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Population density is a potentially significant determinant of social organization, with high densities often expected to result in greater spatial and social contact among conspecifics. As part of ongoing efforts to document behavioral diversity among tuco-tucos (Rodentia: Ctenomyidae: Ctenomys), we characterized the social organization of a population in Valle Encantado, Parque Nacional Los Cardones, Salta Province, Argentina. Live-trapping and radiotelemety data revealed that despite one of the highest densities recorded for the genus Ctenomys (~75 adults per ha), members of the study population were solitary, with each adult occupying a distinct burrow system and nest site. Co-occurrence of adults at the same point in space and time was detected only twice (<0.5% of data points, n = 997 telemetry fixes). Spatial overlap between neighboring animals was limited and resulted from occasional incursions by 1 individual into the area occupied by a conspecific, with most (87.5%, n = 8) such events occurring when an adult male entered the area occupied by an adult female. Comparisons with other species of Ctenomys for which telemetry data are available did not suggest a relationship between population density and social organization within this genus. Although a formal taxonomic assessment of the tuco-tucos from Valle Encantado is needed, our findings add to a growing comparative understanding of variation in social organization within Ctenomys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kin selection is important for understanding the evolution of social behaviour in group-living species. Yet, the role of kinship in solitary species has received little attention. We studied how kinship influences intraspecific variation in social organization and spatial structure in a predominantly solitary species, the bush Karoo rat, Otomys unisulcatus , from the Succulent Karoo semidesert of South Africa. We predicted that if social groups occur, they should consist of close kin. We further predicted that the spatial structure is not random, but that close kin live closer to each other. Over 5 years we performed trapping and focal animal observations and fitted mini-GPS dataloggers simultaneously on 125 neighbouring female bush Karoo rats to investigate how their spatial structure was influenced by kinship. Females were mainly solitary, although small social groups also occurred, all consisting of close kin, typically females, such as a mother and her adult daughter or sisters. Although females did have more nonkin than kin neighbours, kin lived closer to each other than nonkin. Daily ranges were larger in the breeding than in the nonbreeding season and overlapped more between kin than nonkin females. We conclude that kinship should be considered when studying solitary species as it might influence variation in social organization and spatial structure. • This study is the first use of mini-GPS devices in a small rodent. • Female bush Karoo rat females are mainly solitary. • Sometimes they form small groups, always consisting of close kin. • They display a kinship spatial structure. • Kinship is important to understand solitary species' social system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Isolated cysticercosis of the sternocleidomastoid is a rare entity caused by the ingestion of eggs of Taenia solium. The case reported here is of a 24-year-old male who presented to the hospital with complaints of a firm, non-tender, isolated, progressively increasing swelling of the right side of his neck for 3 months. Diagnosis of cysticercosis was made on high-resolution ultrasound and the patient was managed medically with complete resolution. The relevant findings of the case are discussed herein.

Abstract Background This study aimed to demonstrate the occurrence of lower extremity deformities and their risk factors in patients with solitary osteochondromas. Methods We retrospectively reviewed consecutive patients with solitary osteochondromas around the knee. The laterality (left or right), involved bone (femur or tibia), tumor type (pedunculated or sessile), and direction (medial or lateral) were examined. The whole limb length (WLL), mechanical lateral distal femoral angle (mLDFA), and medial proximal tibial angle (MPTA) were measured using teleroentgenogram. Lower limb deformity was defined as a difference of more than 5° in mLDFA or MPTA in both lower extremities or a difference in WLL of more than 1 cm. Patients were divided into two groups, with deformity and without deformity. Results Lower extremity deformities were observed in 8 of 83 patients. Significant difference in the type of osteochondroma (p = 0.004) between the groups was observed. Differences in sex, age, laterality, involved bone, direction, and distance from the physis to the osteochondroma between groups were not statistically significant. The sessile type of osteochondroma was a risk factor for lower limb deformity with an odds ratio of 24.0 according to Firth’s logistic regression analysis. Conclusion In our cohort with solitary osteochondroma, lower limb deformities were observed in 8 (9.6%) out of the 83 patients and these were significantly associated with sessile-type tumors. Therefore, patients with sessile-type solitary osteochondroma around the knee require careful surveillance of lower limb alignment with whole leg teleroentgenogram.

Introduction Gall stones are currently classified based mainly on their composition. Though some studies have suggested differences in patients with multiple and solitary gallstones, there is sparse data regarding this, leaving a lacuna for research work which could help expand our understanding of the disease. Aim & Objectives Evaluation of difference in presentation, surgical implications and complications between patients of solitary and multiple gall stone disease. Methods 100 patients admitted with and undergoing surgery for cholelithiasis and its complications at Muzaffarnagar Medical College & Hospital, Muzaffarnagar (UP, India) were divided into two groups- those with single gall stones, and those with multiple gall stones. Results In our study, 63 cases had multiple gallstones, while 37 had a single gallstone. No significant difference was found between the two groups with respect to the studied symptoms. However, a significantly higher percentage of patients with multiple stones suffered from acute cholecystitis (p value 0.014), and choledocholithiasis (p value 0.015), as compared to those with single stones. Mucocele was found to be significantly more common in single stone patients (p-value = 0.001). The comparison of the duration of cholecystectomy, prevalence of dense adhesions, and rate of lap to open conversions revealed no statistically significant difference between the two groups. Conclusion While differential rates of some complications were observed between patients with single and multiple gall stones, the symptom profile was similar and no significant difference between the two groups regarding operative difficulties could be illustrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study aimed to demonstrate the occurrence of lower extremity deformities and their risk factors in patients with solitary osteochondromas. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed consecutive patients with solitary osteochondromas around the knee. The laterality (left or right), involved bone (femur or tibia), tumor type (pedunculated or sessile), and direction (medial or lateral) were examined. The whole limb length (WLL), mechanical lateral distal femoral angle (mLDFA), and medial proximal tibial angle (MPTA) were measured using teleroentgenogram. Lower limb deformity was defined as a difference of more than 5° in mLDFA or MPTA in both lower extremities or a difference in WLL of more than 1 cm. Patients were divided into two groups, with deformity and without deformity. Results: Lower extremity deformities were observed in 8 of 83 patients. Significant difference in the type of osteochondroma (p = 0.004) between the groups was observed. Differences in sex, age, laterality, involved bone, direction, and distance from the physis to the osteochondroma between groups were not statistically significant. The sessile type of osteochondroma was a risk factor for lower limb deformity with an odds ratio of 24.0 according to Firth's logistic regression analysis. Conclusion: In our cohort with solitary osteochondroma, lower limb deformities were observed in 8 (9.6%) out of the 83 patients and these were significantly associated with sessile-type tumors. Therefore, patients with sessile-type solitary osteochondroma around the knee require careful surveillance of lower limb alignment with whole leg teleroentgenogram. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Subependymal giant cell astrocytoma (SEGA) represents a benign brain tumor occurring in 5–20% of individuals diagnosed with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), serving as a major diagnostic criterion. The presence of SEGA in a patient often prompts consideration of TSC as a probable diagnosis, given its unique association with this disorder. Typically, only one additional major criterion or two minor criteria are necessary to fulfill the diagnostic criteria for TSC. However, in rare instances, SEGA may manifest in patients without clinical features of TSC, termed solitary SEGA. The occurrence of solitary SEGA in patients lacking both clinical manifestations of TSC and genetic confirmation is extremely rare. Furthermore, the presentation of SEGA with intratumoral bleeding is exceedingly uncommon. Here, we presented a case of bleeding solitary SEGA in non-TSC adolescent who underwent surgery and has remained free of disease for a minimum of 3 years. Genetic analysis of peripheral blood and tumor tissue yielded negative results for TSC-related mutations. While SEGA occurrence in non-TSC patients is uncommon, it remains one of the possible diagnoses of intraventricular tumors. However, comprehensive genetic and physical evaluations are imperative to confirm the TSC status and guide further investigations and follow-up appropriately. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amr Youssef Arkoubi Department of Anesthesia and Surgery, College of Medicine, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaCorrespondence: Amr Youssef Arkoubi, Department of Anesthesia and Surgery, College of Medicine, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, Email ayarkoubi@imamu.edu.saAbstract: A glomus tumor (GT) is a rare and usually benign tumor that originates from the glomus body, which is involved in thermoregulation in the skin. Solitary or multiple, digital or extra-digital, these cutaneous tumors can be benign or malignant. This report describes the diagnosis and surgical management of a solitary glomus tumor at the base of the right thumb in a young Sudanese woman. The diagnosis of glomus tumor was confirmed by medical history, sonographic findings and histopathological report. The lesion was excised via direct complete excision under local anesthesia, resulting in a complete resolution of symptoms. Owing to its high sensitivity level, the use of ultrasound is appropriate to evaluate a lesion suspected to be a glomus tumor. A clinician needs to take into consideration the likelihood of glomus tumors when assessing a patient who has a skin lesion on fingers, toes, or extra-digital area, with pain triggered by temperature changes, pressure, or touch. Additionally, this report includes a review of recent globally reported cases of glomus tumor in the hand to highlight the distinctiveness of this report in context to its atypical location in the area of the thenar eminence and underscoring it as a unique report of its kind from Saudi Arabia.Keywords: glomus, digital, extra digital, hand, thumb, solitary, benign

