29 results on '"Neville V"'
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2. Adsorption of the prototypical organic corrosion inhibitor benzotriazole on the Cu(100) surface
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Turano, Marco, Walker, Marc, Grillo, Federico, Gattinoni, Chiara, Hunt, Gregory, Kirkman, Paul, Richardson, Neville V., Baddeley, Christopher J., and Costantini, Giovanni
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- 2022
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3. Understanding the interaction of organic corrosion inhibitors with copper at the molecular scale: Benzotriazole on Cu(110)
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Turano, Marco, Walker, Marc, Grillo, Federico, Gattinoni, Chiara, Edmondson, James, Adesida, Omar, Hunt, Gregory, Kirkman, Paul M., Richardson, Neville V., Baddeley, Christopher J., Michaelides, Angelos, and Costantini, Giovanni
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- 2021
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4. Surface Confined Hydrogenation of Graphene Nanoribbons
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Yi-Ying Sung, Harmina Vejayan, Christopher J. Baddeley, Neville V. Richardson, Federico Grillo, Renald Schaub, EPSRC, Scottish Funding Council, University of St Andrews. EaSTCHEM, University of St Andrews. School of Chemistry, and University of St Andrews. Institute of Behavioural and Neural Sciences
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Scanning tunneling spectroscopy ,General Engineering ,General Physics and Astronomy ,Nanoribbons ,DAS ,QD ,General Materials Science ,Hydrogenation ,Graphene ,Scanning tunneling microscopy ,QD Chemistry - Abstract
YYS acknowledges support from the Funds for Women Graduates (GA-00558). FG and CJB acknowledge support from EPSRC through Grants EP/M029077/1 and EP/S027270/1. RS acknowledges financial support from the Scottish Funding Council through SRD-Grant HR07003. On-surface synthesis with designer precursor molecules is considered an effective method for preparing graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) of well-defined widths and with tunable electronic properties. Recent reports have shown that the band gap of ribbons doped with heteroatoms (such as boron, nitrogen, and sulfur) remains unchanged in magnitude in most cases. Nevertheless, theory predicts that a tunable band gap may be engineered by hydrogenation, but experimental evidence for this is so far lacking. Herein, surface-confined hydrogenation studies of 7-armchair graphene nanoribbons (7-AGNRs) grown on Au(111) surfaces, in an ultrahigh vacuum environment, are reported. GNRs are first prepared, then hydrogenated by exposure to activated hydrogen atoms. High resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS) and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) images reveal a self-limited hydrogenation process. By means of a combination of bond-resolved scanning tunneling microscopy (BRSTM) imaging and tip-induced site-specific dehydrogenation, the hydrogenation mechanism is studied in detail, and density-functional theory (DFT) calculation methods are used to complement the experimental findings. In all cases, the results demonstrate the successful modification of the electronic properties of the GNR/Au(111) system by edge and basal-plane hydrogenation, and a mechanism for the hydrogenation process is proposed. Publisher PDF
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- 2022
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5. Adsorption of the prototypical organic corrosion inhibitor benzotriazole on the Cu(100) surface
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Marco Turano, Marc Walker, Federico Grillo, Chiara Gattinoni, Gregory Hunt, Paul Kirkman, Neville V. Richardson, Christopher J. Baddeley, Giovanni Costantini, EPSRC, University of St Andrews. School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews. Institute of Behavioural and Neural Sciences, and University of St Andrews. EaSTCHEM
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HREELS ,Corrosion inhibitors ,General Chemical Engineering ,STM ,XPS ,NDAS ,General Materials Science ,QD ,General Chemistry ,QD Chemistry ,DFT ,Copper - Abstract
