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A satirical weekly paper called theGrub-Street Journal(GSJ1730–1737)offered an innovative approach to managing the flow of unverified and contradictory reports that accompanied the growth of newspapers in eighteenth-century London. Using the fictional persona of ‘Quidnunc’ (a contemporary term for news addicts), the editor Richard Russel compiled accounts of the same event from several newspapers and juxtaposed them on the page, thereby revealing their similarities and differences. Russel’s manual version of news ‘aggregation’ exposed errors and contradictions, but it also provided readers with details that would have otherwise required consulting several sources. Meanwhile, Quidnunc interjected ironic remarks, poking fun at the pretensions of news writers, politicians, and others. Anchored in the literary culture of its time, and drawing on learned traditions of textual editing, theGSJoffered readers an eighteenth-century version of media criticism through satire. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article uses a new method to gauge eighteenth-century crime. It counts the crimes committed against metropolitan London's justices noted in newspapers and in the Old Bailey Sessions Papers, and finds crime more prevalent than current historiography acknowledges. The article contests current claims that the manner in which newspapers noted crime constructed their readers' perception of crime, making their readers believe crime was much more horrific, and the judicial system much more just, than readers would otherwise have thought they were. The article also argues that some crimes were attacks on the powerful because they were powerful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the development of educational institutions and buildings in one slice of a big city over a long timescale. The city is London and the slice Battersea, an inner suburb of mixed character and volatile fortunes. The narrative explores the shifts and interactions between state and voluntary provision, local community needs and architectural fashion. Though the specifics of the story are naturally unique to the district, it is likely to be representative of the record of other British metropolitan areas during the same years. The paper is constructed in such a way as to draw out these potentially common strands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

London's Great Stink of 1858 has been seen as the event that forced MPs to instigate large-scale sanitation improvements, which remain the basis of the city's sewer system to the present day. This paper re-examines the Great Stink by investigating attempts to mitigate stench before 1858 through architectural intervention. Parliamentary ventilation systems were initially designed to withstand surrounding miasma through the application of metabolic concepts of organization, the building being conceived as a body that was in danger of becoming poisoned by its environment. Yet construction was beset by difficulties that led to the disintegration of system ideals and the adoption of a new ventilation philosophy that was highly susceptible to external pollution: when environmental degradation reached its zenith in 1858, MPs were left unprotected. Since the ventilation systems can therefore be said to have played a part in creating the Great Stink, we argue that their history — which emphasizes a complex relationship between technoscience, the socio-political, the built environment, and nature — is crucial in understanding the event. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1908, London hosted the fourth Olympic Games. A centrepiece of the Olympics, still in a nascent form after their creation in 1896, was the marathon, a foot-race of approximately 40 km. The race was run from Windsor Castle to the Olympic Stadium at Shepherd's Bush in July 1908, and quickly became famous for its controversies, such as the judges' assistance that helped Dorando Pietri over the line, and the questionable amateur status of Canadian runner Tom Longboat. This paper will concentrate on the route of the race: on how it was planned by the Polytechnic Harriers, how it was managed on the day, how it contributed to the development of 'marathon fever' after the Olympics, and what it tells us about the growing suburban landscape of Edwardian London and its hinterlands. The paper will end with a survey of the route today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As London grew north and west in the eighteenth century, wealth settled on the new-built streets of the Cavendish-Harley (later Portland, now Howard de Walden) estate. This paper describes how, why and where individuals enriched through the East India Company came to ground in this part of London. The cases of Francis Shepheard, scion of an important company family, Governor Robert Adams, in flight from Tellicherry, his nephew Robert Orme, the historian of India, General Richard Smith, a notorious ‘Nabob’, and a few others elucidate the market-based origins and accidental then deliberate consolidation of this settlement and stand for many more East India Company names about whom at this point less is known. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Immediately after the 1666 Great Fire, Christopher Wren sought to persuade King Charles II to rebuild London according to the best principles of baroque urbanism, with wide straight streets, axial symmetry, monumental endpoints, and a waterfront with open quays. The plan was quickly rejected as impracticable and Wren's creative energy went into the design of St Paul's Cathedral and more than fifty parish churches. But his scheme was memorialized by his son and grandson as a scandal of lost opportunity, a noble vision 'unhappily defeated by faction'. Widely reproduced by print-makers, it gained iconic status, influencing street improvement in eighteenth-century London, nineteenth-century public health reform, late-Victorian advocacy of municipal autonomy, and twentieth-century planning controversies including the Paternoster Square redevelopments of 1955 and 2000. The paper shows how archival research disproving the received narrative of Wren's plan opened the way for different understandings both of the planning legacy of reconstruction after the Great Fire, and of his own accomplishments as a Renaissance architect working within a mediaeval street plan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasingly diverse character of London's multicultural landscape has shaped how migrants interact with(in) the different spaces of the city. This process entails both settled and incoming migrants' participation in place-making; a mutual imbrication that might promote the long-settled migrants' evocation of a lost terrain. This article unpacks that process by looking at the Latin American social football scene of South London, specifically a space known asla cancha(the pitch). This was founded by Chilean political refugees during the 1970s and it has incorporated Latin American ‘economic’ migrants and ‘local’ Britons through time. Starting from the evocation of a lost ‘golden age’ ofla cancha, the paper unpacks this space's contested, complex and changing nature. It presents diaspora space, community and belonging as lived processes. Through this depiction, the assumptions of homogeneous and isolated migrant communities are challenged, as are the diaspora's nostalgic claims that also emerge from them. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper explores the personal and public photography taken in the 1960s by Joseph Denfield, a well-known South African ethnographic photographer and amateur historian in East London. We argue that his collection allows for a critical reflection on the narratives of the history and culture of East London during this period. Drawing attention to the economic, infrastructural, political and cultural changes that the city underwent from the 1950s onward, we place Denfield's images alongside such changes noting the ways they offer a silent critique of the ‘dismantling’ of the city's colonial past, and in turn draw on the discursive trope of ‘salvage anthropology’ to ‘redeem’ such a past. His images are melancholic and nostalgic, documenting a city in ruins. They lament the passing of an era and the collapse of a particular kind of city. Some of his photographs were deeply personal and private, but they are also of great public significance because they now provide the cornerstone of a heritage-driven representational history of a city which, we argue, effectively has no modern history. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper examines the development of road freight transport operations to, from, and within London, from medieval times to the present. Until the twentieth century, road transport was the dominant mode within London but was less important for goods moved between the rest of the country and the capital. However, since the mid-twentieth century, road transport has also dominated goods movements to and from London, mainly through technological developments in goods vehicle speed and size. Since the introduction of a Mayor of London in 2000, there has been much interest in the efficiency and sustainability of road freight transport measures at a London level. Analysis suggests that present day journeys from London generate approximately four times fewer vehicle miles per tonne lifted than in the 1830s and nine times fewer than in the 1690s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the later careers of two almost entirely forgotten Bohemian Neo-Latin poets, Venceslaus Clemens (1589-1637), and Jan Sictor (1593-1652). These men were among the many Protestant academics displaced by the Thirty Years War, but unlike some of their better-known contemporaries, Clemens and Sictor were abject failures. Nevertheless, their failure illustrates the miserable lot of the displaced continental academic in the period, unable to adapt fully to new and challenging circumstances. This aspect of the literary and intellectual impact of the Thirty Years War has been understandably underplayed, but stories of failure are nevertheless instructive and indeed essential for a balanced picture of the intellectual impact of war. This study employs archival and bibliographical evidence to reconstruct the biographies and fortunes of these two men as they tried their luck, with very limited success, in the Low Countries and England in the 1630s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

If women in London in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries sought the perfect crime in which to participate, selecting receiving stolen goods provided excellent opportunities for profit and little chance of punishment. Low conviction rates, combined with the fact that no behaviour outside of gendered expectations was required in its commission, made dealing in stolen goods relatively easy for women in the metropolis. Although this particular offence has not been deeply analysed by historians of crime, its commission did alarm contemporaries, including members of the legal community and social commentators. This paper explores accusations against females in London for receiving, as well as the important roles that familial relationships and work played in their indictments for the crime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses judicial records of the Sheriffs' Court of London and the royal Court of Common Pleas at Westminster to investigate whether the concept of a later medieval 'Golden Age' of female opportunity, as Caroline Barron has posited, is indicated by London's legal customs, as reflected in quantitative evidence of London women's court appearances and the types of cases in which they were litigants. It offers an introduction to