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Enseigner la programmation ou le calcul est une forme de collaboration sur du code; cela qui suggère d'utiliser les outils collaboratifs usuels: gestionnaires de version et forges. C'est le principe des GitHub ClassRoom qui aident à la gestion des devoirs: distribution, collecte, correction automatique ou assistée. Est-ce utilisable à large échelle pour l'enseignement? Utiliser Git, GitHub, en L1, vraiment? Notre expérience à large échelle à Paris-Saclay et l'UQÀM depuis 2000, dans des dizaines de cours, dont certain en L1 avec plusieurs centaines d'étudiants débutant en informatique montre que oui. Cela a été rendu possible par l'utilisation d'une forge institutionnelle (GitLab) et l'automatisation des interactions avec le gestionnaire de version et la forge pour fournissant aux étudiants (et enseignants!) un processus simplifié. Pour cela, nous avons développé une petite bibliothèque Python libre, Travo. Pour des devoirs sous Jupyter, elle offre quelques fonctionnalités supplémentaires: tableau de bord, correction assistée avec nbgrader, etc. https://gitlab.com/travo-cr/travo/, Full sources with assets: https://gitlab.com/travo-cr/travo/-/tree/master/talks

Les ferrures de portes des églises romanes du Roussillon constituent un ensemble archi-tectural exceptionnel, patrimoine emblématique de la région. Malgré un vaste travail derecensement et de description de ces ensembles mené par Noël Bailbé, on ignore encorequelles techniques ont été utilisées pour la production de ces pièces remarquables. Lalittérature vante pourtant souvent les mérites de ce fer catalan et un rapprochement troprapide a été fait entre ces ferrures de tradition romane et le développement des premiersmarteaux hydrauliques. Nombre de ces portes ont toutefois été partiellement ou totalementremaniées au cours des siècles et les formes établies au XIIe siècle n’ont cessé d’être copiéesultérieurement tant et si bien qu’il est aujourd’hui difficile de qualifier l’authenticité de cesensembles. En outre, l’examen approfondi de ces pentures révèle des formes et des traditionstechniques différentes : volutes plates ou cannelées, avec ou sans soudures, volutes à crêtes,bandes avec plusieurs types de cannelures, correspondant peut-être à des ateliers, des qualitésou des chronologies distinctes. Si les conditions de production et de circulation du fer sontconnues par les archives pour les derniers siècles du Moyen Âge, elles le sont moins pourles XIIe et XIIIe siècles.L’étude archéométallurgique de ces ferrures a été entreprise dans le cadre du projetFERMAPYR qui a pour dessein d’étudier à travers les sources écrites, archéologiques etarchéométriques la production et la circulation du fer dans la partie orientale du massif desPyrénées, avant l’implantation de la forge dite à la catalane. L’ambition de cette étude estd’enrichir ces réflexions de l’analyse du métal qui compose ces ferrures en rapport étroit avecla documentation écrite, en particulier autour de la question des aciers. Les objectifs sontmultiples. Il s’agit, tout d’abord, de déterminer la nature du métal utilisé, entre fer doux etacier fortement carburé, et d’en caractériser la qualité selon des critères métallographiques.L’analyse de la composition des inclusions de scories permet également de retracer lescircuits d’approvisionnement des sites de production jusqu’au monument, en lien avec lesprospections archéologiques réalisées en parallèle dans le massif du Canigou notamment etplus généralement dans les départements des Pyrénées- Orientales et de l’Ariège.Trente-huit prélèvements infracentimétriques ont pu être réalisés sur des ferrures déjà briséeset des gonds de portes et fortifications issus des monuments de 13 communes. Le choix s’estporté sur les monuments du Conflent, du Vallespir, des Aspres et de la plaine du Roussillon,de la vallée de la Têt aux implantations d’altitude des contreforts du Canigou, en considérantdes ferrures de typologies différentes afin d’appréhender en partie la variété du corpus etde pouvoir comparer la qualité et l’origine des fers architecturaux en fonction des usages.Les analyses révèlent d’une part des différences de qualité entre les objets, mais surtoutrelient les lieux de consommation à des sources d’approvisionnement distincts en fonctionde leur localisation. Ces travaux complètent ainsi la définition des marchés et des modalitésd’échange dont les sources écrites témoignent largement à partir du début du XIVe siècle

