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Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) impose a significant burden worldwide. Despite the elucidation of the etiology and underlying molecular mechanisms of CVDs by numerous studies and recent discovery of effective drugs, their morbidity, disability, and mortality are still high. Therefore, precise risk stratification and effective targeted therapies for CVDs are warranted. Recent improvements in single-cell RNA sequencing and spatial transcriptomics have improved our understanding of the mechanisms and cells involved in cardiovascular phylogeny and CVDs. Single-cell RNA sequencing can facilitate the study of the human heart at remarkably high resolution and cellular and molecular heterogeneity. However, this technique does not provide spatial information, which is essential for understanding homeostasis and disease. Spatial transcriptomics can elucidate intracellular interactions, transcription factor distribution, cell spatial localization, and molecular profiles of mRNA and identify cell populations causing the disease and their underlying mechanisms, including cell crosstalk. Herein, we introduce the main methods of RNA-seq and spatial transcriptomics analysis and highlight the latest advances in cardiovascular research. We conclude that single-cell RNA sequencing interprets disease progression in multiple dimensions, levels, perspectives, and dynamics by combining spatial and temporal characterization of the clinical phenome with multidisciplinary techniques such as spatial transcriptomics. This aligns with the dynamic evolution of CVDs (e.g., “angina–myocardial infarction–heart failure” in coronary artery disease). The study of pathways for disease onset and mechanisms (e.g., age, sex, comorbidities) in different patient subgroups should improve disease diagnosis and risk stratification. This can facilitate precise individualized treatment of CVDs.

Advanced manufacturing equipment heavily relies on gearboxes for optimal performance, especially in heavy-duty applications like industrial robot joints and advanced machine tools where precision and stiffness are paramount. While harmonic and cycloid gearboxes are common for their low backlash characteristic, conventional 3 K planetary gears excel in efficiency, torque density and stiffness but they are rarely utilized in high precision scenario due to backlash issue. In this study, a deformable planet carrier system (DPCS) is proposed for backlash restrain by center distance compensation. The DPCS incorporates a self-lock design, preserving low backlash feature while upholding load capacity and stiffness, meeting the demands of precision industrial equipment. To illustrate its principles, statics models demonstrate its force analysis, and FEM simulations reveal its self-lock feature. Backlash compensation model theoretically analyzes its anti-backlash effect from kinematics and geometry aspects. To validate its feasibility, the first prototype is manufactured and designated as H3K-40K-104. Experiment result prove that prototype achieves significant low backlash characteristic, with the maximum dynamic transmission error (DTE) of 20.5 arcsec and backlash of 6.561 arcsec. Stiffness hysteresis curve indicates a minimal lost motion of 20.01 arcsec. This paper provides an effective method to greatly refine precision performance in 3 K gear trains.

Abstract Background Open tibial fractures often include severe bone loss and soft tissue defects and requires complex reconstructive operations. However, the optimal treatment is unclear. Methods This retrospective study enrolled patients with Gustilo type III open tibial fractures from January 2018 to January 2021 to assess the clinical utility of Masquelet technique together with microsurgical technique as a combined strategy for the treatment of open tibial fractures. The demographics and clinical outcomes including bone union time, infection, nonunion and other complications were recorded for analysis. The bone recovery quality was evaluated by the AOFAS Ankle-Hindfoot Scale score and the Paley criteria. Results We enrolled 10 patients, the mean age of the patients and length of bone defects were 31.7 years (range, 23–45 years) and 7.5 cm (range, 4.5–10 cm) respectively. Bone union was achieved for all patients, with an average healing time of 12.2 months (range, 11–16 months). Seven patients exhibited a bone healing time of less than 12 months, whereas 3 patients exhibited a bone healing time exceeding 12 months. No significant correlation was found between the length of bone loss and healing time. In addition, no deep infection or nonunion was observed, although 2 patients experienced wound fat liquefaction with exudates and 1 patient presented with a bloated skin flap. The average AOFAS Ankle-Hindfoot Scale score was 80.5 (range, 74–85), and all patients were evaluated as good or exellent based on the Paley criteria. Conclusions Our study indicated that the use of the Masquelet technique and the microsurgical technique as a combined strategy is safe and effective for the treatment of Gustilo type III open tibial fractures.