M.T. gratefully acknowledges financial support from Lubrizol Limited and thanks the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) grant EP/L015307/1 for the Molecular Analytical Science Centre for Doctoral Training (MAS-CDT). C.G. acknowledges the use of the Euler cluster at ETH Zurich for the DFT calculations. F.G. acknowledges funding from the EPSRC (grant EP/S027270/1). The interaction of benzotriazole (BTAH) with Cu(100) has been studied as a function of BTAH exposure in a joint experimental and theoretical effort. Scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), high resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations have been combined to elucidate the structural and chemical characteristics of this system. BTAH is found to deprotonate upon adsorption on the copper surface and to adopt an orientation that depends on the molecular coverage. Benzotriazolate (BTA) species initially lie with their planes parallel to the substrate but, at a higher molecular coverage, a transition occurs to an upright adsorption geometry. Upon increasing the BTAH exposure, different phases of vertically aligned BTAs are observed with increasing molecular densities until a final, self-limiting monolayer is developed. Both theory and experiment agree in identifying CuBTA and Cu(BTA)2 metal-organic complexes as the fundamental building blocks of this monolayer. This work shows several similarities with the results of previous studies on the interaction of benzotriazole with other low Miller index copper surfaces, thereby ideally completing and concluding them. The overall emerging picture constitutes an important starting point for understanding the mechanism for protection of copper from corrosion. Publisher PDF
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- 2022
6. Surface Confined Hydrogenation of Graphene Nanoribbons
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Sung, Yi-Ying, primary, Vejayan, Harmina, additional, Baddeley, Christopher J., additional, Richardson, Neville V., additional, Grillo, Federico, additional, and Schaub, Renald, additional
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- 2022
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7. Good science requires better animal welfare
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Neville, V., primary, Lecorps, B., additional, and Mendl, M., additional
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- 2022
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8. Copper Adatoms Mediated Adsorption of Benzotriazole on a Gold Substrate
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Grillo, Federico, primary, Gattinoni, Chiara, additional, Larrea, Christian R., additional, Lacovig, Paolo, additional, and Richardson, Neville V., additional
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- 2022
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9. Modulation of Biological Membranes Using Small-Molecule Compounds to Counter Toxicity Caused by Amyloidogenic Proteins
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Raina Marie Seychell, Adam El Saghir, and Neville Vassallo
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protein-misfolding diseases ,amyloid ,protein aggregation ,lipid membranes ,small molecules ,therapeutics ,Chemical technology ,TP1-1185 ,Chemical engineering ,TP155-156 - Abstract
The transition of peptides or proteins along a misfolding continuum from soluble functional states to pathological aggregates, to ultimately deposit as amyloid fibrils, is a process that underlies an expanding group of human diseases—collectively known as protein-misfolding disorders (PMDs). These include common and debilitating conditions, such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and type-2 diabetes. Compelling evidence has emerged that the complex interplay between the misfolded proteins and biological membranes is a key determinant of the pathogenic mechanisms by which harmful amyloid entities are formed and exert their cytotoxicity. Most efforts thus far to develop disease-modifying treatments for PMDs have largely focused on anti-aggregation strategies: to neutralise, or prevent the formation of, toxic amyloid species. Herein, we review the critical role of the phospholipid membrane in mediating and enabling amyloid pathogenicity. We consequently propose that the development of small molecules, which have the potential to uniquely modify the physicochemical properties of the membrane and make it more resilient against damage by misfolded proteins, could provide a novel therapeutic approach in PMDs. By way of an example, natural compounds shown to intercalate into lipid bilayers and inhibit amyloid–lipid interactions, such as the aminosterols, squalamine and trodusquamine, cholesterol, ubiquinone, and select polyphenols, are discussed. Such a strategy would provide a novel approach to counter a wide range of toxic biomolecules implicit in numerous human amyloid pathologies.
