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Male orchid bees are known pollinators of some vanilla species (Orchidaceae), but there is little direct evidence for the pollination of v. planifolia L., the most important source of commercial vanilla. This study was undertaken to determine if the naturalized orchid bee, Euglossa dilemma Bembé & Eltz (Hymenoptera: Apidae), is a pollinator of V. planifolia in Florida, where the orchid is currently being considered as a potential crop. The flowers of V. planifolia were determined to have no nectar. Fragrance from in situ flowers was analyzed and found to contain principally 1-8 cineole and β-ocimene, compounds known to attract some male orchid bees. Timed watches documented pollen removal by a single female orchid bee, but no male orchid bees visited the flowers. Separate applications of 1-8 cineole, that we found in the flowers, and eugenol, which does not occur in the flowers, were made to flowers and baits, but the male orchid bees came only to flowers and baits with eugenol. Eugenol is a known attractant and principal component of many of the perfumes of the orchid mutualists of male E. dilemma. The rapid and intensive visitation and pollination that male E. dilemma bees exhibit towards their mutualist orchids did not occur, indicating V. planifolia is not an orchid mutualist of E. dilemma. During a timed watch, a female worker honey bee, Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae), pollinated a flower by entering it, backing out with pollen on its thorax, then re-entering the flower and exiting without the pollen. Dissection of the flower found pollen on the stigma and the anther cap disarticulated. A female E. dilemma removed pollen from a flower, indicating that she was also a probable pollinator. Morphometric measurements determined there was a good match between the interior dimensions of the tubular lip of the flowers and the thickness of the bodies of both the female orchid bee and honey bee, enabling good contact between the bees and the flowers sexual organs. Season-long fruit set was 0.655%, similar to the 1% or less reported for V. planifolia in its native Mexico range. Although the visitation rates were low, the potential of both the female honey bee and E. dilemma as pollinators of V. planifolia cultivated in screen houses is considered. Managed honey bees for pollination of vanilla appears to have more potential and it could reduce the need for expensive hand pollination, if sufficient pollination rates could be achieved. Las abejas macho de las orquídeas son polinizadores conocidos de algunas especies de vanilla (Orchidaceae), pero hay poca evidencia directa de la polinización de V. planifolia L., la fuente más importante de vainilla comercial. Se realizó este estudio para determinar si la abeja de las orquídeas naturalizada, Euglossa dilemma Bembé & Eltz (Hymenoptera: Apidae), es un polinizador de V. planifolia en la Florida, donde actualmente se considera a la orquídea como un cultivo potencial. Se determinó que las flores de V. planifolia no tenían néctar. Se analizó la fragancia de las flores in situ y se encontró que contenía principalmente de 1 a 8 cineol y β-ocimeno, compuestos que se sabe atraen a algunas abejas orquídeas macho. Relojes cronometrados documentaron la eliminación de polen por parte de una sola abeja orquídea hembra, pero ningún abeja orquídea macho visitó las flores. Se hicieron aplicaciones separadas a las flores y los cebos de 1-8 cineol, que encontramos en las flores, y eugenol, que no se encuentra en las flores, pero las abejas orquídeas macho solo llegaron a flores y cebos con eugenol. El eugenol es un conocido atrayente y componente principal de muchos de los perfumes de las orquídeas mutualistas del macho E. dilemma. La ausencia de visita y polinización rápida e intensiva que las abejas macho de E. dilemma exhiben hacia sus orquídeas mutualistas no ocurrió, lo que indica que V. planifolia no es una orquídea mutualista de E. dilemma. Durante una vigilancia cronometrada, una abeja melífera, Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae), polinizó una flor entrando en ella, saliendo con polen en su tórax, luego volvió a entrar en la flor y salió sin polen. La disección de la flor encontró polen en el estigma y el casquete de las anteras desarticulado. Una hembra de E. dilemma eliminó el polen de una flor, lo que indica que ella también era una probable polinizadora. Las mediciones morfométricas determinaron que había una buena coincidencia entre las dimensiones interiores del labio tubular de las flores y el grosor de los cuerpos tanto de la abeja orquídea hembra como de la abeja melífera, lo que permitió un buen contacto entre las abejas y los órganos sexuales de las flores. El cuajado de frutos durante toda la temporada fue del 0,655 %, similar al 1 % o menos reportado para V. planifolia en su área de distribución nativa de México. Aunque las tasas de visitas fueron bajas, se considera el potencial de la abeja melífera y de la hembra de E. dilemma como polinizadores de V. planifolia cultivada en