7Ps" of administration showcasing to improve the likelihood of addressing the clients' issues and needs. This paper likewise distinguished the impact of financial difficulties on the failure or success of women entrepreneurs. This paper may also cover the method of sustainable development used by the existing women-headed enterprises in Jaipur and Rajasthan. The findings of numerous investigate showed that the marketing strategies embraced by women entrepreneurs positively affect the accomplishment of organizations. Proposals were determined for women entrepreneurs to set aside some effort to examine the idea of difficulties other women have looked at in business. They potentially give answers for such issues before going into business. This paper highlights the connection between marketing strategy and women entrepreneurs in India, especially in Rajasthan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper was to study whether entrepreneurial performance can be explained by entrepreneurial orientation among female entrepreneurs in Kenya. This empirical research is based on the data from 301 small and medium enterprises (SMEs) located in Kenya. A linear multiple regression analysis on the effect of entrepreneurial orientation on entrepreneurial performance among female entrepreneurs was conducted. The paper focused on the five aspects of entrepreneurial orientation (risk-taking, innovativeness, pro-activeness, competitive aggressiveness, and, autonomy) and their ability to prompt entrepreneurial performance which was defined as firm performance, development of personal wealth, and social performance. Social performance was rather well predicted by entrepreneurial orientation (by 4 out of 5 aspects), whereas firm performance was only limitedly predicted by entrepreneurial orientation (only by 2 out of 5 aspects) and development of personal wealth was not predicted by entrepreneurial orientation at all (by 0 out of 5 aspects). On the other hand, we see that the entrepreneurial orientation aspects of innovativeness and pro-activeness have the most predictive value (for 2 out of 3 entrepreneurial performance indicators), whereas risk-taking and autonomy have only limited predictive value (for only 1 out of 3 entrepreneurial performance indicators) and competitive aggressiveness has no predictive value at all (for 0 out of 3 entrepreneurial performance indicators). The paper is based on own-collected empirical data. The paper indicates that the benefits of aligning high levels of entrepreneurial orientation are not unanimous but vary across the different aspects of entrepreneurial orientation and the different entrepreneurial performance indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Women establish their entrepreneurial projects for economic independence and to reduce vulnerability to poverty. The number of women engaged in entrepreneurial activities has increased as a result of access to business training and mentorship facilitated by non-governmental organisations. This paper advances empirical evidence in the field of social development and sustainable livelihoods. Using qualitative methodology, I present evidence from 20 women who were beneficiaries of a Non-Governmental Organisation's entrepreneurship training in the province of Gauteng, South Africa. Underscored by the sustainable livelihood approach, this paper deliberates three connected themes: motivational factors that promote women entrepreneurs, nurturing social networks, and navigating financial capital challenges. The paper affirms women entrepreneurship as a positive social development strategy to assist unemployed women to work towards economic self-reliance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Sustainability is viewed as an encompassing perspective, as endorsed by the international policy context, driven by the UN's Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). We aim to examine how women entrepreneurs transform capitals to pursue sustainability, and to generate policy insights for sustainability actions through tourism entrepreneurship. Design/methodology/approach: Applying qualitative approach, we have generated empirical evidence drawing on 37 qualitative interviews carried out in Turkey, whereby boundaries between traditional patriarchal forces and progressive movements in gender relations are blurred. Findings: We have generated insights into how women entrepreneurs develop their sustainability practice by transforming their available economic, cultural, social and symbolic capitals in interpreting the macro-field and by developing navigation strategies to pursue sustainability. This transformative process demonstrates how gender roles were performed and negotiated in serving for sustainability pillars. Research limitations/implications: In this paper, we demonstrate the nature and instrumentality of sustainable tourism entrepreneurship through a gender lens in addressing some of these SDG-driven challenges. Originality/value: We advance the scholarly and policy debates by bringing gender issues to the forefront, discussing sustainable tourism initiatives from the viewpoint of entrepreneurs and various members of local community and stakeholder in a developing country context where women's solidarity becomes crucial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper aims to understand resilience in entrepreneurial behavior and the major adversities faced by women entrepreneurs and identify theoretical and empirical bases that support the use of the integrative approach as appropriate to studies of resilience in women entrepreneurs. Design/methodology/approach: In this exploratory-theoretical study, the authors adopted a narrative review of the literature on Female Entrepreneurship, Business and Resilience. The databases researched were: Web of Science, Social Citation Index and Scopus, of which 52 were submitted to analysis through techniques of comparison and contrast between theory, classical studies and applied research. Findings: The study