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The article examines Soviet paper reuse as an ideological, economic daily practice, implemented through the advanced, but hitherto undescribed Soiuzutil'waste collecting system by the early 1930s as the reverse side of Stalinist industrialization. It argues that Soiuzutil'waste paper handling attempted to form a new socialist collective by reworking old print while cultivating citizens as classless scrap-collectors, for the sake of an (ir)rational resource optimization. While World War II intensified recycling efforts among the Allied and Axis powers, invasion and evacuation damaged Soviet waste collection to a point where no return of paper into a centralized system was possible. War forced printers and consumers to retreat to local self-supply networks, as paper remained a crucial, yet scarce resource. By analyzing technical-educational literature and correspondence of the reutilization offices, the article demonstrates the changing attitudes in the Stalinist war economy, the industries, and the population towards mobilizing and saving paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines the wholesale destruction of priceless and irreplaceable historical records in Australia during World War II. Impact of Australia's involvement in the war on the policy on waste materials; Features of the plan for the salvage of waste materials; Results of salvage collection in the country; Four types of salvage activities; Historical records destroyed during the campaign.

In the second half of the twentieth century, after the Second World War, a considerable migration from inland to coastal areas was observed in many territories, especially in the Mediterranean. This process has caused the expansion of existing coastal settlements and the construction of numerous new towns, often substituting beaches and dune systems. All this has often altered the equilibrium conditions of several coastal ecosystems thereby triggering shoreline erosion processes. This issue is particularly important in territories such as Calabria, a region of southern Italy subject to considerable anthropogenic pressures and characterized by over 750 km of coast. The paper analyses the correlations between shoreline erosion and anthropogenic pressure in Calabria. For this purpose, historical and current cartographic Open Data, such as shapefiles, cartography, and satellite imagery, were analysed using QGIS. The analysis showed a strong correlation between the anthropogenic pressures, in terms of the expansion of the inhabited centres and, therefore, of the man-made areas near the shoreline, and the triggering of shoreline erosion processes. Finally, this analysis is of interest in the field of coastal area planning and management, and it is easily applicable and replicable as it is based on Open Data and free software. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tapuya: Latin American Science, Technology & Society is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Covid-19 pandemic provided many negative effects on world economies and people around the world. The covid-19 creates many threats to sustainability of agriculture sector which is very sensitive because of food supply security needs. First of all, it is necessary to analyse and comprehend the immediate consequences of current pandemic on agricultural and food systems in order to develop necessary actions. The risks, vulnerability, resilience and systemic shifts of agricultural systems need to be better understood in order to adapt to covid-19 pandemic. The aim of this paper is to analyse the negative impacts of covid-19 on agriculture and food systems by applying vulnerability and resilience approach by treating covid-19 like global disaster. The concepts of 'vulnerability', and 'resilience' which dominates disaster studies historically initiated after the World War II were applied to systematise literature review. The main input of this paper is systematization and grouping of the main measures to enhance resilience of agriculture systems in the face of covid-19 pandemic based on recent scientific studies published in 2020. The future research guidelines are also provided based on conducted systematic literature review. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The activity of Italian banks in Egypt represents an almost unexplored field of investigation in economic history. This article is the first to attempt to add to the Italian banking literature in this area. At the same time, it contributes to the multinational banking literature on the characteristics of banks belonging to multinational groups, which are subject to a 'liability of foreignness' due to differences between the home country and the host economy. The paper explains the short-lived success of Italian banks, which were able to occupy primary positions in the Egyptian banking sector thanks to an aggressive policy focussed on the cotton market. It then highlights the reasons for the subsequent problems these institutes faced, showing the difficulties of a latecomer and capital-poor country, such as Italy, in carrying out a catching-up process aimed at widening its influence over geographical areas considered strategic in terms of political