L’inventaire détaillé des scories et des autres résidus de la métallurgie protohistorique permet d’obtenir une carte des sites de forge jusqu’alors inédite en Alsace. À l’échelle du site, la répartition spatiale des vestiges permet de formuler des hypothèses sur l’emplacement de la forge dont la structure est parfois légère et peut être entièrement effacée. Le classement des scories en familles typologiques renseigne sur la variété des opérations accomplies au sein de l’atelier et autorise à proposer une estimation des volumes de fer travaillé. Les faciès d’atelier définis pour chaque site permettent de les classer selon leur position dans la chaîne opératoire de la transformation du minerai de fer en objet fini. La mise en perspective géographique et chronologique de cet inventaire apporte un éclairage sur l’évolution des échanges liés à l’économie du fer dans une région où les preuves d’extraction et de transformation du minerai demeurent inexistantes pour la Protohistoire. Based on a detailed inventory of slag and other Protohistoric metallurgy residues, I produced a map of forging sites previously unknown in Alsace. The spatial distribution of remains at the sites themselves enabled me to formulate hypotheses on the location of the forge, whose structure is sometimes light and can be entirely obliterated. My typological classification of slags provides information on the variety of operations accomplished within a workshop and enables an estimation of the iron volumes worked. Based on the workshop facies defined for each site, I was able to classify them according to their position in the chaîne opératoire (production sequence) of the transformation of iron ore into the finished object. My geographic and chronological contextualization of this inventory sheds light on the development of exchanges linked to iron in a region in which no evidence has yet been found for the extraction and transformation of ores in Protohistory. Das detaillierte Inventar der Schlacken und anderen frühgeschichtlichen Metallurgieabfälle ermöglicht die Kartierung der noch unveröffentlichten elsässischen Schmiedestätten. Die Kartierung der Funde auf den Fundplätzen erlaubt es Hypothesen bezüglich der Lage einer Schmiede zu formulieren, deren Struktur aufgrund ihrer zuweilen leichten Bauweise nicht immer Spuren hinterlassen hat. Die Klassifizierung der Schlacken in typologische Familien informiert über die unterschiedlichen Prozesse, die in einer Werkstatt stattfanden und erlaubt eine Einschätzung der verarbeiteten Eisenmengen. Die für jeden Fundplatz definierte Konfiguration der Werkstätten erlaubt es, sie in den Arbeitsprozess von der Gewinnung des Eisenerzes bis hin zum Fertigprodukt einzuordnen. Der geographische und chronologische Kontext dieses Inventars wirft Licht auf die Entwicklung der Eisenwirtschaft in einer Region, in der Nachweise der frühgeschichtlichen Eisengewinnung und -verarbeitung fehlen.

L’intervention archéologique menée au printemps 2018 à Rouvres « Les Prés Pourris » est latroisième opportunité de recherches dans la commune. C’est cependant la première à avoir abouti àune fouille complète et les apports pour la connaissance de la mise en place du village ne sont pasnégligeables.Les rares témoins antiques font écho à l’évaluation réalisée en 1998, plus au nord le long de la RN2.Les quelques fosses ou trous de poteau ne permettent pas d’identifier un quelconque établissementou ferme, il s’agit plutôt de témoins ponctuels disséminés le long d’un chemin menant à la rivière etremontant sans doute à l’établissement repéré à ?? au nord.En revanche, une occupation se développe à la fin du Ve et surtout entre le VIe et VIIe siècles. Lechemin et la rivière forment une trame aux vestiges d’habitat (bâtiments sur poteaux, fosse et foursculinaires) qui se répartissent de part et d’autre de la voie. Une extension de cette implantation plusau nord-ouest sous le village actuel est certaine. Durant cette période, le caractère domestique estpetit à petit supplanté par une activité artisanale métallurgique de production et de post-réductionavec de possibles travaux de compactage et mise en forme. Les indices sont multiples et biendocumentés car ils résident à la fois dans les déchets sidérurgiques que dans la variété des structuresde combustion, foyers en fosse et charbonnières. Ce corpus est complété par de l’outillagemacrolithique (broyeur, abraseur, support de frappe) et un moule de clé façonné dans une tuile.Durant la phase VIII-Xe siècles, les vestiges sont moins nombreux et l’occupation se recentre sansdoute sous le noyau actuel du village.Non loin du palais mérovingien de Ver-sur-Launette, cette occupation complète le maillage des sitesdu premier Moyen-Âge localisés sur un itinéraire probable entre Paris et Soissons. L’implantation duvillage a profité de plus d’une position hydrographique à l’intersection de deux bras de la rivière deLaunette. Les abords et le cours sont exploitées au moins dès le VIe siècle. L’installation d’un prieuré,dépendant de l’abbaye de Saint-Martin-aux-Bois (diocèse de Beauvais) et la gestion du cours d’eauseront des axes très prometteurs en cas de prochaines interventions en coeur de village.

