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Background: While research on trans People of Color's experiences has been increasing in recent years, this intersectional work has often not included a focus on the specificities of multiracial and multiethnic trans experiences. Aims: This study explores shifts in racial identity by multiracial/multiethnic trans people as they transition gender and the ways Whiteness and nationalist ideology shape their racialized gender experiences. Methods: This paper is based on six in-depth, semi-structured interviewswith self-identifiedmultiracial, multiethnic, andmulti-heritage trans people in the USA. Data collection centered participants' experiences of self-identification and interactionswith others (e.g., family, acquaintances, and strangers). Results: As participants transitioned gender and were acknowledged by others in their gender identity, shifts in their embodiment were used by others to ascribe a new racialized gender. This often resulted in participants reflecting on their sense of self and racialized gender identities in new ways. Discussion: Multiracial and multiethnic transgender people's experiences in transitioning race confirm the importance of intersectional analysis, reveal the intersectional fluidity of social categories, explicate how social understandings of one category (e.g., race) influence another category (e.g., gender), demonstrate that the meanings associated with racialized gender are based in relations of power, and show that, in transgender studies particularly, we must attend to the ways that the concept of transition implicates not only gender, but also other categories such as race and nationality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consumer price sensitivity is important to marketing theory and practice because of its impact on profitability. This paper presents a model containing four important antecedents of price sensitivity. Previous studies show that enduring product involvement, consumer innovativeness, perceived brand parity, and attitudinal brand loyalty separately influence price sensitivity. This paper presents a model showing how these four antecedents interact. The model fits data from two separate samples of U.S. consumers (n = 156 and 305) and accounts for a substantial proportion of the variance in price sensitivity. Price sensitivity is positively related to perceived brand parity and negatively related to involvement, innovativeness, and loyalty. Innovativeness, brand parity, and brand loyalty appear to mediate the influence of involvement on price sensitivity, thereby partially explaining the psychological linkages between these distinct concepts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The objective of this paper was to determine the extent to which dry needling is instructed in entry-level education programs for physical therapists. Methods: Program directors from 226 entry-level education programs recognized by the Commission on Accreditation in Physical Therapy Education were recruited via e-mail to participate in an anonymous 35-item electronic survey during the 2017-2018 academic year. The survey evaluated dry needling curricula, faculty qualifications, attitudes and experience, and programs' future plans for teaching dry needling. Results: A total of 75 programs responded to the survey (response rate = 33.1%). Forty (53.3%) had integrated dry needling theory and psychomotor training into their programs and 8 (10.6%) planned to include such content in their curriculum in the future. Of the 40 respondents, 28 indicated that dry needling education was integrated into a required course, 4 indicated that dry needling was an elective course, and 8 did not specify how dry needling education was integrated. Faculty teaching dry needling appear to be well qualified, with the majority having 5-10 years of experience using dry needling in clinical practice. The primary reason for programs not teaching dry needling is that it was not considered an entry-level skill. Discussion: There appeared to be variability in how dry needling was integrated into the curricula, as well as in the depth and breadth of instruction. Our research may serve as a baseline for faculty to assess existing dry needling curricula and as a guide for developing curricula in new or existing physical therapy programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines completion of four-self administered questionnaires (SAQ) in the 1992 National Health and Social Life Survey (NHSLS), a large national personal-visit survey on sexual behaviors and attitudes in the United States. Based on interviewer reports, only 66% of respondents self-administered all four SAQs, while 15% self-administered nono of them, and 20% did some of the SAQs themselves. Three factors that may affect the decision to self-administer the SAQs were explored: (a) capacity, (b) motivation, and (c) question sensitivity. Support was found for the capacity hypothesis, suggesting that literacy is a factor in the self-completion decision. Stranger support for the motivation hypothesis was found, with reluctant respondents being less likely to complete the SAQs themselves. Regarding the sensitivity hypothesis, the decision to self-administer doe not appear to be affected by the behaviors engaged in by respondents, or by the perceived sensitivity of these behaviors. However, the responses to the SAQ items themselves differ systematically by whether the SAQ was self-completed or done with the assistance of the interviewer. These findings suggest it is important to measure who completes the SAQ, and to attemp to maximize the self-completion of SAQs in surveys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aims to identify facilitators and barriers of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine acceptance, initiation, and completion among LGBTQ (lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans, and queer) individuals. Method: A systematic review of qualitative and quantitative studies on HPV vaccine acceptance, initiation, and completion from 2006 to June 15, 2020 was performed in each database. Results: Twenty-six studies focusing on HPV vaccination among LGBTQ individuals were reviewed. Conclusions: Knowledge of HPV vaccine and healthcare providers' recommendations were identified as facilitators to receive HPV vaccinate, while high co-pay cost and concerns of the effectiveness and safety were identified as barriers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author describes the manner in which she has empowered African American college students who have not mastered the elements of transference from one dialect to the other. Because she only has one semester with the students, whatever she does to move them toward empowerment or ease with language must be narrow enough to fit the time frame and motivational enough to promote retention. In a unit on prejudice, stereotyping, and bidialectism, she uses strategies derived from her own experiences as a bidialectal African-American.