economic and legal aspects of the 'Golden Age debate' and other quantitative investigations of women in later medieval courts; presents a comparative pre-plague to post-plague analysis of London women in the London Sheriffs' Court and royal Court of Common Pleas; and places trends regarding London women within a national context. It is concluded that women in London, as elsewhere in England, were less likely to act as litigants in the post-plague era, suggesting a general tightening up of patriarchal control over women's public activities that is inconsistent with a socially expressed 'Golden Age' of women in later medieval London. But, some evidence is presented that London women may nevertheless have enjoyed slightly enhanced economic opportunities in the fifteenth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the mid-19th century, the migration of people into London was at its height. Studies of gross and net migration patterns from other regions demonstrate the importance of London as a goal destination, but until now the underlying structure of migration movements was difficult to access due to the volume of material involved. This paper exploits the recent indexing of the currently available censuses to identify the individual migration behaviour of young men from Devon, Norfolk and Sussex to London. Findings relating to the size and locality of source places, occupational backgrounds, kinship and to residential and occupational choice upon reaching London are presented for each county. The importance of information as a spur to migration is underlined and differing responses in terms of occupation are attributed to distance depreciation of such information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the mid-19th century, the migration of people into London was at its height. Studies of gross and net migration patterns from other regions demonstrate the importance of London as a goal destination, but until now the underlying structure of migration movements was difficult to access due to the volume of material involved. This paper exploits the recent indexing of the currently available censuses to identify the individual migration behaviour of young men from Devon, Norfolk and Sussex to London. Findings relating to the size and locality of source places, occupational backgrounds, kinship and to residential and occupational choice upon reaching London are presented for each county. The importance of information as a spur to migration is underlined and differing responses in terms of occupation are attributed to distance depreciation of such information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is concerned with 17 firework loanwords that were advertised in the London newspapers in the eighteenth century. In the preceding century, fireworks were largely restricted to warfare. In the early eighteenth century, they were fired locally for entertainment, but the practice of the public firework display really took off after the Green Park display of 1749. Firework displays then became a staple attraction in certain pleasure-gardens. The predominant expertise at the time was Italian, and Italian vocabulary filtered down to local fireworkers and into their advertisements. It is suggested that this technical vocabulary is unlikely to have been understood by many readers. It could easily have been translated, but the display-promoters chose to keep the foreign terms, presumably in order to align fireworks with other fashionable, non-essential commodities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the interaction in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries of the five cloth-making trades - burellers, weavers, fullers, shearmen, and dyers - with the drapers who sold the cloth. The drapers initially sold imported cloth, and the burellers made and sold cheap Candlewick cloth. With the replacement of imported by local cloth, weavers, fullers and shearmen made cloth, much of it of high quality, which they sold to drapers. Drapers also purchased provincial cloth. In the fifteenth century, drapers turned almost exclusively to provincial cloth, some of which they exported themselves and some of which they sold to other merchants, particularly aliens. Much provincial cloth was dyed and finished in London prior to sale, so that many shearmen, dyers and fullers prospered, while the weavers declined; those continuing to weave mostly moved to the suburbs. Drapers expanded their overseas trade, selling finished cloth to southern Europe, and cloth to Antwerp, becoming the second largest company of cloth exporters after the Mercers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published in London between 1839 and 1852 and aligned with the commercial objectives of the New Zealand Company, the New Zealand Journal included letters from emigrants. This paper studies letters written by a small cohort of rural labourers who emigrated from Ham House in Surrey to Wellington in 1841. Following Dorothy Smith, I read them as ethnographic data, interrogating them in relation to ruling-class texts including Company records, newspaper reports and correspondence between capitalists, professionals and politicians. The labourers' letters depict capital-labour (class) and colonial (race) relations in embodied form. The everyday actualities of their activities were co-ordinated by extra-local social relations of colonialism and flows of capital and labour. Their schooling in England had been designed to 'keep them in their place'. With reference to the sparse archival resources remaining from the first years of commercially-driven settlement, before there was an apparatus of state, I consider how changing material conditions in the settlement enabled and constrained learning opportunities for these labourers' children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Department stores in London's West End, generally established during the