and commercial penetration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During armed conflict, the non-combative population, and particularly children, are susceptible to the effects of conflict from a variety of perspectives; psychological stress, loss of food and resources, loss of accommodation, occupation, income, death of family members, etc. The Lancet recently published a special issue entitled 'Maternal and child health and armed conflict' concluding that the ways in which health can be affected by conflict are protean but systematic evidence is sparse, whatever evidence exists is localised and of low to moderate quality, and that data on adolescents are sparse to non-existent. Whilst this may be true of the challenging environments of conflicts in developing countries, historically recent conflicts in Europe provide an alternative viewpoint that is frequently aired in the Auxological literature but is virtually unknown and/or unrecognised in health settings. The current paper summarises three previously published studies based on repeated cross-sectional child growth surveys in London, Oslo, and Stuttgart covering the years of the Second World War. Taken together these studies provide extensive evidence of the response of children to armed conflict in the context of secular tends in growth of children living in industrialised nations during the twentieth century. The conclusions to all three studies may be summarised, with regard to children in industrialised nations, as: (1) armed conflict adversely affects human growth and health, (2) armed conflict affects all age groups but adolescents more so, (3) all age groups recover from poor growth as conditions improve in relation to post-war health and welfare programmes, (4) pre-war differences in size between SES groups diminish during post-war recovery when accompanied by nutritional, welfare and reconstruction programmes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this essay, I attempt to chronicle and assess the position of climatology in American geography during the past one hundred years with emphasis on the role of papers published in the Annals. The approach I take is influenced by my interest in the decline of physical geography, including climatology, beginning in the last half of the 1800s ( ) to its resurgence in the 1950s and 1960s, and reviews of the climatology literature that have appeared recently (e.g., ). I discuss climatology in American geography in three loosely defined periods. The first is the formative era in which physical geography, including climatology, was a dominant part of our discipline, and physical geographical conditions such as climate were considered determinants of human affairs. In the middle (regional) era, the physical geographic environment, including climatology, was largely taken to be a static physical milieu or “stage” on which human activity occurred, simply to be described by geographers as part of regional analyses. The modern era, which begins just after the Second World War, is a period of increasing diversity of subject matter and method in climatology within geography and in American geography generally. Today climatology enjoys a “growth industry” status that hardly could be imagined forty years ago. These changes did not occur in isolation but in the context of the scientific, technological, social, economic, and political conditions, and changes in which they were embedded, and the status of climatology as a field of study was an important part of the context. I also comment on the number of climatology papers published in the Annals, including a curious anomaly in the last decade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper will examine Estate Duty(ED) and its impact on the structure of smaller British businesses. ED was one of the most controversial and wide-ranging taxes ever imposed in the UK. It was the first substantive tax on capital. It was partly responsible for the reconfiguration of British business in the 1940s- 1950s as businesses sought to avoid the Duty with measures which could result in the loss of a family firm to the 'corporate economy'. Examining this phenomenon adds a hitherto unexplored dimension to the arguments of business historians surrounding the structure of British business and its relative performance after World War II. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nuclear energy was one among business opportunities brought by the take off in science and technology after the Second World War. The narratives of the milestones of atomic history neglect the commercial, industrial and organizational aspects that made it possible. This paper concentrates on what makes the nuclear business exceptional (or not). We undertake an analysis of the nuclear supply business (designing, manufacturing and installing nuclear facilities) distinct from the analysis of the demand side (business operating nuclear power plants). We identify a continuing role of the state in civil nuclear businesses and a symbiotic relationship with private atomic business. And yet, for the most part the nuclear business applies the usual criteria of cost minimization and profit maximization within the boundaries of a non-perfectly competitive market. We argue