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In the present study, polyvinylchloride (PVC) and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) blended nanocomposites comprised of graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs), montmorillonite (MMT), and copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles were prepared through solvent casting approach. The structural and morphological measurements confirmed the presence and dispersion of nanofillers in the polymeric chains. Thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential-scanning calorimetry (DSC) investigations suggested the improved thermal stability for nanocomposite with 1.5 wt% GNPs loading having minimum weight loss and reduction in Tm due to the presence of GNPs, MMT, and CuO acting as a barrier to oxygen molecule diffusion and polymer-chain movement in the nanocomposite. The dielectric and impedance properties of PVC/PMMA/MMT/GNP/CuO nanocomposite investigated in 1 Hz to 20 MHz frequency range and at room temperature have shown improved dielectric constant upto 90.59 in 1 Hz frequency. The σac measures to be improved by 0.0034 (S/m) after adding GNPs, MMT, and CuO resulted from the interfacial polarization effect. The cole–cole plot investigations have shown the formation of semicircles for higher nanofiller loadings of nanocomposite. A drastic improvement in the SETotal was observed from lower to higher nanofiller concentrations. The total SE obtained for the nanocomposite with 2.5 wt% GNPs is upto 5 dB in 8–12 GHz range with absorption dominant nature of nanocomposite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Different composition of mixed matrix membranes comprising Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) as base polymer, Polyvinylpyrrolidone and Montmorillonite clay as additive was fabricated by phase inversion technique using N, N-Dimethylacetamide as a solvent. Furnished membrane samples were characterized by X-Ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) for phase identification, functional group analysis, thermal stability, determination of surface morphology and textural features which show that PVP and MMT successfully modified PVDF membrane and resulted in PVDF/PVP/MMT mixed matrix membrane. Different membrane characteristics such as pure water flux, water content, porosity, shrinkage ratio, fouling recovery ratio and solute rejection were studied and calculated. The contemporary membrane (PPM5) having 5 wt. % of MMT represented the increase in pure water flux, porosity, and fouling recovery ratio from 13.8 Lm−2h−1, 33% and 52% to 19.8 Lm−2h−1, 85%, and 87%, respectively. The PPM5 also shows a reduction in shrinkage ratio from 19% to 7% and improved hydrophilicity which results in a solute rejection factor of 83% and 87% for Pb(II) and Cd(II), respectively, in comparison to other fabricated membranes. These membranes provide an economical and effective solution for wastewater treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the rehabilitation program is to improve motor skills, coordination, sensory system, mobilization and other existing disorders to achieve activity of daily living (ADL). For a span of five months, beginning two months ago, the patient had been incapable of independent mobilization. Throughout this duration, he was confined to a bed and wheelchair, necessitating assistance from family members for movement, who would lift or carry him as necessary. Physical therapy as part of the multidisciplinary approach can provide core stability exercises, muscular facilitation and stimulation of motion of the upper and lower extremities, balance exercises and mobility exercises, as well as strengthening exercises with PNF facilitation and active stimulation techniques and using the patient's body weight as a training burden. Bobath approach and facilitation exercise can reduce spasticity by strengthening the antagonist muscles. This case report concludes that although physiotherapy is done late with strengthening exercise and core stability strengthening techniques, prone strengthening exercise, it can improve motor skills, coordination, which in turn will increase the patient's independence in carrying out functional activities and ADLs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the increasing demand for artificial joint implants, two types of clays, montmorillonite (MMT) and halloysite nanotube (HNT), have been used either in combination as hybrid additives to reinforce the properties of the widely used polymer in the biomedical field (ultra‐high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE)). The 5% nanoclay content was incorporated into all manufactured nanocomposite materials. Several tests were conducted to evaluate the mechanical performance of these nanocomposite materials, including Izod, hardness, abrasion, and compression. Additionally, XRD analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and biocompatibility study were investigated to examine these nanocomposite's capacity to suit orthopedic applications. Compared to pure UHMWPE, the "hybridization" effect successfully increased the resistance of the nanocomposite. Although 5% HNT‐UHMWPE composites underwent some degradation in impact strength, the excellent ductility preserved the composites to fail without catastrophic fracture. Based on the MTT assay, all nanocomposites exhibited good biocompatibility, evident by favorable cell growth with no signs of cytotoxicity after up to 96 h of incubation in media with different amounts of material in solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two approaches to the synthesis of hydrogels based on polyacrylamide (pAAm) with copolymers were compared in the paper—traditional chemical cross-linking and physical cross-linking with montmorillonite (MMT). The main aim of the work was to find an adequate replacement of the chemical toxic cross-linking agent MBAAm (N,N'-methylene-bis-acrylamide) by using non-toxic—natural clay MMT for synthesis of pAAm gels, which are planned to be used as soil conditioners. A series of hydrogels based on acrylic monomers (acrylamide (AAm), acrylonitrile (AN), acrylic acid (AA)) physically cross–linked by MMT and chemically cross-linked were synthesized. For the synthesized gels, the influence of the synthesis method on the formation of the structure and the mechanism of thermal destruction in the presence of air was analyzed using a set of physicochemical methods: FTIR, XRD, SEM, DSC and TG/DTG. According to FTIR and XRD data, pAAm-MMT and pAAm-AN-MMT samples formed an intercalated/exfoliated structure, whereas pAAm-AA-MMT had an intercalated structure. The endothermic reaction of decomposition of xerogels based on acrylic polymers with and without MMT was observed using DSC and derivative thermogravimetry analyses, coupled with measurement of FTIR spectra of volatile products of thermolysis. All studied composites were relatively thermoresistant, which had three distinct regions of phase transitions and their thermal decomposition occurred at a temperature range 310–465 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

هدفت الدراسة الى اعداد منهج تأهيلي لإصابة اوتار العضلات الانسية لمفصل المرفق باستخدام تقنية الفحص المبكر للعضلات MMT والتي وتعطي مدلولات رقمية واضحة تكشف عن مستوى العضلات ووضع حلول خاصة بها من خلال وضع البرامج التأهيلية المناسبة للارتقاء بمستوى قوة العضلات الضعيفة, وقد استخدم المنهج التجريبي وتحدد عينة البحث بالطريقة العمدية لبعض اندية محافظة البصرة (نادي ابي الخصيب –نادي شباب البصري) وقد تكونت عينة البحث من (6) لاعبين مصابين بإصابة الاجهاد, واستنتجنا الى ضرورة استخدام طريقة الفحص المبكر للعضلات MMT في اعداد التمرينات التأهيلية كون طريقة الفحص المبكر للعضلات تعطي اخطار مسبق عن العضلات الضعيفة والتي قد تكون منطوية تحت مساعدة العضلات القوية لمفصل المرفق, عمل ندوات توعوية حول طريقة الفحص المبكر ومحاولة تجنب الاصابة .