In coal mining, rock strata are fractured under cyclic loading and unloading to form fracture channels. Fracture channels are the main flow narrows for gas. Therefore, expounding the flow conductivity of fracture channels in rocks on fluids is significant for gas flow in rock strata. In this regard, graded incremental cyclic loading and unloading experiments were conducted on sandstones with different initial stress levels. Then, the three-dimensional models for fracture channels in sandstones were established. Finally, the fracture channel percentages were used to reflect the flow conductivity of fracture channels. The study revealed how the particle size distribution of fractured sandstone affects the formation and expansion of fracture channels. It was found that a smaller proportion of large blocks and a higher proportion of small blocks after sandstone fails contribute more to the formation of fracture channels. The proportion of fracture channels in fractured rock can indicate the flow conductivity of those channels. When the proportion of fracture channels varies gently, fluids flow evenly through those channels. However, if the proportion of fracture channels varies significantly, it can greatly affect the flow rate of fluids. The research results contribute to revealing the morphological evolution and flow conductivity of fracture channels in sandstone and then provide a theoretical basis for clarifying the gas flow pattern in the rock strata of coal mines.

ABSTRACT The diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella, has successfully adapted to the potent chemical defenses of Brassicaceae plants that deter most other herbivores. Gut bacteria are increasingly recognized as key to the biology of many species but their role in DBM adaptation to plant defense compounds is not well known. In this study, the secondary metabolites of radish seedlings, rich in flavonoids, were identified by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. These secondary metabolites reduced the larval growth of DBM lacking gut bacteria. The effect was rapidly eclipsed by the re-introduction of gut microbiota, which was dominated by Enterobacter (Proteobacteria). Similarly, while treatment with the flavonoid kaempferol adversely affected growth and extended the development time, these were alleviated by the re-introduction of Enterobacter sp. EbPXG5 (EbPXG5) to the DBM gut. EbPXG5 not only degrades kaempferol both in vitro and DBM gut, but is also shown to colonize the gut epithelium, forming a protective biofilm. Genomic sequencing of EbPXG5 showed that metabolic genes were the most abundant, especially those involved in xenobiotic degradation, and the metabolism of terpenoids and polyketides, which could participate in the degradation of plant secondary metabolites such as kaempferol. Overall, our results showed that EbPXG5 is a bacterium common in the gut of DBM larvae and has the in vitro and in vivo capacity to detoxify a major secondary metabolite that is produced in brassica plants as a defense against herbivores. This insect-bacterial association may be an important contributor to the status of DBM as a major pest of brassica crops worldwide.IMPORTANCEIn this study, we identify an important role of gut bacteria in mediating the adaptation of diamondback moth (DBM) to plant secondary metabolites. We demonstrate that kaempferol’s presence in radish seedlings greatly reduces the fitness of DBM with depleted gut biota. Reinstatement of gut biota, particularly Enterobacter sp. EbPXG5, improved insect performance by degrading kaempferol. This bacterium was common in the larval gut of DBM, lining the epithelium as a protective film. Our work highlights the role of symbiotic bacteria in insect herbivore adaptation to plant defenses and provides a practical and mechanistic framework for developing a more comprehensive understanding of insect-gut microbe-host plant co-evolution.

Plutella xylostella (L.), commonly known as the diamondback moth, is currently a major worldwide pest. Gut bacteria play an important role in the physiology and insecticide resistance of P. xylostella, but little is known about the sources and transmission routes of its gut bacteria. In this study, traditional microbial culture methods were used to analyze the sources and transmission modes of gut bacteria in P. xylostella, which could help develop pest control strategies based on gut bacteria. The main findings are as follows: gut bacterial diversity was significantly higher in P. xylostella-fed radish sprouts than those fed an artificial diet, indicating a potential association between gut bacteria and food bacteria. In addition, sequence analysis revealed the isolation of Enterobacter sp., Pantoea sp., Cedecea sp., and Pseudomonas sp. from both radish sprouts and P. xylostella. Importantly, Enterobacter sp. was found in all tested samples (radish sprouts, gut of P. xylostella, ovaries, and eggs), suggesting that bacteria acquired from food could be transferred from the gut to the ovaries and eggs. This was confirmed through experiments, which also showed that eggs could carry bacteria and transmit them to the gut, indicating vertical transmission of gut bacteria via eggs. Furthermore, the 3rd instar larvae of P. xylostella with and without gut bacteria were mixed and raised until the 4th instar. Then, we found that all the gut of the 4th instar larvae carried the same bacteria, indicating that the gut bacteria of P. xylostella can be horizontally transmitted through social behavior. This study lays a foundation for further exploration of the sources, transmission, and coevolution of the host of gut bacteria in P. xylostella, and provides new insights into pest control strategies based on the source and transmission of gut bacteria.

With the great concern of our country and the continuous development of the epidemic, the development of smart campus is getting faster and faster, the safety of teachers and students becomes more and more important. To ensure the safety of users, the first step is to control at the doors. Usually, the access control method is used in computer system to protect the documents and data, few people use it at doors, but it’s a very effective way to improve safety. So we design a two-factor authentication protocol to verity the user’s identity, and improve the attribute-based access control (ABAC) model to fit the smart campus. We analyze the protocol theoretically and verify its security. Compare with others, our scheme can be more efficient and safer.