invernaderos. Las abejas melíferas manejadas para la polinización de la vainilla parecen tener más potencial y podrían reducir la necesidad de una costosa polinización manual, si se pudieran lograr tasas de polinización suficientes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In vitro propagation is an important technique to produce orchids since it allows the multiplication and marketing of specimens with outstanding characteristics that have more commercial acceptance. By following this practice, natural populations are protected and the use of orchids is carried out in a sustainable manner. The objective was to evaluate the effect of three concentrations of 6-benziladenine (BA) on the growth and development of protocorms in cattleya (Brassolaeliocattleya) seedlings in vitro. The protocorms from the seeds were subcultured to a new medium with the same characteristics but adding BA in three different treatments: 1.0 mg·L-1, 1.5 mg·L-1 and 2.0 mg·L-1. The in vitro growth and development of protocorms presented a better result by adding BA in 1.5 mg L-1 doses, where plant height, leaf length, leaf number and root length were promoted, obtaining large and vigorous seedlings for transplanting and acclimatization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Asymbiotic germination techniques are successful in species of the Catasetum genus. The diverse composition of the culture media can be critical; however, viable seeds are required for asymbiotic germination. The reliable method for viability assessment is the tetrazolium test. A decisive step in the efficiency of the tetrazolium test is the seeds preconditioning with sucrose solution, which has the potential to improve germination. Therefore, this work aimed to evaluate the seed germination of three species of the genus Catasetum in culture media, preconditioned or not with sucrose solution. Seeds of the species Catasetum osculatum, Ctsm. galeritum and Ctsm. complanatum were assessed by tetrazolium test and germinated in two different media, pretreated or not with 10% sucrose solution. The statistical analysis showed that the use of sucrose pretreatment significantly increased the germination rates of the species. We conclude that the pretreatment with 10% sucrose for 24 hours, regardless of the species and the culture medium, significantly increases the germination of Ctsm. complanatum, Ctsm. galeritum and Ctsm. osculatum seeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Masdevallia coccinea es una orquídea llamativa, endémica de Colombia, empleada en la generación de híbridos ornamentales con más de una década, clasificada como una especie en peligro de extinción. Entre las técnicas usadas para la propagación in vitro y ex situ de especies de la familia Orchidaceae, se estudia la simbiosis micorrízica, debido a que esta familia micoheterótrofa depende de una correlación con estos hongos para subsistir en las primeras etapas de desarrollo en estado silvestre. Con el objetivo de caracterizar e identificar los hongos asociados a las raíces de M. coccinea, se realizó un estudio histológico en raíces y, a partir de micropreparados, se caracterizó morfológicamente micro, macroscópica y molecularmente diez aislamientos. Se identificó a M. coccinea como una orquídea que presenta diferentes patrones de colonización micorrízicos y con posibles efectos endófitos de los géneros Aspergillus, Scopulariopsis, Trichoderma, Ilyonectria y del orden Xylariales en condiciones ex situ

The municipality of Igarapé-Miri is located in the Endemism Center of Belém, which corresponds to the most deforested portion of the Brazilian Amazon with only 38% of its native forest remaining. The family Orchidaceae has several endemic taxa and expressive diversity in the Amazon phytogeographic domain, including in the state of Pará where 97 genera and 395 species have been reported. Considering the advanced state of fragmentation and the loss of diversity in the region, together with the lack of information about the flora of the municipality of Igarapé-Miri (Pará, Brazil), a floristic-taxonomic study was undertaken of the species of Orchidaceae in the municipality, including an identification key, morphological descriptions, taxonomic comments, illustrations and information on habitat, phenology and the geographic distribution of species. Fifty-eight species distributed in 38 genera were recorded for the municipality of Igarapé-Miri. The most diverse genera were Epidendrum (7 spp.) and Catasetum (4 spp.), followed by Maxillaria, Scaphyglottis and Stelis (3 spp. each). Most species occur as epiphytes and in Terra Firme Forest, with 31 species being exclusive to this type of vegetation. The occurrence of Anathallis fastigiata, Catasetum albovirens, Dichaea brachyphylla and Palmorchis triquilhada, species restricted to the Brazilian Amazon, stands out. The distribution of Stelis palmeiraensis is expanded to the Amazon phytogeographic domain and Stelis ciliaris and Uleiorchis ulei are documented in the state of Pará for the first time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]