Existing research on multimodal machine translation (MMT) has typically enhanced bilingual translation by introducing additional alignment visual information. However, picture form requirements in multimodal datasets pose important constraints on the development of MMT because this requires a form of alignment between image, source text, and target text. This limitation is especially compounded by the fact that the inference phase, when aligning images, is not directly available in a conventional neural machine translation (NMT) setup. Therefore, we propose an innovative MMT framework called the DSKP-MMT model, which supports machine translation by enhancing knowledge distillation and feature refinement methods in the absence of images. Our model first generates multimodal features from the source text. Then, the purified features are obtained through the multimodal feature generator and knowledge distillation module. The features generated through image feature enhancement are subsequently further purified. Finally, the image–text fusion features are generated as input in the transformer-based machine translation reasoning task. In the Multi30K dataset test, the DSKP-MMT model has achieved a BLEU of 40.42 and a METEOR of 58.15, showing its ability to improve translation effectiveness and facilitating utterance communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The therapeutic potential of natural clays has long been known and used as a remedy for various ailments. Due to their thin layered structure, charged, biocompatiblity and specific compositions, nanoclays are an emerging class of two-dimensional (2D) biomaterials of interest. Nano-layered silicates, are gaining ground due to their unique properties, including tunable surface chemistry, controlled drug release, chemical stability, high elastic modulus, efficient adsorption and good cation exchange capacity. The members of the nanoclay family can be easily functionalized, which significantly improves the mechanical performance of nanocomposites and offer bioactive capabilities. These nanoclays have been investigated for various biomedical applications, including drug carriers for antibiotics, antihypertensives, antipsychotics and anticancer drugs. Due to their non-toxicity, they have also been explored for wound healing, bone cement, tissue engineering and enzyme immobilization. Further, nanoclays have the potential to contribute significantly to the advancement of diagnostic technologies, personalized and regenerative medicine. Therefore, the primary objective of this review is to present an up-to-date scenario of recent breakthroughs in understanding the classification of nanoclay, nanocomposites, their application in various biomedical fields, and the effect of nanoclay on cellular responses. In addition, new and emerging applications and potential avenues for research will be highlighted. Nanoclay has been the subject of extensive investigation in various fields, and biomedical research makes up the majority. In this review, different applications of nanoclay have been discussed viz., development of diagnostic tools in form of sensors, enzyme immobilizers, targeted drug delivery systems, and cementing material for tissue and bone engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundStarting in 2008, Vietnam's national MMT program expanded quickly, but it is struggling with increasing attrition rates and poor adherence among patients. Several studies have reported on MMT retention and adherence, but no overview has yet been published. The objective of this study is to fill that gap and to review factors associated with retention and adherence in MMT in Vietnam.MethodsA systematic search was conducted using databases of literature - Pubmed, Cochrane, Scopus, Academic search premiere, and SoINDEX. Peer-reviewed empirical studies with full text in English discussing retention attrition and adherence regarding MMT in Vietnam were selected. The results were synthesized using qualitative methods.ResultsAdherence and retention rates varied among the 11 included studies. In general, patients in mountainous provinces had lower adherence and retention rates than those in big cities. Retention rates decreased with the studies' follow-up period and had a downward trend over time. Factors associated with adherence and retention can be classified into three groups: individual, community, and institutional factors. Important individual factors areage, education, awareness of MMT and HIV, and co-occurring disorders and comorbidities. Stigma is the major community risk factor, and methadone daily dose, the distance between home and clinic, and clinic's service hours are the three most important institutional factors.ConclusionsThe literature reviewed identifies important factors associated with MMT adherence and retention in Vietnam. The findings suggest further research exploring both subjective and objective factors and more policies to remove social and structural barriers to enhance treatment outcomes.