nineteenth century, had become important elements of the physical landscape by the interwar period. They were of both economic significance and iconic status, and contributed to the wider commercial and social life of the metropolis. Not all survived the twentieth century, however. Despite recovery in the immediate post Second World War period, by the 1970s and 1980s they were often referred to as anachronisms and several closed. This paper suggests that while some failed to compete, others successfully developed the key area of fashion retailing. Whatever their retail and marketing strategies, the stores were all vulnerable to the acquisition tactics of retail entrepreneurs and property magnates, especially in the aggressive central London property market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The invention of photography in the late 1830s is conventionally framed in terms of simultaneous rival developments by a few well-known figures in England and France. Less attention has been paid to how early photography was shaped by a wider cast of individuals placed in both metropolitan and regional networks of science and applied arts. Drawing in particular on recent studies on networks and the geography of science, this article examines the significant but frequently overlooked contributions made to early photography by the chemist and popular science writer Robert Hunt (1807–87) as a way to open up questions about the spatial networks of early photography. Based in southwest Britain, and from a relatively humble background, Hunt experimented widely with early photographic processes. He used correspondence with key figures of Victorian science, notably Sir John Herschel, to share his knowledge and build a reputation within influential networks of early science and publishing. This article argues that Hunt’s foundational contributions to early photography – which were widely recognised in the half century after his death – need to be better appreciated and understood within the setting of spatial networks of science and applied arts at various scales. These include regional networks, such as those in Cornwall; metropolitan circles in London; national networks, such as the British Association for the Advancement of Science; and national and international networks of publishers and readers. As an examination of Hunt’s work demonstrates, accounts of early photography may profit from paying more attention to the networks and places in which photographers, photographs and writings on photography were located. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The place of London in the Irish Revival is sometimes overlooked, yet, at the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the city served as a place where Irish political and cultural identities were reinvigorated amongst the migrant community there and fed directly into events back home. The experience of living in London, at one remove from Ireland, appears to have reinforced a sense of belonging and nationhood for many writers, the most prominent of which was Yeats. This article examines the life and work of Winifred M. Patton, a gifted Irish writer and nationalist who lived there between 1893 and 1914. Whilst she never achieved the same reputation as some of her contemporaries, Patton, nevertheless, published widely in Irish nationalist newspapers of the time. Apart from writing poetry, short stories and essays, she was also active in political and cultural organisations such as the Gaelic League and the Irish Fireside Club helping ferment Irish nationalist aspirations at a crucial turning point in British–Irish relations. Based on new research into an archival collection of Patton's papers, this article examines the relationship between migration, gender and nationalism and the role of literature in mediations of cultural identity in the Irish diaspora. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Do elected mayors represent a wider shift from "government to governance" whereby they are equipped with new powers to tackle some of the realities of the changing world around them, or can they be identified with an emerging "post-democratic politics" in which the mass of the population are disengaged from formal democratic institutions that are increasingly business-led? These possibilities act as a backdrop for a detailed discussion of the historic problems associated with governing London over the last 20 years, New Labour's subsequent proposals for both an elected mayor and the Greater London Authority and its various functions, and the sensationalised and controversial mayoral election campaign. Tomaney stresses the weak and restricted nature of the incumbent Livingstone administration. His conclusion is that Livingstone's left wing origins make him less susceptible to the corporate world of "post democratic politics". Yet, the ability of Livingstone to balance the daily needs of Londoners with those of global business interests, or to acknowledge the voices of the marginal and radical groups, still remains to be seen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is both (a) an exercise in historical recovery in that it details some of the events surrounding the founding of the City and Guilds of London Institute and describes the way in which the Institute set about the building and running of two of its colleges, the City and Guilds Technical College, Finsbury, and the Central Institution in South Kensington (new archival detail is added to what is already known of this history) and (b) an attempt to interpret the above material in terms of various forms of association within the City Corporation and the guilds. Collectively the City and the guilds made an effort to come to terms with a modernizing world through the means of providing scientific and technical education. The guilds wanted to remain important even though traditional apprenticeship was dying out. In joining in a new venture to provide technical education for young people it was necessary to maintain an order in which the City's presence was clear and apparent. This paper will show how such an order was achieved and, in so doing, it shows something more generally of the relationship of tradition and rhetoric to institution building. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of European Review of History is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

