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Abstract Background The Correa’s cascade, encompassing chronic non-atrophic gastritis, atrophic gastritis, intestinal metaplasia, and dysplasia, represents the well-recognized pathway for the development of non-cardia gastric cancer. Population-based studies on all-cause and cause-specific mortalities among patients with gastric lesions in Correa’s cascade are scarce. Methods We compiled a cohort of 340 744 eligible patients who had undergone endoscopy with biopsy for non-malignant indications during the period 1979–2011, which was followed up until 2014. Standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) provided estimation of the relative risk, using the general Swedish population as reference. Cox regression model was used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) of death for internal comparison. Results A total of 306 117 patients were included in the final analysis, accumulating 3,049,009 person-years of follow-up. In total 106,625 deaths were observed during the study period. Compared to the general population, excess risks of overall mortality were noted in all subgroups, with SMRs ranging from 1.11 (95% CI 1.08–1.14) for the normal mucosa group to 1.54 (95% CI 1.46–1.62) for the dysplasia group. For cause-specific mortalities, mortality from gastric cancer gradually increased along Correa’s cascade, with excess risk rising from 105% for patients with chronic gastritis to more than 600% for the dysplasia group. These results were confirmed in the comparison with the normal mucosa group. For non-cancer conditions, increased death risks were noted for various diseases compared to the general population, especially among patients with more severe gastric precancerous lesions. But the results were confirmed only for “infectious diseases and parasitic diseases”, “respiratory system diseases”, and “digestive system disease”, when using the normal mucosa group as reference. Conclusions Increased mortality from gastric cancer suggests that early recognition and intervention of gastric precancerous lesions probably benefit the patients. Excess mortality due to non-cancer conditions should be interpreted with caution, and future studies are warranted.

Abstract Background Obesity has been linked to arterial stiffness, while no consensus was reached on the association. We aimed to clarify the association of general and central obesity with arterial stiffness by combining observational studies and Mendelian randomization (MR) study. Methods Two cross-sectional studies were performed in UK Biobank and Fuqing Cohort, respectively. Two-sample MR study was conducted using summary data of GWASs from GIANT consortium and UK Biobank. General obesity and central obesity were measured using body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC), respectively. Arterial stiffness was measured by arterial stiffness index (ASI) in UK Biobank or branchial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) in Fuqing Cohort. Results Two observational studies found a consistent positive association of BMI and WC with arterial stiffness when adjusting for age, sex, education, smoking, alcohol drinking, physical activity, and LDL cholesterol. However, when additionally adjusting for metabolic traits (i.e., systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, blood glucose, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and WC or BMI), the association with BMI changed to be inverse. As compared to the lowest quintile group, the adjusted ORs across groups of second to fifth quintile were 0.93, 0.90, 0.83, and 0.72 in UK Biobank and 0.88, 0.65, 0.63, and 0.50 in Fuqing Cohort. In contrast, the positive relationship with WC remained stable with the adjusted ORs of 1.23, 1.46, 1.60, and 1.56 in UK Biobank and 1.35, 1.44, 1.77, and 1.64 in Fuqing Cohort. MR analyses provided supportive evidence of the negative association with BMI (OR = 0.97, 95%CI = 0.94–1.00) and the positive association with WC (OR = 1.14, 95%CI = 1.08–1.20). Conclusions Observational and genetic analyses provide concordant results that central obesity is independently related to arterial stiffness, while the role of general obesity depends on metabolic status.

Abstract Mental disorders are leading causes of disability and premature death worldwide, partly due to high comorbidity with cardiometabolic disorders. Reasons for this comorbidity are still poorly understood. We leverage nation-wide health records and near-complete genealogies of Denmark and Sweden (n = 17 million) to reveal the genetic and environmental contributions underlying the observed comorbidity between six mental disorders and 15 cardiometabolic disorders. Genetic factors contributed about 50% to the comorbidity of schizophrenia, affective disorders, and autism spectrum disorder with cardiometabolic disorders, whereas the comorbidity of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and anorexia with cardiometabolic disorders was mainly or fully driven by environmental factors. In this work we provide causal insight to guide clinical and scientific initiatives directed at achieving mechanistic understanding as well as preventing and alleviating the consequences of these disorders.

Abstract Aims Although central adiposity is a well-known risk factor for diabetes, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. The aim of this study was to explore the potential mediation role of circulating WBC counts in the association between central adiposity and the risk of diabetes. Materials and methods A cross-sectional study was conducted using data from the Fuqing cohort study, which included 6,613 participants aged 35–75 years. Logistic regression analysis and Spearman’s rank correlation analysis were used to examine the relationships between waist-to-hip ratio, WBC counts and glycemic status. Both simple and parallel multiple mediation models were used to explore the potential mediation effects of WBCs on the association of waist-to-hip ratio with diabetes. Results The study revealed a positive relationship between waist-to-hip ratio and risk of prediabetes (OR = 1.53; 95% CI, 1.35 to 1.74) and diabetes (OR = 2.89; 95% CI, 2.45 to 3.40). Moreover, elevated peripheral WBC counts were associated with both central adiposity and worsening glycemic status (P

Abstract Anxiety/stress-related disorders have been associated with multiple diseases, whereas a comprehensive assessment of the structure and interplay of subsequent associated diseases and their genetic underpinnings is lacking. Here, we first identify 136, out of 454 tested, medical conditions associated with incident anxiety/stress-related disorders attended in specialized care using a population-based cohort from the nationwide Swedish Patient Register, comprising 70,026 patients with anxiety/stress-related disorders and 1:10 birth year- and sex-matched unaffected individuals. By combining findings from the comorbidity network and disease trajectory analyses, we identify five robust disease clusters to be associated with a prior diagnosis of anxiety/stress-related disorders, featured by predominance of psychiatric disorders, eye diseases, ear diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and skin and genitourinary diseases. These five clusters and their featured diseases are largely validated in the UK Biobank. GWAS analyses based on the UK Biobank identify 3, 33, 40, 4, and 16 significantly independent single nucleotide polymorphisms for the link to the five disease clusters, respectively, which are mapped to several distinct risk genes and biological pathways. These findings motivate further mechanistic explorations and aid early risk assessment for cluster-based disease prevention among patients with newly diagnosed anxiety/stress-related disorders in specialized care.

Abstract Background Ideal cardiovascular health (CVH) can be assessed by 7 metrics: smoking, body mass index, physical activity, diet, hypertension, dyslipidemia and diabetes, proposed by the American Heart Association. We examined the association of ideal CVH metrics with risk of all-cause, CVD and non-CVD death in a large cohort. Methods A total of 29,557 participants in the Swedish National March Cohort were included in this study. We ascertained 3,799 deaths during a median follow-up of 19 years. Cox regression models were used to estimate hazard ratios with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) of the association between CVH metrics with risk of death. Laplace regression was used to estimate 25th, 50th and 75th percentiles of age at death. Results Compared with those having 6–7 ideal CVH metrics, participants with 0–2 ideal metrics had 107% (95% CI = 46-192%) excess risk of all-cause, 224% (95% CI = 72-509%) excess risk of CVD and 108% (31-231%) excess risk of non-CVD death. The median age at death among those with 6–7 vs. 0–2 ideal metrics was extended by 4.2 years for all-causes, 5.8 years for CVD and 2.9 years for non-CVD, respectively. The observed associations were stronger among females than males. Conclusions The strong inverse association between number of ideal CVH metrics and risk of death supports the application of the proposed seven metrics for individual risk assessment and general health promotion.

