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Objectives To characterize the effect of upadacitinib 15 mg once daily (UPA15) on enthesitis in patients with PsA from the SELECT-PsA Phase 3 trials. Methods Patients with an inadequate response/intolerance to one or more non-biologic DMARD (SELECT-PsA 1) or one or more biologic DMARD (SELECT-PsA 2) received UPA15, adalimumab 40 mg every other week or placebo (weeks 0–24) switched to UPA15 (week 24 onward). The Leeds Enthesitis Index (LEI) and Spondyloarthritis Research Consortium of Canada (SPARCC) index were used to assess improvement in enthesitis, enthesitis resolution, maintenance of enthesitis resolution and protection from enthesitis development through week 56. Results Data from 639 patients receiving UPA15 and 635 patients receiving placebo (including 317 patients who switched from placebo to UPA15) were analysed. UPA15 led to higher rates of enthesitis resolution vs placebo at week 24 (LEI: 59.8% vs 38.0%; SPARCC index: 50.6% vs 31.5%, respectively) and greater improvements in the LEI (–1.7 vs –1.0) and SPARCC index (–3.4 vs –1.9); improvements were maintained through week 56. Improvements were observed after 12 weeks of UPA15 treatment. Over 90% of patients without enthesitis (LEI = 0) at baseline receiving UPA15 were enthesitis-free at week 56, and UPA15 prevented recurrence of enthesitis at week 56 in >80% of patients with enthesitis at baseline who achieved resolution (LEI = 0) at week 24. Conclusions UPA15 is associated with a comprehensive improvement in enthesitis, with improvements observed after 12 weeks of treatment. Additionally, treatment with UPA15 was associated with maintaining an enthesitis-free state after resolution and protection against new-onset enthesitis. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov identifiers: NCT03104400 (SELECT-PsA 1) and NCT03104374 (SELECT-PsA 2). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives The objective of this study was to examine the effectiveness and drug tolerability of biological DMARD (bDMARD) and Janus kinase inhibitor (JAKi) monotherapy in patients with RA in a multicentre cohort study. Methods Patients with RA for whom bDMARD/JAKi monotherapy without conventional synthetic DMARDs has been initiated were included. Monotherapy regimens were categorized as IL-6 receptor inhibitors (IL-6Ris), cytotoxic T-lymphocyte–associated protein 4 immunoglobulin (CTLA4Ig), JAKis, or TNF inhibitors (TNFis). Multiple propensity score–based inverse probability weighting (IPW) was used to reduce selection bias. Linear mixed-effect models with IPW were used to examine changes in the DAS in 28 joints using ESR (DAS28)-ESR at 24 weeks, and drug retention was compared between monotherapy groups using IPW Cox proportional hazards models. Results A total of 849 treatment courses were included, involving 635 patients (IL-6Ris, 218; CTLA4Ig, 183; JAKis, 92; TNFis, 356). The change in DAS28-ESR at week 24 as the primary outcome was –0.93 (95% CI: –1.20 to –0.66) lower in the IL-6Ri group than in the TNFi group, while those of the CTLA4Ig and JAKi groups were similar to that of the TNFi group [–0.20 (–0.48 to 0.08), –0.25 (–0.67 to 0.16), respectively]. IL-6Ri use was associated with significantly lower overall drug discontinuation than that for TNFi use [hazard ratio = 0.55 (0.39–0.78), P  = 0.001]. Similar retention rates were identified for the CTLA4Ig and JAKi groups to that of the TNFi group. Conclusion In the analysis with IPW to reduce selection bias, IL-6Ri monotherapy was superior to TNFi monotherapy in terms of effectiveness and drug retention. No significant differences were identified between CTLA4Ig, JAKi and TNFi monotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex multi-organ autoimmune disease marked by the production of autoantibodies against nuclear structures, formation of immune complexes, and chronic inflammation triggered by their tissular deposition. SLE is characterized by alternating periods of relapse and remission and each flare has the potential to cause new organ damage related to either the disease process or the medication toxicity. Despite remarkable progress across its multiple domains, SLE is still an area with many unmet needs, calling for innovative and practical solutions. The efforts of the drug development programme in lupus have led to considerable growth in the last decade, owing to the approval of belimumab, anifrolumab, and voclosporin. The increasing understanding of the pathogenesis of the disease has enabled the exploration of novel therapeutic strategies. New discoveries in the intricate cytokine kaleidoscope of lupus have made the concept of targeted therapy an attractive and promising research focus. JAK inhibitors are oral targeted therapies approved for a wide variety of diseases across the Rheumatology, Gastroenterology, Dermatology, and Haematology fields. Multiple JAKis are currently being investigated in SLE. This paper aims to summarize existing data coming from both clinical trials and case reports regarding the use of JAK inhibitors in SLE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: There is limited data on the incidence, prevalence, and treatments for myelofibrosis (MF) in Germany. This