that the development of civil nuclear projects is core not just to business history as a discipline but to post-war history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In connection with World War II, the advertising industry in neutral Sweden began cooperating with the government. This proved beneficial for the industry since blockades and rationing caused the civilian advertising market to almost disappear. After the war, the cooperation continued, albeit primarily regarding military matters. Later, however, the government began procuring advertising and media services on largely commercial grounds. This paper covers the history of the relationship between the advertising industry and the government and provides an analysis of the influence of the public advertising market and cold war institutions on the industry. I find that the government, by acting as a customer of last resort, conserved the industry structure and made it possible for the Swedish advertising cartel to survive World War II, and for the large firms that dominated the industry during most of the century to survive the dissolution of the cartel in 1965. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article claims that all of the objectives put forth by the Egyptian revolutionary regime appeared in the leftist journal al-Fajr al-Jadid several years prior to the July 1952 revolution. The authors' central claim is also that the essentials of Nasserism including its basic tenets neutralism, pan-Arabism, and Arab socialism were clearly articulated in al-Fajr al-Jadid. Although there is no clear-cut evidence to show the existence of neither political nor ideological direct links between Nasser and the al-Fajr al-Jadid's group, this article clearly demonstrates the existence of remarkable ideological textual similarities between Nasserite's and al-Fajr al-Jadid's revolutionary ideas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the anthropogenic landforms of the alluvial-coastal plain of Rapallo (Eastern Liguria, NW Italy). Since the second half of the nineteenth-century Rapallo experienced a progressive urban sprawl that became particularly intense after the Second World War and severely modified the former landforms. The identification and mapping of morphological changes was performed through a multi-temporal comparison of historical and recent maps and aerial photographs, an analysis of geo-thematic maps and urban planning documents, an interpretation of stratigraphic data from boreholes, and a field survey activity. The main anthropogenic interventions that shaped the urban landscape of Rapallo were riverbed diversions and channelization, excavations, fillings, and embankments construction along the shoreline. These elements highlight the relevant extent of the human imprint on the pristine environment. Furthermore, the identified anthropogenic geomorphological features, combined with the local physiographic and climatic features, increased flood and sea storm hazards and risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sir Paul Callaghan, physicist and founding director of the MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, believed that science can provide many answers about the world we live in, but cannot tell us how to live. In this statement he highlights the relationship between science and society: while science is concerned with enquiry and scepticism—‘is this true?’—society is concerned with values and beliefs—‘is this right?’. Einstein viewed science as a powerful instrument, a knife that could be used for good or for ill, emphasising that science can be both a benefit and a risk to society. The future of science is likely to be shaped by how well we create connections and build relationships between science and society, rather than focusing on the differences and therefore the boundaries that separate science from society. This paper argues that scientific thought is not just the domain of scientists but of society and its representatives as well. Scientific thought is defined as ‘what we don’t know but want to know’. To understand the role of scientific thought, it is necessary to understand the relationships between scientific thought, scientific capital, scientific activity and scientific knowledge. This paper argues that if scientific thought sets the direction, scientific capital is the propellant—the energy force that produces scientific activity. Scientific capital can be defined as the extent to which society supports science over time. Lastly, with a little luck, scientific activity leads to scientific knowledge. How this knowledge is collected, reported, stored and accessed will determine the direction of scientific thought going forward. This paper concludes by proposing a framework for assessing the relationship between science and society so that we might improve the quality of scientific thought in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a reprint of the article "Mathematical Games," by Martin Gardner, which appeared in the December 1956 issue of "Scientific American." It focuses on flexagons, their history before World War II, and how to create several hexaflexagons. It mentions that flexagons are folded paper polygons from crooked or straight paper strips.