Attitudes have been widely studied as predictors of a number of social and health behaviors. However, attitudes predicting sleep outcomes have only recently been examined, despite sleep being conceptualized as an important health behavior. Prior research has demonstrated that attitudes toward sleep are associated with sleep hygiene, sleep duration and quality (Peach & Gaultney, 2017; Peach, Gaultney, Ruggiero, 2018). Sleep attitudes interact with varying demographic identities, such as age, gender, race, and perceived socioeconomic status (SES) (Ruggiero, Peach, & Gaultney, 2019). The present study hypothesized that (1) sleep attitudes would be indirectly associated with sleep outcomes (duration and quality) via sleep hygiene, and, (2) this indirect effect would be modified by specific demographic variables (age, gender, race, and perceived SES; moderated mediation). One hundred and seventy-two adults from the United States completed an anonymous survey on sleep characteristics and health. Results confirmed the first hypothesis, indicating that sleep attitudes were significantly and indirectly associated with both sleep duration and sleep quality via sleep hygiene. Additionally, gender and SES further modified these significant indirect effects, meaning hypothesis two was partially supported. Results are discussed in terms of their implications for the importance and variability of sleep attitudes, and future research directions are considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the moderating roles of self-construal and need for cognition (NFC) on brand attitudes and purchase intentions in response to comparative versus noncomparative advertising. To enhance reliability and external validity, the study is conducted in two culturally and economically distinct countries, Thailand and the United States. Independent self-construal exerts a moderating effect in both countries. Furthermore, as expected, this effect is observed for consumers with low but not high NFC. Unexpectedly, however, for low-NFC consumers, comparative ads are more persuasive among those with low rather than high independent self-construal. Heightened situational involvement, evoked by incongruity between self-construal and ad message structure, appears to be the psychological mediator underlying this effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published evidence questions the voter involvement explantion of promotional spending effects in high involvement elections. This study replicates and extends the Soley and Reid (20) study which showed that promotional expenditures have as great an effect on votes received in congressional elections as party affiliation and incumbency. Using an expanded data base and a different analytical technique, the replication found that House and Senate election outcomes were significantly affected by promotional spending, but that spending effects varied by candidate type (i.e., incumbent and challengers) and party affiliation (i.e., major third and independent parties). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reports a portion of the findings of research conducted to determine the attitudes of select French and Dutch advertising agency leaders and German marketing executives regarding specific standardized advertising issues. These findings are compared with results obtained in earlier studies of U.S. advertising agency and corporate executives and the differences are highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Idealism declines in medical students over the course of training, with some studies identifying the beginning of the decline in year 3 of US curricula. Purposes: This study tested the hypothesis that a decline in medical student idealism is detectable in the first two years of medical school. Methods: We sought to identify differences in survey responses between first-year (MS1) and second-year (MS2) medical students at the beginning (T1) and end (T2) of academic year 2010 on three proxies for idealism, including items asking about: (a) motivations for pursuing a medical career; (b) specialty choice; and (c) attitudes toward primary care. Principle component analysis was used to extract linear composite variables (LCVs) from responses to each group of questions; linear regression was then used to test the effect of on each LCV, controlling for race, ethnicity, rural or urban origins, gender, and marital status. Results: MS2s placed more emphasis on status/income concerns (β=0.153, p<0.001), and much less emphasis on idealism as a motivator (β=-0.081, p=0.054), in pursuing a medical career; more likely to consider lifestyle and family considerations (β=0.098, p=0.023), and less likely to consider idealistic motivations (β=-0.066, p=NS); and were more likely to endorse both negative/antagonistic (β=0.122, p=0.004) and negative/sympathetic (β=0.126, p=0.004) attitudes toward primary care. Conclusions: The results are suggestive that idealism decline begins earlier than noted in other studies, implying a need for curricular interventions in the first two years of medical school. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Responses to prominent reputations provide a framework for understanding the growth and decline of group prejudice. In the 1930s, the connection between American Jews and Communism was both an empirical and cognitive reality—Jews constituted a significant portion of the American Communist Party and many Americans stereotyped them as such. However, by mid-century, the perceptual linkage between Jew and Communist had largely vanished. We explain the change in public attitudes by treating prejudice as a cultural framework for collective memory. Building on Blumer (1958) and the empirical conclusions of other prominent sociologists of the period, we argue that group prejudice depends on a group's distinctiveness, its perceived moral imbalance, and the discursive utility of attacks. When components of this three-part frame weaken, prejudice dissipates. Specifically, we claim that the specificity of reputations serves as a concrete stand-in for more diffuse images of social groups. While group position is not only the result of the reputation of prominent figures, the public images of these figures help to shape prejudice and its decline. As an empirical case, we examine the cultural framework for interpreting the linkage of American Jews and Communism in the late 1940s and early 1950s through the reputations of Alger Hiss, Roy Cohn, and Adolf Hitler. Presented by reputational entrepreneurs, these images emphasize American Communists who were decidedly non-Jewish, underline the prominence of anti-Communist American Jews, and delegitimize public anti-Semitism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the experiences of 19 women who self-identify as lesbian or bisexual as they pursue degrees in accredited master of social work educational programs located within the Southern United States. The pervasive discomfort and silence surrounding lesbian and bisexual issues, as well as the privileging of heterosexuality experienced by these women, are presented as being reflective of the contextual settings of these programs. Furthermore, factors including the location and structure of, and the presence of other gay, lesbian, or bisexually identified people within these programs, are discussed as mitigating the heteronormativity experienced by these women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on discussions on controversial issues as a way of enhancing college students' abilities to think critically. Information on several controversial issues in the U.S., including the death penalty and gun control; Strategies for improving class discussions; Factors that affect an individual's beliefs and attitudes toward controversial issues.