Introduction and Purpose: Opioid addiction is a serious challenge for public health worldwide, and methadone maintenance therapy (MMT) is a key therapeutic approach. This review intends to provide an up-to-date summary of the pathophysiology, clinical manifestation, diagnostic techniques, and treatment options for Opioid Use Disorder. Materials and methods: The literature available in PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases was reviewed using the following keywords: "MMT," "methadone maintenance therapy", "maintenance therapy", "opioid use disorder", "opioid addiction," "methadone", "naloxone" "naltrexone", and "buprenorphine". State of Knowledge: This review examines current approaches in maintenance therapy for Opioid Use Disorder (OUD). In the study, we focus on treatments using methadone, buprenorphine, naloxone, and naltrexone. It focuses on recent advancements, comparing the effectiveness, safety, and patient outcomes of these therapies. Key challenges in treatment accessibility and implementation are also discussed, providing an updated overview of the field and identifying areas for future research in opioid addiction therapy. Conclusion: There is a series of studies researching the psychological and behavioral problems associated with opioid addiction. This research has given medical practitioners valuable guidance on effective management techniques. According to the authors, compared to other alternative treatment methods, methadone maintenance therapy (MMT) is still considered the most effective pharmacotherapeutic method in the treatment of opioid addiction. Nevertheless, ongoing research is essential to improve diagnostic processes, develop innovative therapies, and enhance the overall quality of care for those affected by these challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Leviathan: Zeitschrift für Sozialwissenschaft (Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG) is the property of Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Infectious peritonitis is a leading cause of peritoneal functional impairment and a primary factor for therapy discontinuation in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. Although bacterial infections are a common cause of peritonitis episodes, emerging evidence suggests a role for viral pathogens. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) specifically recognize conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) from bacteria, viruses, and fungi, thereby orchestrating the ensuing inflammatory/immune responses. Among TLRs, TLR3 recognizes viral dsRNA and triggers antiviral response cascades upon activation. Epigenetic regulation, mediated by histone deacetylase (HDAC), has been demonstrated to control several cellular functions in response to various extracellular stimuli. Employing epigenetic target modulators, such as epidrugs, is a current therapeutic option in several cancers and holds promise in treating viral diseases. This study aims to elucidate the impact of TLR3 stimulation on the plasticity of human mesothelial cells (MCs) in PD patients and to investigate the effects of HDAC1-3 inhibition. Treatment of MCs from PD patients with the TLR3 agonist polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (Poly(I:C)), led to the acquisition of a bona fide mesothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (MMT) characterized by the upregulation of mesenchymal genes and loss of epithelial-like features. Moreover, Poly(I:C) modulated the expression of several inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. A quantitative proteomic analysis of MCs treated with MS-275, an HDAC1-3 inhibitor, unveiled altered expression of several proteins, including inflammatory cytokines/chemokines and interferonstimulated genes (ISGs). Treatment with MS-275 facilitated MMT reversal and inhibited the interferon signature, which was associated with reduced STAT1 phosphorylation. However, the modulation of inflammatory cytokine/chemokine production was not univocal, as IL-6 and CXCL8 were augmented while TNF-a and CXCL10 were decreased. Collectively, our findings underline the significance of viral infections in acquiring a mesenchymal-like phenotype by MCs and the potential consequences of virus-associated peritonitis episodes for PD patients. The observed promotion of MMT reversal and interferon response inhibition by an HDAC1-3 inhibitor, albeit without a general impact on inflammatory cytokine production, has translational implications deserving further analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF), Barium Titanate (BaTiO3) and Montmorillonite (MMT) nanoclay based polymer nanocomposite (PNCs) were synthesized using a solution casting technique by encapsulating various loadings of BaTiO3 and MMT in PVDF matrix. The completely dispersed and highly flexible PVDF/BaTiO3/MMT nanocomposite films which were subjected to different characterization studies. The structural and morphological analysis of the synthesized nanocomposite films has been done using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD). BaTiO3 and MMT reinforcement in the polymer matrix results in structural modifications of the PNCs. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were employed to assess the thermal characteristics of PVDF/BaTiO3/MMT PNCs. The dielectric properties such as dielectric constant (ϵ), dielectric loss (tan δ), and AC conductivity (σac) of nanocomposite films were also examined as functions of frequency (50 Hz to 10 MHz) and temperature (30 °C to 150 °C). The highest ϵ was obtained at low frequency at higher temperatures for all the nanocomposite films. These findings imply that the PVDF/BaTiO3/MMT nanocomposites can be an effective material for energy storage applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The analysis of the uses of the passive participle ‮ כתוב ‬‎ in the halakhic section of MMT shows that the ‮ כתוב ‬‎ formula introduces keywords rather than summative quotations. By quoting keywords, the authors of MMT enable their addressee to easily identify a passage from Scripture. The way in which the scriptural passage is quoted suggests that the words introduced by the formula have been selected so that they are appropriate for only one passage, and that the addressee knows perfectly well to which passage the author refers. The selection of keywords does not allow us to note any exegetical act in it; it is only about quoting a text, which in itself is an argument in the polemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hemiparesis is a debilitating condition characterized by weakened muscle strength in one side of the body, often caused by stroke or brain injury. Rehabilitation is crucial for improving upper limb muscle strength and functional recovery in individuals with hemiparesis. Mobile-based Virtual Reality (VR) programs have emerged as an innovative and cost-effective approach to augment conventional physiotherapy in rehabilitation. This study investigates the efficacy of a low-cost mobile VR intervention in enhancing upper limb muscle strength and motivating individuals with hemiparesis to actively engage in their recovery. Methods: A quasi-experimental study was conducted with 20 participants, divided into two groups: an experimental group receiving the combined intervention of mobile-based VR programs and conventional physiotherapy, and a control group receiving only conventional physiotherapy. The intervention spanned four weeks, with sessions held three days a week. Pre-test and post-test measurements were taken for various upper limb muscle groups using Manual Muscle Testing (MMT). Correlation analyses were conducted to assess the effectiveness of the intervention. Results: The results revealed a strong and statistically significant positive correlation between pre-test and post-test MMT scores in the experimental group, indicating substantial improvements in upper limb muscle strength. In contrast, the control group exhibited more modest gains. The integration of mobile-based VR programs led to increased motivation and engagement among participants, contributing to better adherence to the rehabilitation routine. Conclusion: The integration of affordable mobile VR solutions in hemiparesis rehabilitation presents a promising approach to empower individuals on their journey to recovery. By improving upper limb muscle strength and motivating active participation in rehabilitation, mobile VR interventions like "CyberRehab" have the potential to revolutionize the field of hemiparesis recovery, ultimately enhancing the quality of life for those affected by this condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Infectious peritonitis is a leading cause of peritoneal functional impairment and a primary factor for therapy discontinuation in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. Although bacterial infections are a common cause of peritonitis episodes, emerging evidence suggests a role for viral pathogens. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) specifically recognize conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) from bacteria, viruses, and fungi, thereby orchestrating the ensuing inflammatory/immune responses. Among TLRs, TLR3 recognizes viral dsRNA and triggers antiviral response cascades upon activation. Epigenetic regulation, mediated by histone deacetylase (HDAC), has been demonstrated to control several cellular functions in response to various extracellular stimuli. Employing epigenetic target modulators, such as epidrugs, is a current therapeutic option in several cancers and holds promise in treating viral diseases. This study aims to elucidate the impact of TLR3 stimulation on the plasticity of human mesothelial cells (MCs) in PD patients and to investigate the effects of HDAC1-3 inhibition. Treatment of MCs from PD patients with the TLR3 agonist polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (Poly(I:C)), led to the acquisition of a bona fide mesothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (MMT) characterized by the upregulation of mesenchymal genes and loss of epithelial-like features. Moreover, Poly(I:C) modulated the expression of several inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. A quantitative proteomic analysis of MCs treated with MS-275, an HDAC1-3 inhibitor, unveiled altered expression of several proteins, including inflammatory cytokines/chemokines and interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). Treatment with MS-275 facilitated MMT reversal and inhibited the interferon signature, which was associated with reduced STAT1 phosphorylation. However, the modulation of inflammatory cytokine/chemokine production was not univocal, as IL-6 and CXCL8 were augmented while TNF-α and CXCL10 were decreased. Collectively, our findings underline the significance of viral infections in acquiring a mesenchymal-like phenotype by MCs and the potential consequences of virus-associated peritonitis episodes for PD patients. The observed promotion of MMT reversal and interferon response inhibition by an HDAC1-3 inhibitor, albeit without a general impact on inflammatory cytokine production, has translational implications deserving further analysis.