It has been 50 years since Vance Packard wrote about psychoanalytical techniques employed by the advertising industry in The Hidden Persuaders. This book, published in the post-World War II consumer boom, exposed a mass audience to motivational research at a time when advertisers used new techniques and a new medium. Yet The Hidden Persuaders was highly criticized and became a scapegoat for purportedly promoting subliminal techniques. Nonetheless, the book helped shape public opinion, advertising regulation, and advertising research and practice. This paper provides a historical approach to Packard's contribution and ideas in the context of recent theoretical insights into psychological processing and new persuasion practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Waste and its reuse have constituted an important field of economic activity for most of human history, including modern times. While the collected articles of this special issue exemplify the significance that waste salvage had in mobilising resources in Europe, Asia, and North America in World War II, this introduction situates these cases in a long-term perspective. It explores the continuities and ruptures inside the structures, markets, and actors of the salvage business from late nineteenth century waste reclamation, including the sanitary era of municipal waste disposal, to the more recent era of 'green' recycling. It argues that we need to rethink waste's role within business history by delineating four basic characteristics of the waste business: the moral economies that govern wasting and reusing; the informality of the trade and its operations; the trans-sectorality of the waste streams; and the reverse logistics of the waste salvage trade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Much has been written in the post-World War II era in the United States about the rise of suburbia and development beyond older city boundaries, whether such development has been called urban, suburban, or ex-urban sprawl. Many writers have focused on various issues concerning sprawl, especially on the unintended consequences that new development has had on (among other issues) municipal finances, neighborhood income and residential segregation, and transportation planning. This last one is important since post-World War II development has mostly centered around the automobile in the United States. Over the last decade, a new area in the literature of sprawl has focused on how the "built-environment" of residential areas can impact health. For example, authors have chronicled how sprawled regions have higher auto vehicle accidents per capita, greater obesity rates, worse carbon emissions (due to greater travel by automobile), and delays in emergency medical service responses. This article adds to the latest set of papers on sprawl by empirically estimating the impact of sprawl in metropolitan regions on fire incidents per capita, firefighter response times, as well as property losses, and deaths due to fire. The results of our exploratory analysis indicate that urban sprawl is an important factor in influencing firefighting issues and outcomes in the United States, Moreover, urban sprawl frequently becomes a factor in delayed response to fires which, in turn, could lead to additional deaths and property loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes Nazi crimes against the mentally ill during World War II. The main focus is the T4 action, the first extermination campaign in national socialist Germany, which is widely considered a precursor to the Holocaust. The first part of the paper presents historical facts regarding the T4 Action: its ideological background, its characteristic organization, and secret structures; the parallels between this inner war and the war that was being waged against other nations; the rigorous methodology—from the filling out of ‘special forms‘ (meldebogen) to death in the gas chamber at one of six extermination centers. The second part of the paper is based on our own research on the victims' medical files, now available in the Federal Archives of Germany. The history of how the current archival material was discovered is touched on briefly. The T4 selection criteria are analyzed. As an example, events at the Uchtspringe asylum are described in detail. We attempt to distinguish among potential motives for the killings—those inspired by concepts of racial hygiene and those with a more pragmatic or utilitarian purpose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is a study of letter writing amongst migrant workers on the Witwatersrand before World War II. It moves from a consideration of the paradoxical character of literacy amongst migrant mineworkers to a discussion about the history of privacy in South Africa. The paper suggests that both the field of popular culture and the politics of democracy can be better understood by paying attention to the particular forms of letter correspondence that have developed in 20th century South Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Randy's work has dispelled the myth that money originated out of barter, that it was a private sector, free market invention, and that the state only played a marginal role in the monetary system. When I tried to nominate Randy Wray for the V-C award, I was told he had already been nominated. Instead, taxes create demand for the state's IOU by imposing debt on the population that can only be paid in the state's own IOUs. [Extracted from the article]

The studies of class structure and social mobility are among the most highly developed branches of sociology in Poland. This is due to three factors: the national tradition of such studies, the rapid transformation of Polish society after the Second World War, and last, the recent impact of Marxist theory on the social sciences. The rapid transformation of Polish society after the Second World War was brought about by the socialist revolution, characterized by the impact of the Workers' Party, the nationalization of industry, agrarian reform, and central planning. In this context new processes within a given class structure and new patterns of social mobility became an object of special attention for sociologists. Class structure and social mobility were considered not only from the point of view of changes in the political and economic system but also with respect to transformations in cultural institutions and the educational system.

The article discusses trends of refugee settlement in New Zealand. Topics discussed include resettlement opportunities as a useful tool in resolving protracted refugee situations, international responsibility as a contribution for international human rights obligations and resettlement of refugees in New Zealand since World War II.