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- 2024
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10. Emergency front-of-neck access in cardiac arrest: A scoping review
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Mohammed Aljanoubi, Abdulkarim A. Almazrua, Samantha Johnson, Ian R Drennan, Joshua C. Reynolds, Jasmeet Soar, Keith Couper, Katherine M. Berg, Bernd W. Böttiger, Yew Woon Chia, Conor Crowley, Sonia D'Arrigo, Charles D. Deakin, Shannon M. Fernando, Rakesh Garg, Asger Granfeldt, Brian Grunau, Karen G. Hirsch, Mathias J. Holmberg, Eric Lavonas, Carrie Leong, Peter J. Kudenchuk, Peter Morley, Ari Moskowitz, Robert Neumar, Tonia C. Nicholson, Nikolaos Nikolaou, Jerry P. Nolan, Brian O'Neil, Shinichiro Ohshimo, Michael Parr, Helen Pocock, Claudio Sandroni, Tommaso Scquizzato, Markus Skrifvars, Neville Vlok, Michelle Welsford, and Carolyn Zelop
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Heart arrest ,Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest ,Emergency front-of-neck access ,Endotracheal intubation ,Cricothyroidotomy ,Specialties of internal medicine ,RC581-951 - Abstract
Background: Airway management is a core component of the treatment of cardiac arrest. Where a rescuer cannot establish a patent airway to provide oxygenation and ventilation using standard basic and advanced airway techniques, there may be a need to consider emergency front-of-neck airway access (eFONA, e.g., cricothyroidotomy), but there is limited evidence to inform this approach. Objectives: This scoping review aims to identify the evidence for the use of eFONA techniques in patients with cardiac arrest. Methods: In November 2023, we searched Medline, Embase, and Cochrane Central to identify studies on eFONA in adults. We included randomised controlled trials, non-randomised studies, and case series with at least five cases that described any use of eFONA. We extracted data, including study setting, population characteristics, intervention characteristics, and outcomes. Our analysis focused on four key areas: incidence of eFONA, eFONA success rates, clinical outcomes, and complications. Results: The search identified 21,565 papers, of which 18,934 remained after de-duplication. After screening, we included 69 studies (53 reported incidence, 40 reported success rate, 38 reported clinical outcomes; 36 studies reported complications). We identified only one randomised controlled trial. Across studies, there was a total of 4,457 eFONA attempts, with a median of 31 attempts (interquartile range 16–56.5) per study. There was marked heterogeneity across studies that precluded any pooling of data. There were no studies that included only patients in cardiac arrest. Conclusion: The available evidence for eFONA is extremely heterogeneous, with no studies specifically focusing on its use in adults with cardiac arrest.
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- 2024
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11. A 12-month retrospective descriptive analysis of a single helicopter emergency medical service operator in four South African provinces
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Neville Vlok, Craig Wylie, and Willem Stassen
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Helicopter emergency medical service ,Critical care transport ,Emergency care systems ,Trauma ,Interfacility transport ,Medicine ,Medicine (General) ,R5-920 - Abstract
Introduction: Helicopter Emergency Medical Services (HEMS) is integrated into modern emergency medical services because of its suggested mortality benefit in certain patient populations, it is an expensive resource and appropriate use/feasibility in low- to middle income countries (LMIC) is highly debated. To maximise benefit, correct patient selection in HEMS is paramount. To achieve this, current practices first need to be described. The study aims to describe a population of patients utilising HEMS in South Africa, in terms of flight data, patient demographics, provisional diagnosis, as well as clinical characteristics and interventions. Methods: A retrospective flight- and patient-chart review were conducted, extracting clinical and mission data of a single aeromedical operator in South Africa, over a 12-month period (July 2017 – June 2018) in Gauteng, Free State, Mpumalanga and North-West provinces. Results: A total of 916 cases were included (203 primary cases, 713 interfacility transport (IFT) cases). Most patients transported were male (n=548, 59.8%) and suffered blunt trauma (n=379, 41.4%). Medical pathology (n=247, 27%) and neonatal transfers (n=184, 20.1%) follows. Flights occurred mainly in daylight hours (n=729, 79.6%) with median mission times of 1-hour 53 minutes (primary missions), and 3 hours 10 minutes (IFT missions). Median on-scene times were 26 minutes (primary missions) and 55 minutes (IFT missions). Almost half were transported with an endotracheal tube (n=428, 46.7%), with a large number receiving no respiratory support (n=414, 45.2%). No patients received fibrinolysis, defibrillation, cardioversion or cardiac pacing. Intravenous fluid therapy (n=867, 94.7%) was almost universal, with common administration of sedation (n=430, 46.9%) and analgesia (n=329, 35.9%). Conclusion: Apart from the lack of universal call-out criteria and response to the high burden of trauma, HEMS seem to fulfil an important critical care transport role. It seems that cardiac pathologies are under-represented in this study and might have an important implication for crew training requirements.