The primary purpose of conducting this study was to determine if there is a significant relation between health motivation and participation in health promotion programs in a sample of community-dwelling older adults (n = 106). Health motivation was measured using Cox's (1985) Health Self-Determinism Index, and participation in health promotion programs was measured by tallying the self-reported number of programs attended within the past year by each individual. The effects of selected demographic variables on these two variables were also examined. The conceptual framework guiding the study was the Health-Promoting Self-Care System Model (Simmons, 1990). Intrinsically motivated older persons attended fewer programs (p < .01) than those who were more extrinsically motivated. Higher educational level (p < .001) and fewer health problems (p < .01) emerged as significant predictor variables for intrinsic health motivation, and those with less formal education attended more health promotion programs (p < .05). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the aestheticization of the politics of exclusion in a suburban American community. The research for this study focuses on the relationships among landscapes, social identity, exclusion, and the aesthetic attitudes of residents of Bedford, New York. By being thoroughly aestheticized, class relations are mystified and reduced to questions of lifestyle, consumption patterns, taste, and visual pleasure. Landscapes become possessions that play an active role in the performance of elite social identities. As such, social distinction is achieved and maintained by preserving and enhancing the beauty of places such as Bedford. This aestheticizing of place is managed through highly restrictive zoning policies for residential land and by "protecting" hundreds of acres of undeveloped land as nature preserves. This article explores the role of romantic ideology, localism, antiurbanism, antimodernism, and a class-based aesthetic in the construction of "wild" nature in these preserves. We argue that, in places such as Bedford, the celebration of localism, environmental beauty, and preservation mask the interrelatedness of issues of aesthetics and class identity on the one hand and residential land shortages in the New York metropolitan region on the other. The seemingly innocent pleasure in the aesthetic appreciation of landscapes and the desire to protect nature can act as a subtle but highly effective mechanism of social exclusion and the reaffirmation of elite class identities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we explored ideas and attitudes about education among low-income, minority parents to understand their interaction patterns with schools. Although the bulk of research on parent involvement has been aimed at demonstrating its effects, few field-based studies have focused on the factors that contribute to parents' participation in home and school-based activities. In this study, we attempted to identify these factors by examining the source (e.g., culture, community, institutionalized norms) and nature of parent ideas about schooling. Semistructured interviews regarding the parent's educational experiences, their views about the value of schooling, their role in their children's education, and the nature of their interactions with their children's schools were conducted with parents from a single school located in a minority community in northern California. In contrast to the perceptions of many principals and teachers, low instances of parent involvement did not reflect a parental lack of interest in their child's development. Instead, although such factors as time, distance, and day care obligations were cited, it seemed clear that patterns of family-school interactions were controlled by highly defined, socially constructed scripts that institutionalize the relationships among parents, teachers, and school administrators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The article studied the knowledge and practice patterns of primary care providers and internal medicine residents in their initial evaluation of thyroid nodules and determined whether their practice is in accordance with published guidelines by the American Thyroid Association and American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists. Method: A survey was distributed to primary care physicians (PCPs) and internal medicine residents at a community hospital in Baltimore and a chart review was conducted at the Diabetes and Endocrine Center in the same hospital. Results: A total of 47 physicians (70%) responded to the survey, 16 PCPs and 33 residents. Most responders (96%) will always obtain a TSH, and of these, 21% of PCP and 25% of residents will obtain a TSH without any other laboratory work-up. Fifty percent of the physicians (PCP, 75%; resident, 39%) will always obtain a thyroid ultrasound (p=0.043). Most physicians (97%) will refer for a fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy of a nodule >1 cm. Sixty-two percent of the physicians will not put a euthyroid patient on levothyroxine suppression therapy. Many physicians (48%) are not aware of the AACE and ATA thyroid nodule guidelines. Most physicians (65%) have not read the guidelines. Of the 113 charts reviewed, TSH was obtained alone in 40% and with other laboratory tests in 74%. Thyroid ultrasound was done in 67%. Only one patient was on levothyroxine for levothyroxine suppression therapy. Discussion: Although many physicians were not aware of the guidelines, and a small number of physicians have read them, many PCP and residents responded in concordance with the guidelines in obtaining TSH, an ultrasound, performing FNA biopsy, and not providing levothyroxine suppressive therapy in euthyroid patients. No differences were found between the responses of PCP and residents except for obtaining an ultrasound. Chart review data also showed that majority of tests ordered for non-toxic thyroid nodule evaluation were in agreement with the guidelines. Limitations include lowsurvey response rate among PCPs and that results are from one community hospital. Conclusion: Our findings from the survey and chart review conclude that majority of primary care physicians were initiating the appropriate work up of thyroid nodules prior to referral to a specialist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents information on a study which investigated mothers' attitudes toward the United States Federal Communications Commission's (FCC) policy statement regarding toy-based programming (TBP). Background on TBP; Research methodology; Results and discussion.