This paper focuses on the strategy adopted by the MNE Nestlé in Japan between the establishment of a branch at Yokohama in 1913 and the end of World War II. It highlights the difficulties encountered by the firm in its attempts to open up and operate production facilities due to strong opposition from local condensed milk makers, supported by the state. Eventually, in 1934, Nestlé opened a factory by founding an incorporated company, ARKK, all of whose shareholders were Japanese working for Nestlé. Although the war drastically curtailed the activities of both Nestlé Japan and ARKK, the organisational facilities set up during the inter-war period provided a springboard for Nestlé's post-war success in Japan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. This study is part the project "Nursing in Borderland - Finnmark 1939-1950" within nursing history that sheds light on nursing and health care during World War II in Finnmark County, Northern Norway. The study focuses on challenges in nursing care that arose during the war because of war activities in the Barents area. This article focuses on challenges caused by shortage of supplies. The aim of the project is to widen the understanding of development within health care and living conditions in the area. Study design. This is a historical study using narratives, government documents and literature. Methods. Interviews with nurses and persons active in health care during World War II constitute the main data of the research. Thematic issues that arise from interviews are analysed. Primary and secondary written sources are used in analysing the topics. Because of war activities, deportation and burning of the county, archives were partly destroyed. Central archives can contribute with annual reports, whereas local archives are fragmentary. There are a number of reports written soon after the War, as well as a number of biographical books of newer date. Results. Challenges caused by war, which appear in the interviews, are: 1) shortage of supplies, 2) increased workload, 3) multicultural society, 4) ethical dilemmas, 5) deportation of the population. In this paper, focus is on challenges caused by shortage of supplies. Conclusions. Both institutions, personnel and patients were marked by the war. This has to be taken in consideration in health care today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with papers presented at the European Society for Traumatic Stress Studies (ESTSS) Conference on post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) held in Bologna, Italy in June 2013. A cross-sectional study which examined the transgenerational effects of early lifetime traumatization in a sample of aging former children of World War II and their children is discussed. A paper explored the role of childhood maltreatment in the transmission of trauma from parent in the Rwandan genocide.

This article analyzes the popular response to Soviet myths in the post-Soviet period through the lens of the complicated treatment of Zoia Kosmodem'ianskaia. As arguably the most famous Soviet World War II martyr, Kosmodem'ianskaia's image splintered after glasnost' and has been located at the nexus of debate in various media since 1991. This paper poses questions about the fracturing of national memory when a nation has undergone upheaval: about the stability of heroes, about citizens' responses to them, and about heroes' transformation in the new regime. Catriona Kelly has demonstrated that the treatment of a national hero can illuminate the circumstances that produced the hero and the cultural climate of subsequent decades. Building on her work, this article asks "Why and how has the image of Kosmodem'ianskaia remained relevant while other Soviet heroes have been neglected since 1991?" This article posits that Kosmodem'ianskaia's continued significance lies above all in the flexibility of her image and the transitional aspects of her body. Her depictions in various contexts represent prominent responses to the authoritarian regime which gave birth to both Kosmodem'ianskaia and her legacy. The variety of her images demonstrates the continued relevance of this figure two decades after the collapse of the USSR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigates the role of U.S. President Harry Truman in the use of atomic bombs on Japanese cities at the end of World War II. Discovery of President Truman's Potsdam diary and letters; Evidence that Truman might have had more to do with the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki than the president ever publicly admitted; Specific military justification regarding the use of atomic bombs; Basic elements of the debate over the bomb decision.