Abstract Background Variations in the prevalence and systemic inflammatory (SI) status between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and newly defined metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) have only been reported by few studies. Hence, this study aimed to compile data on the prevalence and the systemic inflammation levels of MAFLD and NAFLD in a general population from Southeast China was summarized to explore the potential effect of the transformation of disease definition. Methods A total of 6718 general population participants aged 35–75 were enrolled. Logistic regression and restricted cubic spline (RCS) models were used to examine the relationship between 15 SI indicators and NAFLD and MAFLD. The predicted values of MAFLD and NAFLD were analyzed using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Results The prevalence of MAFLD and NAFLD was 34.7% and 32.4%, respectively. Their overlapping rate was 89.7%, while only 8.3% and 1.9% of participants were MAFLD-only and NAFLD-only. Among three FLD groups, the MAFLD-only group had the highest levels of 8 SI indicators, including CRP, WBC, LYMPH, NEUT, MONO, ALB, NLR, and SIRI. The non-FLD group had the lower levels of all 15 SI indicators compared with all FLD subgroups. The odds ratios (ORs) of 10 SI indicators were significant in both multivariable-adjusted logistic regression and RCS analyses of MAFLD or NAFLD, including CRP, WBC, LYMPH, NEUT, MONO, ALB, PLR, LMR, ALI and CA. ROC analysis showed that the AUC values of all SI were lower than 0.7 in both MAFLD and NAFLD. Conclusions MAFLD could cover more FLD than NAFLD, and the MAFLD-only group had a more severe inflammation status, whereas the NAFLD-only exhibited lower levels. Moreover, there was not a high AUC and a high sensitivity of SI indicators, suggesting that SI indicators are not good indicators to diagnose NAFLD/MAFLD.

BackgroundAlthough the impact of hypertension on carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) and plaques has been well established, its association with femoral IMT and plaques has not been extensively examined. In addition, the role of the ratio of systolic and diastolic pressure (SDR) in the subclinical atherosclerosis (AS) risk remains unknown. We assessed the relationship between SDR and carotid and femoral AS in a general population.MethodsA total of 7,263 participants aged 35–74 years enrolled from January 2019 to June 2021 in a southeast region of China were included in a cross-sectional study. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP) were used to define SDR. Ultrasonography was applied to assess the AS, including thickened IMT (TIMT) and plaque in the carotid and femoral arteries. Logistic regression and restricted cubic spline (RCS) models were the main approaches.ResultsThe prevalence of TIMT, plaque, and AS were 17.3%, 12.4%, and 22.7% in the carotid artery; 15.2%, 10.7%, and 19.5% in the femoral artery; and 23.8%, 17.9% and 30.0% in either the carotid or femoral artery, respectively. Multivariable logistic regression analysis found a significant positive association between high-tertile SDR and the higher risk of overall TIMT (OR = 1.28, 95% CI = 1.10–1.49), plaques (OR = 1.36, 95%CI = 1.16–1.61), or AS (OR = 1.36, 95% CI = 1.17–1.57), especially in the carotid artery. RCS analysis further revealed the observed positive associations were linear. Further analyses showed that as compared to the low-tertile SDR and non-hypertension group, high-tertile SDR was associated with increased risks of overall and carotid TIMT, plaques, or AS in both groups with or without hypertension.ConclusionsSDR is related to a higher risk of subclinical AS, regardless of hypertension or not, suggesting that as a readily obtainable index, SDR can contribute to providing additional predictive value for AS.

Although animal studies have shown the reproductive toxicity of vanadium, less is known about its effects on semen quality in humans. Among 1135 healthy men who were screened as potential semen donors, we investigated the relationships of semen quality with urinary and seminal plasma vanadium levels via inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Spearman rank correlation tests and linear regression models were used to assess the correlations between average urinary and within-individual pooled seminal plasma vanadium concentrations (n = 1135). We utilized linear mixed-effects models to evaluate the associations of urinary and seminal plasma vanadium levels (n = 1135) with repeated sperm quality parameters (n = 5576). Seminal plasma vanadium concentrations were not significantly correlated with urinary vanadium concentrations (r = 0.03). After adjusting for possible confounders, we observed inverse relationships of within-individual pooled seminal plasma vanadium levels with total count, semen volume, and sperm concentration (all P values for trend < 0.05). Specifically, subjects in the highest (vs. lowest) tertile of seminal plasma vanadium concentrations had − 11.3% (−16.4%, −5.9%), − 11.1% (−19.1%, −2.4%), and − 20.9% (−29.0%, −11.8%) lower sperm volume, concentration, and total count, respectively; moreover, urinary vanadium levels appeared to be negatively associated with sperm motility. These relationships showed monotonically decreasing dose-response patterns in the restricted cubic spline analyses. Our results demonstrated a poor correlation between urinary and seminal plasma levels of vanadium, and elevated vanadium concentrations in urine and seminal plasma may be adversely related to male semen quality.

Crop sequence and tillage can affect the yield of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) and other crops. Research was conducted from 2006 through 2022 to determine the response of peanut to previous crop sequences including corn (Zea mays L.) and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) planted in continuous conventional tillage (e.g., disking, field cultivating, and bedding with in-row sub-soiling) or strip tillage (e.g., tilling a 45 cm section on rows spaced 91 cm apart using fluted coulters, rolling baskets, and in-row sub-soiling). In 2013, 2019, and 2022, the entire test area was planted with peanut. In 2019 and 2022, peanut was planted without or with fluopyram applied in the seed furrow at planting. Decreasing the number of years between peanut planting resulted in lower peanut yields compared with fewer years of peanut planting in the rotation sequence. Continuous conventional tillage and strip tillage resulted in similar peanut yields at one location, while the yield was lower at a second location when peanut was planted in continuous strip tillage. Fluopyram did not affect peanut yield regardless of previous crop rotation sequence, the number of years separating peanut plantings, or the tillage system. However, minor differences in the populations of plant-parasitic nematodes in soil were noted when comparing fluopyram treatment. The results from these experiments indicate that while fluopyram can reduce the populations of some plant-parasitic nematodes in soil, the magnitude of reduction does not translate into increases in peanut yield.

Abstract Background We aim to clarify the controversial associations between EBV-related antibodies and gastric cancer risk. Methods We analysed the associations between serological Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen 1 immunoglobulin A (EBNA1-IgA) and viral capsid antigen immunoglobulin A (VCA-IgA) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and the risk of gastric cancer in a nested case-control study originated from a population-based nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) screening cohort in Zhongshan, a city of southern China, including 18 gastric cancer cases and 444 controls. Conditional logistic regression was used to calculate the odds ratios (ORs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results All the sera of cases were sampled before diagnosis and the median time interval was 3.04 (range: 0.04, 7.59) years. Both increased relative optical density (rOD) values of EBNA1-IgA and VCA-IgA were associated with higher risks of gastric cancer with age adjusted ORs of 1.99 (95%CI: 1.07, 3.70) and 2.64 (95%CI: 1.33, 5.23), respectively. Each participant was further classified as high or medium/low risk based on a combination of two anti-EBV antibody levels. Participants in the high-risk group had substantially higher odds of developing gastric cancer than that in the medium/low risk group with an age adjusted OR of 6.53 (95%CI: 1.69, 25.26). Conclusions Our research reveals positive associations between EBNA1-IgA and VCA-IgA and gastric cancer risk in southern China. We thus postulate that EBNA1-IgA and VCA-IgA might appear to be potential biomarkers for gastric cancer. More research to further validate the results among diverse populations and investigate its underlying biological mechanism is needed.

Abstract Background Removal of tonsils and adenoids is among the most common surgical procedures worldwide. Evidence of increased risk of cancer following such surgery is, however, inconclusive. Methods We conducted a population-based, sibling-controlled cohort study of 4,953,583 individuals in Sweden with a follow-up during 1980–2016. History of tonsillectomy, adenotonsillectomy, and adenoidectomy was identified from the Swedish Patient Register whereas incident cases of cancer during follow-up were identified from the Swedish Cancer Register. We used Cox models to calculate hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) of cancer in both a population and a sibling comparison. The sibling comparison was used to assess the potential impact of familial confounding, due to shared genetic or non-genetic factors within a family. Results We found a modestly increased risk for any cancer following tonsillectomy, adenoidectomy, or adenotonsillectomy in both the population (HR 1.10; 95%CI 1.07–1.12) and sibling (HR 1.15; 95%CI 1.10–1.20) comparisons. The association did not differ greatly by type of surgery, age at surgery, or potential indication for surgery, and persisted more than two decades after surgery. An excess risk was consistently observed for cancer of the breast, prostate, thyroid, and for lymphoma in both population and sibling comparisons. A positive association was observed for pancreatic cancer, kidney cancer, and leukemia in the population comparison whereas a positive association was observed for esophageal cancer in the sibling comparison. Conclusions Surgical removal of tonsils and adenoids is associated with a modestly increased risk of cancer during the decades following the surgery. The association is unlikely attributed to confounding due to shared genetic or non-genetic factors with a family.