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- 2023
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12. Editorial Perspectives
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Paul Bonin-Rodriguez, Neville Vakharia, Olaf Kuhlke, Diane Ragsdale, and E. Andrew Taylor
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Arts in general ,NX1-820 ,Small and medium-sized businesses, artisans, handicrafts, trades ,HD2340.8-2346.5 - Abstract
To launch Volume 12 of Artivate and mark the editorial team transition, we offer the following set of editorial essays to help catalyze conversations and contributions on the past and future of the field. The first is by outgoing coeditors Paul Bonin-Rodriguez and Neville Vakharia, who reflect on the field-building focus of their tenure and some of their key accomplishments. Their excellent retrospective is followed by essays from each of the new coeditors, exploring the origins and nature of their relationship to the field of arts entrepreneurship as well as the evolving topics those origins inspire. We hope that these essays encourage a similar reflection among our community and foster a more expansive conversation and examination of entrepreneurship in the arts.
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- 2023
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13. Editorial Perspectives
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Adrienne Callander, Johanna K. Taylor, Paul Bonin-Rodriguez, E. Andrew Taylor, Neville Vakharia, Diane Ragsdale, José Valentino Ruiz-Resto, Gary Beckman, and Linda Essig
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Arts in general ,NX1-820 ,Small and medium-sized businesses, artisans, handicrafts, trades ,HD2340.8-2346.5 - Abstract
We invited past, present, and future Artivate editors to contribute to a glossary collectively, futurecasting the central ideas advancing our field. Their provocations shared here help us build forward together.
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- 2023
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14. Editorial: Oligomers in amyloid-associated diseases—structural properties and toxicity
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Neville Vassallo, Sandrine Ongeri, and Alfonso De Simone
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proteinopathies ,neurodegenerative ,amyloid ,oligomers ,structure ,toxicity ,Biology (General) ,QH301-705.5 - Published
- 2023
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15. Editors' Introduction
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Neville Vakharia and Paul Bonin-Rodriguez
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Arts in general ,NX1-820 ,Small and medium-sized businesses, artisans, handicrafts, trades ,HD2340.8-2346.5 - Published
- 2023
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16. Editors' Introduction
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Neville Vakharia and Paul Bonin-Rodriguez
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Arts in general ,NX1-820 ,Small and medium-sized businesses, artisans, handicrafts, trades ,HD2340.8-2346.5 - Published
- 2022
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17. Editorial: Amyloid-Membrane Interactions in Protein Misfolding Disorders: From Basic Mechanisms to Therapy
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Neville Vassallo, Céline Galvagnion, and Eva Y. Chi
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protein aggregation ,lipid membrane ,amyloid-β ,tau ,α-synuclein ,hIAPP ,Biology (General) ,QH301-705.5 - Published
- 2022
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18. Burrowing for answers: Investigating Syrian hamster welfare through owner surveys.
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Fox A and Neville V
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- Animals, Humans, Surveys and Questionnaires, Male, United Kingdom, Cricetinae, Female, Pets, Behavior, Animal, Animal Welfare, Mesocricetus, Animal Husbandry methods, Ownership statistics & numerical data
- Abstract
Background: Syrian hamsters are a relatively common pet species in the UK. However, we know very little about how they are kept. The aim of this study was to identify areas of good and poor practices among Syrian hamster owners using owner surveys., Method: A survey of pet hamster owners was conducted with questions on husbandry, behaviour and health., Results: There were 548 survey responses. Over 95% of the owners provided a wheel, hideaway or chew toy, and over 90% housed their hamster alone. However, 18.4% of the owners used hamster balls, hamsters may have been fed a diet that was not entirely appropriate, and over 45% of respondents reported that their hamsters were housed in close proximity to predator species. Most (65.9%) hamsters had never been taken to a veterinarian. Hamster ball use, shallower substrate depth and more frequent handling were significantly associated with greater owner observations of bar biting., Limitations: A key limitation is that the respondents may not be representative of the average pet hamster owner, so this research does not provide a complete picture of the current state of hamster welfare., Conclusion: There are some welfare concerns regarding the way Syrian hamsters are currently kept in the UK. Therefore, attempts to better distribute information about hamster care to owners should be made., (© 2024 The Author(s). Veterinary Record published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of British Veterinary Association.)