This work was supported by the Economic and Social Research Council, under Grant ES/N009614/1 (Centre for Research and Evidence on Security Threats) with funding from the UK Intelligence Community and participating universities. Learning in extremist settings is often treated as operational, with little regard to how aspiring participants in extremist settings engage with complex and abstract ideological material. This paper examines learning in the context of the amorphous network of digital channels that compose the extreme-right online milieu. Through an in-depth qualitative analysis, we explore how well the prevailing model of extremist ideological learning (in ‘communities of practice’) accounts for the behaviour of aspiring participants of Fascist Forge, a now-defunct extreme-right web forum. The findings suggest that some of the social aspects of communities of practice have been replicated in the online setting of Fascist Forge. However, for a combination of technical and ideological reasons, the more directed and nurturing aspects of learning have not. Several issues are raised about the role of ideological learning in online communities, notably the open accessibility of extremist material, the lack of ideological control leading to potential mutation and innovation by self-learners, and the role of digital learning in the preparation, shaping and recruitment of individuals for real world organising and activism. Publisher PDF

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar as experiências com o rúgbi promovidas nas duas primeiras décadas do século XX, no Rio de Janeiro, Recife e São Paulo, cidades nas quais os britânicos tiveram notável presença em função do processo de diversificação econômica. Como fontes, foram utilizados jornais e revistas publicados no período em tela. Discute-se as peculiaridades da influência estrangeira na conformação do campo esportivo brasileiro em importante momento de sua consolidação. Debate-se como uma modalidade tão relacionada à identidade britânica foi apreendida e considerada em um país que buscava forjar uma ideia de cultura nacional a partir de leituras de manifestações de diferentes origens. Conclui-se que o rúgbi ocupou uma posição intermediária entre o críquete e o futebol, já que as iniciativas que houve não foram suficientes para popularizar a prática. De fato, tal caso permite perceber as particularidades e limites do processo de trânsito cultural. Abstract This study investigates the rugby experiences promoted in the two first decades of the 20th century in the Brazilian cities of Rio de Janeiro, Recife and São Paulo - where the British had a remarkable presence due to the process of economic diversification. Newspapers and magazines published in the period were used as sources. It discusses the peculiarities of foreign influence in the making of Brazil’s sports field at an important time of its consolidation. It debates how a practice so closely related to British identity was taken over and represented in a country that sought to forge an idea of national culture from readings of manifestations from different countries. It concludes that rugby played an intermediate position between cricket and football. The initiatives were not enough to make that sport popular. In fact, this case allows us to perceive the particularities and limits of the process of cultural transit. Resumen Este estudio tuvo por objetivo investigar las experiencias con el rugby promovidas en las dos primeras décadas del siglo XX, en Rio de Janeiro, Recife y São Paulo, ciudades en que los británicos tuvieron notable presencia en función del proceso de diversificación económica. Como fuentes, se utilizaron diarios y revistas publicados en el período. Se discuten las peculiaridades de la influencia extranjera en la conformación del campo deportivo brasileño en importante momento de su consolidación. Se debate cómo una modalidad tan relacionada a la identidad británica fue aprendida y considerada en un país que buscaba forjar una idea de cultura nacional a partir de lecturas de manifestaciones de diferentes orígenes. Se concluye que el rugby ocupó una posición intermedia entre el cricket y el fútbol, ya que las iniciativas que hubo no fueron suficientes para popularizar ese deporte. De hecho, tal caso permite percibir las particularidades y límites del proceso de tránsito cultural.