Abstract Background One of the most peculiar groups of the mostly colonial phylum Bryozoa is the taxon Monobryozoon, whose name already implies non-colonial members of the phylum. Its peculiarity and highly unusual lifestyle as a meiobenthic clade living on sand grains has fascinated many biologists. In particular its systematic relationship to other bryozoans remains a mystery. Despite numerous searches for M. ambulans in its type locality Helgoland, a locality with a long-lasting marine station and tradition of numerous courses and workshops, it has never been reencountered until today. Here we report the first observations of this almost mythical species, Monobryozoon ambulans. Results For the first time since 1938, we present new modern, morphological analyses of this species as well as the first ever molecular data. Our detailed morphological analysis confirms most previous descriptions, but also ascertains the presence of special ambulatory polymorphic zooids. We consider these as bud anlagen that ultimately consecutively separate from the animal rendering it pseudo-colonial. The remaining morphological data show strong ties to alcyonidioidean ctenostome bryozoans. Our morphological data is in accordance with the phylogenomic analysis, which clusters it with species of Alcyonidium as a sister group to multiporate ctenostomes. Divergence time estimation and ancestral state reconstruction recover the solitary state of M. ambulans as a derived character that probably evolved in the Late Cretaceous. In this study, we also provide the entire mitogenome of M. ambulans, which—despite the momentary lack of comparable data—provides important data of a unique and rare species for comparative aspects in the future. Conclusions We were able to provide first sequence data and modern morphological data for the unique bryozoan, M. ambulans, which are both supporting an alcyonidioidean relationship within ctenostome bryozoans.