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- 2024
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19. Online Dog Sale Advertisements Indicate Popularity of Welfare-Compromised Breeds.
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Paul ES, Coombe ER, and Neville V
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- Dogs, Animals, United Kingdom, Ownership statistics & numerical data, Breeding, Pets, Male, Animal Welfare statistics & numerical data, Advertising statistics & numerical data, Commerce statistics & numerical data, Internet
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Kennel club registrations have been used in a number of studies to estimate ownership levels and fashion trends among dog breeds. They cannot, however, give a complete overview of the contemporary trade in pet dogs, and additionally, may be particularly poor at monitoring trends among some welfare-vulnerable breeds. Here, we compared data from online advertisements for the UK sales of single-breed dogs over an 18-month period, with equivalent data (including for prior and subsequent years) from the UK Kennel Club. Kennel Club registration rates and breed popularity rates online were positively correlated. However, some breeds, including the Jack Russell terrier, Border collie and Chihuahua were considerably over-represented in online advertisements when compared with Kennel Club registrations, indicating a hidden market for certain breeds. In addition, the online dataset provided information on the sale and re-homing of adult dogs, showing high rates of adult homing of the Staffordshire bull terrier, Siberian husky and Rottweiler. We conclude that online pet-sales websites are an important and complementary source of data about the market in, and popularity of, a wide range of dog breeds.
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- 2024
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20. You are How You Eat: Foraging Behavior as a Potential Novel Marker of Rat Affective State.
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Neville V, Finnegan E, Paul ES, Davidson M, Dayan P, and Mendl M
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Effective and safe foraging requires animals to behave according to the expectations they have about the rewards, threats, and costs in their environment. Since these factors are thought to be reflected in the animals' affective states, we can use foraging behavior as a window into those states. In this study, rats completed a foraging task in which they had repeatedly to decide whether to continue to harvest a food source despite increasing time costs, or to forgo food to switch to a different food source. Rats completed this task across two experiments using manipulations designed to induce both positive and negative, and shorter- and longer- term changes in affective state: removal and return of enrichment (Experiment 1), implementation and reversal of an unpredictable housing treatment (Experiment 1), and delivery of rewards (tickling or sucrose) and punishers (air-puff or back-handling) immediately prior to testing (Experiment 2). In Experiment 1, rats completed fewer trials and were more prone to switching between troughs when housed in standard, compared to enriched, housing conditions. In Experiment 2, rats completed more trials following pre-test tickling compared to pre-test sucrose delivery. However, we also found that they were prone to disengaging from the task, suggesting they were really choosing between three options: 'harvest', 'switch', or 'not work'. This limits the straightforward interpretation of the results. At present, foraging behavior within the context of this task cannot reliably be used as an indicator of an affective state in animals., Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42761-024-00242-4., Competing Interests: Conflict of InterestThe authors declare no competing interests., (© The Author(s) 2024.)
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- 2024
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21. A primer on the use of computational modelling to investigate affective states, affective disorders and animal welfare in non-human animals.
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Neville V, Mendl M, Paul ES, Seriès P, and Dayan P
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- Animals, Humans, Affect physiology, Disease Models, Animal, Animal Welfare, Computer Simulation, Mood Disorders physiopathology
- Abstract
Objective measures of animal emotion-like and mood-like states are essential for preclinical studies of affective disorders and for assessing the welfare of laboratory and other animals. However, the development and validation of measures of these affective states poses a challenge partly because the relationships between affect and its behavioural, physiological and cognitive signatures are complex. Here, we suggest that the crisp characterisations offered by computational modelling of the underlying, but unobservable, processes that mediate these signatures should provide better insights. Although this computational psychiatry approach has been widely used in human research in both health and disease, translational computational psychiatry studies remain few and far between. We explain how building computational models with data from animal studies could play a pivotal role in furthering our understanding of the aetiology of affective disorders, associated affective states and the likely underlying cognitive processes involved. We end by outlining the basic steps involved in a simple computational analysis., (© 2023. The Author(s).)