More than 50% of atypical meningiomas regrow within 5 years after surgery. FORGE score is a newly created tool to estimate the MIB-1 index in cranial meningiomas. In this investigation, we aimed to assess the predictive value of the FORGE score in combination with major diagnostic criteria of atypical meningioma (brain invasion, mitotic count ≥ 4) regarding recurrence in atypical meningiomas. We included patients operated on primary atypical meningiomas in our center from 2011 to 2019. The study included 71 patients (58% women, median age 63 years). ROC curves revealed a superiority of FORGE score combined with histopathological diagnostic criteria of atypical meningioma (AT-FORGE) in the prediction of tumor progression compared to FORGE score only (AUC: 0.72, 95% CI: 0.54–0.91, cut-off: ≥5/&lt, 5, sensitivity: 75%, specificity: 78%). Patients with an AT-FORGE score ≥ 5 had a shorter time to tumor progression (32.8 vs. 71.4 months, p &lt, 0.001) in the univariable analysis. Multivariable cox regression analysis revealed significant predictive value of Simpson grade &gt, II, presence of multiple meningiomas and AT-FORGE score ≥ 5 for tumor progression. The combination of histopathological diagnostic criteria for atypical meningioma with FORGE score might facilitate an effective identification of patients with an atypical meningioma who have an increased risk of tumor progression.

У цьому проекті бакалавра створено симулятор кузні з використанням ігрового рушія unity. Зосереджено на реальних процесах кування, основні особливості гри включають нагрівання та кування металу. Шейдерний граф був створений за спеціальним алгоритмом для відтворення реального нагріву металу. Було проведено тестування, щоб побачити, що процеси повторюють реальний життєвий досвід. Також були додані різні металеві деталі, щоб розширити можливості кування. Ще одна річ, яка була додана, це процедурне генерування навичок, що робить їх випадковими, що може принести більше інтересу до гри, а також більш природний підхід до неї. Гра була створена для людей, які вибирають симуляцію більше, ніж історію. In this bachelors degree project the forge simulator was created using unity engine. With focus on real life forging processes, main features of the game include metal heating and the actual forging of the metal. Shader graph was created with a special algorithm to recreate real life heating of the metal. There was done some testing to see That processes replicate real life experience. Also, there were added different metal pieces to extend the possibilities of forging. Another thing that was added is procedural generation of skills that makes them random which can bring more interest to the game as well as more natural approach to it. Game was made to target people who appreciate simulation experience more than the story.