O-GlcNAcylation is a post-translational modification of proteins that regulates various biological processes. However, its involvement in peritoneal dialysis fibrosis remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the impact of O-GlcNAcylation on human peritoneal mesothelial cells (HPMCs) cultured in control and high-glucose medium. To manipulate cellular conditions, we employed knockdown techniques targeting HIF-1α and OGT, along with the administration of pharmacological agents (PUGNAc, OSMI-1, MG-132, FG-4592, and HIF-1α inhibitor). Our findings revealed that elevated glucose levels increased global O-GlcNAcylation and the abundance of HIF-1α, α-SMA, fibronectin, and COL1A2. Conversely, the expression of E-Cadherin was decreased. Significantly, a positive correlation was observed between O-GlcNAcylation, HIF-1α, mesothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (MMT), and fibrosis in HPMCs. Notably, O-GlcNAcylation was found to regulate HIF-1α, thereby promoting MMT and fibrosis under high glucose conditions. Furthermore, we discovered that high glucose levels induced O-GlcNAcylation of HIF-1α, preventing its ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. In summary, our study demonstrates the critical role of O-GlcNAcylation-mediated regulation of HIF-1α in MMT and fibrosis during peritoneal dialysis.

The data given in the paper were obtained using CASTEP based on the density functional theory (DFT) applying a basis set of plane waves and PBE exchange-correlation functional. Van der Waals interactions were considered by the Grimme-D2 semi-empirical correction. The data include the optimized geometry and electronic properties of the equilibrium state of the non-hydrated cis- and trans-vacant variety of a Na-montmorillonite (MMT) and its state after the adsorption of water molecules. The data on hydration shells formed by the Na+ cation on the basal surface of MMT are also presented. The data are presented on the behavior of crystalline hydroxyl groups and water molecules during their adsorption. Data files of the optimized crystal structures and electronic properties can be read by the public text editors.

Recurrent shocks — be it geopolitical instability, pandemics, financial crises or climate change and climate transition effects — pose difficulties to permanently ensure a prosperous economy. The writings of Robert Eisler represent an early attempt to design an economic system to permanently stabilise the price level, to solve unemployment and prevent economic crises. Against the backdrop of the Great Depression of the 1920s, Eisler proposed an extensive reform package including public work programmes financed by debt monetisation, the introduction of a parallel currency to level out price level fluctuations as well as instruments for exchange rate stabilisation. Eisler’s work demonstrates the seminal insights that national economies are embedded in a global financial system and that any attempts to reform financial systems require international cooperation in order to be effective. Notwithstanding, Eisler is largely ignored both by monetary reformers and conservative economists, who, if at all aware of his work, declared him a ‘monetary heretic’. This paper analyses Eisler’s entire set of reform ideas for the first time and positions it within current economic policy discourses on the limits to monetary policies, on effective demand and public work programmes and the need to consider international capital when drafting monetary reform proposals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study the dynamic properties of the coordinated fiscal and monetary stabilization policy in a modern monetary theory (MMT) type macrodynamic model in detail using advanced mathematical techniques and numerical simulations. The dynamic stability, instability of equilibrium points, and questions of qualitative changes at bifurcation points are investigated both mathematically and numerically. Finally, the economic implications of the analysis of this MMT type dynamic model are discussed in contrast to the more orthodox type of Keynesian stabilization policy mix model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Industria Textila is the property of Institutul National de Cercetare-Dezvoltare pentru Textile si Pielarie and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper proposes a functional analysis of the input of the traditional banking sector in an endogenous money framework. Although banks create bank money, central bank money (or reserves) cannot be produced by banks, which require it as an input. Deposits are the cheapest source of central bank money already in the system, so it can be argued that deposits serve as inputs for the banking industry. Nevertheless, for individual banks it is necessary to draw some distinctions between deposits corresponding to liquidity injection and pure accounting entries that are generated by the creation of loans. Furthermore, the role of bank bonds is discussed, in the context of whether they function more as equity or as deposits. Unlike other industries, it is hypothesised that the functional role of bank bonds is very different from that of equity, and it is rather a different form of bank funding of liquidity, with some advantages and disadvantages compared to deposits. Finally, a brief comparison is pursed between this analysis of the traditional banking sector and the simpler study of other financial intermediaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Upper cervical (UC) chiropractic has a more than 70-year history of pursuing empirical research, making many consider UC examination as the 'gold standard' for evaluating the UC spine. Applied Kinesiology utilises Vertebral Challenge Technique (VCT) as one tool to determine the presence and direction vertebral subluxation. Objectives: The purpose of this research is to present a preliminary