Objective: Infantile myofibromatosis is a rare entity of childhood characterized by benign myofibroblastic tumors in the soft tissues, the bones, and occasionally the viscera. Solitary skeletal lesions are relatively uncommon. Calvarial involvement should be distinguished from more aggressive tumors for appropriate treatment. Methods: We reviewed solitary infantile myofibroma of the calvarium and discussed the relevant computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging findings along with differential diagnosis. A case study of the frontal bone in a 5-month-old girl was also presented. Results: Fourteen cases were reviewed, including the current case. Of the 13 cases with known sex, eight were male and five female. The mean age was 3.03 with an age range of 0.41–9 years. Nine of the 14 tumors were in the frontal bone. The lesions were intradiploic with tabula interna and/or externa of the calvaria involvement. The mean largest diameter was 22.3 mm. Upon computed tomography, all the lesions were expansile and lytic, and hypoattenuated, isoattenuated or occasionally hyperatenuated. Calcification was not seen. On magnetic resonance imaging, most neoplasms were hypointense on T1-weighted and T2-weighted images. Neoplasms showed hypointense signal on diffusion-weighted imaging and hyperintense on apparent diffusion coefficient, without restricted diffusion in three cases. All lesions were intensely enhanced after gadolinium administration. Treatment was total surgical resection and recurrence was not observed during follow-up. Conclusions: Infantile myofibromas are rare, typically intradiploic expansile lytic lesions with tabula interna and/or externa involvement. Distinctive imaging features include the presence of hipointense signals on T2-weighted magnetic resonance images without restricted diffusion on diffusion-weighted imaging. A slow-growing, firm, painless, and nontender mass with supportive imaging findings should raise suspicion of the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Species morphological and behavioural traits are key determinants of which pollinator species interact with which plant species. However, individuals within species are not identical in their traits and this diversity could help us understand plant–pollinator interaction patterns.Using three independent data sets, we assessed whether bee intraspecific body size variation (ITV) and sociality influenced pollinator interaction specialisation, intraspecific niche partitioning, centrality in the interaction network and phylogenetic diversity of the plants visited.We found that solitary pollinators were more specialised in their interactions with plants and had lower intraspecific niche partitioning compared to social pollinators. Furthermore, solitary pollinators with higher ITV had higher centrality in the network and visited a higher phylogenetic diversity of plants compared to solitary species with lower ITV, whereas the opposite pattern emerged for social pollinators. Pollinator ITV did not differ between social and solitary bee species.Our findings show that the effect of pollinator body size variation on plant–pollinator interactions depends on pollinator species sociality. Specifically, solitary pollinators with higher ITV and social pollinators with lower ITV seem to be the most important contributors to maintaining the evolutionary diversity of the plant community, and also the species with the largest potential to affect (via cascade effects) the entire plant–pollinator network. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Drinking commonly occurs in social settings and may bolster social reinforcement. Laboratory studies suggest that subjective effects and mood are mechanisms through which the social context influences alcohol consumption. Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) may be useful for extending these findings to the natural environment. This pre-registered secondary analysis of EMA data investigated the influence of the social environment on: (1) stimulating and sedating subjective effects of alcohol, (2) contentedness and negative affect, and (3) next-day evaluations of the drinking occasion. Methods: Nontreatment seeking adults reporting past-month heavy drinking (N = 131; Mage = 28.09; 42% female) completed 7 days of EMA (in the morning, at random, and following drinking prompts), which included questions on their social context (drinking in the presence of known others or alone), contemporaneous stimulating and sedating effects, contentedness and negative affect, alcohol consumption, and next-day evaluations of a prior day's drinking event (how satisfying/pleasant was drinking). We used multi-level models in SAS 9.4 M7 software to examine relations among the variables. Results: Contemporaneous subjective effects (stimulating or sedating), negative affect, and contentedness did not significantly depend on the social context. For next-day evaluations of pleasure/satisfaction from drinking, context effects were dependent on consumption totals. As the total number of standard drinks consumed increased, recollections of pleasure/satisfaction were higher when drinking had occurred with others, relative to alone. At lower consumption totals, next-day evaluations did not appear to depend on social context. Conclusions: When reported contemporaneously, subjective effects and affect do not appear dependent upon the presence of known others. However, heavier drinking events, relative to lighter drinking events, are appraised more favorably the following day when occurring within social contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: One of the most peculiar groups of the mostly colonial phylum Bryozoa is the taxon Monobryozoon, whose name already implies non-colonial members of the phylum. Its peculiarity and highly unusual lifestyle as a meiobenthic clade living on sand grains has fascinated many biologists. In particular its systematic relationship to other bryozoans remains a mystery. Despite numerous searches for M. ambulans in its type locality Helgoland, a locality with a long-lasting marine station and tradition of numerous courses and workshops, it has never been reencountered until today. Here we report the first observations of this almost mythical species, Monobryozoon ambulans. Results: For the first time since 1938, we present new modern, morphological analyses of this species as well as the first ever molecular data. Our detailed morphological analysis confirms most previous descriptions, but also ascertains the presence of special ambulatory polymorphic zooids. We consider these as bud anlagen that ultimately consecutively separate from the animal rendering it pseudo-colonial. The remaining morphological data show strong ties to alcyonidioidean ctenostome bryozoans. Our morphological data is in accordance with the phylogenomic analysis, which clusters it with species of Alcyonidium as a sister group to multiporate ctenostomes. Divergence time estimation and ancestral state reconstruction recover the solitary state of M. ambulans as a derived character that probably evolved in the Late Cretaceous. In this study, we also provide the entire mitogenome of M. ambulans, which—despite the momentary lack of comparable data—provides important data of a unique and rare species for comparative aspects in the future. Conclusions: We were able to provide first sequence data and modern morphological data for the unique bryozoan, M. ambulans, which are both supporting an alcyonidioidean relationship within ctenostome bryozoans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies on prognostic factors for patients undergoing surgery to treat solitary liver metastases originating from colorectal cancer (CRC) are limited. This study aimed to analyze significant prognostic factors associated with tumor recurrence and long-term survival after liver resection for solitary colorectal liver metastasis. Data from 230 patients with solitary liver metastases from CRC who received liver resection between 2010 and 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. Recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) were accessed with the Kaplan–Meier method and log-rank test. Cox regression multivariate analysis identified independent variables associated with RFS and OS. Nomograms were developed to predict patient outcomes after surgery. The 3- and 5-year OS rates were 72.3% and 59.8%, respectively. The 3- and 5-year RFS rates were 40.0% and 27.1%, respectively. Multivariate analysis revealed age ≥ 70 years, resection margin width < 10 mm, initial N2 stage, hypoalbuminemia before surgery, and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) ≥ 3 after surgery as independent prognostic factors for OS. For RFS, initial N2 stage, hypoalbuminemia before surgery, NLR ≥ 3 after surgery, elevated carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels after surgery, and CEA ratio (after/before liver resection) < 0.3 were identified as independent prognostic factors. This study demonstrated that initial N2 stage, hypoalbuminemia before liver resection, and NLR ≥ 3 after liver resection exert a significant association on the RFS and OS of patients undergoing surgery for solitary liver metastases from CRC. Thus, upfront chemotherapy, prompt postoperative chemotherapy, and intensive postoperative surveillance are mandatory for patients having these adverse factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aves are unique in having a coat of feathers and in balancing on the hind limbs alone. They are known as the feathered bipeds. Roosting, nest building in birds has been considered a remarkable behaviour in aves. The nesting ecology of birds is likely the most important component of its life history and it is affected by several ecological and environmental factors. Guwahati city, a rapidly growing city in northeast India inhabits a lot of species of birds. It is located between the Brahmaputra River's southern bank and the Shillong plateau's foothills. Total of the 57 nests, 28% were discovered in the rolling shop shutters, followed by 27% in the tin sheet roofs of homes, followed by 19% in building crevices, 9% in building holes, 7% in advertisement hoarding and 5% in AC outdoor units and 5% in unused building pipes. It is also observed that 49% of the nests are located at a height between 2-4 metres from the ground level, 70% of the nests are located between 1-5 metres from the nearest food source, and 58% of the nests are located between 1-5 metres from the nearest water source. Out of the 57 nests observed, 50 were found to be solitary, 5 were found to be Pair, and 2 were found to be cluster type. The study found that choosing a nest is influenced directly by the location of the nearest food source and nearest water source in Guwahati city. The study presents the merit and needs for studying the nesting ecology of birds in India, also suggests best practices to conserve bird's nest specific to the Indian context which might provide important information for the nesting ecology of House Sparrows (Passer domesticus). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IntroductionNeurofibroma, a rare benign tumor of the peripheral nervous system, can manifest anywhere along a nerve from the dorsal ganglion to its terminal branches. Myxoid neurofibroma can present as a solitary non-tender nodule and is often confirmed by positive immunohistochemical staining for S-100 protein. However, in 50% of cases, neurofibromas are associated with neurofibromatosis.Case presentationWe present a case of a 34-year-old male with mild pain in the posterior part of his left thigh, accompanied by a slowly-growing swelling particularly noticeable when flexing his knee. It had gradually increased in size over several months, which the patient observed as a decrease in the degree of knee extension. Initial biopsy indicated schwannoma with no evidence of malignancy. Four years later, the swelling increased in size and necessitated resection surgery, revealing an irregular giant tumor measuring 8 *6 *4.5 cm, adherent to adjacent structures, including the femur, muscles, popliteal artery and vein, and a branch of the sciatic nerve. Pathological analysis reclassified the diagnosis to low-grade myxoid neurofibroma. Follow-up MRI three months later showed gross total resection without residual or recurrence of the tumor.DiscussionSolitary neurofibromas are often small in size, ranging from 1 to 2 cm in the greatest dimension. Alternatively, tumors that occur as a part of genetic neurofibromatosis tend to be multiple and often grow to large sizes. In our case, the patient didn't have neurofibromatosis as he didn't meet its diagnostic criteria despite having a giant tumor measuring approximately 8*6*4.5 cm. To our knowledge, this is the first report of giant myxoid solitary neurofibroma of the thigh apart from neurofibromatosis. Thus, this type of tumor should be considered in the differential diagnosis of tumors at this location.