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- 2024
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22. Examining personality dimensions in rats using a caregiver questionnaire.
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Brooks H, Davidson M, Mendl M, and Neville V
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Measures of individual behavioural differences (personality) are highly valuable in many areas of ethology, particularly studies of animal emotion and welfare. However, there are limitations to current behavioural tests of personality. Caregiver questionnaires may provide a complementary approach to overcome some of these limitations and provide a richer insight into personality. Drawing on previous studies, we developed a questionnaire in which caregivers were asked to rate the extent to which a given adjective/term described a rat under their care. We then used factor analysis to identify personality dimensions and assess whether those dimensions mapped to rat sex, rat age, number of companions, predator exposure, or owner experience. We obtained usable data from 296 rat caregivers and identified six personality dimensions: tameness, shyness, liveliness, interspecific sociability, inquisitiveness, aggressiveness. These dimensions are, with the exception of 'inquisitiveness', in line with previous studies and the broader literature on personality in non-human animals. With the exception of shyness, which was significantly associated with sex and owner experience, we found no strong evidence for a relationship between the personality dimensions and age, sex, number of companions, predator exposure, or owner experience. Although there remain important issues to be answered by future research, such as whether there is interobserver agreement in personality ratings and the extent to which the personality ratings are repeatable over time, the present study indicates that questionnaires of caregivers could in future provide a valuable tool to assess personality in rats., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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- 2024
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23. A mapping review of refinements to laboratory rat housing and husbandry.
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Neville V, Lind J, Mendl E, Cozma NE, Paul ES, and Mendl M
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- Animals, Rats, Housing, Animal, Behavior, Animal, Animal Husbandry methods, Animal Welfare
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Refining the housing and husbandry of laboratory rats is an important goal, both for ethical reasons and to allow better quality research. We conducted a mapping review of 1,017 studies investigating potential refinements of housing and husbandry of the laboratory rat to assess what refinements have, and have not, been studied, and to briefly assess whether there is evidence to support any impact on rat welfare. Among the many refinements studied, the majority involve changes to the cage, but some also involve alterations to the wider environment. The effects of these refinements were assessed using a range of readouts, many of which are difficult to interpret from a welfare perspective. Preference studies, which are easier to interpret, provide evidence that rats prefer complex environments, including shelters and multiple objects, which offer different areas/resources allowing the rat to engage in diverse behaviors. The reporting of methodology in papers was often poor, indicating that studies were potentially subject to biases. Given that many refinements co-occurred, it was often difficult to tease apart which ones were most beneficial for rat welfare. Effects of refinements were also moderated by a number of factors including age, sex, strain and photoperiod. Altogether our findings show that a one-size-fits-all approach to refinements is not appropriate, because different refinements will impact different rats in different ways. Our review has also produced a database of >1,000 articles that can be used for further and more detailed analyses. Our findings have also highlighted areas where future research is likely to be valuable, including refinements to rat transport, handling and the use of training., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature America, Inc.)
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- 2023
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24. Are Brachycephalic Dogs Really Cute? Evidence from Online Descriptions.
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Paul ES, Coombe E, McGreevy PD, Packer RMA, and Neville V
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Brachycephalic dog breeds have become increasingly popular in recent years, despite showing a high incidence of conformation-related disorders and early mortality. It has been suggested that this popularity might be explained by public perceptions of these short-muzzled dogs as looking particularly infant-like or "cute." Here, the hypothesis that short-muzzled breeds are especially likely to be described as cute was investigated by analyzing the word contents of advertisements for dogs and puppies being sold online. The ages and breeds of dogs being advertised were considered, in addition to whether the text of each advertisement included the word "cute" or two associated words: "adorable" and "sweet." Analyses of the entire sample of advertisements ( n = 43,312) indicated that younger dogs were more likely to be advertised as "cute" and "adorable," while older ones were more likely to be advertised as "sweet." Shortmuzzled, brachycephalic breeds (cranio-facial ratio < 0.5) were more likely to be advertised as "cute," with brachycephalic puppies under 6 months of age being particularly likely to be called "cute" and also "adorable." However, breed size had a larger and wider effect on word use in advertisements, with smaller dogs being advertised more frequently using all three words: "cute," "adorable," and "sweet." When data for adult dogs only were considered ( n = 11,400), and continuous muzzle shortening and age data were used, a somewhat different and more complex pattern of results were found. Use of the words "cute" and "adorable" were not associated with degree of muzzle shortening among these adult dogs, but "sweet" was used more often in advertisements for longer-muzzled breeds. We conclude that the present dataset provides partial support for the assertion that short-muzzled dogs are described as more "cute" than longer-muzzled ones, but that small size is a better predictor of the use of "cute" and its synonyms., Competing Interests: Disclosure Statement No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
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- 2023
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25. Developing guidelines for pet rat housing through expert consultation.