The article presents the findings of a telephone survey of black heterosexuals regarding their attitudes toward lesbians and gay men in the United States. In this study, negative attitudes toward lesbians and gay men were widespread. More than two thirds of the Black respondents agreed that sex between two men or two women is wrong, and more than half expressed disgust at male homosexuals and lesbians. Less than one respondent in four agreed that female or male homosexuality is a natural expression of sexuality. The results of the survey indicated that negative attitudes toward homosexuality are widespread but do not appear to be more prevalent in Blacks than among Whites. In addition, Black heterosexuals were more likely to express positive attitudes toward gay men and lesbians if they were well educated, single, registered to vote, and not religious. Being politically liberal also was associated with holding more favorable attitudes, although individuals who described themselves as strongly conservative also expressed favorable attitudes.

The article presents an examination of interpersonal contact between heterosexuals and gay men. Gay men and lesbians constitute a stigmatized. minority group in the United States today. During the past 20 years, social scientists have sought to understand the cultural and psychological factors that differentiate heterosexuals with positive attitudes from those who express hostility toward gay people. Heterosexual men and women who report knowing someone who is gay express generally more positive attitudes toward lesbians and gay men than do heterosexuals who lack contact experiences. The relationship between contact experiences and attitudes is probably reciprocal. Not only does contact tend to foster greater acceptance of gay men generally but in addition heterosexuals with already positive attitudes or who belong to a group in which accepting attitudes are common are more likely than others to experience contact.

This article presents a methodological critique of the few attempts to promote tolerance for homosexuality through education. The d statistic was utilized to assess the extent of attitude change from pre- to post-intervention assessment. With few exceptions, data have been gathered from college students in courses focused on human sexuality. These data suggest that students who complete these courses become less fearful of contact with homosexuals, more tolerant of homosexuals in social roles, and more tolerant of homosexual behavior, although the extent and duration of the changes may be limited. Although some attribute attitude change to the intensiveness of the course, methodological and conceptual problems, including volunteer bias, provide alternative explanations. Further attempts to promote tolerance toward homosexuality must consider differences in attitudes toward gay men and lesbians and the extent to which men and women differ in their level of tolerance toward these groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It was hypothesized that erotic experiences with condoms would cause attitudes toward condoms to become more positive. Heterosexual couples were randomly assigned to three conditions. Couples received either condoms with instructions on how to incorporate them into sensuous foreplay, condoms only, or no condoms and no instructions. All couples received pre- and post-tests on the Attitude Toward Condoms Scale (Brown, 1984). Both of the intervention groups used condoms over a two-week period. A 3 2 2 (treatment gender pre-post) design was used, and the analysis revealed that only those who received the erotic instructions had significantly enhanced attitudes toward condoms. The results are discussed in terms of future research and application of an intervention to enhance attitudes toward condoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Expanding social work roles in medication management and psychoeducation, especially in mental health, clearly require that students possess an enlarged knowledge base and a set of enlightened attitudes regarding psychotropic medications and their use. This article retorts the results of a survey that investigated the knowledge of and attitudes toward phychotropic medications among a population of social work students. If the survey results were scored like a school exam, then the average student surveyed scored a "C + ." The article also suggests that both personal and Professional experiences in the mental health field apparently influence knowledge of and attitudes toward psychotropic drugs. It is recommended that social work course content be expanded to include relevant information on psychotropic drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]