L’étude d’une zone de production sidérurgique antique située dans la partie orientale de la forêt domaniale de Sillé-le-Guillaume (Sarthe) a amené à reprendre les recherches sur l’établissement rural d’époque romaine le plus proche. Celui-ci, découvert en 1844, n’était connu que par de courts comptes-rendus des dégagements effectués dans la seconde moitié du xixe s. Ces travaux avaient mis au jour une statuette de divinité masculine et un bâtiment maçonné comptant quatre pièces dont une pourvue d’une mosaïque. Une cinquantaine d’inhumations découvertes dans les pièces de l’édifice indiquait une réoccupation funéraire des lieux durant le haut Moyen Âge. Le programme de recherche pluriannuel entamé en 2008 a permis de reconnaître une villa de près de 2,4 ha fondée dans le deuxième tiers du ier s. apr. J.-C. Les sondages menés sur environ les deux tiers des constructions repérées rendent compte du développement et des mutations qu’a connu le site de son origine jusqu’à son abandon définitif dans le courant du xe s. The study of an ancient iron and steel production area located in the eastern part of the Sillé-le-Guillaume state forest (Sarthe) led to a renewal of research into the nearest rural settlement dated to the Roman period and situated between the localities of Roullée and La Selle in the commune of Mont-Saint-Jean (Sarthe), about 35 km northwest of Le Mans. This settlement was excavated during the summer of 1844 and again in 1873. Knowledge of it was limited to brief accounts of these efforts carried out during the second half of the 19th century. This work led to the discovery of a male divinity statuette and a masonry building with four rooms, within one of which a mosaic was revealed. Approximately fifty burials installed within the levels of the building destroyed by fire indicate a funerary reoccupation of the site, attributed to the Later Roman Empire.Beginning in 2008 and spanning until 2020, a multi-year research programme on the Roullée/La Selle site has resulted in 10 excavation campaigns and 3 geophysical surveys. In total, 58 test trenches were excavated, spread over 3.7 ha, and corresponding to a cumulative area of just over 5,000 m². In addition, 7.4 ha were surveyed using a variety of methods (electrical resistance, magnetic and ground-penetrating radar). This allowed for the identification and understanding of evidence related to ancient occupations spanning an area of 4.5 ha. The remains or traces corresponding to the villa, however, are concentrated within approximately 2.4 ha. The excavations were therefore primarily carried out within the agricultural portion of the site and only represent a fifth of the total settlement area. The project is ongoing and this report presents a mere summary of the main results, some of which remain provisional at this time.During the Early Roman Empire, the Roullée/La Selle site belonged to the city of Aulerci Cenomani, but was located a short distance from the border of the neighbouring civitas, belonging to the Aulerci Diablites. This area thus represents a boundary zone, located more than 15 km from any known settlement and in an area devoid of evidence attesting to other archaeological occupations. The nearest contemporary rural settlements are located more than 6 km away. The villa would nevertheless have been located near the intersection of two roads, one linking Entrammes to Oisseau-le-Petit and the other, Neuvy-en-Champagne to Jublains. The ancient buildings are located at the mouth of a valley that cuts into the northern flank of the Coëvrons syncline, the last eastern foothill of the Armorican Massif, currently covered by the Sillé-le-Guillaume national forest. The thalweg provides access to this massif, the highest points of which loom above the surrounding plateau by more than 120 m. Thus, this zone would have allowed for easy access to the Roman iron ore workshops located in the forest, the closest of which, the Saut du Cerf, is situated less than 1.2 km south of the villa.The ancient rural settlement was founded around AD 30-40, on a plot of land ostensibly untouched by any prior activity. It was composed of three parts: to the south-east a residential building was installed on the highest point, and to the north-east-south-west, two wings of annexes face the valley below. To date, no enclosure device has been identified, but the existence of an installation leaving little or no trace in the ground (such as embankments or hedges) cannot be precluded. Though still very rarely attested to for the western tip of Gallia Lugdunensis, the longitudinal axial plan is characteristic of the villae, but presents in this case the particularity of being installed at the bottom of a valley and not within the plain.The buildings attested to for the first phase have stone foundations (flashings or low walls), but their elevations were most likely made of earth and wood. The initial layout was modified before the end of the 1st century, probably between AD 70 and 90. The two buildings in the western wing were enlarged, a forge was built between the eastern annexes, and the residential area was walled in. The most significant changes, however, occurred between AD 120 and 160. Based on observations of the pars urbana’s western pavilion and using data from the geophysical surveys, it is possible to suppose that the residence buildings were in turn destroyed and then rebuilt in solid form and provided with robust masonry walls, cement floors, painted plasterwork, stucco and at least one mosaic. The stream running through the villa, whose original course is unknown, was then diverted to create a pleasure canal running along the south-western portion of the residential enclosure. Following these endeavors, the eastern wing of the courtyard was demolished and the annexes were moved to the northeast, perhaps to clear the