illuminates the concept of resilience aligned with entrepreneurship and the major adversities of female entrepreneurship. It also indicates the competence of the integrative approach in investigating and analyzing resilience as a complex, functional and emotional phenomenon between women entrepreneurs and their business environment. Research limitations/implications: This study indicates that the integrative approach can offer an explanatory device about the relationships between affectivity and cognition in the resilient behavior of women when encountering difficulties in the entrepreneurial process. It also indicates paths for future research that can empirically prove the degree of these constructs in the resilient behavior of women entrepreneurs, having the difficulties related to the gender stereotype as a point of interest. Practical implications: The contribution to the managerial field is to alert women entrepreneurs about the need to understand the role of affectivity and cognition in facing adversity to strengthen their resilient behavior. Social implications: The contribution to the managerial field is to alert women entrepreneurs about the need to understand the role of affectivity and cognition in facing adversity to strengthen their resilient behavior. Originality/value: This study provides original evidence that cognitive and affective aspects influence women's entrepreneurial behavior with the same degree of importance. Therefore, they must be investigated jointly. This discovery brings relevance to theoretical and empirical studies on this topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Italian Journal of Educational Technology is the property of Firenze University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: This paper discusses whether the gender dimension of immigrants influences their entrepreneurial activities in host societies. Human capital theory, social capital theory, and disadvantage theory are used to explore immigrant entrepreneurship and its understanding as a migration research field worthy of more attention. Design/methodology: A systematic review of the literature is used, selecting articles from Scopus, Jstor, Elsevier, Research, Web of Science, Google Scholar databases, Taylor & Francis Online and Google's search engine. The studies obtained between 2000 and 2021 were screened, and only those measuring the entrepreneurial spirit of immigrants on the basis of gender were included in the final data set. The revision of the selected paper provides deductive perspectives on a common trend in immigrant entrepreneurship from a gender perspective. Findings: Out of 200 studies, only 20 fulfilled the inclusion/exclusion criteria. Throughout these 20 studies, it was found that female immigrant entrepreneurs face many challenges in sustaining their businesses based on human capital, social capital, and disadvantage perspectives, as well as obtaining family support for their business activities. In some host societies, immigrant women entrepreneurs face discrimination not only because of gender but also because of discrimination on the basis of race. The dominance of male migrants in the host societies continues. Social implications: Female immigrant entrepreneurs face more difficulties than male immigrants in terms of human capital skills and possessing sufficient social capital skills to create an enterprise. Therefore, the study implies that destination countries(which are defined as those countries receiving immigrants and offering them domocile) should have start-up visa programs, specialized business incubator and accelerator programs, outreach and incentive programs, and other governmental strategies used to draw high-potential immigrant entrepreneurs. Originality/value: In this study, we specifically consider female immigrant enterprises to be as important as male enterprises in supporting the social and economic integration of immigrants. On the other hand, this study also shows the disadvantages female immigrant entrepreneurs face before and after establishing a business and starting their entrepreneurial activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose-Keeping in mind the close relationship of women and work life balance (WLB) in today's fast growing world, this paper aims to investigate the extant literature based on types of WLB, factors affecting WLB and coping strategies for the same in case of women entrepreneurs. This paper also paves way for future researchers, to work on the resultant gaps as well as unexplored areas of WLB through this literature work. It will be a support to the researchers ingeneral delving for systematism. Layout- Scholarly articles from related databases like Emerald insight, Google scholar andScience direct perused for the period 2001-2018. Outcomes- This paper provides a deeper insight intoWLB of women entrepreneurs, its types, affecting factors and coping strategies. Research implication/limitations- The various literature works on WLB of women entrepreneurs are presented in this paper based on eighteen scholarly articles only from three database, hence the paper should be viewed, pertaining to the selected sphere of study only. Originality- This paper gives a broad review on literature works related to WLB of women entrepreneurs and gives directions for researchers, policymakers and academicians in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Being a Women Entrepreneur in India is a path full of challenges as neither the society nor is the family supportive for budding business women. With the educational support and financial assistance provided by government of India, women are performing marvelous in every industry. Despite our nation's efforts to advance women's rights, there are social, cultural, and economic barriers that prevent women from starting their own businesses. The main issue is a lack of an entrepreneurial climate. There are certain blockages such as pressure to adhere gender roles, lack of family support especially to married ones, in the