retrospective study examined claims data from 3.3 million insured individuals, spanning from 2010 to 2021. Methods: Four sensitivity scenarios were explored to identify cases of MF. Point prevalence and cumulative incidence of MF were determined as of December 31, 2021, and within 2021, respectively. A cross‐sectional analysis used the main scenario definition of MF to identify cases and evaluate the period prevalence of patients receiving treatment for symptoms and/or splenomegaly, including first‐line (1L) Janus kinase inhibitor (JAKi), second‐line, or further (2L+) MF‐related treatment therapies during 2021. The prevalence of anemia treatment was also reported. Results: The estimated standardized point prevalence of MF on December 31, 2021, was 9.9–12.4 cases per 100 000 persons, and cumulative incidence in 2021 was 1.2–1.8 cases per 100 000 persons. Standardized period prevalence in 2021 for MF patients receiving 1L JAKi and/or 2L+ MF‐related treatment was 4.0 cases per 100 000. Among these patients, 47.1%–53.7% required treatment for anemia, resulting in a period prevalence of 1.9–2.2 cases per 100 000 individuals. Conclusion: The data reveal gaps in MF treatments and the need to improve patient quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy is becoming the standard of care for the treatment of advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. However, T-cell activation by ICIs frequently induces a flare-up of preexisting autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors are increasingly used in the treatment of RA, but they could interfere with the efficacy of ICIs by inhibiting interferon signaling. Case Report: Here, we describe a case in which upadacitinib, a JAK1-selective inhibitor, was used to manage a severe RA flare-up occurring during ICI therapy with pembrolizumab, an anti-programmed cell death protein-1 antibody. A 54-year-old man with RA was diagnosed with grade IV lung squamous cell carcinoma. The patient had maintained RA remission for 4 years at the time of lung cancer diagnosis. After seven cycles of pembrolizumab therapy, the size of the primary tumor was markedly reduced, but a severe RA flare-up and organizing pneumonia (OP)-like pulmonary lesions occurred. Considering the severity of the flare-up, pembrolizumab was discontinued. Upadacitinib induced swift recovery from the RA flare-up and OP. Eleven months after the last pembrolizumab use, almost all metastatic lesions in the body had disappeared. We did not observe recurrence of lung cancer for more than 1 year during upadacitinib therapy. Conclusions: Upadacitinib could be a safe and effective option to treat severe RA flare-ups occurring during anti-PD-1 ICI therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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ABSTRACT Objective Design Data Sources Eligibility Criteria for Selected Trials Results Conclusion Eczema is the most burdensome skin condition worldwide and topical anti‐inflammatory treatments are commonly used to control symptoms. The relative effectiveness and safety of different topical anti‐inflammatory treatments is uncertain.Network meta‐analysis performed within a Cochrane systematic review to compare and statistically rank efficacy and safety of topical anti‐inflammatory eczema treatments.Cochrane Skin Specialised Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase and trial registries to June 2023.Included trials were within‐participant or between‐participant randomised controlled trials. Participants had eczema that was not clinically infected and was not contact dermatitis, seborrheic eczema or hand eczema. Interventions were topical anti‐inflammatory treatments but not complementary treatments, antibiotics alone, wet wraps, phototherapy or systemic treatments. Comparators were no treatment/vehicle or another topical anti‐inflammatory.We identified 291 trials (45,846 participants), mainly in high‐income countries. Most were industry‐funded with median 3 weeks treatment duration. Risk of bias assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2.0 tool was high in 89% of trials, mainly due to risk of selective reporting. Network meta‐analysis of binary outcomes ranked potent and/or very potent topical steroids, tacrolimus 0.1% and ruxolitinib 1.5% among the most effective treatments for improving patient‐reported symptoms (40 trials, all low confidence) and clinician‐reported signs (32 trials, all moderate confidence). For investigator global assessment, the Janus kinas inhibitors ruxolitinib 1.5%, delgocitinib 0.5% or 0.25%, very potent/potent topical steroids and tacrolimus 0.1% were ranked as most effective (140 trials, all moderate confidence). Continuous outcome data were mixed. Local application site reactions were most common with tacrolimus 0.1% (moderate confidence) and crisaborole 2% (high confidence) and least common with topical steroids (moderate confidence). Skin thinning was not increased with short‐term use of any topical steroid potency (low confidence) but skin thinning was reported in 6/2044 (0.3%) participants treated with longer‐term (6–60 months) topical steroids.Potent topical steroids, Janus kinase inhibitors and tacrolimus 0.1% were consistently ranked as among the most effective topical anti‐inflammatory treatments for eczema. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With a better understanding of the pathogenesis of inflammatory rheumatic diseases, different treatments pathways have emerged. In recent years, Janus kinase inhibitors (JAKinibs) have become one of these treatment pathways. It has come into clinical use as an effective treatment agent, especially in rheumatoid arthritis and spondyloarthropathy. In the 21st-century, experimental and clinical studies are being conducted on JAKinibs in different disease groups apart from rheumatological diseases around the world. In this review, we aimed to briefly discuss the historical development and clinical use of JAKinibs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although Janus kinase inhibitor (JAKi) therapy is used for patients with autoimmune diseases (AD), one safety concern, interstitial lung disease (ILD), is life-threatening. We evaluated actual usage of JAKi and safety upon JAKi treatment, in an epidemiological retrospective cohort study utilizing the electronic medical record database in Japan. Among 391,565 AD patients, we analyzed data of new-users receiving JAKi or tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibitor (TNFi)/biologics during the period July 2013–May 2022. ILD (ICD10: J70.2, J70.3, J70.4 and J84) criteria were defined: new-ILD (1) and new-ILD (2) which differed in the latter's prompter therapeutics cessation upon ILD development. We analyzed ILD occurrence and death, ILD cumulative incidence by the Kaplan–Meier method, and hazard ratio (HR) by the Cox model, for 957 JAKi and 3931 TNFi users. JAKi use has become widespread amidst additional drug-development. Among JAKi users, two-year new-ILD (2) incidence, at 1.4%, was higher than for TNFi users (risk ratio: new-ILD (2) 1.75, death 2.31). Cumulative incidence (2.9% in 20.48 days) was also significantly higher (log-rank test p =.013, HR 2.23 (95% CI 1.16–4.27)); risk factors estimated by HR included JAKi (2.14), rheumatoid arthritis (4.94), diabetes mellitus (2.67) and cerebrovascular disease (2.86). ILD screening is essential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Sarcopenia is a muscle disease characterized by reduction of muscle strength and muscle mass. In RA, 25.9 to 43.3% of the patients present sarcopenia. The loss of muscle mass observed in RA patients occurs either by activation of catabolic pathways or by inhibition of anabolic pathways. Despite having a list of drugs capable of treating RA inflammation, their effect on muscle is unclear. Our objective was to evaluate the tofacitinib effect on the muscle mass of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mice. Methods CIA was induced in male DBA/1J mice by subcutaneous injection of Type 2 Collagen plus Freund Adjuvant. Animals were randomized into 3 groups: CIA + tofacitinib; CIA + vehicle; and healthy controls. Treatment was administered twice a day, between days 18 and 45 after induction. Clinical score, edema, and body weight were evaluated during the experimental period. After euthanasia, tibiotarsal joints were collected for assessment of disease histopathological score, and tibialis anterior (TA) and gastrocnemius (GA) muscles were weighed to assess muscle mass. Muscle atrophy was evaluated by measurement of TA myofiber cross-sectional area (CSA). Protein expression was evaluated by western blot using GA homogenates. Serum inflammatory markers were evaluated by ELISA. Statistical analysis included ANOVA followed by Tukey’s or with Kruskal-Wallis. The statistical difference was assumed for p

Background: Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors are promising for inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), but their long-term safety, including risks of nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC), is uncertain. Objectives: The objective of the study was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to examine the risk of NMSC in patients taking JAK inhibitors for IBDs during the induction trial, maintenance trial, and long-term extension (LTE) of treatment. Methods: We searched the PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases to identify studies reporting NMSC with the use of JAK inhibitors. Results: In total, we retained 22 references that included 31 trials for a qualitative systematic review and 28 trials for a quantitative meta-analysis. Average risk differences were < 0.0001 (P = 0.980) in induction trials, 0.002 (P = 0.546) in maintenance trials, and 0.019 (P = 0.012) in LTE trials. Subgroup analyses showed that there were no significant differences between generic drugs, trial phases, ages, or genders. Conclusion: In patients with an IBD, there was no statistically significant difference in the risk probability of NMSC occurrence whether or not JAK inhibitors were used, regardless of the follow-up period during induction and maintenance studies. Furthermore, the overall estimated NMSC incidence rate was significantly higher than the reference incidence. Although large heterogeneity among trials, both gastroenterologists and dermatologists still should be cautious of appropriate skin screening for IBD patients using JAK inhibitors.