This paper describes the National Library of Australia's extension library service to the Territories of Papua, New Guinea, Norfolk Island and the Northern Territory over three decades from 1938. Known as the Carnegie Library Service because it had been assisted by grants from the Carnegie Corporation of New York, and later renamed the Territories Library Service, it was the brainchild of the National Library chief Kenneth Binns. The author describes the philosophy of the service, the sourcing of its books and the many practical difficulties it experienced in remote and tropical areas. The impact of World War II, with some libraries bombed and others pillaged, and subsequent efforts to revitalise the service are outlined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Italian psychiatry and psychiatric asylums were markedly affected by fascism, World War II, and civil war. Since the nineteenth century (and this remained true under fascism), Italian psychiatry rejected the idea of exterminating the unproductive mentally ill. Only some German-naturalized patients at the border zones near Austria fell victim to German extermination programs. Since the nineteenth century, however, Italian psychiatry can be held responsible for racism against people of color and, beginning in 1938, against Jews. Jewish psychiatrists were persecuted, and some Jewish patients were removed from the asylums of northern Italy, particularly Trieste and Venice, deported, and killed. Data exist on what happened to psychiatric patients during the war in many Italian asylums, and they are summarized in this paper. The war damaged many asylums and around 300 patients and staff members died as a result of bombing, but, above all, approximately 24,000 to 30,000 additional patients, in comparison with the mean of other years, died in the asylums from hunger and lack of care. This was particularly the case in southern Italy between 1942 and 1945. It does not appear that this was a result of a deliberate intent to exterminate patients but, rather, due to inexcusable disorganization and lack of care. This was evident to psychiatrists at the time of its occurrence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper briefly surveys what happened to psychiatric patients in Czech institutions during World War II. Archival materials are incomplete and not always available, so conclusions are tentative. Psychiatric hospitals were taken over by German physicians in the annexed lands of Bohemia and Moravia, and many patients were transferred out of the hospitals, probably to gas chambers—although the actual evidence is lacking. Many patients died, but no evidence has been found that Czech psychiatrists were ever actively engaged in the procedures of extermination. Czech eugenic ideology of that time period would have made such participation unlikely. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dependency theory, which has always been regarded as the foremost 'revolutionary' alternative to the hegemonic ideology of Eurocentrism best expressed by modernisation theory, is equally Eurocentric and has been so from the beginning. The postmodernist perspective, where the notion of 'development' itself is questioned and its desirability is contested, certainly poses a greater challenge. The rise and decline of dependency theory may be interpreted in terms of the rise and decline of the early post-WWII optimism about the developmental prospects of the newly established Third World. With the failure of national development and the rise of globalism, dependency theory too has declined and ceased to be persuasive. By citing the Turkish literature on development from the 1930s and the 1980s and 1990s, this paper attempts to demonstrate that the rise of the notion of 'authenticity' as a critique of Eurocentrism is as universal a phenomenon today as was the rise of 'dependency' ideas half a century earlier. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aerial bombardment in World War II brought devastation to innumerable settlements in the European and Pacific theaters of war. A distinctive development, however, was the area bombing of cities remote from the battle zones, particularly in Germany and Japan, where Allied bombing raids razed more than 750 km2 of central built-up areas and involved nearly every city. Some 1.5 million civilian residents of those countries were killed in this way and more than 2 million were seriously injured. To the millions uprooted from their homes by official evacuation were added more than 16 million made homeless by bomb destruction. This paper examines these events as a process of place annihilation and immolation: the combined destruction of resident civilians, residential communities, their neighborhoods, and major features of the urban environment and civil ecology. The destruction of urban support systems, the nature of civilian injuries and death, the areal differentiation of damages, and the problem of their meaning for the interpretations of place are examined as essential features of this annihilation of urban places. Finally, some suggestions and questions are set down as to the significance of these events for both urban studies and the threat of area bombing in its projected form of thermonuclear devastation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the introduction to this paper we set out four hypotheses we think are central to Easterlin's theory of contemporary population cycles: that the income prospects of small birth cohorts are better in early adult life than those of larger cohorts; that cohort taste and income aspirations are formed in adolescence and reflect parental income levels rather than those members of the cohort are likely to experience after entering the labour force; that the wider gaps between aspirations and incomes this implies for larger cohorts will constrain their fertility relative to that of smaller cohorts; and that through these effects persistent fertility cycles may be set up after an initial period of unusually small or large birth cohorts. In the first part of our analysis we considered whether cohort-specific fertility behaviour