pathway to women entrepreneurship which are being highlighted in this paper. These female leaders are self-assured, charismatic, and risk-takers. Because of their diligence, tenacity, and hard effort, they were able to prevail in this fierce competition. Also, this paper will suggest some solutions to certain obstacles discussed. Different issues faced by female business owners can be eliminated with the help of suitable instruction, rewards, encouragement, and motivation, as well as the moral support of their families and social acceptance of their entrepreneurial ability. In conclusion, in every sphere of life, she has faced off against man and prevailed, and business is no exception. Women entrepreneurs take on demanding roles to fulfill their own needs and achieve financial independence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to identify the sources of work-family conflict among Iranian women entrepreneurs and bridge the academic gap in this area. In this regard, the paper tries to employ opportunity- and necessity-driven entrepreneurship theory. The qualitative approach was used by conducting 15 in-depth interviews with Iranian women entrepreneurs in the Semnan province. According to the results, Sources of work-family conflict for Iranian women entrepreneurs were categorized into: social, cultural, family, and personal categories. These sources are different from opportunity- and necessity-driven Iranian women entrepreneurs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of entrepreneurship is widely studied and acknowledged. Over the past three decades, scholarly interest in the field of women entrepreneurship has been expanded. The phenomena of women entrepreneurship are moving towards being more specific for researcher. The purpose of this study is to collate and present a detailed analysis of literature on women entrepreneurs. The paper uses qualitative methodology that is systematic literature review SLR approach in order to critically determine and explore women entrepreneurs for both emerging and developed market from January 2009 to December 2018 based on five dimensions, i.e. challenges, skills, stereotypes, motivations, and financial stability. This review paper concentrates on studies published in master journal list. The study summarizes the findings of 73 articles out of these all articles, 36 articles were on emerging market and remaining 37 articles were on developed market. Findings of the study suggest that women in developing countries should focus more on consistency in their efforts when they embark on the journey of business, as the challenges and stereotypes are usually manageable. The study provides comparative overview of women entrepreneurship. It brings together coherent research literature on women entrepreneurship from multiple dimensions and thus creates a concise body to knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Patriarchal, religious, and cultural values have consistently limited women's participation in the public sphere. Nowhere is this more evident than in entrepreneurial activities conducted in the public space. Therefore, the social media revolution is conceptualised as a mode of overcoming the restrictions and limitations on women's participation in the public sphere. More importantly, social media platforms are utilised as media for women's entrepreneurial activities. A cursory look at these platforms reveals that women, who would otherwise have no avenue for carrying out entrepreneurial activities by their limitation to the private sphere, utilise these platforms to actualise their entrepreneurial aspirations. As such, social media platforms present a means of ensuring women's inclusivity and empowerment in the economic sector, contrary to patriarchal, religious, and cultural challenges to women's public participation. However, utilising these platforms also presents its challenges. This paper, therefore, attempts a critical evaluation of the role of social media platforms in women's entrepreneurial activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With role models being seen as central for developing women as leaders, recent research has been critical of messages that contemporary elite businesswomen role models promote. But how do women actually relate to female business 'superstar' role models' messages? We argue that the implicit assumption that role models' effects may be understood through exploring exclusively the kind of messages they send is problematic. Through introducing active audience theory, specifically de Certeau's concepts of 'tactics' and 'strategy', to analyse interviews with women who read autobiographies of business celebrity role models, we identify three key tactics in which female role aspirants engage with role models' messages: tactics of confirmation, namely a selective adoption of intended messages; tactics of challenge, namely a contestation of messages; and tactics of change, through which unscripted meanings of collective consciousness and support for other women emerge. In doing so, the paper offers a novel way of theorising the influence of distant role models – as emerging from a process of co‐creation in the 'in‐between' space. We argue that theorising the role of models' influence as co‐creation allows us to systematically incorporate role aspirants' perceptions into the role‐modelling process and to further understand the unscripted and unforeseen effects of role models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article traces the history of Amélie de Dietrich in her role (1806 to 1855) as the head of one of the oldest family-owned businesses in Europe: the De Dietrich Company. Economic history has long given a very minor place to women entrepreneurs. Recent analyses nevertheless tend to show that women business leaders were not exceptions in the nineteenth century. This paper is a further attempt to bring women entrepreneurs – and their contribution to the industrial take-off – out of invisibility. Amélie de Dietrich took important