With remarkable consistency, the history of Jewish migration westward from Eastern Europe has been narrated and analyzed as the outcome of interaction between a familiar triad of forces: first, a population of immigrants whose vibrant religious practice and confrontational politics led to conflict with the pre-existing communal leaders and institutions; second, an acculturated community of established Jews; and, third, a majority population liable to be hostile to both foreigners and Jews. The immigrants’ acculturation is seen to follow from the interventions of reform and philanthropy and a process of change over generations. This essay provides a critical examination of the current orthodoxy by examining the case of Jewish immigration to London in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. It begins with a consideration of the historiography and historical sources that have given rise to the predominant interpretation. It goes on to excavate patterns, practices, and social relations that suggest a different and new perspective on the history of Jewish integration. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The data collected by the New Survey of London Life and Labour between 1928 and 1932 is one of the most significant resources of detailed household information for the interwar period, with data extracted for almost 30,000 households, providing detailed information including birthplaces, hours of work, and wages. This article assesses the process of the original data collection, highlighting issues that mean users of the extracted data must proceed with a measure of caution. In particular, it demonstrates that one investigator employed by the survey, who provided information for around a fifth of households, appears to have regularly submitted generic and estimated information that problematizes the dataset. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Copyright of Annals of the American Association of Geographers is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Housing history has been part of the mix of articles in The London Journal from its inception in 1975. The housing articles cover a wide period of London's history from early modern times to the contemporary city, and they track the major changes in historical method and sources that have become available over the last forty years. As has been noted by others, the contemporary has fallen out of the coverage, which is a pity since the housing debate in the capital has become more insistent, and it would seem that housing history has much to offer, not in the way of answers, but with strategies from the past for dealing with a perennial and intransigent problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a contribution to the fortieth anniversary celebrations of The London Journal, this article provides an overview of the twenty-seven articles which it has published about crime and criminal justice since its inception. While few articles were published in its early years, there has been a big increase in articles published in the last decade, pushing the Journal into the forefront of the historiography on these topics. A survey of the recurring themes in articles about crime, policing, justice, and punishment leads to the conclusion that what is distinctive about London crime is not its severity or frequency, but the depth of evidence the records of its prosecution provide about the distinctive features of metropolitan life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the numerous adolescents, many from the South London boroughs of Lewisham and Deptford, who lied about their age when joining the 11th (Lewisham) Battalion Royal West Kent Regiment in 1915. It focuses on their motivations for enlisting underage, highlighting the 'push' effects of particular features of working-class family life and the local labour market and the 'pull' effects of army recruitment policies and the increasing militarization of society as the war proceeded. Despite a minority causing the army major problems during the period of training, most of them conformed to military discipline and became useful recruits. Parents' objections to the enlistment of their sons were muted, at least until the battalion was sent overseas in May 1916, after which the army authorities tried, not always successfully, to keep the under-aged out of the firing line. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article details work which has, for the first time, delivered a comprehensive catalogue of 17th- and 19th-century dated English glass bottles with applied seals derived from archaeological excavations in London by MOLA (Museum of London Archaeology) and its predecessors. This text introduces the cataloguing methodology employed, reviews the historiography of bottle seal studies and summarizes the survey results. We consider, among other issues, the context and parallels behind individual seal designs, their chronologies, geographies of their movement and spaces of use in early Modern London. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the relation of botanist and garden designer John Claudius Loudon to the development of landscape architecture as a profession. Topics include Loudon's influence on urban planning in London, England, his editorship of the periodical "Gardener's Magazine," and the interdisciplinary nature of the field of landscape architecture in relation to husbandry, horticulture, and natural history.