Abstract Background Although primary health care (PHC) has been proven to be effective in preventing and treating chronic diseases, the visits rate of PHC institutions is still not ideal. Some patients initially express a willingness to visit PHC institutions but end up seeking health services at non-PHC institutions, and the reasons for this behavior remain unclear. Therefore, the objective of this study is to analyze the factors that contribute to behavioral deviations among chronic disease patients who originally intended to visit PHC institutions. Methods Data were collected from a cross-sectional survey among chronic disease patients with original intention to visit PHC institutions in Fuqing City, China. The analysis framework was guided by Andersen’s behavioral model. Logistic regression models were employed to analyze the factors affecting the behavioral deviations among chronic disease patients with a willingness to visit PHC institutions. Results A total of 1,048 individuals were finally included and about 40% of the participants with the original willingness to seek care from PHC institutions finally chose non-PHC institutions in their subsequent visits. The results of logistic regression analyses indicated that at the predisposition factor level, older participants (aOR60-69 = 0.602, P

Abstract Background Defects in DNA damage repair (DDR) pathways lead to genomic instability and oncogenesis. DDR deficiency is prevalent in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), but the effects of DDR alterations on mutational processes and tumor immune microenvironment in ECSS remain unclear. Methods Whole‐exome and transcriptome sequencing data of 45 ESCC samples from Taizhou, China, were used to identify genomic variations, gene expression modulation in DDR pathways, and the abundance of tumor‐infiltrating immune cells. Ninety‐six ESCC cases from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) project were used for validation. Results A total of 57.8% (26/45) of the cases in the Taizhou data and 70.8% (68/96) of the cases in the TCGA data carried at least one functional impact DDR mutation. Mutations in the DDR pathways were associated with a high tumor mutation burden. Several DDR deficiency‐related mutational signatures were discovered and were associated with immune cell infiltration, including T cells, monocytes, dendritic cells, and mast cells. The expression levels of two DDR genes, HFM1 and NEIL1, were downregulated in ESCC tumor tissues and had an independent effect on the infiltration of mast cells. In the Taizhou data, increased expression of HFM1 was associated with a poor prognosis, and the increased expression of NEIL1 was associated with a good outcome, but no reproducible correlation was observed in the TCGA data. Conclusion This research demonstrated that DDR alterations could impact mutational processes and immune cell infiltration in ESCC. The suppression of HFM1 and NEIL1 could play a crucial role in ESCC progression and may also serve as prognostic markers.

Abstract Effects of repeated weight changes on mortality are not well established. In this prospective cohort study, we followed 34,346 individuals from 1997 to 2018 for all-cause mortality, and 2016 for cause-specific mortality. At baseline, participants self-reported amount and frequency of prior weight loss. During 20.6 (median) years of follow-up, we identified 5627 deaths; 1783 due to cancer and 1596 due to cardiovascular disease (CVD). We used Cox Proportional Hazards models to estimate multivariable‐adjusted Hazard Ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Participants with a weight loss > 10 kg had higher rates of all-cause (HR 1.22; 95%CI 1.09–1.36) and CVD mortality (HR 1.27; 95%CI 1.01–1.59) compared to individuals with no weight loss. Men who had lost > 10 kg had higher all-cause (HR 1.55; 95%CI 1.31–1.84) and CVD mortality (HR 1.55; 95%CI 1.11–2.15) compared to men with no weight loss. Participants who had lost ≥ 5 kg three times or more prior to baseline had increased rates of all-cause (HR 1.16; 95%CI 1.03–1.30) and CVD mortality (HR 1.49; 95%CI 1.20–1.85) compared to participants with no weight loss. We found no association between weight loss and cancer mortality. We conclude that previous and repeated weight loss may increase all-cause and CVD mortality, especially in men.

BackgroundIt is currently unclear whether and how the association between body composition and hypertension varies based on the presence and severity of fatty liver disease (FLD).MethodsFLD was diagnosed using ultrasonography among 6,358 participants. The association between body composition and hypertension was analyzed separately in the whole population, as well as in subgroups of non-FLD, mild FLD, and moderate/severe FLD populations, respectively. The mediation effect of FLD in their association was explored.ResultsFat-related anthropometric measurements and lipid metabolism indicators were positively associated with hypertension in both the whole population and the non-FLD subgroup. The strength of this association was slightly reduced in the mild FLD subgroup. Notably, only waist-to-hip ratio and waist-to-height ratio showed significant associations with hypertension in the moderate/severe FLD subgroup. Furthermore, FLD accounted for 17.26% to 38.90% of the association between multiple body composition indicators and the risk of hypertension.ConclusionsThe association between body composition and hypertension becomes gradually weaker as FLD becomes more severe. FLD plays a significant mediating role in their association.

Summary: Background: Dysbiosis of the oral mycobiome has been linked to some diseases, including cancers. However, the role of oral fungal communities in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) carcinogenesis has not previously been investigated. Methods: We characterized the oral salivary fungal mycobiome in 476 untreated incident NPC patients and 537 population-based controls using fungal internal transcribed spacer (ITS)-2 sequencing. The relationship between oral fungal mycobiome and the risk of NPC was assessed through bioinformatic and biostatistical analyses. Findings: We found that lower fungal alpha diversity was associated with an increased odds of NPC [lower vs. higher: observed features (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 5.81, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.60–9.38); Simpson diversity (1.53, 1.03–2.29); Shannon diversity (2.03, 1.35–3.04)]. We also observed a significant difference in global fungal community patterns between cases and controls based on Bray–Curtis dissimilarity (P

Abstract Background We aimed to investigate associations between pre-diagnostic anti-Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) antibodies, including interactions with hepatitis B virus (HBV), and risk of primary liver cancer in southern China. Methods In a population-based nested case-control study, we measured pre-diagnostic immunoglobulin A (IgA) against EBV nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) and viral capsid antigen (VCA) in 125 primary liver cancer cases and 2077 matched controls. We also explored the interaction between HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) and anti-EBV antibodies. Results Participants with positive EBNA1-IgA, positive VCA-IgA or single-positive anti-EBV antibodies had two-fold odds of developing liver cancer, compared with seronegative subjects. The odds ratios (ORs) between the relative optical density of EBNA1-IgA and VCA-IgA and primary cancer, controlling for age and HBsAg, were 1.59 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.17, 2.14) and 1.60 (95% CI: 1.07, 2.41), respectively. Subjects with both HBsAg and anti-EBV antibody seropositivity were at 50-fold increased risk compared with those negative for both biomarkers (OR: 50.67, 95% CI: 18.28, 140.46), yielding a relative excess risk due to interaction of 30.81 (95% CI: 3.42, 114.93). Conclusion Pre-diagnostic seropositivity for EBNA1-IgA and/or VCA-IgA was positively associated with primary liver cancer risk, especially in combination with HBsAg positivity. EBV may interact with HBV in the development of primary liver cancer, and anti-EBV antibodies might be potential biomarkers for primary liver cancer in this high-risk population.

Abstract Background Over the past four decades, the Chinese government has conducted three surveys on the distribution of causes of death and built cancer registration. In order to shine a new light on better cancer prevention strategies in China, we evaluated the profile of cancer mortality over the forty years and analyzed the policies that have been implemented. Methods We described spatial and temporal changes in both cancer mortality and the ranking of major cancer types in China based on the data collected from three national surveys during 1973‐1975, 1990‐1992, 2004‐2005, and the latest cancer registration data published by National Central Cancer Registry of China. The mortality data were compared after conversion to age‐standardized mortality rates based on the world standard population (Segi's population). The geographical distribution characteristics were explored by marking hot spots of different cancers on the map of China. Results From 1973 to 2016, China witnessed an evident decrease in mortality rate of stomach, esophageal, and cervical cancer, while a gradual increase was recorded in lung, colorectal, and female breast cancer. A slight decrease of mortality rate has been observed in liver cancer since 2004. Lung and liver cancer, however, have become the top two leading causes of cancer death for the last twenty years. From the three national surveys, similar profiles of leading causes of cancer death were observed among both urban and rural areas. Lower mortality rates from esophageal and stomach cancer, however, have been demonstrated in urban than in rural areas. Rural areas had similar mortality rates of the five leading causes of cancer death with the small urban areas in 1973‐1975. Additionally, rural areas in 2016 also had approximate mortality rates of the five leading causes with urban areas in 2004‐2005. Moreover, stomach, esophageal, and liver cancer showed specific geographical distributions. Although mortality rates have decreased at most of the hotspots of these cancers, they were still higher than the national average levels during the same time periods. Conclusions Building up a strong primary public health system especially among rural areas may be one critical step to reduce cancer burden in China.