strategic decisions to adapt the company to the new economic opportunities which arose in the first half of the nineteenth century. Her choices were decisive for the future of the company; what is more, she succeeded in restoring the familial ownership. Drawing on Amélie de Dietrich's own unpublished correspondence, this contribution examines the factors that explain her success in imposing herself as a Maître des Forges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This empirical paper investigates how the mompreneurs manage their businesses during the Covid-19 lockdown and how the pandemic affects their family. The role of a mother in a family encompasses the livelihood of the family members, which extends to the family’s financial standing. A mother’s role in a family ranges from a homemaker and, to a certain extent, a financial provider. In Malaysia, it was reported in 2018 that 60.2% of entrepreneurs are housewives. However, it is believed that many women are working at and from home with high cost of living, especially in urban areas. They become home-based entrepreneurs, especially during this unprecedented pandemic, i.e. Covid-19, and restricted by the Movement Control Order (MCO). This study adopted an exploratory qualitative study whereby six (6) mompreneurs who are operating their businesses from home were interviewed to understand how the pandemic and the lockdown have affected their lives. This paper further examines their coping mechanism to the pandemic and financial income during this crisis. Mompreneurs’ financial literacy is also observed in this paper to explore their financial understanding. This research is an exploratory study, and it only provides general ideas on how a home-based businesswoman survive and cope during the lockdown. The findings from this paper are suitable to be used as a benchmark for an extensive quantitative study in the future to further understand the behaviour of the mompreneurs, especially in Malaysia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper aims to examine the four specific dimensions, namely financial support, Government support, personal traits factors contributing to success, and challenges faced by rural women entrepreneurship. The focus was on the SME sector in Bengaluru, rural India. This paper uses a quantitative research methodology with a structured questionnaire. Data were collected using the face-face interview to study the fifty respondents of rural women entrepreneurs. The study highlights that Financial support, Government support, and personal traits play a significant role in encouraging rural women to engage in entrepreneurial activities and influence decisions. Each factor being interrelated, achieving the integration among them will considerably enhance entrepreneurial success. The main limitation is the narrow scope, emphasizing only four factors and their interrelations. There are implications for further work on other types of capital. The study being SMEs specific limits generalization. It contributes insights into the need for MSMEs examinations in the review of the literature. Rural women's entrepreneurship needs align with understanding government and institutional financial supporting factors and their interrelations. The role of Government and other institutions varies between prior and non-prior entrepreneurial experience. This study provides information on the role of Government and institutional financial support factors on rural women entrepreneurship. It contributes to a better understanding of how each variable is accumulated and utilized in rural women entrepreneurship development using SMEs' perspective in Bengaluru Rural, India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Building upon the gender role congruity theory, in this paper, we propose that the association between gender diversity and venture performance changes when roles played by individuals are not coherent with the gender-derived expectations of their ascribed social group. We test our theory in the context of early stage financing, investigating how gender diversity between entrepreneurs and VC managers influences the investment performance of VC-backed firms. Our sample consists of 5800 VC managers, who invested in 5075 different ventures in the period 2000–2019 and of 16,713 venture founders. We find that gender diversity is associated with better performance only when a female entrepreneur is matched to a male VC manager. Our analysis sheds light on the presence of several factors that moderate the observed association, related to the VC's ability to provide value-added services to the invested ventures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) throughout the world are facing a very complicated crisis due to COVID-19 pandemic and other structural challenges. This study is aimed at demonstrating the challenges faced by SMEs, particularly the struggles that women entrepreneurs of SMEs in Indonesia experienced to survive against these structural issues: COVID-19, digital presence and the male-dominated business sector in the country. Focusing on female-owned businesses in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, this paper carefully considers how social media platforms helped these businesses to continue. Using a descriptive quantitative approach, we collected data from 130 respondents and found that the COVID-19 pandemic has severely affected women entrepreneurs—especially those operating small and medium enterprises. They have experienced reduced income due to decreased sales, disrupted supply chains, difficulty paying credit instalments, and lack of access to government assistances. This study further sheds light on social media's important role in sustaining women-owned businesses. Facebook, WhatsApp, and Instagram have become the new tools through which women promote their products and reach new audiences. To overcome this issue, we advise a stronger government intervention to women-owned SMEs in the post-pandemic. Aside from managing social media for