assessment of the accuracy of the AK VCT when applied to the UC spine by comparing it to established UC protocols, which provide an excellent reference for comparison.. Methods: Patients selected for this study underwent a normal initial evaluation, consisting of history, history based exam, manual muscle testing exam, and UC examination. Additionally, VCT was applied to the CCJ and results for atlas laterality and rotation were recorded. Pre-adjustment VCT results were compared to UC radiographic measurements to determine agreement between these two evaluation procedures and determine the accuracy of VCT when applied to the CCJ. Results: Twenty-seven patients were included in this study. Multifactorial analysis showed that when compared to UC radiographic pre-adjustment measurements, pre-adjustment VCT showed an agreement range of 3.7%-47.6%. Post-adjustment agreement increased to 96.3% Conclusion: The lack of agreement with pre-adjustment radiographic, orthogonal model measurements of the CCJ suggests that pre-adjustment VCT applied to the atlas may not be an effective method for determining the direction of correction to reduce CCJ misalignment. However, due to the dramatic increase in agreement postadjustment, more investigation is warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tracy Mott was best known as a scholar of the work of Michal Kalecki, but he also made an important contribution to Keynesian liquidity preference theory. In 1983 Tom Asimakopulos generated a firestorm in the Post Keynesian community with a series of articles claiming that while Keynes's argument is that investment creates an equivalent amount of saving, this is true only ex post, after the multiplier has fully operated. Meantime, lack of savings could inhibit investment as the supply of bonds for long-term finance would exceed the supply of savings, driving up interest rates. Several Post Keynesians vociferously responded in defense of Keynes. Mott's contribution to the debate approached the subject from a perspective that was more heavily influenced by Kalecki, Robinson, and Marx. Not only does the outcome of this debate impact our view of investment finance, but it also has implications for our view of financing government deficits. In this piece, I look back at Mott's contribution to our understanding of liquidity preference, taking account of developments in Post Keynesian thought over the past four decades. The two most obvious and relevant are the endogenous money approach and Modern Money Theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Gazi Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi Part C: Tasarım ve Teknoloji is the property of Gazi University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: In this study, we aimed to examine the success of temporal muscle thickness (TMT) and masseter muscle thickness (MMT) in predicting overall survival (OS) in primary IDH-wild glioblastoma (GBM) patients with and without MGMT promoter hypermethylation through publicly available datasets. Methods: We included 345 primary IDH-wild GBM patients with known MGMT promoter hypermethylation status who underwent gross-total resection and standard treatment, whose data were obtained from the open datasets. TMT was evaluated on axial thin section postcontrast T1-weighted images, and MMT was evaluated on axial T2-weighted images. The median TMT and MMT were used to determine the cut-off point. Results: The findings showed that median TMT 9.5 mm and median MMT 12.7 mm determined the cut-off value in predicting survival. Both TMT and MMT values less than the median muscle thickness were negatively associated with OS (TMT<9.5: HR 3.63 CI 2.34-4.23, p <0.001, MMT<12.7: HR 3.53 CI 2.27-4.07, p <0.001). When patients were classified according to MGMT positivity, the findings showed MGMT-negative patients (TMT<9.5: HR 2.54 CI 1.89-3.56, p <0.001, MMT<12.7: HR 2.65 CI 2.07-3.62, p <0.001) and MGMT-positive patients (TMT<9.5: HR 3.84 CI 2.48-4.28, p <0.001, MMT<12.7: HR 3.73 CI 2.98-4.71, p <0.001). Conclusion: Both TMT and MMT successfully predict survival in primary GBM patients. In addition, it can successfully predict survival in patients with and without MGMT promoter hypermethylation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Postsurgical adhesion is a common clinic disease induced by surgical trauma, accompanying serious subsequent complications. Current non-surgical approaches of drugs treatment and biomaterial barrier administration only show limited prevention effects and couldn't effectively promote peritoneum repair. Herein, inspired by bottlebrush, a novel self-fused, antifouling, and injectable hydrogel is fabricated by the free-radical polymerization in aqueous solution between the methacrylate hyaluronic acid (HA-GMA) and N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide (HPMA) monomer without any chemical crosslinkers, termed as H-HPMA hydrogel. The H-HPMA hydrogel can be tuned to perform excellent self-fused properties and suitable abdominal metabolism time. Intriguingly, the introduction of the ultra-hydrophilic HPMA chains to the H-HPMA hydrogel affords an unprecedented antifouling capability. The HPMA chains establish a dense hydrated layer that rapidly prevents the postsurgical adhesions and recurrent adhesions after adhesiolysis in vivo. The H-HPMA hydrogel can repair the peritoneal wound of the rat model within 5 days. Furthermore, an underlying mechanism study reveals that the H-HPMA hydrogel significantly regulated the mesothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (MMT) process dominated by the TGF-β-Smad2/3 signal pathway. Thus, we developed a simple, effective, and available approach to rapidly promote peritoneum regeneration and prevent peritoneal adhesion and adhesion recurrence after adhesiolysis, offering novel design ideas for developing biomaterials to prevent peritoneal adhesion.