could be identified in American historical experience. Our finding, which may have been evident in the fertility patterns of Figure 2, was essentially negative: the fit of period-focused fertility regressions was consistently found to be better than that of cohort-focused regressions. In the latter, coefficients were usually of the wrong sign. Evidently, cohorts have tended not to be particularly consistent in their fertility behaviour through life, and if long cycles are established they are unlikely to be of the Easterlin type. Looking at possible Easterlin patterns in the timing of births, we confronted first the problem of finding a satisfactory empirical translation for the relative income concept. Owing to the substantial fluctuations that occur in yearly incomes, we found we could construct a variety of relative income indexes with little consistency between them. None fit fertility patterns very convincingly. It may be that highly aggregated measures cannot provide an adequate test, but so far that is all that has been offered. In any event the model has also seemed to us to be suspect on intuitive grounds. The young surely do l!now that in early adult life their incomes will not match those of their parents, and it may demand a great measure of acuity on their part to sense that the differential is wider or narrower for themselves than for their older siblings or associates,especially as their incomes will be rising rapidly at the time they are attempting the assessment. From I this perspective, the evaluation Easterlin assumes might be far too subtle to account for fertility declines of the magnitude that have occurred. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Why does Administration Industrielle et Générale have a major status in the history of management thought? We argue that the rational reason for the enthusiasm for Fayol's theory disguises the irrational and unconscious fears in societies for which the cool rationality of Fayol's work offered a soothing balm. We discuss this in two different but relatively similar post-war settings—France in the 1920s, which saw the first major upsurge of interest in Fayol's work, and the mid-twentieth century USA, where his work was rediscovered and attained canonical status. The reception to his work in the aftermaths of the two world wars prove particularly important in understanding how historico/politico/emotional affect influences the reception to a body of work. We suggest it is not the ideas themselves that were of prime importance, but how those ideas resonated with the historical, political and emotional context in which they were debated and taken up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines how the Canadian state disposed of surplus munitions and supplies after World War II. It makes three related arguments. First, mass production during the war created a post-war disposal crisis that compelled the government to regulate the divestment of assets for political and economic purposes. Second, through a government-run company, the War Assets Corporation (WAC), the Canadian state established a system of reverse logistics that recouped value from depreciating assets and prevented a flood of goods from deflating the economy. Third, the WAC oversaw destruction programmes that either eliminated or scrapped the unsellable remainders. In the end, this process recycled secondary resources into peacetime production and expanded material conversions to ensure that all types of war surpluses were profitability diffused into civilian hands. However, reversing wartime logistics was not without a dark side, rife with acrimony over prices and sales restrictions, as well as significant environmental degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ferrous scrap is a vital ingredient in the manufacture of steel, and it constitutes a strategic material of the greatest significance in modern warfare. During the late 1930s, Britain exported considerable quantities of scrap metal to Nazi Germany, a trade which subsequently proved embarrassing and which officialdom sought to obscure. Following the Second World War, Britain obtained large amounts of iron and steel from Western Germany, much of which it took—often surreptitiously—as war booty. Historians have paid relatively scant attention to this flow of scrap, yet it had important economic, strategic, and diplomatic consequences. Two reasons for this lack of attention are the overwhelming influence that the US and the USSR played in shaping the fate of postwar Germany, and a tendency of British policymakers and historians to support an overly simplified narrative that contrasted Western beneficence toward their former enemy with Soviet rapaciousness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study demonstrates the actual impact of international double taxation on the management of British multinational enterprises between the First and Second World Wars. In particular, it focused on tracing the process by which the tax-minimisation strategy affected corporate-level strategy. In three cases examined using corporate archival sources, the companies reorganised their corporate legal structure for tax avoidance. Yet the effects on their management were not uniform. (1). The corporate structural change for tax avoidance of Rio Tinto and Silica Gel Corporation did not alter the extant corporate strategy. (2). Tax strategy of Imperial Continental Gas Association entailed changing extant corporate strategy. (3). The legal structure of Unilever gradually and unintentionally influenced the extant corporate strategy. These heterogeneous responses of the firms imply that the institutional pressure of a tax law does not always lead to organisational isomorphism and can affect the corporate-level strategy over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Literature has emphasized the key role of business schools in spreading US management in Europe after the Second World War but has not found how to quantify its impact on the business systems. With such purpose, this article examines the relations between the pioneer Spanish business schools and the national