selling, we recommend women-owned small companies to internally intensify digital engagement, promotions, coupled by innovative products and attractive offers such as discounts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: When examining women's economic activity, it should be emphasised that related issues are a relatively new research direction, and an understanding of the specifics of the subject seems particularly important given that the number of women starting businesses in recent decades has been characterised by a permanent upward trend. The aim of this article is to present - against the background of the literature on the subject and empirical data collected by governmental institutions operating in the European Union - the entrepreneurial activity rate of women in Poland over a ten-year period (2012-2021). Materials and Methods: The article is based on reports and working papers published by Eurostat and the Central Statistical Office (CSO). To calculate the data presented in the publication, mathematical analysis tools were used in the field of comparative research, the occurrence of trends and the indication of existing trends and noticeable increases. Results: Poland's twenty-first position compared to other EU Member States points to unlimited development opportunities and the need to support this economic space at every level of economic activity. This conclusion is reinforced by the statistics achieved by the opposite sex - men - which showed an upward trend over the period studied (2012-2021). This is also confirmed by the value of the calculated median female gross salary, which is lower by EUR 126.2 than the median male gross salary in Poland. Practical implications: A defined indicator of female entrepreneurship will allow recommendations to be tailored for state bodies and local government institutions supporting women's economic activity in Poland as well as in other EU countries with a similar economic structure. Conclusion and summary: Visible discrimination against women appears in the analysis of the average gross salary at different organisational levels in Poland, which can be used as an argument to support and create additional aid programmes to support women's economic activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The analysis of female entrepreneurship in Serbia is the main topic of this paper. The analysis of entrepreneurship takes into account the underrepresentation of women in the self-employed population. Studies analyzing entrepreneurial intention, self-efficacy, and self-perceived employability similarly show a lower representation of women choosing the professional path of entrepreneurs. Studies on institutional support for women who participate in entrepreneurship programs are rare. Therefore, determining how participation in institutionally sponsored active labor market policy programs influences the growth of female entrepreneurship in Serbia is the purpose of this paper. According to the results of this research, Serbia has a substantial gender difference in self-employment. Less than one-third of business owners are women. Women made up almost half of those taking part in entrepreneurship training. In 2021 and 2022, they received more than half of all subsidies for entrepreneurs. However, these findings do not significantly affect the trend of self-employment in Serbia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Arenal.Revista de Historia de las Mujeres is the property of Arenal. Revista de Historia de las Mujeres and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

While the differences between men and women with regard to entrepreneurial activity is well-acknowledged, few scholars have explored models explaining the differences through an objectivist lens. This research addresses this gap by investigating the relationship between prior entrepreneurial exposure and entrepreneurial action, moderated by entrepreneurial competencies (ECs). This paper draws from two psychology theories to develop and test a three-factor model of entrepreneurial action. The structuration theory formulates a theoretical model that explains how entrepreneurs' interaction with their environment, and their concomitantly learned behavioral scripts (i.e., entrepreneurial competencies), impacts a newly formulated typology of entrepreneurial gestation activities based on the mindset theory of action phases. Furthermore, the ECs in this paper are drawn from a systematic framework of entrepreneurship competency development, which categorizes ECs into (1) entrepreneurial attitudes and personal characteristics and (2) entrepreneurial motives. By dividing entrepreneurial action into a predecisional, preactional, and actional phase, a novel approach is used in taking the context of the entrepreneurial process into account. It is proposed that prior entrepreneurial exposure is a significant and positive predictor of future entrepreneurial action in the predecisional and preactional phases. However, once entering the actional phase, this factor is no longer important, as women entrepreneurs have crossed the entrepreneurial Rubicon. The sample consists of South African entrepreneurs of which 346 women entrepreneurs and a sample of 804 male entrepreneurs are used to compare the results of the first hypothesis. Structural equation modeling (SEM) is used to model the relationship between prior entrepreneurial exposure and entrepreneurial action. Results confirm that prior entrepreneurial exposure in the form of role models, entrepreneurial parents, or any other form of exposure to entrepreneurship before starting a business is particularly important to encourage women to pursue business start-up (action). Furthermore, the development of certain ECs is crucial for improving the strength of the relationship between prior entrepreneurial exposure and entrepreneurial action for women entrepreneurs. These results have important implications for women entrepreneurs, educators, as well as entrepreneurship models, which have been