Many consumers engage in frequent consumption indulgences. Because such indulgences accumulate resource costs (e.g., money, calories), consumers are often prompted to cut back, posing questions for how to design cutback programs with consumer appeal. This research distinguishes between frequent indulgences that consumers think of as social (vs. solitary), demonstrating that thinking of an indulgence as social (vs. solitary) decreases preferences to cut "frequency" (how often the indulgence occasion occurs) and increases preferences to cut "intensity" (choosing a within-category substitute that involves lower resource expenditure). The author explains these effects by differentiating between enjoyment from the product itself and enjoyment from aspects outside the product. Thinking of an indulgence as social (vs. solitary) heightens people's anticipated enjoyment, particularly for aspects outside of the product, decreasing interest in cutting the number of occasions (cutting frequency) and increasing interest in cutting back on the product itself via a within-category substitute (cutting intensity). This divergence in cutback preferences for social (vs. solitary) experiences is thus eliminated (1) when consumers think of social experiences with distant (vs. close) others, which involve lower enjoyment outside of the product, or (2) when solitary experiences primarily involve heightened enjoyment for aspects outside of the product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Aims: Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome (SRUS) can be overlooked, diagnosed late, or misdiagnosed, particularly in childhood. This study reviewed the 13-year experience of the authors’ institution to increase clinicians' awareness of SRUS in the presence of symptoms. This paper reports the endoscopic and histopathological findings in children presenting with hematochezia. Methods: The clinical and laboratory findings of 22 patients diagnosed with biopsy-proven SRUS in the authors’ clinic between 2007 and 2020 were evaluated retrospectively. Results: The mean age at diagnosis was 12.5±2.6 years, and 59.1% of the patients were male. The median time of diagnosis was 24 months. A single ulcer lesion was found by colonoscopy in 18 patients (81.8%), two ulcers in two patients (9%), and more than two ulcers in two patients (9%). The pathology reports of all biopsies taken from the lesions were consistent with a solitary rectal ulcer. In the first stage, the treatment was started with toilet training, a high-fiber diet, and laxatives. In 11 patients (50%) who did not respond to the initial treatment, a 5-ASA enema was added. A glucocorticoid enema was added to treatment in five patients (22%) whose complaints did not regress despite this treatment. Clinical remission was achieved in five of the patients (18.1%). The time to diagnosis was significantly shorter in those in remission than those not in remission (p=0.04). Conclusions: This study is the first large series on Turkish children. An increased awareness of SRUS in children will increase the rate of early diagnosis and treatment, allowing remission in more patients.

Background: The primary treatment for eligible patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is curative liver resection, offering a 5-year overall survival (OS) of 60%-80%. Despite this, the recurrence rate within five years post-resection remains notably high, ranging from 40% to 50%. Instances of recurrence in the maxillary sinus following liver resection are exceedingly uncommon. This report details a unique case of solitary maxillary sinus recurrence after the curative resection of HCC, which underwent maxillary tumor resection, along with a comprehensive review of pertinent literature. No similar cases have been documented previously. Case presentation: In 2014, an 85-year-old male patient was diagnosed with HCC and subsequently underwent left hepatectomy. Following the resection, the patient underwent a 9-year follow-up period without any evidence of intra or extrahepatic recurrence. In 2023, a computed tomography (CT) scan revealed a 1.4 cm by 1.1 cm mass in the maxillary sinus, without discernible invasion of the alveolar sinus, nasal cavity, orbital cavity, or infratemporal space. We proceeded with the resection of the maxillary sinus mass. Patho-histochemical analysis indicated that the tumor cells in the maxillary sinus were metastatic HCC cells. As of now, the patient remains in good condition with no signs of tumor recurrence. Conclusion: For patients presentingwith solitarymaxillary sinusmetastasis, optimal liver function, and a favorable performance score, tumor resection may be the preferred treatment option. However, given the rarity of such cases, larger prospective trials are essential to determine an optimal treatment strategy that offers therapeutic benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reticulohistiocytoma is a localized form of reticulohistiocytosis without systemic involvement. This is a histiocytic reactive lesion which can arise on the skin or mucosa. A 60-year-old female presented with an ill-defined solitary reddish brown, firm, nontender nodule of size 1.5 × 1.5 cm, lateral to right nasolabial fold for 1 year. Histopathological examination showed irregular acanthosis in the epidermis and the dermis revealed collection of histiocytes in clusters, some of which showed eosinophilic cytoplasm which was suggestive of a benign histiocytic lesion. Immunohistochemistry showed scattered cell positivity for CD68 and S100. A final diagnosis of solitary adult onset reticulohistiocytoma was made and an elliptical excision was done. There is a need for clinicopathological correlation along with immunohistochemistry to diagnose this entity and differentiate from other mimickers. Reported cases of facial reticulohistiocytoma, of which two were reported from India, have been reviewed for a better understanding of this entity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malignant solitary fibrous tumor of the breast is one of the rarest types of breast malignancy. To the best of our knowledge, only six cases have been reported so far. Here we have presented such a case from India, where a 52-year-old lady presented with a 10 cm x 8 cm breast lump. Diagnosis was achieved with the help of FDG PET, histopathology and immunohistochemistry, which showed nuclear positivity for STAT6. Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) molecular study for SS18-SSX was used to rule out the differential diagnosis of synovial sarcoma. Guidelines for the management of this type of breast malignancy still do not exist. We have done a review of the literature in order to discuss which might be the best management in such cases. Evidence on this very rarest type of breast malignancy is still evolving. The interest in the case described here relies on its rarity, difficulties in achieving diagnosis and formulation of the proper management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neurofibroma is a benign tumor of the peripheral nervous system affecting Schwann cells as well as neural sheath cells. It is usually considered as a component of Von Recklinghausen's disease, but solitary lesions have also been reported, though not very frequently. It is mostly reported on the skin. In the head and neck region, trigeminal nerve and the cervical nerves are frequently affected; in the oral cavity, tongue is the most commonly affected site. Intra-osseous neurofibromas of the oral cavity are extremely rare and only 22 cases have been reported in the last two decades. The present review is an attempt to know if there is any clinical or radiological feature that can assist in the diagnosis of solitary intra-osseous neurofibroma of the jaws? The literature was reviewed from 01.01.2000 to 05.06.2022 exclusively for case reports, case series, and reviews using the keywords: neurofibroma; neurinoma, maxilla; mandible; jaws, single; solitary; one. Search engines: PubMed Central, Lilac, and Science Direct were used by applying the Boolean operator "OR" and "AND". The review has been submitted for registration in PROSPERO (receipt 340775). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The commonest benign bone tumours, Osteochondromas, which can be solitary or multiple involving the metaphyseal region of long bones, rarely presents in the axial skeleton such as pelvic girdle which warrants surgical excision in case of symptoms arising out of pressure effects. Case report: In this study we are herewith reporting unusual case of pubic tubercle osteochondroma which is solitary and pedunculated in a 37-year-old female. She had the swelling for the past 15 years which is asymptomatic except for mild hydroureteronephrosis which was an incidental diagnosis, however we managed the patient with surgical excision of the tumour with elaborate preoperative radiological imaging using both X-ray and CT. Histopathological examination was confirming the diagnosis of osteochondroma. Conclusion: Asymptomatic pelvic osteochondroma should be borne in mind in patients with incidental swelling in the groin region especially females who may be reluctant to seek medical attention due to social stigma. Keywords: Osteochondroma, Pubic tubercle, surgical excision, solitary