Objective To estimate the risk of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) and Hodgkin’s lymphoma (HL) in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).Design We undertook a two-country population cohort study with all patients diagnosed with IBD in Norway and Sweden from 1987 and 1993 through 2015 and 2016, respectively, and analysed the risk of NHL and HL. In Sweden, we also analysed prescriptions of thiopurines and anti-tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α therapy from 2005. We calculated standardised incidence ratios (SIRs) with 95% CIs using the general populations as reference.Results Among 131 492 patients with IBD with a medium follow-up of 9.6 years, we identified 369 cases of NHL and 44 cases of HL. The SIR of NHL was 1.3 (95% CI 1.1 to 1.5) in ulcerative colitis and 1.4 (95% CI 1.2 to 1.7) in Crohn’s disease. We found no compelling heterogeneity in analyses stratified by patient characteristics. We found a similar pattern and magnitude of excess risks for HL. At 10 years, cumulative incidence was 0.26% (95% CI 0.23% to 0.30%) and 0.06% (95% CI 0.04% to 0.08%) for NHL and HL, respectively. Higher excess risks were found among patients with NHL with concomitant primary sclerosing cholangitis (SIR 3.4; 95% CI 2.1 to 5.2) and in those prescribed thiopurines alone (SIR 2.8; 95% CI 1.4 to 5.7) or with anti-TNF-α agents (SIR 5.7; 95% CI 2.7 to 11.9).Conclusion Patients with IBD have a statistically significant increased risk of malignant lymphomas compared with the general population, but the absolute risk remains low.

Abstract Background Women with premenstrual disorders (PMDs) are at increased risks of suicidal behavior and accidents. However, the effect of PMD first-line treatment on such risks have not been assessed. Methods To study the association between use of hormonal contraceptives or antidepressants and subsequent risks of suicidal behavior and accidents among women with PMDs. We conducted a nationwide register-based cohort study with between- and within-individual analyses in Sweden. All women with a clinical diagnosis/indication of PMDs recorded in the Patient Register and the Prescribed Drug Register during 1987–2011 were included (n = 23 029, age 15–52 years). Information on hormonal contraceptives and antidepressants prescribed for these women was obtained from the Prescribed Drug Register. Events of suicidal behavior (complete suicide and suicide attempt) and accidents were separately identified through the Patient and the Causes of Death Registers. Incidence rate ratios (IRRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of suicidal behavior and accidents after use of hormonal contraceptives or antidepressants were estimated in between-individual and within-individual analyses (i.e., comparing the risk between use and no use in the same individual) using Poisson regression. Results Women with PMDs were followed for a median of 6.2 years. Compared to no use of hormonal contraceptives, use of hormonal contraceptives was associated with a lower risk of suicidal behavior in both between-individual (IRR 0.76, 0.43–1.34) and within-individual analyses (IRR 0.65, 0.51–0.83). These risk reductions were primarily restricted to combined products (IRR 0.18, 0.07–0.47 and 0.19, 0.08–0.42 in between- and within-individual analyses) and observed among women with/without psychiatric comorbidities (p for interaction 0.830 and 0.043 in between- and within-individual analyses). Yet, the use of hormonal contraceptives was not consistently associated with risk of accidents between between-individual (IRR 1.13, 1.01–1.27) and within-individual analyses (IRR 1.01, 0.92–1.11). Use of antidepressants was associated with a higher risk of suicidal behavior and accidents in both between- and within-individual analyses. Conclusions Our findings suggest that use of hormonal contraceptives, particularly combined products, is associated with reduced rates of suicidal behaviors, but not accidents, among women with PMDs. The estimates for antidepressants may be biased by indication.

Abstract Background Mucosal melanoma has characteristically distinct genetic features and typically poor prognosis. The lack of representative mucosal melanoma models, especially cell lines, has hindered translational research on this melanoma subtype. In this study, we aimed to establish and provide the biological properties, genomic features and the pharmacological profiles of a mucosal melanoma cell line that would contribute to the understanding and treatment optimization of molecularly‐defined mucosal melanoma subtype. Methods The sample was collected from a 67‐year‐old mucosal melanoma patient and processed into pieces for the establishment of cell line and patient‐derived xenograft (PDX) model. The proliferation and tumorigenic property of cancer cells from different passages were evaluated, and whole‐genome sequencing (WGS) was performed on the original tumor, PDX, established cell line, and the matched blood to confirm the establishment and define the genomic features of this cell line. AmpliconArchitect was conducted to depict the architecture of amplified regions detected by WGS. High‐throughput drug screening (HTDS) assay including a total of 103 therapeutic agents was implemented on the established cell line, and selected candidate agents were validated in the corresponding PDX model. Results A mucosal melanoma cell line, MM9H‐1, was established which exhibited robust proliferation and tumorigenicity after more than 100 serial passages. Genomic analysis of MM9H‐1, corresponding PDX, and the original tumor showed genetic fidelity across genomes, and MM9H‐1 was defined as a triple wild‐type (TWT) melanoma subtype lacking well‐characterized “driver mutations”. Instead, the amplification of several oncogenes, telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT), v‐Raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B1 (BRAF), melanocyte Inducing transcription factor (MITF) and INO80 complex ATPase subunit (INO80), via large‐scale genomic rearrangement potentially contributed to oncogenesis of MM9H‐1. Moreover, HTDS identified proteasome inhibitors, especially bortezomib, as promising therapeutic candidates for MM9H‐1, which was verified in the corresponding PDX model in vivo. Conclusions We established and characterized a new mucosal melanoma cell line, MM9H‐1, and defined this cell line as a TWT melanoma subtype lacking well‐characterized “driver mutations”. The MM9H‐1 cell line could be adopted as a unique model for the preclinical investigation of mucosal melanoma.

BackgroundFatty liver, obesity, and dyslipidemia are associated with prediabetes or diabetes risk, and hyperuricemia co-exists. The present study evaluated the role of multiple mediators, namely, fatty liver, body mass index (BMI), and dyslipidemia, in the association between hyperuricemia and diabetes status.MethodsBaseline data from the ongoing Fuqing cohort (5,336 participants) were analyzed to investigate the association of hyperuricemia with diabetes status using a multinomial logistic regression model. Furthermore, causal mediation analysis with the weighting-based approach was performed to estimate hyperuricemia’s total natural direct effect (tnde), total natural indirect effect (tnie), and total effect (te) on prediabetes and diabetes risk, mediating jointly via fatty liver, BMI, and dyslipidemia.ResultsIn multinomial analysis without considering mediators’ effects, hyperuricemia was associated with a higher risk of prediabetes only (odds ratio: 1.25; 95% CI: 1.09–1.43; p < 0.001). When fatty liver, BMI, and dyslipidemia were considered as multiple mediators in the association, hyperuricemia was linked to both prediabetes [tnde: 1.11, 95% CI: 1.04–1.11; tnie: 1.07, 95% CI: 1.05–1.09; and overall proportion mediated (pm): 42%, 95% CI: 27%–73%] and diabetes risk (tnde: 0.96, 95% CI: 0.82–1.14; tnie: 1.25, 95% CI: 1.18–1.33; and pm: 100%, 95% CI: 57%–361%). Hyperuricemia showed significant tnde, te, and tnie, mediated by fatty liver jointly with dyslipidemia (pm = 17%) or BMI (pm = 35%), on prediabetes risk.ConclusionHyperuricemia could increase prediabetes or diabetes risk, partially mediated by fatty liver, BMI, and dyslipidemia. Fatty liver is the crucial mediator in the association between hyperuricemia and prediabetes.