This paper addresses the limitations of Modern Money Theory (MMT) as a guide to development policy. We explore two main questions on this topic: whether policies championed by MMT advocates (i) ought to be implemented in low- and middle-income economies and (ii) can be implemented. In relation to the first question, we argue that the MMT literature mischaracterises the essence of the development challenge for low- and middle-income economies. Our argument is that the chief long-run growth challenge faced by developing countries concerns structural transformation rather than general aggregate demand insufficiency. We use several formal representations of the consumption–investment trade-off in growth theory, found in the Harrod–Domar growth model, the Feldman–Mahalanobis model and Kalecki's 1963 growth model to illustrate this point. Concerning the second question, we argue that even if MMT had the correct diagnosis of the principal growth challenge faced by developing countries, its chief policy recommendations would likely be counter-productive if implemented outside of select advanced economies. We draw from the international economics literature on currency hierarchy and exchange rate volatility to illustrate this point. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The paper discusses four motifs of the king in 4QMMT: (1) blessings and curses in the history of the monarchy (C 18–20); (2) call to reflect on the deeds of the kings of Israel (C 23b–24); (3) call to study the writings related to King David (C 10); and (4) call to reflect on David's deeds (C 25–26). The analysis of these motifs leads to the conclusion that they were not only intended to show the addressee the kings of Israel as role models, but by intertwining them with quotations from the Book of Deuteronomy, they were also to serve as historical evidence that would testify to the veracity of the blessings and curses foretold in the Law (Deut 28–30), and as a result, underline the seriousness of the situation in which the Law was still not properly obeyed in Israel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Money is something apparently known by most everyone living in exchange-dominated economies. When queried exactly what is known about it, the common response is that it is a "thing" of great worth. Implied in the notion of describing it as a "thing" rather than a piece of paper is that it must exhibit some additional abstract feature. What exactly this feature is however remains largely shrouded to many. Despite the more recent and clarifying work of Modern Monetary Theory economists explaining not only what money is but also how it operates, effectively conveying this empirically based theory to the broader public has proven to be more difficult. This paper attempts to identify the problems associated with explaining money to an audience already thoroughly familiar with the topic. Charles S. Peirce's theory of signs will be used to reconstruct money's abstract character and make visible the unknowns of money's supposed "known-ness." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Addiction is an individual and social problem that can endanger the mental health of people in addition to the body. Since these people have a more vulnerable personality, the present study aimed to Investigating of spiritual health and mental health in patients undergoing methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) in Kashan city. Materials and Methods: The current research is cross-sectional-analytical. 282 participants under methadone maintenance treatment were selected. After receiving demographic information, participants' mental health (SCL90) and spiritual health were measured. Then, the data was analyzed and examined with statistical methods (variance analysis and Pearson correlation coefficient test). Results: The average age of the participants was calculated to be 44.92 (9.00). The average age of starting to use drugs was 21.72 (4.04). The most common drug used was opium and its derivatives (64.5%). The average scores of spiritual health and mental health were calculated as 191.52 (37.20) and 139.38 (14.70), respectively. Mental health and spiritual health did not show a significant relationship with any of the demographic variables and substance use (P>0.05). Also, there was no significant relationship between mental health and spiritual health (P=0.527). Conclusion: There was no significant relationship between the mental health and spiritual health of patients undergoing maintenance treatment with methadone, but the majority of them had low spiritual health and mild mental disorders. Therefore, considering the importance of spiritual health, it is necessary to do more studies in this field.

The public debt in Romania has experienced a spectacular increase in the last 2 years. More and more economic analysts sound the alarm and warn the government about the dangerous effects of this phenomenon on the country's economy. It will analyze the evolution and structure of public debt during 2015-June 2021, the causes of this increase and the consequences on the Romanian economy. At the same time we will study the behavior and decisions of the state leadership that led to this evolution. The paper includes 5 chapters. Introduction, in which we will define public debt and the current context related to this aspect. Here too we will refer to the motivation of approaching this analysis. The next chapter is Literature Review, in which we will present recent studies on public debt in general and public debt in Romania. Legal stipulations regarding public debt in Romania is a chapter in which the main normative acts regarding this aspect will be presented. In Database and analysis, the evolution and structure of public debt in the period 2015-2021 will be presented in figures, as well as other aspects related to the cost of public debt and the sovereign rating. The paper is based on data provided by the Ministry of Public Finance and the National Bank of Romania as well as the relevant tax legislation in Romania. Own calculations and correlations were performed based on this information. The conclusions in the last chapter are that the public debt has “exploded” in an impermissible, non-transparent and unsustainable way, without the responsible public entities clearly explaining the phenomenon. The consequences for the economy in the future are not known but can be intuited, given the status of Romania's emerging country.

Modern Money Theory (MMT) has risen to prominence in popular policy debates within macroeconomics. MMT economists argue for creating a job guarantee program, which they argue would generate price stability. Using a benchmark model of time consistency supplemented with a job guarantee, we conclude that once policymakers' incentives are considered, the job guarantee does nothing to help stabilize prices. We compare this program to a competing proposal to maintain price stability and full employment, NGDP targeting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the applicability of the Modern Monetary Theory to Brazil, considering the macroeconomic and institutional characteristics in force during 2000-2019. The theory’s prescriptions and criticisms of its applicability to peripheral countries are analyzed, as well as the macroeconomic indicators that characterize the Brazilian domestic policy degree of autonomy and the institutionality of the economic policy framework in force in the country. The hypothesis studied is that the economic prescriptions of MMT are applicable to the Brazilian case. The results found indicate that Brazil has a relative degree of political autonomy. However, the rigidity of the Brazilian macroeconomic regime, derived from the institutional framework, is incompatible with the MMTist prescriptions, as it restricts the State’s performance, compromising the most relevant objectives of economic policy in this view: full employment and economic development. Thus, it is argued that the MMT is applicable to Brazil, if institutional changes are carried out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Development of high-performance mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) is of great significance for CO 2 separation membrane technology, in order to improve the commercial competitiveness and practical applications. Montmorillonite (MMT) was developed as a dopant to fabricate Polyether block amide (Pebax1074)-based MMMs for strengthening the CO 2 /N 2 separation. The morphology, chemical groups, microstructure, and thermal properties of MMMs were characterised by scanning electron microscope, FTIR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and thermal analysis, respectively. The effects of MMT contents, permeation pressure and permeation temperature on the gas separation performance of the Pebax/MMT MMMs were investigated. The results show that the uniformly dispersed dopants MMT in the membrane matrix significantly influence the thermal stability and the structural compactness of MMMs. Moreover, the CO 2 permeability monotonously increases in spite of the CO 2 /N 2 selectivity first increasing and then decreasing with the MMT content elevating from 0% to 10% in MMMs. The highest CO 2 /N 2 selectivity could reach to 120.3, along with the CO 2 permeability of 130.6 Barrer for the MMMs made by MMT content of 6%.