Infantile myofibromatosis (IM) is a mesenchymal tumor that may present in infants in a couple of major forms: solitary (myofibroma) and multicentric (myofibromatosis) which can be more subdivided into IM without or with visceral involvement. The tumors present as nodular lesions in the soft tissues, bones, and/or internal organs. Although the success of imaging in suggesting the correct diagnosis can't be denied, histopathology and Immunohistochemical examinations are necessary to confirm the diagnosis of IM as it might be misdiagnosed as a malignant tumor. We report a case of solitary infantile myofibromatosis in the upper extremities discovered in a 9-year-old girl. She had swelling and an enlargement on the posterior forearm on the ulnar side. The X-ray showed a lytic lesion with swollen soft tissue. The patient underwent an MRI which suggested the diagnosis of myofibroma. Then, solitary myofibroma was confirmed histologically. Infancy's most prevalent fibrous tumor is IM. Its prognosis depends on the visceral involvement. Imaging, especially MRI is the ideal tool to diagnose it.

BackgroundThe primary treatment for eligible patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is curative liver resection, offering a 5-year overall survival (OS) of 60%-80%. Despite this, the recurrence rate within five years post-resection remains notably high, ranging from 40% to 50%. Instances of recurrence in the maxillary sinus following liver resection are exceedingly uncommon. This report details a unique case of solitary maxillary sinus recurrence after the curative resection of HCC, which underwent maxillary tumor resection, along with a comprehensive review of pertinent literature. No similar cases have been documented previously.Case presentationIn 2014, an 85-year-old male patient was diagnosed with HCC and subsequently underwent left hepatectomy. Following the resection, the patient underwent a 9-year follow-up period without any evidence of intra or extrahepatic recurrence. In 2023, a computed tomography (CT) scan revealed a 1.4 cm by 1.1 cm mass in the maxillary sinus, without discernible invasion of the alveolar sinus, nasal cavity, orbital cavity, or infratemporal space. We proceeded with the resection of the maxillary sinus mass. Patho-histochemical analysis indicated that the tumor cells in the maxillary sinus were metastatic HCC cells. As of now, the patient remains in good condition with no signs of tumor recurrence.ConclusionFor patients presenting with solitary maxillary sinus metastasis, optimal liver function, and a favorable performance score, tumor resection may be the preferred treatment option. However, given the rarity of such cases, larger prospective trials are essential to determine an optimal treatment strategy that offers therapeutic benefits.

Background: This study was conducted to develop nomograms and validate them by assessing risk factors for the development of central lymph node metastasis (CLNM) in patients with solitary papillary thyroid carcinoma of the isthmus (PTCI) for predicting the probability of CLNM. Methods: Demographic and clinicopathological variables of patients with solitary papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) from May 2018 to May 2023 at the First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University were retrospectively analyzed, and the lobar group and the isthmus group were divided according to tumor location. Patients with the same sex, age difference of less than 3 years, and equal gross tumor diameter were selected from the lobar group and compared with the paraisthmic tumor group. Independent risk factors were determined using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis. On this basis, clinical predictive nomograms were developed and validated. Results: Clinical data from 326 patients with solitary PTCI and 660 cases of solitary lobar PTC were used for analysis in our study. The incidence of solitary tumors CLNM located in the median isthmus, paracentral isthmus, and lobes was 69.8%, 40.9%, and 33.6%, respectively. Statistical analysis revealed that gender, age, isthmus location, maximum nodal diameter, the presence of possible CLNM in advance on preoperative ultrasound, chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis, and the lymphocyte/monocyte ratio were independent risk factors for preoperative CLNM in patients with solitary PTCI. Age, isthmus location, chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis, gross tumor diameter, presence of intraoperative extrathyroidal extension, and presence of metastasis in the Delphian lymph node on frozen section were independent risk factors for intraoperative CLNM. The concordance indices of nomograms for preoperative and intraoperative are 0.871 and 0.894 in the training set and 0.796 and 0.851 in the validation set, calibration curve and decision curve analysis also demonstrated the strong reliability and clinical applicability of this clinical prediction model. Conclusion: In this study, we concluded that solitary PTCI is more aggressive compared to solitary lobar PTC, and we constructed nomograms and risk stratification to accurately identify patients with solitary PTCI who are at high risk of developing CLNM, which will help clinicians in personalized decision making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eccrine spiradenoma is a rare sweat gland tumor and usually presents as a solitary, painful nodule. A solitary spiradenoma involving the eyelid is quite rare. A 39-year-old Indian female presented with a gradually increasing, painless, nodular upper eyelid mass for the past 4 years. On examination, a non-tender approximately 4 × 3 mm cystic mass was noted, which was not adherent to underlying structures. The mass was excised in toto, and the histopathological examination was suggestive of eccrine spiradenoma with a low Ki-67 index. The patient was doing well without any signs of recurrence at 2 months of follow-up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: We conducted this research to comprehensively evaluate solitary polypoids in the colorectal place by conducting a clinicopathological correlation. We aimed to determine the medical and pathological characteristics of those masses, their incidence, and the affiliation among clinical findings and histopathological features. Methods: A retrospective evaluation of patients who offered solitary polypoid masses within the colorectal area at Patna in a tertiary care centre. Inclusion criteria encompassed patients with showed colorectal polyps primarily based on endoscopic findings. Biopsy specimens acquired during endoscopic approaches have been subjected to histopathological examination. Statistical evaluation, inclusive of chi-rectangular assessments or logistic regression, is performed as appropriate to determine massive correlations. Results: Among the polyps studied, 60% were identified as adenomatous, 25% as hyperplastic, 10% as serrated, and 5% as inflammatory subtypes. Additionally, 18% of adenomatous polyps exhibited high-grade dysplasia, indicating an accelerated chance of malignancy. A statistically enormous association between patient age and the chance of adenomatous polyps (p < 0.05), with older patients being more at risk of adenomatous lesions. Conclusion: The prevalence of adenomatous polyps and the presence of high-grade dysplasia among them reaffirm the want for vigilant tracking and intervention. These outcomes contribute to the developing frame of proof helping early detection and tailor-made control strategies for colorectal pathologies, ultimately aiming to enhance patient effects and reduce the weight of colorectal malignancies. Recommendation: More such studies are required and physicians need to take studies into consideration while assessing the symptoms and deriving the diagnosis of the study.