Abstract Background Deregulation of cell-cycle pathway is ubiquitously observed in human papillomavirus negative (HPVneg) head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Despite being an attractive target, CDK4/6 inhibition using palbociclib showed modest or conflicting results as monotherapy or in combination with platinum-based chemotherapy or cetuximab in HPVneg HNSCC. Thus, innovative agents to augment the efficacy of palbociclib in HPVneg HNSCC would be welcomed. Methods A collection of 162 FDA-approved and investigational agents was screened in combinatorial matrix format, and top combinations were validated in a broader panel of HPVneg HNSCC cell lines. Transcriptional profiling was conducted to explore the molecular mechanisms of drug synergy. Finally, the most potent palbociclib-based drug combination was evaluated and compared with palbociclib plus cetuximab or cisplatin in a panel of genetically diverse HPVneg HNSCC cell lines and patient-derived xenograft models. Results Palbociclib displayed limited efficacy in HPVneg HNSCC as monotherapy. The high-throughput combination drug screening provided a comprehensive palbociclib-based drug-drug interaction dataset, whereas significant synergistic effects were observed when palbociclib was combined with multiple agents, including inhibitors of the PI3K, EGFR, and MEK pathways. PI3K pathway inhibitors significantly reduced cell proliferation and induced cell-cycle arrest in HPVneg HNSCC cell lines when combined with palbociclib, and alpelisib (a PI3Kα inhibitor) was demonstrated to show the most potent synergy with particularly higher efficacy in HNSCCs bearing PIK3CA alterations. Notably, when compared with cisplatin and cetuximab, alpelisib exerted stronger synergism in a broader panel of cell lines. Mechanistically, RRM2-dependent epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) induced by palbociclib, was attenuated by alpelisib and cetuximab rather than cisplatin. Subsequently, PDX models with distinct genetic background further validated that palbociclib plus alpelisib had significant synergistic effects in models harboring PIK3CA amplification. Conclusions This study provides insights into the systematic combinatory effect associated with CDK4/6 inhibition and supports further initiation of clinical trials using the palbociclib plus alpelisib combination in HPVneg HNSCC with PIK3CA alterations.

Polygenic Risk Scores (PRS) show promise for facilitating cancer risk stratification. Here, the authors performed a large genome-wide association study and develop a PRS for nasopharyngeal carcinoma, which could improve risk stratification and personalized screening.

Objectives: Rural areas are the weakest place for epidemic prevention and control, yet few studies have specifically conducted surveys in rural areas. The purpose of this study is to assess rural residents’ knowledge of the COVID-19 and its prevention in China. Methods: A cross-sectional survey study containing 1,426 samples was conducted in Fuqing, China to assess rural residents’ knowledge of the COVID-19 and its prevention. Logistic regression was used to identify potential differences in participants’ knowledge of COVID-19 and its prevention and control in different population subgroups. Results: The mean and median of residents’ knowledge of COVID-19 was 5.53 and 6 points, respectively. The mean and median of residents’ knowledge related to self-protection against COVID-19 was 10.34 and 11 points, respectively. Older adults (AOR45–59 = 2.26, 95% CI 1.20 to 4.27; AOR60-69 = 3.13, 95% CI 1.63 to 5.98; AOR≥70 = 4.68, 95% CI 2.35 to 9.33) were more deficient in knowledge of COVID-19. Those who were better educated and with a higher average annual household income were less likely to be deficient in the knowledge of COVID-19 and knowledge of self-protection against COVID-19. Moreover, those who were single, divorced, or widowed (AOR = 1.67, 95% CI 1.13 to 2.46) were more deficient in the knowledge of self-protection against COVID-19. Conclusions: Our study suggests that when facing a pandemic like COVID-19, the key is to inform the public to understand simple and effective self-protection measures. Therefore, we call on the governments to give priority to publicity and education on self-prevention measures for the targeted populations and regions. This is most evident among the vulnerable groups like those who were unmarried, elderly, and those with low education or low income. Similar suggestions may be of use in other countries as well.

ABSTRACT Microbiota has recently emerged as a critical factor associated with multiple malignancies. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is highly associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV); the oncovirus resides and is transmitted in the oral cavity. However, the alternation of oral microbiota in NPC patients and its potential link to EBV reactivation and host cell response under the simultaneous existence of EBV and specific bacteria is largely unknown. Here, oral microbiota profiles of 303 NPC patients and controls with detailed clinical information, including serum EBV anti-virus capsid antigen (VCA) IgA level, were conducted. A distinct microbial community with lower diversity and imbalanced composition in NPC patients was observed. Notably, among enriched bacteria in patients, Streptococcus sanguinis was associated with anti-VCA IgA, an indicator of NPC risk and EBV reactivation. By measuring the concentration of its metabolite, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), in the saliva of clinical patients, we found the detection rate of H2O2 was 2-fold increased compared to healthy controls. Further coculture assay of EBV-positive Akata cells with bacteria in vitro showed that S. sanguinis induced EBV lytic activation by its metabolite, H2O2. Host and EBV whole genome-wide transcriptome sequencing and EBV methylation assays showed that H2O2 triggered the host cell signaling pathways, notably tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) via NF-κB, and induced the demethylation of the global EBV genome and the expression of EBV lytic-associated genes, which could result in an increase of virus particle release and potential favorable events toward tumorigenesis. In brief, our study identified a characterized oral microbial profile in NPC patients and established a robust link between specific oral microbial alteration and switch of latency to lytic EBV infection status in the oral cavity, which provides novel insights into EBV’s productive cycle and might help to further clarify the etiology of NPC. IMPORTANCE EBV is classified as the group I human carcinogen and is associated with multiple cancers, including NPC. The interplays between the microbiota and oncovirus in cancer development remain largely unknown. In this study, we investigate the interactions between resident microbes and EBV coexistence in the oral cavity of NPC patients. We identify a distinct oral microbial feature for NPC patients. Among NPC-enriched bacteria, we illustrated that a specific species, S. sanguinis, associated with elevated anti-IgA VCA in patients, induced EBV lytic activation by its by-product, H2O2, and activated the TNF-α/NF-κB pathway of EBV-positive B cells in vitro, together with increased detection rate of H2O2 in patients’ oral cavities, which strengthened the evidence of bacteria-virus-host interaction in physiological circumstances. The effects of imbalanced microbiota on the EBV latent-to-lytic switch in the oral cavity might create the likelihood of EBV infection in epithelial cells at the nasopharynx and help malignant transition and cancer development.

Selenium (Se) is essential for successful male reproduction. However, the association of Se status with human semen quality remains controversial and the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. We measured seminal plasma Se concentrations, sperm mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNAcn), and sperm quality parameters among healthy Chinese men screened as potential sperm donors. Linear mixed-effects models were used to investigate the associations of within-subject pooled seminal plasma Se concentrations (n = 1159) with repeated sperm quality parameters (n = 5617); mediation analyses were applied to evaluate the mediating role of sperm mtDNAcn (n = 989). Seminal plasma Se concentrations were positively associated with sperm concentration and total count (both P for trend < 0.001). In adjusted models, men in the top vs. bottom quartiles of seminal plasma Se concentrations had 70.1 % (95 % CI: 53.3 %, 88.9 %) and 59.1 % (95 % CI: 40.5 %, 80.2 %) higher sperm concentration and total count, respectively. Meanwhile, we observed inverse associations between seminal plasma Se concentrations and sperm mtDNAcn, and between sperm mtDNAcn and sperm motility, concentration, and total count (all P for trend < 0.05). Mediation analyses suggested that sperm mtDNAcn mediated 19.7 % (95 % CI: 15.9 %, 25.3 %) and 23.1 % (95 % CI: 17.4 %, 33.4 %) of the associations between seminal plasma Se concentrations and sperm concentration and total count, respectively. Our findings suggest that Se is essential for male spermatogenesis, potentially by affecting sperm mtDNAcn.

