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Background: The scientific community has used the Zebrafish (Danio rerio) model significantly more often which adheres to the 3Rs (replacement, reduction, and refinement) philosophy as demanded by numerous national and international regulatory agencies. Thus, by substituting Zebrafish for mammals in research, it is possible to decrease the use of those animals and address issues with their welfare. Methodology: Data was collected from various databases such as Scopus, Science Direct, Web of Science, PubMed, Research gate, and Google Scholar, to identify preclinical studies examining the effects of Homoeopathic formulations on the variance of diseases in Zebrafish. The 13 qualified manuscripts were included in the full-text analysis after the identified publications were reviewed in accordance with inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results: A systematic search of the databases retrieved 10 studies screened for eligibility after duplicates were removed. A total of 10 full-text articles were assessed with a total of 09 meeting the inclusion criteria and included in the scoping review. Conclusion: Zebrafish revealed to be an ideal model to explore studies on toxicity, genetics, behavior and bone diseases. Additionally, researchers can use Zebrafish to discover novel therapies and preventive measures for a range of human ailments.

Oral drug delivery still remains user friendly form, having the highest degree of patient compliance, and highly preferred route of drug administration. As such, drug for chronic condition are often administered orally for ease of long term use. The peroral dosage form cannot achieve prolongation of effective plasma concentration and effective bioavailability due to the changing environment in the GIT. This is because of various physiological problems like gastric emptying, motility, pH of the stomach etc. This can be overcome by developing suitable dosage form that could be retained in the stomach for prolong period. Drugs having narrow absorption window, stability problem and which need to act locally in stomach can be formulated as a floating drug delivery system. Such systems improve bioavailability, enhances absorption despite first pass effect, avoid the fluctuation in plasma drug concentration and maintain desirable level by continuous drug release. It also improves patient compliance by reducing dosing frequency and decrease wastage of drug. The multiple particulate unit dosage forms are more reliable and are freely distributed throughout GI tracts as compared to single unit formulation, which suffers “all or none concept. Keywords: Gastro Retentive, H Pylori, Stomach

Over the last decade, Climate change due to fossil fuel burning has taken centre stage in all discussions. Automotive sector has come under some flak for being one of the contributors to this Climate Change. Active steps have been taken by Vehicle Manufacturers and their Suppliers to address this issue. This sector has been facing below challenges to reduce pollutant in the air byA. Reducing Emissions, B. Increasing Energy Efficiency C. Use of Renewable Energy.One of the many alternatives by the Automotive Industry was to have a phased introduction to Electric Vehicles (EV), Hybrids, Fuel cells and other variants. As various emission norms and safety requirements takes Centre stage, it invariably, increases the weight of the vehicle. Now a days, Vehicles are having challenges to make it lightweight to achieve Range for an EV and improve fuel efficiency without sacrificing safety. It has also been observed that the weight of a vehicles is more due to the Structural Members made out of metal to meet all the Safety Norms.Innovative plastics and fiber reinforced composite materials offer a means to lightweight vehicle structures. Injection Moulding Composites (IMC) is one of the Technology to achieve this Light weighting target. IMC Technology is the combination of the Injection Moulded Process and Reinforcement Material to achieve the desired result. IMC is a suitable Technology for conversion of Metal to Plastics for Structural Parts, which gives the required strength and reduces weight of the parts.The IMC has a significant advantage over a traditional injection molding machine. With the IMC, the processor can compound his own material himself, i. e. introduce fibers, fillers or master batches, into the process directly during processing. Since the material purchasing represents the largest cost block in the injection molding of a part, the use of an IMC increases cost efficiency. Compared with premixed compounds, the purchasing of individual components is much more cost effective.

In the present study ultrasonic velocity (U), density (ρ) and viscosity (η) have been measured at frequency 1 MHz in the binary mixtures of methyl cobalamine with water in the concentration range (0.1 to 0.0125 %) at 35 0C & 45 0C using Multifrequency ultrasonic interferometer. The measured value of density, ultrasonic velocity, and viscosity have been used to estimate the acoustical parameters namely adiabatic compressibility (βa), relaxation time (τ), acoustic impedance (z), free length (Lf), free volume (Vf) and internal pressure (ᴨ), Wada’s constant to investigate the nature and strength of molecular interaction in the binary mixture of methyl cobalamine with water. The obtained result support the complex formation, molecular association by intermolecular hydrogen bonding in the binary liquid mixtures.

Lead optimization is one of the important phases of Drug Discovery Process in which researchers design, synthesize, and retest analogues of primary lead compounds. Identified lead molecules are used as the starting point for detailed chemical modifications in order to further improve their target specificity and selectivity and their pharmacokinetic and safety profiles, while maintaining the favorable properties of the lead compounds. Assessments of the pharmacological properties of Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion (ADME) of chemical leads are critical to their initial selection, and establishes benchmarks against which compounds synthesized during lead optimization. There are a tremendous number of tools available to discovery scientists to screen compounds for optimization of ADME properties and selection of better lead molecule. However, the use of these tools has generally been to characterize these compounds rather than to select among them. Many of the tools and technologies for lead discovery overlap with lead optimization as researchers attempt to incorporate the best drug characteristics early in the process. While the approaches taken may vary, the central theme is the same: make it better, faster, and more efficient. This review article summarized brief outline on lead optimization strategies and techniques used in drug discovery process.

Endovascular intervention has become the first-line treatment of patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) or aortoiliac occlusive disease (AIOD). However, open abdominal aortic repair remains a valuable treatment option for patients who are younger, those with unfavorable anatomy, and patients for whom endovascular intervention has failed. The cohort of patients undergoing open repair has become highly selected; nevertheless, updated outcomes or patient selection recommendations have been unavailable. In the present study, we explored and compared the characteristics and postoperative outcomes of patients who had undergone open abdominal aortic repair from 2009 to 2018.Patients who had undergone open AAA (n = 9481) or AIOD (n = 9257) repair were collected from the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database. The primary outcome was the 30-day mortality. The secondary outcomes included 30-day return to the operating room, total operative time, total hospital stay, and postoperative complications. Unmatched and matched differences between the two groups and changes over time were analyzed. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses were conducted to assess the risk factors predicting for 30-day mortality.After propensity matching (n = 4980), those in the AIOD group had had a higher 30-day mortality rate (5.1% vs 4.1%; P = .021), a higher incidence of wound complications (7.4% vs 5.1%; P.0001) and an increased 30-day return to the operating room (14.2% vs 9.1%; P .0001). More open AIOD cases (P = .02) and fewer open AAA cases (P = .04) had been treated in the second half of the decade than in the first. The factors associated with an increased odds of 30-day mortality included advanced age, American Society of Anesthesiologists score ≥III, functional dependence, blood transfusion 72 hours before surgery, weight loss in previous 6 months, and a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.From 2009 to 2018, the number of open AAA repairs decreased and the proportion of open abdominal AIOD cases increased. Open AIOD surgery was associated with higher 30-day mortality, increased return to the operating room, and increased wound complications vs open AAA repair. Multiple risk factors increased the odds for perioperative mortality. Thus, open abdominal aortic repair should be selectively applied to patients with fewer risk factors.