Pediatric chest wall tumors are unusual and can arise from bone structures or from adjacent soft tissues. Osteochondroma is a benign cartilaginous tumor arising from the metaphysis of bone; however, it is more common in extremity rather than in membranous bone. Although benign, osteochondroma of the rib may lead to fatal complications such as pneumothorax, hemothorax, fractures, and pleural or pericardial effusion. Therefore, some form of surgical management becomes necessary to treat these lesions. We present a case of 7-year-old female child with solitary osteochondroma of the rib. The tumor was surgically excised and the child is asymptomatic on follow-up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In contrast with extensive literature exploring sociable alcohol use, few studies focus on drinking alone at home, even though the home is the place where the majority of drinking occurs. Methods: We draw on survey and interview data gathered in 2018/2019 prior to the COVID‐19 pandemic, to identify prevalence and perceptions of solitary home drinking in an Australian convenience sample of heavy and light drinkers (LD). Results: A substantial minority of survey participants identified drinking home alone, with over a quarter of heavy drinkers (27%) reporting that they only drank alone in their own home (compared to 15% of LD). In interviews, solitary home drinking was frequently constructed as signifying personal inadequacy, heavy consumption and harm. However, tensions arose through solitary home drinking bringing pleasures, such as relaxation. It was regarded as more socially acceptable for men than women and lighter home drinking patterns were viewed more positively than heavy drinking. Perceptions of what constitutes solitary home drinking varied, with some suggesting it includes drinking with others present who are not themselves drinking, and others using a more limited definition of consuming alcohol while alone in a house. Discussion and Conclusions: While strong social sanctions against it persist, solitary home drinking can reflect a lack of opportunity to drink with others and also be associated with more harmful regular patterns of alcohol use. Increasing recognition of home drinking provides a new imperative to better understand the complex stigmatisation that frames solitary home drinking and to explore opportunities to limit associated harms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cross-sectional imaging of the upper abdomen, especially if intravenous contrast has been administered, will most likely reveal any acute or chronic disease harbored in the spleen. Unless imaging is performed with the specific purpose of evaluating the spleen or characterizing a known splenic lesion, incidentally discovered splenic lesions pose a small challenge. Solitary benign splenic lesions include cysts, hemangiomas, sclerosing angiomatous nodular transformation (SANT), hamartomas, and abscesses, among others. Sarcoidosis and tuberculosis, although predominantly diffuse micronodular disease processes, may also present as a solitary splenic mass lesion. In addition, infarction and rupture, both traumatic and spontaneous, may take place in the spleen. This review aims to describe the imaging features of the most common benign focal splenic lesions, with emphasis on the imaging findings as these are encountered on routine cross-sectional imaging from a multicenter pool of cases that, coupled with clinical information, can allow a definite diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Incidental indeterminate solitary solid pulmonary nodule is a progressively common finding on CT worldwide. Once detected, there are a number of imaging modalities that can be done to help in nodule characterization and differentiating benign from malignant nodules. Through these imaging modalities, there are PET CT, SPECT and dynamic CE-CT. Dynamic CE-CT is a functional test that help in assessment of the vascularity of the nodule which reverb the degree of angiogenesis of that nodule so can help in differentiating benign from malignant pulmonary nodules. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of Dynamic CE-CT in characterization of solitary pulmonary nodules. Detect what are the important parameters on dynamic CE-CT to differentiate benign from malignant nodules and detect their cutoff values. Results The pre-enhancement value shows cutoff point of 26.50 HU with sensitivity 93.8% and specificity 75% with accuracy rate 90% in differentiating benign from malignant pulmonary nodules. Peak enhancement value (at 2 min) shows cutoff point of 40.00 HU with sensitivity 96.9% and specificity 87.5% with accuracy rate 95% in differentiating benign from malignant pulmonary nodules. Net enhancement value shows cutoff point of 19.00 HU with sensitivity 96.9% and specificity 87.5% with accuracy rate 95% in differentiating benign from malignant pulmonary nodules. Conclusion Dynamic CE-CT is a useful tool in differentiating benign from malignant pulmonary nodules. Peak and net enhancement values are important parameters with high sensitivity and specificity in differentiating benign from malignant pulmonary nodules.

Infantile myofibromatosis (IM) is the most common fibrous disorder of infancy and early childhood. Solitary intracranial involvement is rare and often unrecognized. This makes its early diagnosis and adequate management difficult. The majority of lesions are localized to the skull or dura with variable intracranial extension. Herein, we report a misdiagnosed and aggressive presentation of a solitary IM of the petrous bone. Our aim is to discuss histopathological differential diagnoses and management difficulties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Simple Summary: With growing concern for animal welfare, understanding social behavior in captive animals is critical when making evidence-based management decisions. The sociality of large felids in captivity has remained largely understudied, yet these species are frequently housed together in practice in zoological collections. The aim of this study was to investigate the social behavior between a pair of Malayan tigers and their twin 6-month-old cubs. The aim was to investigate the welfare effects of keeping big cats in shared enclosure spaces. Using video footage, we found that the male tiger engaged in affiliative behavior, not just with his mate but also with his offspring. Even in the absence of clear affiliative interaction, the male displayed high tolerance to both conspecifics, as evidenced by his acceptance of direct physical contact and low occurrences of aggression. The findings suggest that some felid species may have greater social flexibility than has previously been documented and indicate that housing male tigers with their mates and young offspring may be a feasible management strategy in some zoological collections. The survival of endangered felids is becoming increasingly dependent on the successful management and breeding of reserve populations in captivity. While most felid species are reported to be solitary in the wild, increasing evidence suggests that some big cats have greater social plasticity than is currently acknowledged. This social plasticity allows felids to be sometimes socially housed in environments such as zoos and rescue centers. While the effects of such shared enclosures remain in question, many reports provide evidence of several welfare benefits of maintaining these large carnivores in pairs or even groups. Since 2019, Le Parc des Félins has housed a breeding pair of Malaysian tigers (Panthera tigris jacksoni) alongside their offspring. The purpose of this study was to quantify the social affiliation between the male tiger and his cubs and to investigate the female's tolerance toward him. The data were collected using video recordings in the outdoor enclosure when social interactions were observed. The data were coded and categorized in the open-source software BORIS, from which behavioral activity budgets were calculated. Data were analyzed using the chi-squared test for association to determine differences in affiliative frequency, with directed and undirected sociograms created to visualize individual relationships. Overall, the male regularly engaged in affiliative behaviors with the cubs, with no significant difference found in the frequency of interactions with them compared to the female. No physical aggression was directed by the male toward the cubs. Although the female maintained a stronger bond with the cubs compared to the male, he displayed a greater range of affiliative behaviors toward them than male tigers are thought to exhibit. Both adults showed a high degree of tolerance toward their conspecifics, suggesting that maintaining breeding pairs with their offspring is a viable management strategy in zoological collections. This study could therefore improve husbandry and conservation practices by developing our understanding of felid sociality and the potential welfare benefits of social housing, allowing for evidence-based captive management decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extramedullary plasmacytomas (EMPs) are solitary plasma cell neoplasms that involve sites other than bone or bone marrow. It constitutes only 0.4% of tumors of head-and-neck region. Surgery and radiotherapy are standard treatment, depending on the site. Radiotherapy promises 90–100% local control rate and prolonged survival. Here, we are reporting a case of plasmacytoma nasopharynx treated with volumetric-modulated arc technique (VMAT) radiotherapy, with contouring details, dose to target, and nearby structures. Patient had complete response and is relapse free for the past 3 years with minimal toxicity. In our case, the lesion is in nasopharynx and is about 1cm, as such it required precise radiotherapy technique like VMAT, to give targeted dose delivery and sparing the nearby critical organs.