Simple Summary: The aim of this manuscript is to report and critically review the currently available literature about so-called "new generation Tibial Tuberosity Advancement Techniques". According to PRISMA guidelines, the authors investigated and reported data about preoperative planning, surgical procedure, outcome, and complications of these different techniques. The main problems addressed were the lack of prospective studies with a large study population and univocal data collection about preoperative planning and outcome. (1) Background: Several surgical techniques were described for the treatment of cranial cruciate ligament rupture in dogs. This report aims to critically review the available literature focused on preoperative planning, surgical procedure, follow-up, and complications of cranial cruciate ligament rupture treated by tibial tuberosity advancement techniques; (2) Methods: three bibliographic databases: PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus were used for a board search of TTAT (canine OR dog). Five GRADE recommendations according to Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation and Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklists were applied to the studies included. Data regarding preoperative planning (a measure of advancement), meniscal disease (meniscectomy, meniscal release, and late meniscal tears), and postoperative patellar tendon angle were recorded. Time frame, outcome, and complications were classified according to Cook's guidelines; (3) Results: from 471 reports yielded, only 30 met the inclusion criteria. The common tangent method was the most commonly reported measurement technique for preoperative planning. The 40.21% of stifles presented meniscal tears at surgery, while 4.28% suffered late meniscal tears. In short-, mid-and long-term follow-ups examined showed a full/acceptable function was shown in >90% of cases. Among all new generation techniques, minor complications were reported in 33.5% of cases and major complications in 10.67%; (4) Conclusions: Compared to traditional TTA, new generation TTAT resulted effective in the treatment of cranial cruciate ligament failure, showing a lower rate of late meniscal injury but a higher rate of minor complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The antiknock additive methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (MMT) is an organic manganese(Mn) compound. Mn neurotoxicity caused by occupational Mn exposure (mostly inorganic MnCl2) is associated with motor and cognitive disturbances, referred to as Manganism. However, the impact of environmentally relevant Mn exposure on MMT-induced Manganism is poorly understood. In this investigation, we studied the effects of MMT on motor function and brain structure, and compared its effects with those of inorganic MnCl2. After adaptive feeding for 7 days, male and female Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats in the MMT-treated groups and positive control group were treated for 8 weeks with MMT (1, 2 and 4 mg/kg/i.g.) or MnCl2·4H2O (200 mg/kg/i.g.). Mn content in blood, liver, spleen and distinct brain regions was determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer (ICP-MS). We found that MMT and MnCl2 exposure led to slower body-weight-gain in female rats, impaired motor and balance function and spatial learning and memory both in male and female rats. HE staining showed that MMT and MnCl2 led to altered structure of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), and Nissl staining corroborated MMT's propensity to damage the SNpc both in male and female rat. In addition, Immunostaining of the SNpc showed decreased TH-positive neurons in MMT- and MnCl2-treated rats, concomitant with Iba1 activation in microglia. Moreover, no statistically significant difference was noted between the rats in the H-MMT and MnCl2 groups. In summary, these findings suggest that MMT and MnCl2 exposure cause ultrastructural changes in the SNpc neurons culminating in altered motor behavior and cognition, suggesting that altered SNpc structure and function may underline the motor and cognitive deficits inherent to Manganism, and accounting for MMT and MnCl2's manifestations of atypical parkinsonism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We introduce briefly surface modification of clay minerals, synthesis of co- and terpolymers characterization techniques of polymer–clay nanocomposites. Organically modified layered-silicates or nanoclays have become an attractive class of hybrid materials due to their wide usage in a great variety of applications from industry to health. For design, synthesis and characterization of potential biomedical nanocomposites, antitumor-active co- and terpolymers poly(3,4-Dihydro-2H-pyran-alt-maleic anhydride) poly(DHP-alt-MA) and poly(3,4-Dihydro-2H-pyran-co-maleic anhydride-co-vinyl acetate) poly(DHP-co-MA-co-VA) were used to prepare copolymer/organo-clay nanocomposites. The functional copolymers, having a combination of rigid/flexible linkages and an ability of complex-formation with interlayered surface of organo-silicate, and their nanocomposites have been synthesized by interlamellar complex-radical copolymerization of intercalated monomer complexes of maleic anhydride and 3,4-Dihydro-2H-pyran and vinyl acetate with three alkyl ammonium salts (C14–C18) surface-modified bentonite and monomer mixtures. X-ray diffraction method and observation monitored the formation and the changes in the basal space and crystallinity of terpolymer and its nanocomposites. Basal space of nanocomposites shows increment when compared with the terpolymer. Property-structure relations of all synthesized materials were enlightened by Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) and HR-Raman spectroscopy. Morphology of nanocomposite was characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The cytotoxic effects of copolymer, terpolymer and modified bentonite nanocomposites on L929 cells were assessed by MTT cell viability assay, and modified nanocomposites caused decreased cell viability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The prevalence of common mental disorders (CMDs) among people living with HIV and people who inject drugs is high worldwide and in Vietnam. However, few evidence-informed CMD programs for people living with HIV who inject drugs have been adapted for use in Vietnam. We adapted the Friendship Bench (FB), a problem-solving therapy (PST)-based program that was successfully implemented among patients with CMDs in primary health settings in Zimbabwe and Malawi for use among people living with HIV on methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) with CMDs in Hanoi, Vietnam. Objective: This study aimed to describe the adaptation process with a detailed presentation of 4 phases from the third (adaptation) to the sixth (integration) of the Assessment-Decision-Adaptation-Production-Topical Experts-Integration-Training-Testing (ADAPT-ITT) framework. Methods: The adaptation phase followed a qualitative study design to explore symptoms of CMDs, facilitators, and barriers to conducting FB for people living with HIV on MMT in Vietnam, and patient, provider, and caretaker concerns about FB. In the production phase, we revised the original program manual and developed illustrated PST cases. In the topical expert and integration phases, 2 investigators (BNG and BWP) and 3 subject