Background/Aims The aim of this study was to compare the short- and long-term retention rates of biologic and targeted synthetic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (b/tsDMARDs) in Korean patients with seropositive rheumatoid arthritis. Methods This study was conducted with 1,538 treatment courses of 1,063 patients, including adalimumab (n = 332), etanercept (n = 369), infliximab (n = 146), abatacept (n = 152), tocilizumab (n = 299), tofacitinib (n = 136), and baricitinib (n = 104), in patients with seropositive rheumatoid arthritis who started b/tsDMARD treatment between 2008 and 2020 at Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital. Discontinuation 1 and 3 years after the first prescription of each drug was investigated. Kaplan– Meier estimates of time to discontinuation were calculated to compare the difference in drug retention rate for each drug. Patient-level predictors of drug discontinuation were evaluated using a Cox proportional hazards model. Results The overall 1-year drug retention rate was from 60.1% for adalimumab to 90.0% for tofacitinib in the b/tsDMARD-naïve group, and from 55.2% for infliximab to 84.8% for tofacitinib in the b/tsDMARD-experienced group. The 3-year drug retention rate was from 36.9% for infliximab to 86.5% for tofacitinib in the b/tsDMARD-naïve group, and from 31.0% for infliximab to 65.4% for tocilizumab in the b/tsDMARD-experienced group. Drug discontinuation appeared to be affected by specific types of b/tsDMARDs. Conclusions Tocilizumab and tofacitinib are less commonly discontinued compared to tumor necrosis factor-α inhibitors at 1 and 3 years. Specifically, tofacitinib in the b/tsDMARD-naïve group and tocilizumab in the b/tsDMARD-experienced group showed the highest 3-year retention rates.

Background: Chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) is a distressing skin condition characterized by the recurrent appearance of itchy hives. A subset of CSU patients remains resistant to conventional treatment with high-dose antihistamines. Tofacitinib, a Janus kinase inhibitor, has shown promise in various inflammatory skin diseases. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy of oral tofacitinib in patients with CSU resistant to antihistamines. Methods: This study examined data retrospectively from seven patients who were diagnosed with CSU and were treated with tofacitinib for at least six months. These patients initially exhibited resistance to treatment with four-fold up-dosed antihistamines. One of the patients was already on omalizumab, and another was tried on cyclosporine. The patients were administered oral tofacitinib at a dosage of 5 mg twice daily for six months. Patients were followed up monthly for disease control and side effects. The response to treatment was evaluated using the urticaria activity score over 7 days (UAS7) and urticaria control test (UCT). Paired t-tests were conducted to determine the statistical significance of the results using SPSS version 25 software. Results: Six out of the seven patients demonstrated a significant improvement in both UAS7 and UCT scores after six months of treatment with oral tofacitinib. The mean UAS7 score decreased from 24.86 at baseline to 3.83 at the study endpoint (P < 0.0001). Similarly, the mean UCT score increased from 0.57 at baseline to 14 at the study endpoint (P < 0.0001). The standard deviations for both measures were 4.85 and 0.98 at baseline and 3.1 and 3.1 at the study endpoint for UAS7 and UCT, respectively. Conclusion: In this six-month follow-up study, oral tofacitinib demonstrated significant efficacy in treating CSU patients’ resistant to high-dose antihistamines. Most patients experienced a remarkable reduction in urticaria activity and an improvement in disease control. These findings suggest that tofacitinib holds promise as a potential therapeutic option for this challenging subset of CSU patients. However, larger, randomized controlled trials are warranted to further investigate the long-term safety and effectiveness of tofacitinib in this population.