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Neville V, Hunter K, Benato L, Mendl M, and Paul ES
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- Animals, Rats, Humans, Housing, Ownership, Surveys and Questionnaires, Rodentia, Animal Technicians, Veterinarians
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Background: Pet care guidelines play an important role in ensuring that owners are well informed about good husbandry practices, allowing them to provide the best care for their animals. However, the development of such guidelines is difficult when there is little appropriate empirical evidence on which to base guidelines, as in the case of pet rats. The consultation of multiple experts can help to surmount this challenge., Methods: We developed a set of guidelines for pet rat housing by consulting with a group of experts, including veterinarians, veterinary nurses, animal welfare scientists and experienced pet rat owners. The consultation involved two rounds of online surveys (n = 13) and one online discussion (n = 8)., Results: The resulting guidelines cover a broad range of features within pet rat housing, including injury prevention, details of suitable refuges and substrates, and suitable cage sizing. The guidelines may evolve as more information about pet rats comes to light but may nonetheless provide a useful starting point for any future guidelines., Conclusions: At present, these guidelines may not only be useful for pet rat owners and those advising pet rat owners, such as veterinarians, but may also be useful in the design of housing, including for laboratory rodents., (© 2022 The Authors. Veterinary Record published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of British Veterinary Association.)
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- 2023
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26. That brachycephalic look: Infant-like facial appearance in short-muzzled dog breeds.
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Paul ES, Packer RM, McGreevy PD, Coombe E, Mendl E, and Neville V
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Brachycephalic dog breeds are highly popular, yet their conformation-related disorders represent a major welfare concern. It has been suggested that the current popularity of such breeds can be explained by their cute, infant-like facial appearances. The concept of 'kindchenschema' refers to the observation that certain physical features of infant humans and other animals can automatically stimulate positive and nurturant feelings in adult observers. But the proposal that brachycephalic dogs possess heightened 'kindchenschema' facial features, even into adulthood, has never been formally investigated. Here, we hypothesised that relative muzzle shortening across a range of breeds would be associated with known 'kindchenschema' facial features, including a relatively larger forehead, larger eyes and smaller nose. Relative fronto-facial feature sizes in exemplar photographs of adult dogs from 42 popular breeds were measured and associated with existing data on the relative muzzle length and height-at-withers of the same breeds. Our results show that, in adulthood, shorter-muzzled breeds have relatively larger (taller) foreheads and relatively larger eyes (i.e. area of exposed eyeball relative to overall face area) than longer-muzzled breeds, and that this effect is independent of breed size. In sum, brachycephalic dog breeds do show exaggeration of some, but not all, known fronto-facial 'kindchenschema' features, and this may well contribute to their apparently cute appearance and to their current popularity as companion animals. We conclude that the challenge of addressing conformation-related disorders in companion dogs needs to take account of the cute, 'kindchenschema' looks that many owners are likely to be attracted to., Competing Interests: None., (© The Author(s) 2023.)
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- 2023
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27. Bridging the Gap: Human Emotions and Animal Emotions.