The Graphical Evaluation and Review Technique (GERT) and complex networks are used to simulate and analyse complex product supply chain networks based on the characteristics of complex product supply chain networks. And the traditional GERT is improved by constructing a grey parametric GERT network with restricted output results, taking into account the fact that the duration, product quality and product cost of each supplier in a complex product supply chain are interval values rather than definite values, and that customers have restrictions on the duration, product quality and product cost of the final product. The functional relationship between product quality, product cost and duration is analysed, and two satisfaction functions for duration and cost are constructed in order to quantify the multi-objective requirements of shortening duration, saving product cost and guaranteeing product quality for complex products under emergency situations. Then, a duration-cost-quality model for complex product supply chains in contingency situations is constructed to obtain the better duration, product cost and product quality of each supplier by optimising the indicator parameters in the network. Finally, the scientific validity and effectiveness of the model and method are verified by means of arithmetic example. The results show that the method is able to analyse the optimal duration, product quality and product cost of each supplier, and the main manufacturer can obtain an optimised combination of duration, cost and quality for a complex product supply chain in different contingency situation. To further promote the sustainable and secure development of complex product supply chains, this paper also suggests the integration of data sharing and blockchain technology with complex product supply chains to develop dynamic supply chain feedback management systems.

Abstract Background Physical inactivity is a known risk factor for cardiovascular disease, but it is unclear if total and leisure time activity have different impact on the risk of myocardial infarction and stroke. In this cohort, we aimed to investigate the associations between both total and leisure time physical activity in detail, and the risks of myocardial infarction and stroke, both overall and for men and women separately. Methods We assessed the association between total and leisure time physical activity on the risk of myocardial infarction and stroke in a cohort of 31,580 men and women through record linkages from 1997–2016. We used Cox proportional hazards regression models to estimate hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) based on detailed self-reported physical activity. In the adjusted analyses, we included age, sex, body mass index, level of education, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, diabetes, lipid disturbance and hypertension as potential confounders. Results We identified 1,621 incident cases of myocardial infarction and 1,879 of stroke. Among men, there was an inverse association between leisure time activity and myocardial infarction in the third tertile compared to the first (HR: 0.78; 95% CI: 0.62–0.98; p for trend = 0.03). We also found an inverse association between leisure time activity and stroke in the third tertile compared to the first (HR: 0.78; 95% CI: 0.61–0.99; p for trend = 0.04), while the corresponding HR for stroke among women was 0.91; 95% CI: 0.74–1.13. We found no significant association between total physical activity and MI (HR: 1.12; 95% CI: 0.93–1.34) or stroke (HR: 1.14 95% CI: 0.94–1.39) comparing the highest to the lowest tertile in men. Women in the highest tertile of total physical activity had a 22% lower risk of myocardial infarction compared to the lowest tertile (HR: 0.78; 95% CI: 0.63–0.97; p for trend = 0.02) and an 8% (95% CI: 0.87–0.98) reduced risk of myocardial infarction with each 1 METh/day increase of leisure time physical activity. Conclusion Total physical activity was inversely associated with the risk of myocardial infarction in women, while leisure time physical activity was inversely associated with the risk of myocardial infarction and stroke in men.

Abstract Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a highly aggressive tumor with poor clinical outcomes due to recurrence, metastasis, and treatment resistance. Cancer stem cells (CSCs), a small population among tumor cells, are proposed to be responsible for tumor initiation, progression, metastasis, drug resistance, and recurrence. Here we show that high LSD1 expression was a predictor of poor prognosis for HNSCC patients. We found that high expression of LSD1 is essential for the maintenance of the CSC properties by regulating Bmi-1 expression. Moreover, tumor LSD1 ablation suppresses CSC-like characteristics in vitro and inhibits tumorigenicity in vivo in immune-deficient xenografts. However, this deletion induces the upregulation of PDL1 levels, which compromises antitumor immunity and reduces antitumor efficacy in an immune-competent mouse model. Functionally, the combination of LSD1 inhibitor and anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody can overcome tumor immune evasion and greatly inhibit tumor growth, which was associated with reduced Ki-67 level and augmented CD8+ T cell infiltration in immunocompetent tumor-bearing mouse models. In summary, these findings provide a novel and promising combined strategy for the treatment of HNSCC using a combination of LSD1 inhibition and PD-1 blockade.

BackgroundAlthough type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) plays a significant role in the association between metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) and chronic kidney disease (CKD), how T2DM development and glycemic deterioration affect CKD and its renal function indicators, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR), remains unknown. We aimed to assess the association between MAFLD, along with T2DM, and risk of CKD, and then evaluate the effect of metabolic goal achievement in MAFLD on the risk of CKD.MethodsIn this cross-sectional study, 5,594 participants were included. Multivariate logistic regression and linear regression were used to examine the association between MAFLD with its T2DM status and metabolic goal achievement and risk of CKD, as well as eGFR and UACR.ResultsThe MAFLD group had a higher prevalence of CKD (16.2 vs. 7.6%, P < 0.001) than the non-MAFLD group. MAFLD was independently associated with an increased risk of CKD (odds ratio [OR]: 1.35, 95% CI: 1.09–1.67) and increased eGFR and UACR. Among the three MAFLD subtypes, only the T2DM subtype exhibited significant associations with increased risk of CKD (OR: 2.85, 95% CI: 2.24–3.63), as well as increased eGFR and UACR. Glycemic deterioration in MAFLD was dose-dependently associated with an increased risk of CKD (P-trend < 0.001). Achieved metabolic goals in MAFLD decreased the risk of CKD, eGFR, and UACR; MAFLD with 2 or 3 achieved metabolic goals was not significantly associated with the risk of CKD (OR: 0.81, 95% CI: 0.59–1.12) and albuminuria.ConclusionMAFLD was independently associated with an increased risk of CKD, as well as increased eGFR and UACR. This association is strongly driven by T2DM status. Glycemic deterioration in MAFLD was dose-dependently associated with an increased risk of CKD. Achieved metabolic goals in MAFLD decreased the risk of CKD by reducing the risk of albuminuria.

Background: The association between cardiovascular disease (CVD) and selected psychiatric disorders has frequently been suggested while the potential role of familial factors and comorbidities in such association has rarely been investigated. Methods: We identified 869,056 patients newly diagnosed with CVD from 1987 to 2016 in Sweden with no history of psychiatric disorders, and 910,178 full siblings of these patients as well as 10 individually age- and sex-matched unrelated population controls (N = 8,690,560). Adjusting for multiple comorbid conditions, we used flexible parametric models and Cox models to estimate the association of CVD with risk of all subsequent psychiatric disorders, comparing rates of first incident psychiatric disorder among CVD patients with rates among unaffected full siblings and population controls. Results: The median age at diagnosis was 60 years for patients with CVD and 59.2% were male. During up to 30 years of follow-up, the crude incidence rates of psychiatric disorder were 7.1, 4.6, and 4.0 per 1000 person-years for patients with CVD, their siblings and population controls. In the sibling comparison, we observed an increased risk of psychiatric disorder during the first year after CVD diagnosis (hazard ratio [HR], 2.74; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.62–2.87) and thereafter (1.45; 95% CI, 1.42–1.48). Increased risks were observed for all types of psychiatric disorders and among all diagnoses of CVD. We observed similar associations in the population comparison. CVD patients who developed a comorbid psychiatric disorder during the first year after diagnosis were at elevated risk of subsequent CVD death compared to patients without such comorbidity (HR, 1.55; 95% CI, 1.44–1.67). Conclusions: Patients diagnosed with CVD are at an elevated risk for subsequent psychiatric disorders independent of shared familial factors and comorbid conditions. Comorbid psychiatric disorders in patients with CVD are associated with higher risk of cardiovascular mortality suggesting that surveillance and treatment of psychiatric comorbidities should be considered as an integral part of clinical management of newly diagnosed CVD patients. Funding: This work was supported by the EU Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Action Grant (CoMorMent, grant no. 847776 to UV, PFS, and FF), Grant of Excellence, Icelandic Research Fund (grant no. 163362-051 to UV), ERC Consolidator Grant (StressGene, grant no. 726413 to UV), Swedish Research Council (grant no. D0886501 to PFS), and US NIMH R01 MH123724 (to PFS).