view of the new pars urbana’s northern façade. Two of these buildings were equipped with hydraulic installations: a forge and a possible mill. These facilities presuppose the existence of at least one other diversion from the river or one of its springs. The western buildings were also further extended during this period.Several radiocarbon dates performed on oak charcoal from domestic and artisanal fireplaces belonging to the second phase of the eastern wing of the commons’ courtyard suggest the use of wood felled during the Middle and Late La Tène periods for fuel. These ancient timbers may have come from the dismantling of the annexes belonging to the original manifestation of the villa. This hypothesis implies the reuse, at the time of the settlement foundation, of timbers that were already 100 to 300 years old. This reuse may be related to the opportunistic recovery of a nearby protohistoric occupation or to the transfer of a pre-existing farm. These dates therefore raise questions about the origin of the estate’s establishment and development.Although it is not always possible to reconstruct the exact chronology of the transformations, the development of a monumental dimension to the residence likely continued until the end of the 2nd century. It was mainly expressed through the extension of the pars urbana’s northern pavilions, which were also linked by a gallery measuring over 70 m long.In the agricultural courtyard, the annexes identified are related to cereal farming, with two barns and two possible mills (originally animal-drawn, and subsequently hydraulic). However, the most significant production is iron metallurgy. Two successive workshops attest to forging activity on the site between the year 70 and the second half of the 2nd century. More than 400 kg of waste indicate a sustained production, echoing the ironworks of several thousand cubic metres identified in the nearby forest.This phase of development was followed by a more slow-moving period. Signs of abandonment, or at least a lack of maintenance, of the residence are perceptible from the end of the 3rd century, as implied by the filling in of the pleasure canal. Perhaps because of the lack of a guide fossil, it is difficult to establish the precise nature of the occupation during the 4th century. Coins from the 280s, including some official mints, as well as a nummus of Constantine II, indicate money circulation on the site until the early 4th century. In addition, seeds found in a pit within one of the annexes have been radiocarbon dated to the 3rd-4th century. Thus, it appears likely that there was a continuation of cereal production during this period. The absence of ceramics characteristic of the Late Roman period, derived from Early Christian Atlantic group or Argonne terra sigillata, is noteworthy, though the absence might simply be related to the very partial excavation of the residence.Even if it is difficult to situate the event with chronological precision, it is likely that the destruction of the pars urbana occurred before the 5th century. Indeed, at this time the first burials were installed within the ruins of the northern pavilions. Primarily observed during the 19th century, this necropolis accommodated anywhere between several dozen and several hundred individuals between the 5th and 8th centuries. A round fibula and a back plate from a belt buckle, both discovered out of context, point to the presence of burials within which the deceased would have been dressed.Concurrent with this funerary reoccupation was a change of function for the ancient agricultural annexes. Several hundred shards of culinary ceramics testify to the presence of a population living within the buildings belonging to the former agricultural courtyard. The exact dating of these items is still uncertain, but a bulk of the remains may indicate an attribution around the 6th century.It is not possible to firmly establish the continuity of occupation between the Roman and early medieval periods. However, the maintenance of earthen and wooden buildings for nearly eight centuries suggests that, if there was a hiatus, it was short-lived.The medieval settlement appears to have declined before the year 1000. The final elements attesting to site use are a few 10th-11th century shards recovered within the pavilion during the 19th century excavations, as well as 11th century mule shoes found on a path leading to the early medieval necropolis. The later remains can be linked to the spreading of manure on land plots destined for cultivation from the 14th century onwards. The farms of Roullée and La Selle were not established until the late 18th century.

Although social scientists have examined how political speeches may help forge and/or shape collective memories, they have done so with little to no input from psychologists. We address this deficit, demonstrating how a modified version of a well-established and empirically derived psychological phenomenon – socially shared retrieval-induced forgetting – helps explain the mnemonic consequences associated with political speeches, in this case, the Belgian King’s 2012 summer speech. To this end, we analyzed the responses of 43 French-speakers and 49 Dutch-speakers. Of these individuals 35 of them attended to the speech (16 French-speakers; 19 Dutch-speakers). Our results suggest that the Belgian King’s speech induced French-speaking Belgians who attended the speech to recall less information related to what the King mentioned in the speech. We found no such deficit for Dutch-speaking Belgians. Rather, the Dutch-speaking Belgians exhibited greater recall of related and unrelated information. These results bolster the importance of including a psychological approach in the study of collective memories and the moderating role of social identity., info:eu-repo/semantics/published