matter experts (RV, DC, and GML) reviewed the manual, with reviewer comments incorporated in the final, revised manual to be used in the training. The draft program will be used in the training and testing phases. Results: The study was methodologically aligned with the ADAPT-ITT goals as we chose a proven, effective program for adaptation. Insights from the adaptation phase addressed the who, where, when, and how of FB program implementation in the MMT clinics. The ADAPT-ITT framework guided the appropriate adaptation of the program manual while maintaining the core components of the PST of the original program throughout counseling techniques in all program sessions. The deliverable of this study was an adapted FB manual to be used for training and piloting to make a final program manual. Conclusions: This study successfully illustrated the process of operationalizing the ADAPT-ITT framework to adapt a mental health program in Vietnam. This study selected and culturally adapted an evidence-informed PST program to improve CMDs among people living with HIV on MMT in Vietnam. This adapted program has the potential to effectively address CMDs among people living with HIV on MMT in Vietnam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to Modern Monetary Theory (MMT), modern governments finance their spending primarily through the creation of money rather than from the proceeds of taxation and bond sales. This article emphasizes that the government has the responsibility to create economic sustainability and analyzes MMT from the perspective of sustainable finance for economic sustainability. In the policy framework of the European Union (EU), sustainable finance refers to the institutional process of taking environmental, social, and governance (ESG) considerations into account when financial institutions or government authorities make investment decisions to promote sustainability. In principle, public enterprises owned by the government are required to comply with the standards of sustainable finance. During the global transition to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), public enterprises can be employed in a timely manner to complement private companies lacking a sustainable vision or whose promotion of sustainable activities has been delayed. This article points out that the government can not only set sustainable guidelines for private companies, but can also directly initiate the state default, i.e., public enterprises, in the promotion of economic sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Polyamidoamine/sodium montmorillonite nanocomposite coatings were studied as FRs. • α-amino acid derived-polyamidoamines form strong interactions in water with MMT. • In vertical flame spread tests the 2 % MMT/14 % PAA coatings stopped cotton ignition. • The 2 % MMT/8 % glutamic acid-derived PAA quenched cotton combustion in VFSTs. Polyamidoamine (PAA)/sodium montmorillonite (MMT) nanocomposite coatings were investigated as flame retardants for cotton to ascertain whether the addition of clay improved the efficacy of PAAs thanks to its ability to act as insulating shield during combustion. Three amphoteric PAAs were obtained by reacting N,N' -methylenebisacrylamide with natural α-amino acids, namely glycine (M-GLY), arginine (M-ARG) and glutamic acid (M-GLU). These PAAs act as intumescent flame retardants for cotton performing well in horizontal flame spread tests (HFSTs) but failing to inhibit combustion in vertical flame spread tests (VFSTs). All three PAAs have been proven to form strong interactions in water with MMT via their protonated tert‑amine groups. The presence of 12.5 % MMT did not significantly change the thermal and thermo-oxidative stability of PAA coatings, while 2 % MMT add-on affected those of both untreated and PAA-treated cotton fabrics. In HFSTs, substituting 2 % MMT for PAA did not significantly change the flame retardant efficacy of the coatings. In VFSTs, the 2 % MMT/14 % PAA combination inhibited cotton ignition, regardless of the PAA structure, while in the 2 % MMT/11 % PAA combination M-GLU protected cotton from ignition, M-ARG extinguished the flame and M-GLY burned completely. By further reducing the PAA content to 8 %, only M-GLU quenched cotton combustion, leaving an RMF of 82 %. The fact that neither MMT nor PAAs alone induced flame extinguishment at the same add-ons used in the adopted formulations suggests a synergistic behavior of MMT and PAAs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Montmorillonite (MMT) film was prepared on the surface of alkali-heat treated Mg alloys by one-step hydrothermal method. The structure and composition of MMT film were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The corrosion resistance of MMT film in simulated body fluid (SBF) was investigated using electrochemical tests and immersion experiments. The experimental results showed that with the extension of hydrothermal time, the corrosion resistance of film increased and then decreased. With the increase of MMT powder mass fraction in precursor solution, the corrosion resistance of films also increased and then weakened. The best performance of MMT films was obtained at hydrothermal time of 12 h and MMT powder mass fraction of 2 wt%, with an impedance value of 9.77×106 Ω·cm2, which is an improvement of four orders of magnitude compared to substrate, and the efficiency of corrosion protection was up to 100%. The ion exchange properties, barrier effect and inertness characteristics of MMT provide excellent corrosion protection for magnesium substrates. This study provides a new coating strategy for the preparation of biodegradable magnesium alloys with excellent corrosion resistance and biocompatibility for use as biomedical materials. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Macrophage-inducible C-type lectin receptor (Mincle) is predominantly found on antigen-presenting cells. It can recognize specific ligands when stimulated by certain pathogens such as fungi and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This recognition triggers the activation of the nuclear factor-κB pathway, leading to the production of inflammatory factors and contributing to the innate immune response of the host. Moreover, Mincle identifies lipid damage-related molecules discharged by injured cells, such as Sin3-associated protein 130, which triggers aseptic inflammation and ultimately hastens the advancement of renal damage, autoimmune disorders and malignancies by fostering tissue inflammation. Presently, research on the functioning of the Mincle receptor in different inflammatory and fibrosis-associated conditions has emerged as a popular topic. Nevertheless, there remains a lack of research on the impact of Mincle in promoting long-lasting inflammatory reactions and fibrosis. Additional investigation is required into the function of Mincle receptors in chronological inflammatory reactions and fibrosis of organ systems, including the progression from inflammation to fibrosis. Hence, the present study showed an overview of the primary roles and potential mechanism of Mincle in inflammation, fibrosis, as well as the progression of inflammation to fibrosis. The aim of the present study was to clarify the potential mechanism of Mincle in inflammation and fibrosis and to offer perspectives for the development of drugs that target Mincle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]