corporate elite. By combining an institutional approach and social networks analysis, it shows the incidence of business schools on the board of directors of the largest Spanish firms during the second half of the 20th century, and explains their role as centers for business elite reproduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using historical sources, I attempt to piece together the economic worldview held by the United States Treasury Department during World War II. Analyzing the Treasury's view of taxation, bond sales, and interest rates, this article considers whether and in what ways this worldview is compatible with Modern Monetary Theory. I conclude that in most regards, the two align closely, the differences being primarily attributable to the peculiarities of war finance. Finding a less clear view of national debt, an interpretation is offered based on Treasury's statements. Additional evidence shows that this view had a small but significant foothold in the era's news outlets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research about race and racism(s) has helped to explain power relations and differences in education. However, it has been difficult to have a theoretical lens using the concept of race and racism(s) accepted in areas of education, as well as in educational research in Sweden. Issues formulated in terms of race and racism(s) are controversial and there is strong resistance to talk about race. This article provides an overview of research in education using the concepts of race, racism(s), and/or racialization in Sweden after World War II. The aim is to investigate educational research where these concepts come into use, how this research is framed, the findings of the studies, as well as nuances and tendencies in educational research using the concept of race. The article locates the historical view of the concept of race and its use in Sweden and argues that the history and unresolved political issues around eugenics and race come into play and contribute to the hesitation and avoidance of the use of the concept. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In the course of gathering oral histories from women who served in the Navy and Coast Guard during World War II, an unusual conversational pattern has emerged. The women almost invariably diminish the importance of their wartime contributions; a common refrain is "I didn't do anything important." Their individual experiences, as revealed during the interviews, belie that assertion. In this paper, I will use the women's words to parse what is meant by this rhetorical move. Do the women really believe they did not do anything important? If so, why do they find it necessary to participate in the very public process of oral history, placing their names and life stories within the historical record? Considering both the content and the context of the women's words from a feminist pragmatist philosophical base will help explain this seemingly incongruent act. This article demonstrates that the women do not really mean to belittle their life experiences (and military service), but instead are using the phrase as a way to acknowledge society's expectations. The oral history interview, meanwhile, is used by the women to not only place their experience into the historical record but also to affirm the importance of their wartime work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Pacific War and its aftermath were a turning point in William Edward Hanley Stanner's career. Until then, he had struggled to establish himself as a scholar and seemed destined to stay, like many other Australian scholars, within the orbit of British academia and its colonial empire. Almost immediately after war had been declared, Stanner returned to Australia, working in various capacities and, in May 1942, commanding the North Australia Observer Unit. In October 1943, he was transferred to the Australian Army's Directorate of Research and Civil Affairs (DORCA). Members of the Directorate saw themselves at the forefront of progressive reform in Australian colonial policy. Stanner opposed what he considered the grandiose plans for a post-war Papua New Guinea that were hatched by the DORCA ‘boys’, as they called themselves. By the end of the 1940s, however, control over policy was firmly in the hands of the civil bureaucracy and the new Minister for Territories, Paul Hasluck. Any influence that may have accrued to either Stanner or to the idealism of the ‘boys’ in the Directorate was lost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reviews two motion pictures including "Focus on the Forties," directed by David Thaxton and "The Life and Times of Rosie the Riveter."

We demonstrate that even though during WWII the interest rate was close to zero supporting the financing of the military effort, dissent inside the FOMC occurred with a similar frequency to other policy episodes. Our analysis highlights that the debates which resulted in dissents turned around two broad issues: the size of the Fed's balance sheet as well as the functioning of and communication with financial markets. Thus, we argue that the conventional view depicting the Fed as merely accommodating treasury needs should be revised. Our detailed investigation of dissents emphasises the modernity of the objections raised by Fed officials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on Great Britain's plans to use biological weapons during World War II. Biological weapons research; Ordering of anthrax bombs from the U.S.; 'Most secret' status of the British biological weapons program; British officials' fears that Germany would learn of British biological warfare agents and stage a retaliatory strike.

Examines Japan's policies after World War II. Impact of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki atomic bombings; Japan's decision to institutionalized its revulsion to nuclear war through a pacifist constitution and the three Non-Nuclear Principles; Emergence of the movement seeking specific relief and compensation for the atomic-bomb victims; Prevention of the Self-Defense Forces from being armed with nuclear weapons.