traditionally male dominated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports on a study of women entrepreneurs running MSMEs in South Wales, a region characterised as having a weak entrepreneurial culture compared to other parts of the UK (Fotopoulos and Storey, 2017). One reason for this weakness is perceived to be a lack of entrepreneurship education and in this paper we investigate the hypothesis behind this - that more entrepreneurship education has a positive effect on business success. The investigation consisted of three parts; a set of 59 questions (n=150), followed by a series of face-to-face interviews (n=37), and finally some detailed discussions (n=5). The main finding is that the hypothesis that entrepreneurship education makes a positive contribution to the success of women entrepreneurs needs to be modified to reflect the fact that it is entrepreneurial learning through technologically enabled networks that has such an effect, as it no longer makes sense in the age of social media to separate education from asynchronous networked learning, or to separate the technology from the networking within that learning. The practical implication of this research is that enterprise education courses and programmes designed to support female entrepreneurs need to take better account of the way such women learn. The limitation of the research is that the sample is from a relatively technologically enabled population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Entrepreneurship is crucial for the development of any country. Starting a business is always challenging for people that want to become entrepreneurs, especially for women. It is necessary to encourage the development of entrepreneurship as a way of solving the unemployment rate of groups in the society that have a problem with the employment. Women are one of those special groups and that is also one of the reasons why women entrepreneurship is becoming a very important topic all around the world. The aim of the paper is to show the main characteristics of women entrepreneurship and to show the main problems that women are facing every day in a business world. Different recommendations for the improvement of women entrepreneurship in Croatia are presented in the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates how entrepreneurs achieve a sense of purpose or, more precisely, eudaimonic well-being—the experience of a good and meaningful life. We explore this in the context of women entrepreneurs participating in a business training program in Nigeria. Specifically, we conduct mixed-methods research, starting with an inductive qualitative Study 1 of what eudaimonic well-being means for these entrepreneurs. We find that, in the context of their enterprises, eudaimonic well-being implies opportunities to experience self-cultivation, mastery, social recognition, and to benefit others in the community. Unexpectedly, the women in our study also experience eudaimonic well-being related to their households. These initial insights inform theory in Study 2 on how enterprise-related learning (i.e., acquiring and assimilating knowledge regarding the enterprise) and household-related learning (acquiring and assimilating knowledge regarding the household) influence their eudaimonic well-being, itself driven by strong social ties with other women entrepreneurs in the training program. Hypotheses testing through a quantitative study of 484 women entrepreneurs in Nigeria over time corroborates the theory. Our research provides a contextualized perspective of "purpose" in entrepreneurship and how to achieve it: by developing strong social ties, enabling enterprise- and household-related learning, women entrepreneurs in our context initiate greater eudaimonic well-being, beyond improving firm performance. Supplemental Material: The online appendices are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2021.15341. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Al-Adab / Al-ādāb is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Research dealing with the adoption of various precision agriculture technologies has shown that guidance and recording tools are more widespread than reactive ones (such as variable rate technology), with much lower utilization rates in European case studies. This study aims to analyze the propensity to innovate variable rate technologies among young Italian farmers. A cluster analysis was carried out revealing four groups. The first two groups represent non-adopters who think technological innovation is very complex from a technical point of view, as well as not very accessible as capital-intensive technology. The third and fourth groups represent adopters. The third reports an early level of adoption, still considering the cost of access a major barrier to technology implementation. The fourth, on the other hand, shows a more intensive level and considers the lack of institutional support a major limitation. The cluster with the most intensive adoption is characterized by the youngest age group, the farms with the largest size, and a prevalence of female entrepreneurs. The need for management training in day-to-day business operations upon adoption is detected for all groups. This paper identified relevant drivers and barriers in characterizing the adopting farm of variable rate technologies. Results may offer insights to the policy maker to better calibrate support interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Indonesian Journal of Business & Entrepreunership is the property of IPB University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: The objective of this study is to provide a general overview regarding the increased inequality due to Covid-19 in various areas and this all had an integrated effect on women-owned small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) across the globe and in Vietnam. Research Design & Methods: The data is collected using various research papers and the reports accessing the inequalities across the