IntroductionThe blue orchard bee, Osmia lignaria, is a widespread North American native pollinator that can be employed for commercial fruit and nut crop production. The largest supplies of these bees are collected in the wildlands ssssof Utah and Washington, United States. How O. lignaria from different geographic regions respond to current recommended management practices or translocation to novel environments is not fully understood.MethodsUtah- and Washington-originated O. lignaria were reared in laboratory incubators under two thermal regimens: (1) constant temperatures used to manage bees through immature development, adult winter dormancy, and for spring emergence, and (2) hourly fluctuating temperatures programmed to mimic the natural daily (24 h) thermal cycles of the nearest cherry orchard growing region through their life cycles.ResultsIn comparison to rearing bees at orchard temperatures, we found that rearing bees at a constant temperature increased survival and shortened egg–adult development periods. Washington bees were more adversely affected by the consistent warm rearing temperatures than were Utah bees, possibly due to their adaptations to Washington’s relatively moderate climate. At orchard temperatures, Utah bees suffered high prepupal and pupal mortality, while Washington bees suffered high pupal and adult mortality. These late life stages coincided with the hottest maximum temperatures in their respective thermal regimens. Adult females from both states naturally emerged in synchrony with local bloom time, but their emergence period overall was prolonged compared to bees in the constant thermal regimen that were induced to emerge at orchard bloom times.DiscussionOur data support that bees originating from cool montane habitats of different U.S. states suffer from the warmer climatic conditions at lower altitudes of their respective crop-growing regions. A better understanding of optimal management temperatures for O. lignaria from different geographic regions and the effect of bee origin and temperature on survival and development timing is needed for best managing these pollinators when they are translocated or when climate change results in increased temperatures during bee development periods.

Abstract The insect group is one of the most diverse on the planet and due to habitat degradation, many of these species are becoming extinct, leaving a lack of information on the basic biology of each one. In this study, previously unseen information about nesting biology is revealed in Auplopus subaurarius trap nests. This is a solitary ectoparasitoid spider wasp that nests in preexisting cavities. We used a trap-nesting methodology to sample A. subaurarius in two different sampling periods (2017/2018 and 2020/2021) in three types of environment (forest, grassland and Eucalyptus plantation). In our study, the A. subaurarius nest building was more frequent during the hottest months of the year (November to March), with its highest abundance found within natural forest areas and in Eucalyptus plantation than in grassland areas. In addition, the species had two development times: a short one (three months) and a delayed one (up to one year). Moreover, females were larger than males (weight and size) and the species’ sex ratio had a tendency toward female production. Auplopus subaurarius presented seven natural enemy species: Ceyxia longispina, Caenochrysis crotonis, Photochryptus sp.1, Photochryptus sp.2, Messatoporus sp., Ephuta icema and Sphaeropthalma sp. We emphasize the importance of wooded environments to maintain the A. subaurarius populations and their associated interactors, both spiders and natural enemies, as these environments can provide better life conditions than grassland areas. Furthermore, other solitary wasps that may have the same lifestyle of A. subaurarius can also be improved by natural forest conservation and by good silviculture plantation planning, which should consider ecological aspects of Atlantic Forest landscapes.

Objectives: The most common type of noninvasive fungal rhinosinusitis is fungus ball (FB), which usually involves a solitary paranasal sinus. Multiple fungus balls (MFBs) are rarely reported in literature. The purpose of this study was to analyze and compare the clinical features of MFBs and solitary fungus ball (SFB). Methods: We retrospectively investigated consecutive cases of FB between 2001 and 2018 and compared the clinical records of SFB with MFBs with respect to demographics, clinical features, location, radiological findings, and operative outcome. Results: A total of 440 SFB and 43 MFBs cases were included in the study. The mean age was 55.3 ± 13.3 and 60.6 ± 10.9 years, respectively (P =.011). The incidence of MFBs obviously increased from 2001 to 2018. The clinical symptoms and laboratory examination were similar. On computed tomography images, complete opacification, septal deviation, Haller cells, and obstruction of ostiomeatal complex were more common (P <.05). The incidence of SFB on the left and right sides was similar, while MFBs were seen to involve both sides in 74.4%. Conclusions: Compared with SFB, MFBs showed some special characteristics. The MFBs affected older patients showed wide range of lesions and complex anatomy. Surgical technique is very important. Much more attention should be paid to this not so uncommon disease during the perioperative period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Juvenile xanthogranuloma (JXG) is a kind of non-Langerhans cell histiocytosis, usually with skin lesions as the main manifestation. It rarely occurs in other tissues or organs and even more rarely is it found in the skull. Here, we report a case of xanthogranuloma derived from the temporal bone that was not present in any other parts of the body. Case presentation A 15-year-old boy had an unaccountable right migraine for 7 months. A mass with tenderness was located behind his right ear. The mass gradually increased in size, and his headache continued. Eventually, he came to our hospital for treatment. A computed tomography (CT) scan and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a cystic solid mass in the right temporo-occipital region with skull destruction. The clinical diagnosis was haemangiopericytoma and skull-derived tumour. Haematological and biochemical results were as follows: alanine aminotransferase (ALT) 7 U/L; aspartate aminotransferase (AST) 12 U/L; basophil percentage (BASO%) 1.2%; normal coagulation. The patient was successfully treated with total surgical resection of the tumour. Postoperative histopathology examination showed xanthogranuloma, and his prognosis after surgery was good. Conclusions Because JXG rarely occurs in the skull and lacks typical imaging findings, an accurate diagnosis is difficult. The diagnosis of this disease mainly depends on pathological examination and immunohistochemistry. If feasible, many intracranial lesions can be cured through complete resection.

Neurofibromas are common nerve sheath tumors, occurring either sporadically or associated with Von Recklinghausen’s disease. Only 6.5% of solitary lesions are seen to involve the oral cavity without any features of neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF-1). It presents as a soft, skin-colored nodule with a characteristic buttonhole invagination. Histologically, it is an unencapsulated lesion consisting of proliferated neural elements, with a background of mucin and mast cells. Surgical excision is the treatment of choice. A 49-year-old female patient presented with a 35-year history of single, asymptomatic lesion over the lower lip, with no features of NF-1. On the basis of the history, histopathological findings, and dermoscopy, a diagnosis of neurofibroma was made and the lesion was excised, with no recurrence over a period of 1 year. The present case report has been reported for its interesting presentation and unusual site of involvement.