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Mendl M, Neville V, and Paul ES
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Our experiences of the conscious mental states that we call emotions drive our interest in whether such states also exist in other animals. Because linguistic report can be used as a gold standard (albeit indirect) indicator of subjective emotional feelings in humans but not other species, how can we investigate animal emotions and what exactly do we mean when we use this term? Linguistic reports of human emotion give rise to emotion concepts (discrete emotions; dimensional models), associated objectively measurable behavioral and bodily emotion indicators , and understanding of the emotion contexts that generate specific states. We argue that many animal studies implicitly translate human emotion concepts , indicators and contexts , but that explicit consideration of the underlying pathways of inference, their theoretical basis, assumptions, and pitfalls, and how they relate to conscious emotional feelings , is needed to provide greater clarity and less confusion in the conceptualization and scientific study of animal emotion., Competing Interests: Conflicts of InterestThe authors declare no competing interests., (© The Author(s) 2022.)
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- 2022
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28. Evaluating Pain and Analgesia Effectiveness Following Routine Castration in Rabbits Using Behavior and Facial Expressions.
- Author
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Miller AL, Clarkson JM, Quigley C, Neville V, Krall C, Geijer-Simpson A, Flecknell PA, and Leach MC
- Abstract
Prevention of pain in rabbits is a priority for both welfare and validity of scientific data. We aimed to determine if the rabbit grimace scale (RbtGS) could be used as a viable, rapid assessment tool in two breeds of rabbit, Dutch belted (DB) and New Zealand white (NZW), following orchidectomy, as an adjunct to behavioral analysis. All animals received analgesia. Rabbits were filmed and their behavior was recorded at multiple time points pre- and post-orchidectomy. Observers then scored specific pain associated behaviors for analysis. Time matched footage was also scored using the rabbit grimace scale (RbtGS). Following surgery, rabbits showed significant increases in the duration spent displaying key pain associated behaviors at 1 and 5 h post-surgery. DB rabbits that received low dose meloxicam (0.2 mg/kg) showed significantly more pain behaviors at 1 and 5 h post-surgery compared to those administered a combination of higher dose meloxicam (0.6 mg/kg) and a lidocaine/bupivacaine local infusion. DB rabbits showed an increase in RbtGS score at both 1 and 5 h post-surgery. In the NZW rabbits, an increase in RbtGS score was only observed at 1 h post-surgery. Using behavioral analysis as the gold standard for comparison, the RbtGS was an effective means of determining when rabbits are painful following orchidectomy. Higher dose meloxicam (0.6 mg/kg) combined with local anesthetic was a more effective method of reducing pain, compared to lower dose meloxicam (0.2 mg/kg) alone., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Miller, Clarkson, Quigley, Neville, Krall, Geijer-Simpson, Flecknell and Leach.)
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. Effects of dehorning on population productivity in four Namibia sub-populations of black rhinoceros ( Diceros bicornis bicornis ).
- Author
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Chimes LC, Beytell P, Muntifering JR, Kötting B, and Neville V
- Abstract
The black rhinoceros (rhino) ( Diceros bicornis ) is critically endangered, with poaching being one of several threats to the species' survival. Many reserves across several countries, including Namibia, South Africa, and Zimbabwe, now dehorn their rhinos in an attempt to reduce poaching. Historical data collected by the Namibian Ministry of Environment, Forestry, and Tourism and Save the Rhino Trust were used to investigate whether dehorning has an effect on age at first reproduction (AFR), inter-calving interval (ICI), birth sex ratios, calf survival, cause of death, and lifespan. These were assessed in four Namibian sub-populations (hereafter referred to as 'populations') of black rhino (denoted A, B, C, and D) which have undergone varying levels of dehorning. No significant difference was found in any of the variables between dehorned and horned individuals. Population was a significant predictor of AFR (LRT = 7.433, p = 0.024) and ICI (LRT = 13.281, p = 0.004), although pairwise comparisons only found populations A and B to be significantly different (AFR: z = -2.736, p = 0.017, ICI: z = -3.705, p = 0.001). Additionally, a significantly higher number of males than females were born in population D ( p = 0.021, CI = 0.544, 0.960). The main cause of death across all individuals was poaching, although there was no significant difference in the proportion of rhinos poached between dehorned and horned individuals ( X
2 = 0.638, p = 0.424, n = 265). No evidence was found to suggest that dehorning has any effect on AFR, ICI, birth sex ratios, calf survival, or lifespan in the black rhino, which is reassuring in the continued use of dehorning as an anti-poaching technique in this species., (© The Author(s) 2022.)- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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