Parasites attack the host insects and possibly impact the host-gut microbiota, which leads to provision of a suitable host environment for parasites’ development. However, little is known about whether and how the parasitic wasp Cotesia vestalis alters the gut microbiota of the host Plutella xylostella. In this study, 16S rDNA microbial profiling, combined with a traditional isolation and culture method, were used to assess changes in the bacterial microbiome of parasitized and non-parasitized hosts at different developmental stages of C. vestalis larvae. Parasitization affected both the diversity and structure of the host-gut microbiota, with a significant reduction in richness on the sixth day post parasitization (6 DPP) and significant differences in bacterial structure between parasitized and non-parasitized hosts on the third day. The bacterial abundance of host-gut microbiota changed significantly as the parasitization progressed, resulting in alteration of potential functional contribution. Notably, the relative abundance of the predominant family Enterobacteriaceae was significantly decreased on the third day post-parasitization. In addition, the results of traditional isolation and culture of bacteria indicated differences in the bacterial composition between the three DPP and CK3 groups, as with 16S microbial profiling. These findings shed light on the interaction between a parasitic wasp and gut bacteria in the host insect during parasitization.

Conventional carbon capture and storage technologies and carbon capture, utilization and storage technologies mainly target CO2 emissions from fixed sources, while direct air capture CO2 (DAC) technology, as an emerging negative carbon emission technology, can capture CO2 emissions from distributed sources and further reduce the global atmospheric CO2 concentration. In this paper, the development process of DAC's typical liquid absorption process, solid adsorption process and the construction of relevant demonstration projects are introduced, the technical characteristics of emerging DAC processes are analyzed, and the key equipment schemes and future development trends of existing DAC processes are discussed. The DAC liquid absorption process has the characteristics of low cost of absorbent raw materials and high selectivity, which can realize a large-scale continuous capture, but high energy consumption in the regeneration process. The DAC solid adsorption process has the characteristics of modularity, low investment cost, and relatively low energy consumption in the regeneration process, but requires a regular replacement of adsorption materials and maintenance of adsorption equipment, which is suitable for small-scale DAC application scenarios. Two typical DAC process absorption/adsorption materials are reviewed. In the DAC electric oscillation adsorption process, CO2 is chemically captured in the solid electrode, and CO2 desorption is achieved by changing the polarity of the solid electrode with applied electric field. This process has a higher efficiency than that of the heat or pressure-based separation process. The CO2 in the air is selected through the DAC separation membrane to achieve an efficient carbon capture. The DAC process achieves the CO2 absorption and desorption through the change of humidity, which breaks through the high energy consumption limit of conventional variable temperature/pressure swing adsorption. The DAC bio-absorption process absorbs and fixes CO2 through the photosynthesis of algae organisms. The DAC process based on bifunctional catalyst can capture and catalyze CO2 in one integrated process, saving the transportation and storage cost of CO2 capture. The key devices of DAC liquid absorption process are air contactor, particle reactor, calciner and curing device, among which the core of air contactor development is to improve gas-liquid contact efficiency, reduce water loss during spray process and reduce equipment corrosion, while the key of particle reactor and curing development is to improve the contact efficiency of solid-liquid two-phase materials and the solid-liquid separation efficiency after reaction. The DAC solid adsorption process is composed of a modular device consisting of an induced air module, an adsorption/regeneration module, an energy supply regeneration module and a CO2 compression module. The core of optimizing the adsorption module is to improve the gas-solid mass transfer rate, adjust the CO2 capture efficiency and reduce the pressure drop. It is very important to select suitable regeneration system or use clean energy based on the process requirements of different application scenarios, optimize DAC process and develop high-performance DAC core devices.

In recent years, with the rapid development of big data and artificial intelligence technology, data-driven automatic driving vehicle lane change intention recognition has become an active research area in the transportation field. Numerous studies have reported innovative and practical research results. However, this field still presents common technical challenges, such as accurately identifying the lane change process, handling missing lane change labels, and addressing imbalanced data categories. These issues remain the focal points of current research. This paper aims to classify and organize various data-driven methods, mainly focusing on lane change intention recognition methods based on traditional machine learning, deep learning, and ensemble learning. In the academic community, two primary approaches exist for identifying lane change behavior. The first approach mainly focuses on the vehicle not crossing the lane line, which is suitable for early recognition of the driver’s intention to change lanes. The second approach focuses on the actual crossing of lane markings by vehicles, which is often considered the complete lane change process. In academic research on lane change intention annotation, the selection of fixed time windows and heading angle thresholds plays a crucial role in the accuracy of annotation. These parameters affect the accurate recognition of lane change behavior and are directly related to the stability and reliability of autonomous driving and intelligent transportation system performance. Therefore, researchers have conducted in-depth investigations on the impact of these two parameters on annotation accuracy. To identify the optimal fixed time window and heading angle threshold, researchers have used the grid search optimization algorithm. This method performs well in fixed driving scenarios by traversing all possible parameter combinations and selecting the optimal parameters according to preset evaluation criteria. However, in practical applications, driving scenarios often exhibit diversity and complexity. Different driving environments, road conditions, and driving styles can impact the recognition of lane change intentions. Therefore, achieving adaptive parameter adjustment so that the annotation algorithm maintains high accuracy across various driving scenarios remains a challenging problem. To address the issue of imbalanced data categories in lane changing, researchers adopt two strategies. The first strategy involves adjusting the data sampling method, and under-sampling and oversampling techniques are used to balance the number of samples in each category. The second strategy involves the use of classification models with strong adaptability to imbalanced data, such as ensemble learning algorithms or cost-sensitive learning models, to maintain good classification performance.