Meihong Yu,1,2 Kaixuan Li,3 Deliang Liu,1,2 Yuyong Tan1,2 1Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China; 2Research Center of Digestive Disease, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China; 3Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Yuyong TanDepartment of Gastroenterology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, No. 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +86-15116280621Fax +86-731-85533525Email tanyuyong@csu.edu.cnKaixuan LiDepartment of Urology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, No. 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +86-15580027242Email lkxxgz@csu.edu.cnPurpose: The studies on solitary gastric neurofibroma (GN) consist of only individual case reports, with little data and relevant information. We aimed to summarize the clinical features, endoscopic features, imaging findings, and pathological features and study the safety and efficacy of endoscopic treatment of solitary GN.Patients and Methods: We retrospectively collected and analyzed clinical data of patients who underwent endoscopic treatment in Department of Gastroenterology of a well-known tertiary hospital from August 2007 to September 2019 and were accurately diagnosed as having solitary GN.Results: A total of 788 patients with gastric submucosal tumors underwent endoscopic treatment, among whom 11 patients were found to have solitary GNs. The incidence of solitary GNs was 1.4%. All 11 patients were treated with endoscopy. Five patients underwent endoscopic full-thickness resection (EFTR) and six patients underwent endoscopic submucosal excavation (ESE). The en bloc resection rate of the 11 lesions was 100.0%. The median endoscopic operation time was 80 minutes. Average length of hospital stay was 6.4 ± 1.6 days. The median follow-up time was 29 months. No recurrence, distant metastasis, or disease-related death occurred during the follow-up.Conclusion: EFTR and ESE can serve as feasible, safe, and effective treatments for solitary GN.Keywords: endoscopic full-thickness resection, endoscopic submucosal excavation, gastric, neurofibroma, solitary

It is renowned that Hirota–Satsuma–Ito (HSI) equation is widely used to study wave dynamics of shallow water. In this work, two new HSI-like equations are investigated which could be extended to diversify problems in natural phenomena and give admirable contributions by applying the generalized exponential rational function method (GERFM). With the aid of symbolic calculations, various constraints on the free parameters are given, while classes of wave solutions are explicitly constructed from the coefficients of the combined non-linear and dissipative terms. After specifying values for free parameters, singular, periodic singular and anti-kink waves are demonstrated in 3D figures to exhibit different kinds of wave propagations. The fact that parameters directly influence the wave amplitude and speed of traveling waves is illustrated. The derived results are innovative and have important applications in the current field of mathematical physics research. Eventually, we show that generalized exponential rational function method is effective and straightforward to solve higher-order and high-dimensional non-linear evolution equations.

Abstract Solitary fibrous tumour of the pleura (SFT) is rare neoplasms and consist less than 5% of the primary tumours of the pleura. In the English literature, very few cases of giant solitary fibrous tumours have been described. We report a clinical case of an intrathoracic giant SFT of the pleura in a 62‐year‐old female patient. Additionally, we reviewed the clinical, imaging and histopathological features, the therapeutic management and the clinical course of giant SFTs published in the English literature. For this, we conducted a comprehensive electronic search at the PubMed using the key words giant, huge, big and enormous.

Background: Incidental indeterminate solitary solid pulmonary nodule is a progressively common finding on CT worldwide. Once detected, there are a number of imaging modalities that can be done to help in nodule characterization and differentiating benign from malignant nodules. Through these imaging modalities, there are PET CT, SPECT and dynamic CE-CT. Dynamic CE-CT is a functional test that help in assessment of the vascularity of the nodule which reverb the degree of angiogenesis of that nodule so can help in differentiating benign from malignant pulmonary nodules. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of Dynamic CE-CT in characterization of solitary pulmonary nodules. Detect what are the important parameters on dynamic CE-CT to differentiate benign from malignant nodules and detect their cutoff values. Results: The pre-enhancement value shows cutoff point of 26.50 HU with sensitivity 93.8% and specificity 75% with accuracy rate 90% in differentiating benign from malignant pulmonary nodules. Peak enhancement value (at 2 min) shows cutoff point of 40.00 HU with sensitivity 96.9% and specificity 87.5% with accuracy rate 95% in differentiating benign from malignant pulmonary nodules. Net enhancement value shows cutoff point of 19.00 HU with sensitivity 96.9% and specificity 87.5% with accuracy rate 95% in differentiating benign from malignant pulmonary nodules. Conclusion: Dynamic CE-CT is a useful tool in differentiating benign from malignant pulmonary nodules. Peak and net enhancement values are important parameters with high sensitivity and specificity in differentiating benign from malignant pulmonary nodules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inter-individual distance (IID) is an important indicator of social organisation because solitary species are spatially intolerant towards conspecifics, whereas group-living species are usually gregarious with collective behaviour. Therefore, by examining the relationship between the distribution of IIDs and the active space of cues or signals, and behaviours, we can predict their social organisation. The narrow-ridged finless porpoises (NRFPs) have been described as a solitary species; however, recent studies described NRFPs tend to live in groups more than alone. To resolve the inconsistency, the present study investigated IIDs, the active spaces of sounds, and behaviours. The distribution of IIDs measured using drone was classified into three distributions. The close and intermediate distributions were significantly shorter than the distribution predicted by the angle of drone camera, whereas the far distributions were not. The far distributions were thus a random distribution within the limited angle of the camera. The close distributions were shorter than the active space, exhibiting a high proportion of collective behaviours, while intermediate distributions did not. These results suggest that NRFPs have both solitary- and group-living characteristics. Specifically, the intermediate distribution suggests a solitary aspect to maintain IIDs from others, while the close distribution indicates a group-living aspect with social interactions., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest Not applicable., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Solitary Fibrous Tumors (SFTs) are uncommon mesenchymal tumors of fibroblastic/myofibroblastic origin that stem from various anatomical sites. Most SFTs are asymptomatic and noticed incidentally by various imaging modalities. Although SFTs were initially identified in the pleura and erroneously considered to originate solely from serosal layers, extrapleural SFTs have been reported more commonly than their pleural counterparts. Imaging features are similar in different anatomical locations and are mainly related to the tumor's size and collagen content, characteristically displaying low signal intensity on Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). Smaller tumors typically exhibit uniform enhancement, yet necrotic regions may become evident as the tumor size increases, resulting in heterogeneous enhancement. Less than 30% of SFTs demonstrate unfavorable clinical outcomes regardless of their histological features, warranting surgery as the preferred treatment with long-term follow-up. In this article, we have reviewed the clinical manifestations and imaging features of SFTs, discussed their differential diagnosis based on anatomical site, and provided diagnostic pearls., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)