Housing quality is an important component of the standard of living, touching on aspects usually ignored in efforts to measure it, in part because housing quality itself is difficult to measure—especially over time. There are choices over inputs versus outputs for quality, and over objectively versus subjectively determined evaluations of it. Historians must also cope with today's versus yesteryear's beliefs about housing quality and standards. Descriptions of London's housing quality over the seventeenth century and changes in rents show that housing improved across income groups. Housing poverty apparently declined in percentage but grew in absolute numbers. Higher incomes, better-built housing, and processes of the housing market all contributed, including housing/household “filtering”—a unique process of the housing market whose London aspects others have reported but never placed in a coherent account. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

When the first section of the Metropolitan Railway opened in January 1863 in London, debates in Parliament emphasized the need to conceive of railways as a system of interconnected circles instead of the lines and termini that had been built since the 1830s. Similar debates took place in Paris around this time, although no plan was implemented before the opening of the Métropolitain's first line in 1900. The use of geometric terms such as rings, circuits and circles proliferated throughout the process, illustrating new ways of connecting the railways, and, more importantly, embryonic ideas about how the two cities could use transport technologies for shaping their own growth. Doing so was dependent on how, where and why the notion of the public benefit was articulated. Railways encapsulated both constraints and possibilities for the transformation, real and imagined, that the two metropolises were to experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The London Underground and Paris Métro were very different conceptions, with major impacts on the cities' development. The Underground almost immediately worked to promote suburban decentralization, while the Métro remained locked inside the city boundaries until well after World War II, inhibiting suburban growth. The Réseau Express Régional served the suburbs after 1970, but it plays a role more like the London Underground than a true regional express network. Meanwhile, London has grown into a vast polycentric mega-city region, extending out for up to 140 km from the capital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores how infant school reform took hold in London’s schools from the 1890s to the 1930s through examination of the work of two Froebelian head teachers, Elizabeth Mary Shaw and Frances Emily Roe. In contrast to teacher-led rote-learning methods and rigid discipline they implemented play-based activities drawing on children’s interests and introduced visits for nature study and projects. The research draws on logbooks, published accounts, reports of HMIs, local authority inspectors and school managers, and witness evidence submitted by Shaw and Roe for government reports. The data suggest that their work reflects developments in the educational experimentation which marked the period and demonstrates women’s agency in challenging conventional conceptions of infant teaching and expanding conceptions of educational spaces. The article illuminates how reform was disseminated and shows that as a result of their success both women achieved high professional status. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In the early 1900s, London's art market and art press were parts of a complex system of interactions in a rapidly developing professional milieu where the boundaries between and among the roles of the art critic, artist, and dealer were still being defined. This article investigates the contributors-and their connections with the art market-to three newly founded specialist art periodicals: The Connoisseur (established 1901); The Burlington Magazine (begun 1903); and its little-known sales supplement, the short-lived Burlington Gazette (1903-1904). Whereas The Connoisseur had a close, uncomplicated relationship with the art market, with many dealers writing articles for it and advertising their wares on its pages, the Burlington and its Gazette had a more complex relationship with the trade: they took a moral, "purist" stance towards die commercial world while also participating in it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the 1676-1677 map of London, England produced by Scottish cartographer John Ogilby, printed and sold by his successor and step-grandson William Morgan. It focuses particularly on a July 20, 1675 letter written by T. Fisher of Lincoln's Inn, London to engraver and printmaker William Lodge in York, England which details Ogilby's original intentions for the decoration of the map on a grander scale than was eventually produced. The identity of T. Fisher as a lawyer is based on the seventeenth-century admission records of Lincoln's Inn, one of the four London-based legal study institutions, and is presumed to be Thomas Fisher of Dublin, Ireland.

The article discusses the policing of nightclubs in London, England, and what the author terms the nightclub campaigns during the interwar period. It examines the roles of London nightclub owner Kate Evelyn Nason Meyrick, former London Metropolitan Police sergeant George Goddard, and London police commissioner Sir William Thomas Francis Horwood in the London nightclub scene and law enforcement. It also discusses the campaign against nightclubs led by former British Home Secretary William Joynson-Hicks. The article also discusses scholarship concerning the nightclub campaigns, legislation concerning the licensing of nightclubs, and Meyrick's incarceration.

An alderman of fifteenth-century London had to be worth £1000, and the lower civic ranks were not immune from financial evaluation. A wealthy marriage could propel a man up the civic hierarchy, and it was the best source of capital with which to trade. The richest catch was a widow, with or without children, for London custom protected the estates of both, and there was a plentiful supply of widows. Examples are culled from the 181 aldermen from 1400-1499, and show the coincidence of election with marriage. Some of the wealthiest widows were mayoresses more than once. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses 1967 photographs by Ronald Traeger of model Leslie Hornby, better known as Twiggy, riding an English Raleigh Wisp moped through Battersea Park in South London, England. It comments on gendered aspects of riding motorized vehicles. The author reflects on how Twiggy embodied the popular culture of "swinging" London in the 1960s and examines the English Mod subculture. She also considers the moped industry, examining Japanese automaker Honda and English bicycle company Raleigh's manufacturing of mopeds.