In this study, aroma characteristics and odor-active compounds in Dornfelder wines from three main production regions of China were comprehensively investigated for the first time. The leading features of Chinese Dornfelder wines were black fruit, violet, acacia/lilac, red fruit, spice, dried plum, honey, and hay based on check-all-that-apply. Wines from the Northern Foothills of Tianshan Mountains and Eastern Foothills of Helan Mountains were dominated by floral and fruity aromas, while wines from the Jiaodong Peninsula were characterized by mushroom/earth, hay, and medicinal material notes. Aroma profiles of Dornfelder wines in three regions were successfully reconstructed with 61 volatiles determined by AEDA-GC-O/MS and OAV. Through aroma reconstitution, omission tests, and descriptive analysis, terpenoids could be regarded as varietal characteristic compounds directly contributing to floral perception in Dornfelder wines. Guaiacol, eugenol, and isoeugenol were further revealed to have a synergistic effect with linalool and geraniol on violet, acacia/lilac, spice, and black fruit.

Type 2 Diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is one of the most common chronic multifactorial diseases, which is associated with the increased concentration of glucose in the blood. Therefore, the utilization of blood lowering agents is clearly a promising approach which can lead to a suppression of the evaluated blood glucose, and thus curing T2DM and other complication. In this study, we evaluated the glucose lowering effect of a varieties of amino acids (alanine and histidine), dipeptides (carnosine and α-alanine-L-histidine), and tripeptide (glutathione) by reacting with glucose, fructose, and sucrose under 37°C and pH 7.4 to mimic their reaction in physiological condition. By measuring the reduction of reactants and the formation of Maillard reaction products over the course of 21 days’ storage, we found that the glucose lowering effect of carnosine was better than the counterparts. The histidine residue in carnosine may contribute to its glucose lowing effect while β-amino acid β-alanine residue could facilitate the glucose lowering effect of carnosine by maintaining its chemical stability during the storage. These results may open up new avenues for the applications of bioactive peptide carnosine as a natural blood sugar lowering agent to control T2DM.

Camellia oleifera is an important woody oil species in China. Its seed oil has been widely used as a cooking oil. Seed size is a crucial factor influencing the yield of seed oil. In this study, the horizontal diameter, vertical diameter and volume of C. oleifera seeds showed a rapid growth tendency from 235 days after pollination (DAP) to 258 DAP but had a slight increase at seed maturity. During seed development, the expression of genes related to cell proliferation and expansion differ greatly. Auxin plays an important role in C. oleifera seeds; YUC4 and IAA17 were significantly downregulated. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis screened 21 hub transcription factors for C. oleifera seed horizontal diameter, vertical diameter and volume. Among them, SPL4 was significantly decreased and associated with all these three traits, while ABI4 and YAB1 were significantly increased and associated with horizontal diameter of C. oleifera seeds. Additionally, KLU significantly decreased (2040-fold). Collectively, our data advances the knowledge of factors related to seed size and provides a theoretical basis for improving the yield of C. oleifera seeds.

Microplastic (MP) contamination is a public issue for the environment and for human health. Plastic-based food filter bags, including polyethylene terephthalate, polypropylene, nylon 6 (NY6), and polyethylene, are widely used for soft drink sub-packaging, increasing the risk of MPs in foods and the environment. Three types of commercially available filter bags, including non-woven and woven bags, were collected, and MPs released after soaking were mapped using Raman imaging combined with chemometrics. Compared with peak area imaging at a single characteristic peak, Raman imaging combined with direct classical least squares calculation was more efficient and reliable for identifying MP features. Up to 94% of the bags released MPs after soaking, and there was no significant correlation with soaking conditions. Most MPs were tiny fragments and particles, and a few were fibrous MPs 620–840 μm in size. Woven NY6 filter bags had the lowest risk of releasing MPs. Source exploration revealed that most MPs originated from fragments and particles adsorbed on the surface of bags and strings. The results of this study are applicable to filter bag risk assessment and provide scientific guidance for regulating MPs in food.