Background Experimental observations have suggested a role of infection in the etiology of neurodegenerative disease. In human studies, however, it is difficult to disentangle whether infection is a risk factor or rather a comorbidity or secondary event of neurodegenerative disease. To this end, we examined the risk of 3 most common neurodegenerative diseases in relation to previous inpatient or outpatient episodes of hospital-treated infections. Methods and findings We performed a nested case-control study based on several national registers in Sweden. Cases were individuals newly diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) during 1970 to 2016 in Sweden, identified from the National Patient Register. For each case, 5 controls individually matched to the case on sex and year of birth were randomly selected from the general population. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) with adjustment for potential confounders, including sex, year of birth, area of residence, educational attainment, family history of neurodegenerative disease, and Charlson comorbidity index. Infections experienced within 5 years before diagnosis of neurodegenerative disease were excluded to reduce the influence of surveillance bias and reverse causation. The analysis included 291,941 AD cases (median age at diagnosis: 76.2 years; male: 46.6%), 103,919 PD cases (74.3; 55.1%), and 10,161 ALS cases (69.3; 56.8%). A hospital-treated infection 5 or more years earlier was associated with an increased risk of AD (OR = 1.16, 95% CI: 1.15 to 1.18, P < 0.001) and PD (OR = 1.04, 95% CI: 1.02 to 1.06, P < 0.001). Similar results were observed for bacterial, viral, and other infections and among different sites of infection including gastrointestinal and genitourinary infections. Multiple infections before age 40 conveyed the greatest risk of AD (OR = 2.62, 95% CI: 2.52 to 2.72, P < 0.001) and PD (OR = 1.41, 95% CI: 1.29 to 1.53, P < 0.001). The associations were primarily due to AD and PD diagnosed before 60 years (OR = 1.93, 95% CI: 1.89 to 1.98 for AD, P < 0.001; OR = 1.29, 95% CI: 1.22 to 1.36 for PD, P < 0.001), whereas no association was found for those diagnosed at 60 years or older (OR = 1.00, 95% CI: 0.98 to 1.01 for AD, P = 0.508; OR = 1.01, 95% CI: 0.99 to 1.03 for PD, P = 0.382). No association was observed for ALS (OR = 0.97, 95% CI: 0.92 to 1.03, P = 0.384), regardless of age at diagnosis. Excluding infections experienced within 10 years before diagnosis of neurodegenerative disease confirmed these findings. Study limitations include the potential misclassification of hospital-treated infections and neurodegenerative diseases due to incomplete coverage of the National Patient Register, as well as the residual confounding from unmeasured risk or protective factors for neurodegenerative diseases. Conclusions Hospital-treated infections, especially in early- and mid-life, were associated with an increased risk of AD and PD, primarily among AD and PD cases diagnosed before 60 years. These findings suggest that infectious events may be a trigger or amplifier of a preexisting disease process, leading to clinical onset of neurodegenerative disease at a relatively early age. However, due to the observational nature of the study, these results do not formally prove a causal link. In a nested case-control study, Jiangwei Sun and colleagues investigate the relationship between hospital-treated infections and risk of a diagnosis for Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and ALS using nationwide registry data from 1970-2016 in Sweden. Author summary Why was this study done? Experimental studies suggest that infection plays a role in neurodegenerative disease development. Supporting evidence in humans is, however, scarce. Due to the long preclinical stage of neurodegenerative diseases, it is still unclear whether infection constitutes a risk factor or is merely a comorbidity or secondary event. No study has explored the association of infections treated in specialized care (i.e., hospital in- and outpatient care) with the subsequent risk of common neurodegenerative diseases (i.e., Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)) in a single population. What did the researchers find? Infections treated in specialized care were associated with an increased subsequent risk of AD and PD—primarily AD and PD diagnosed before 60 years, but not ALS. These positive associations remained after excluding infections experienced within 10 years before diagnosis of AD or PD. Increased risks of AD and PD were observed for bacterial, viral, and other infections, and across different sites of infection, including gastrointestinal and genitourinary infections. Individuals with repeated infections in early- and mid-life had the greatest risk increment of AD and PD. What do these findings mean? The underlying mechanisms for the link between infections and neurodegenerative disease may not be specific to certain pathogens or affected organs but possibly occur at the systemic level. Infectious events may be a trigger or amplifier of a preexisting disease process, leading to clinical onset of neurodegenerative disease at a relatively early age among individuals with disease predisposition.

Summary: Background: Prior research provides suggestive evidence on an association between stress-related disorders and mortality. No previous study has however addressed the role of familial confounding on such association. Methods: We conducted a nationwide cohort study of 189,757 individuals with a first-onset stress-related disorder between January 1, 1981 and December 31, 2016 in Sweden (i.e., exposed patients), 1,896,352 matched unexposed individuals, and 207,479 unaffected full siblings of the exposed patients. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of all-cause and cause-specific mortality. Findings: During a mean follow-up of 9.42 years, an elevated risk of all-cause mortality was observed during the entire follow-up among patients with stress-related disorders, compared with either unexposed individuals or their unaffected full siblings. Such excess risk was most pronounced within the first year after diagnosis of stress-related disorders (HR, 3.19 [95% CI, 2.87-3.54] in population-based comparison; HR, 3.21 [95% CI, 2.56-4.02] in sibling-based comparison). The excess risk decreased but remained statistically significant thereafter (HR, 1.64 [95% CI, 1.60-1.67] in population-based comparison; HR, 1.61 [95% CI, 1.54-1.68] in sibling-based comparison). An increased risk was observed for almost all cause-specific mortality, with greater risk increase for deaths from unnatural causes, especially suicide, and potentially avoidable causes. Interpretation: Stress-related disorders were associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality and multiple cause-specific mortality, and the risk elevation was independent of familial confounding. The excess mortality attributable to unnatural causes and potentially avoidable causes highlights the importance of clinical surveillance of major health hazards among patients with stress-related disorders. Funding: EU Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Action Grant, 1.3.5 Project for Disciplines of Excellence at West China Hospital of Sichuan University, National Natural Science Foundation of China, Icelandic Research Fund (Grant of Excellence), ERC Consolidator Grant, and Swedish Research Council.

The standard therapy administered to patients with advanced esophageal cancer remains uniform, despite its two main histological subtypes, namely esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and esophageal adenocarcinoma (AC), are being increasingly considered to be different. The identification of potential drug target genes between SCC and AC is crucial for more effective treatment of these diseases, given the high toxicity of chemotherapy and resistance to administered medications. Herein we attempted to identify and rank differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in SCC vs. AC using ensemble feature selection methods. RNA-seq data from The Cancer Genome Atlas and the Fudan-Taizhou Institute of Health Sciences (China). Six feature filters algorithms were used to identify DEGs. We built robust predictive models for histological subtypes with the random forest (RF) classification algorithm. Pathway analysis also be performed to investigate the functional role of genes. 294 informative DEGs (87 of them are newly discovered) have been identified. The areas under receiver operator curve (AUC) were higher than 99.5% for all feature selection (FS) methods. Nine genes (i.e., ERBB3, ATP7B, ABCC3, GALNT14, CLDN18, GUCY2C, FGFR4, KCNQ5, and CACNA1B) may play a key role in the development of more directed anticancer therapy for SCC and AC patients. The first four of them are drug targets for chemotherapy and immunotherapy of esophageal cancer and involved in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics pathways. Research identified novel DEGs in SCC and AC, and detected four potential drug targeted genes (ERBB3, ATP7B, ABCC3, and GALNT14) and five drug-related genes.