world and in Vietnam. The methodology used is compiling the various reports to provide general overview as how Covid-19 has fuelled existing inequalities and providing overview of the situation the women-owned SMEs are facing in this challenging time of pandemic. Findings: The results from the study suggest that the inequalities in various areas have increased such as inequality between and within different countries, employment sector inequalities, gender inequalities, educational inequalities, age-related inequalities and all these has created a wider gap between the barriers faced by men and women across the globe. The women-owned SMEs has found to have the higher challenges in Vietnam as compared to men-owned SMEs. Implications & Recommendations: The current literature identified the increasing inequalities of women in various countries and particular in SMEs in Vietnam. There are several studies conducted in developed countries to determine the challenges faced by women entrepreneurs, but there is dearth of studies conducted in Vietnam, especially to study the effect of Covid-19 on the women entrepreneurs. It is important to conduct this kind of study in Vietnam on women SMEs to study the impact of Covid-19 to understand the barriers the women might have faced and how the government can provide the appropriate support to women entrepreneurs in the future which further can help in empowering the women in Vietnam and helping the economy to grow. Contribution & Value Added: This paper provides the general overview of increased inequalities in various areas and in particular women-owned SMEs in Vietnam which is not summarized in earlier studies conducted in Vietnam and hence this study aims to contribute to fill this gap in the literature and provided an avenue for the future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Entrepreneurship is promoted as a solution to high rates of youth unemployment around the world and especially in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). This paper investigates the potential for youth entrepreneurship to alleviate unemployment, focusing on Egypt, Jordan and Tunisia. Design/methodology/approach: The authors examine who entrepreneurs are (in comparison to the unemployed), using multinomial logit models. The authors compare entrepreneurs' and wage workers' working conditions and earnings. They exploit panel data to assess earnings and occupational dynamics. They specifically use the Labor Market Panel Surveys of 2012 (Egypt), 2016 (Jordan), and 2014 (Tunisia), along with previous waves. Findings: The authors find that entrepreneurs are the opposite of the unemployed in MENA. The unemployed are disproportionately young, educated and women. Entrepreneurs are older, less educated and primarily men. Entrepreneurship does not generally lead to higher earnings and does have fewer benefits. Originality/value: Promoting youth entrepreneurship is not only unlikely to be successful in reducing youth unemployment in MENA, but also, if successful, may even be harmful to youth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the Covid-19 pandemic, most of the population in the country has lost their livelihood. A lack of income sources and the closing of industries led to hardship. Unpredictable natural crises had a significant impact on business growth and profitability, and simultaneously it has led to a rise in insolvencies and unemployment. Entrepreneurs have emerged as the primary contributors in generating sustainable livelihood in the post-Covid-19 pandemic with their practical innovations, techniques and creating income opportunities for others. It is essential to support MSMEs (micro, small, and medium-sized firms) in India because of their importance to the country's economic growth, job creation, and ability to manufacture globally competitive goods. The majority of women populations are involved in the development of micro-level enterprises. Rural women entrepreneurs have emerged as a comparatively prosperous occurrence and becoming increasingly relevant in India. This paper is based on the West Singhbhum district of Jharkhand state and grounded on the study population's primary and secondary data. The report aims to identify the impact of covid-19 on small entrepreneurs and describe various available income opportunities that can be generated through micro-entrepreneurial activity among rural women. The expected concluding remark of this paper would be suggesting the necessity of micro-entrepreneurship options as an integral part of the source of income among women in the rural scenario. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mentoring is vital to developing talent. A critical puzzle in designing mentorship programs involves how mentors are matched to mentees: Would mentees benefit more from mentors with a similar or different demographic background? The article [Germann F, Andersen S, Chintagunta P, Vilcassim N (2024) Frontiers: Breaking the glass ceiling: Empowering female entrepreneurs through female mentors. Marketing Sci., 43(2):239–468] highlights that women entrepreneurs benefit more from having women as mentors relative to men as mentors. In this commentary, I highlight how the implications of this paper depend in part on our understanding of the potential mechanisms underlying the benefits of same-gender mentoring relationships for women. I posit that these benefits stem from differences not only in mentors' provision of psychosocial support but also in their coaching and sponsorship behaviors. By considering these different mechanisms, I propose an alternative implication that involves training mentors to engage in more appropriate coaching and sponsorship behaviors. Thus, I expand the implications of this article from mentor matching to mentor training. I propose that, by learning how effective mentors coach and sponsor women, mentors in cross-gender relationships can be better equipped to help their mentees. History: Catherine Tucker served as the senior editor for this