BackgroundThe human microbiome has been reported to mediate the response to anticancer therapies. However, research about the influence of the oral microbiome on nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) survival is lacking. We aimed to explore the effect of oral microbiota on NPC prognosis.MethodsFour hundred eighty-two population-based NPC cases in southern China between 2010 and 2013 were followed for survival, and their saliva samples were profiled using 16s rRNA sequencing. We analyzed associations of the oral microbiome diversity with mortality from all causes and NPC.ResultsWithin- and between-community diversities of saliva were associated with mortality with an average of 5.29 years follow-up. Lower Faith’s phylogenetic diversity was related to higher all-cause mortality [adjusted hazard ratio (aHR), 1.52 (95% confidence interval (CI), 1.06–2.17)] and NPC-specific mortality [aHR, 1.57 (95% CI, 1.07–2.29)], compared with medium diversity, but higher phylogenetic diversity was not protective. The third principal coordinate (PC3) identified from principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) on Bray–Curtis distance was marginally associated with reduced all-cause mortality [aHR, 0.85 (95% CI, 0.73–1.00)], as was the first principal coordinate (PC1) from PCoA on weighted UniFrac [aHR, 0.86 (95% CI, 0.74–1.00)], but neither was associated with NPC-specific mortality. PC3 from robust principal components analysis was associated with lower all-cause and NPC-specific mortalities, with HRs of 0.72 (95% CI, 0.61–0.85) and 0.71 (95% CI, 0.60–0.85), respectively.ConclusionsOral microbiome may be an explanatory factor for NPC prognosis. Lower within-community diversity was associated with higher mortality, and certain measures of between-community diversity were related to mortality. Specifically, candidate bacteria were not related to mortality, suggesting that observed associations may be due to global patterns rather than particular pathogens.

Introduction Oral health and genetic factors can independently influence the risk of developing esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Objectives The primary objective of this study was to investigate the interactive effects of oral health and genetic factors on ESCC risk. Methods This was a matched case-control study with 927 ESCC patients and 1701 matched controls. We selected 101 candidate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from 59 genes that were associated with ESCC. Oral health was assessed based on tooth-brushing frequency, tooth loss, and age at the time of first tooth loss. An unconditional logistic regression model was employed in which SNP–oral health interactions were assessed as risk factors for ESCC, after adjusting for age and sex. A genetic risk score (GRS) analysis was conducted. Results The association between GRS and ESCC and the synergistic effect of GRS and oral health on ESCC were examined. Daily frequency of tooth-brushing was found to interact with 5 SNPs, rs3765524, rs753724, rs994771, rs3781264, and rs11187842, to increase the risk of ESCC. In particular, individuals with genotype TT of rs3765524 who brushed their teeth less than twice a day had a 5.13-times higher risk of ESCC than those with genotype CC who brushed their teeth at least twice a day. Furthermore, tooth loss interacted with two SNPs: rs1159918 from ADH1B and rs3813867 from CYP2E1. Conclusion Oral health may interact with genetic factors increasing ESCC risk, which provides new insights into the relationship between ESCC and gene–lifestyle interactions which can be used for disease prevention.

To study the swelling characteristics of bentonite eroded by alkaline solutions, swelling deformation (δs) tests on the bentonite subjected to immersion conditions of NaOH and KOH solutions were conducted. It is found that the δs of bentonite decreases with the increase in the concentration of alkaline solution. The swelling deformation δs of bentonite eroded by NaOH solution exceeds than that in the KOH solution for the same level of concentration. Moreover, by performing XRD tests, it is revealed that the reduced swelling performance of bentonite in alkaline solutions is mainly attributed to the dissolution of the swelling mineral, i.e., montmorillonite (Mt.). The higher the concentration of alkali solution, the stronger the dissolution of Mt., thus leading to more significant attenuation of the swelling properties. Besides, the K+ exhibits low hydration energies, which tends to fit into the silicon-oxygen tetrahedral cavity of smectite, forming a stronger K-linkage which leads to closely spaced crystal layers. The e-pe fractal relation can be calculated using the δs of bentonite eroded by alkaline solution. The e-pe fitting relation of the experimental data depicts that the dissolution of Mt. minerals in alkaline solution reduces the swelling coefficient κ, however, it increases the surface fractal dimension (Ds).

Background: We aimed to explore the relationship between lifestyle factors, cancer family history, and gastric cancer risk.Methods: We examined the association between lifestyle factors, cancer family history, and gastric cancer risk based on a population-based case-control study in Taixing, China, with 870 cases and 1928 controls. A lifestyle score was constructed considering body shape, smoking, alcohol drinking, tooth brushing habit, and food storage method. Unconditional logistic regression models were used to calculate odd ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).Results: Compared with participants with a lifestyle score of 0, subjects with a lifestyle score of 1 (OR 0.59, 95%CI 0.43–0.83), 2 (OR 0.42, 95%CI 0.30–0.59), 3 (OR 0.29, 95%CI 0.20–0.41), 4 (OR 0.20, 95%CI 0.13–0.32), or 5 (OR 0.10, 95%CI 0.04–0.22) had a lower risk of gastric cancer (P for trend < 0.001). Overall, 34% of gastric cancer cases (95%CI 27–41%) can be attributed to non-compliance with ≥3 healthy lifestyle. Family history of early-onset cancer is closely related to the occurrence of gastric cancer, with an OR ranging from 1.77 to 3.27. Regardless of family history, a good lifestyle is associated with a reduced risk of gastric cancer, with an OR value between 0.38 and 0.70.Conclusions: The early-onset cancer family history is closely related to the occurrence of gastric cancer and a good lifestyle is associated with a reduced risk of gastric cancer regardless of family history. Our results provide a basis for identifying and providing behavior guidance of high-risk groups of gastric cancer.

Background Diet, environment, and genomic context have a significant impact on humans’ intestinal microbiota. Moreover, migration may be accompanied by changes in human eating habits and living environment, which could, in turn, affect the intestinal microbiota. Located in southwestern China, Tibet has an average altitude of 4,000 meters and is known as the world’s roof. Xianyang is situated in the plains of central China, with an average altitude of about 400 meters. Methods To understand the association between intestinal microbiota and population migration, we collected the fecal samples from 30 Tibetan women on the first day (as TI1st), six months (as TI2nd), and ten months (as TI3rd) following migration from Tibet to Xianyang. Fecal samples were collected from 29 individuals (belonging to the Han women) as a control. The dietary information of the Tibetan women and the Han women was gathered. We performed a 16S rRNA gene survey of the collected fecal samples using Illumina MiSeq sequencing. Results Following the migration, the alpha and beta diversity of Tibetan women’s intestinal microbiota appeared unaffected. Linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) analysis showed that Klebsiella, Blautia, and Veillonella are potential biomarkers at TI1st, while Proteobacteria and Enterobacteriaceae were common in TI3rd. Finally, functional prediction by phylogenetic investigation of communities by reconstruction of unobserved states (PICRUSt) found no significant up-regulation or down-regulation gene pathway in the intestinal microbiota of Tibetan women after migration. The present study reveals that the higher stability in Tibetan women’s intestinal microbiota was less affected by the environment and diet, indicating that Tibetan women’s intestinal microbiota is relatively stable. The main limitations of the study were the small sample size and all volunteers were women.

Background: To assess the association of hospital-treated infections with the subsequent risk of two Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-related malignancies, namely Hodgkin’s lymphoma (HL) and nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Methods: We performed a nested case-control study based on several national registers in Sweden. Cases were individuals newly diagnosed with HL or NPC during 1994–2016 in Sweden, according to the Swedish Cancer Register. For each case, we randomly selected five controls individually matched to the case on sex and year of birth from the general Swedish population. Hospital-treated infections (i.e., infections requiring either inpatient or outpatient hospital care) were identified from the Swedish Patient Register. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of HL and NPC, in relation to hospital-treated infections, after adjustment for age, sex, calendar period, educational achievement, and region of residence. Results: The study included a total of 890 cases of HL and 306 cases of NPC. A hospital-treated infection three years ago or earlier was associated with a higher risk of HL (OR = 1.49, 95%CI: 1.26–1.75) as well as NPC (OR = 1.36; 95%CI: 1.01–1.83). The positive association was noted for both bacterial and viral infections and primarily for respiratory and skin infections. A monotonous dose-response relationship was found between a number of hospital-treated infections and the risk of HL (p = 0.02) but less compelling for NPC (p = 0.06). Using a 5-year lag time rendered similar results (OR = 1.43, 95%CI: 1.21–1.70 for HL; OR = 1.43, 95%CI: 1.05–1.95 for NPC). Conclusions: These findings suggest that infections requiring hospital treatment might contribute to the carcinogenesis of malignancies potentially related to EBV.