article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Female entrepreneurship is still a limited phenomenon in European countries and its promotion ranks high on the EU policy agenda. Various frameworks have been offered to explain the main structural differences in entrepreneurship between men and women, emphasizing a variety of underlying factors. With a novel approach, this paper argues that due to a process of generation renewal the numerical difference between male and female entrepreneurship will diminish. Generation replacement is seen by sociologists and other social scientists as the motor behind cultural renewal. Our core interest in this paper in developing such a dynamic interpretation within the European context is the role of different generations (Silent Generation, Babyboomers, Generation X, Millennials). Younger cohorts of females are hypothesized to be more pro entrepreneurship and pro self-employment both in terms of attitudes, intentions, and behaviors, compared to older cohorts. They are furthermore assumed to converge with their male generation members in this regard. This paper empirically tests these two hypotheses by analyzing multi cross-sectional European data from the Eurobarometer over a span of thirty-five years (1980-2015). Results show that this generational approach sheds new light on explaining trends in female entrepreneurship. We find evidence of an increased growth in female entrepreneurship that can be attributed to generation replacement. This rise in total female entrepreneurship is characterized by diversity among European countries in the study. Positive attitudes toward entrepreneurship are essential to considering future self-employment. Education is a key factor. Female entrepreneurship, it is predicted, will become more prominent in Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A ceaseless and often heated debate about gender-bias businesses continues to perpetuate a slanted but popular portrayal of male-prowess in successful business ventures and male-dominated corporate stewardship in every conceivable aspect of operating, managing, driving and growing business, technology and innovation every time and any time since yesteryears and until today. This paper, not seeking to challenge the mendacity of this pervasive-myth of male entrepreneurship start-ups nor diminishing its leadership-dominant influence, attempts to reinforce the verity about women entrepreneurs, whose insidious but unannounced entry into various business ventures in the threshold of exclusive male-entrepreneurship domain has already started over the years. The purpose of this paper therefore is to verify the determinants of women entrepreneurial success in terms of ascertaining skills development (business attributes), entrepreneurial competencies (entrepreneurial practices) and personal traits of target-respondents through a self-administered google-form usage questionnairesurvey in the Klang Valley of Malaysia. A pilot study and subsequent survey-findings analysis using the Cronbach's a test was conducted to test the reliability of the data collected, including a correlation analysis using the SPSS software to validate the acceptance or rejection of the research hypotheses. The results suggested that entrepreneurial competencies, out of the three-factor determinants of women entrepreneurial success, is ranked most influential among women-owned SMEs in Malaysia. A breakdown analysis suggests that 67 percent of the majority respondents asserted diligence ('hard work') as the first personal trait accountable for entrepreneurial success, followed by 65 percent respondents on the ability to endure challenges during economic or business downturn, and 64 percent of the respondents on willingness to take risks. Furthermore, formal education - irrespective of its level and specialization including literacy and ability to identify opportunities and market trends - is cited as a significant factor affecting entrepreneurial ventures. The accepted hypotheses confirm that the successful women entrepreneurs - from diverse ethnic backgrounds and life experiences - have common certificated qualifications, family support and network-social relationships to acquire skills-set to explore entrepreneurial opportunities. These determinants of their success, abetted by a blend of personality traits and behavioural orientation, can provide useful pointers for policy-makers and business community to further engage and strategize potential women entrepreneurs for country economic wealth creation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to analyze the average level of matching the self-assessment and real-life scenario digital competences questions of Serbian female entrepreneurs using an online survey. The authors focused on the questions which belong to the first two areas of the Digital Competence Framework (DigComp). The online survey consisted of four general, and 71 self-assessment and lifescenario combined questions. The survey was distributed and used from the 5th February until the 5th March 2021. Results showed that the average matching levels of both areas were higher than 50% (medium). On the other side, according to the authors, they were not on a satisfactory level. The females' best performances in matching (above 80%) were in the "Browsing, searching, and filtering data, information and digital content" (segment of the first area) and "Interacting through digital technologies" (segment of the second area). Opposite, respondents' lowest matching level performances were in the "Managing data, information and digital content" (part of the first area) and "Sharing through digital technologies", and "Engaging in citizenship through digital technologies" (part of the second area). The results of the conducted research show that female entrepreneurs should pay more attention to required competences for organizing data in digital environments and on competences directed to digital society services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]