Abstract Background Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have an increased risk of developing serious infections (SIs) vs. individuals without RA; efforts to predict SIs in this patient group are ongoing. We assessed the ability of different machine learning modeling approaches to predict SIs using baseline data from the tofacitinib RA clinical trials program. Methods This analysis included data from 19 clinical trials (phase 2, n = 10; phase 3, n = 6; phase 3b/4, n = 3). Patients with RA receiving tofacitinib 5 or 10 mg twice daily (BID) were included in the analysis; patients receiving tofacitinib 11 mg once daily were considered as tofacitinib 5 mg BID. All available patient-level baseline variables were extracted. Statistical and machine learning methods (logistic regression, support vector machines with linear kernel, random forest, extreme gradient boosting trees, and boosted trees) were implemented to assess the association of baseline variables with SI (logistic regression only), and to predict SI using selected baseline variables using 5-fold cross-validation. Missing values were handled individually per prediction model. Results A total of 8404 patients with RA treated with tofacitinib were eligible for inclusion (15,310 patient-years of total follow-up) of which 473 patients reported SIs. Amongst other baseline factors, age, previous infection, and corticosteroid use were significantly associated with SI. When applying prediction modeling for SI across data from all studies, the area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) curve ranged from 0.656 to 0.739. AUROC values ranged from 0.599 to 0.730 in data from phase 3 and 3b/4 studies, and from 0.563 to 0.643 in data from ORAL Surveillance only. Conclusions Baseline factors associated with SIs in the tofacitinib RA clinical trial program were similar to established SI risk factors associated with advanced treatments for RA. Furthermore, while model performance in predicting SI was similar to other published models, this did not meet the threshold for accurate prediction (AUROC > 0.85). Thus, predicting the occurrence of SIs at baseline remains challenging and may be complicated by the changing disease course of RA over time. Inclusion of other patient-associated and healthcare delivery-related factors and harmonization of the duration of studies included in the models may be required to improve prediction. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00147498; NCT00413660; NCT00550446; NCT00603512; NCT00687193; NCT01164579; NCT00976599; NCT01059864; NCT01359150; NCT02147587; NCT00960440; NCT00847613; NCT00814307; NCT00856544; NCT00853385; NCT01039688; NCT02187055; NCT02831855; NCT02092467.

Although Janus kinase inhibitor (JAKi) therapy is used for patients with autoimmune diseases (AD), one safety concern, interstitial lung disease (ILD), is life-threatening. We evaluated actual usage of JAKi and safety upon JAKi treatment, in an epidemiological retrospective cohort study utilizing the electronic medical record database in Japan. Among 391,565 AD patients, we analyzed data of new-users receiving JAKi or tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibitor (TNFi)/biologics during the period July 2013–May 2022. ILD (ICD10: J70.2, J70.3, J70.4 and J84) criteria were defined: new-ILD (1) and new-ILD (2) which differed in the latter’s prompter therapeutics cessation upon ILD development. We analyzed ILD occurrence and death, ILD cumulative incidence by the Kaplan–Meier method, and hazard ratio (HR) by the Cox model, for 957 JAKi and 3931 TNFi users. JAKi use has become widespread amidst additional drug-development. Among JAKi users, two-year new-ILD (2) incidence, at 1.4%, was higher than for TNFi users (risk ratio: new-ILD (2) 1.75, death 2.31). Cumulative incidence (2.9% in 20.48 days) was also significantly higher (log-rank test p = .013, HR 2.23 (95% CI 1.16–4.27)); risk factors estimated by HR included JAKi (2.14), rheumatoid arthritis (4.94), diabetes mellitus (2.67) and cerebrovascular disease (2.86). ILD screening is essential.

Abstract Background Current strategies that target cytokines (e.g., tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α), or signaling molecules (e.g., Janus kinase (JAK)) have advanced the management for allergies and autoimmune diseases. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanism that underpins its clinical efficacy have largely remained elusive, especially in the local tissue environment. Here, we aimed to identify the genetic, epigenetic, and immunological targets of JAK inhibitors (JAKis), focusing on their effects on synovial fibroblasts (SFs), the major local effectors associated with destructive joint inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods SFs were activated by cytokines related to inflammation in RA, and were treated with three types of JAKis or a TNF-α inhibitor (TNFi). Dynamic changes in transcriptome and chromatin accessibility were profiled across samples to identify drug targets. Furthermore, the putative targets were validated using luciferase assays and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-based genome editing. Results We found that both JAKis and the TNFi targeted the inflammatory module including IL6. Conversely, specific gene signatures that were preferentially inhibited by either of the drug classes were identified. Strikingly, RA risk enhancers for CD40 and TRAF1 were distinctively regulated by JAKis and the TNFi. We performed luciferase assays and CRISPR-based genome editing, and successfully fine-mapped the single causal variants in these loci, rs6074022-CD40 and rs7021049-TRAF1. Conclusions JAKis and the TNFi had a direct impact on different RA risk enhancers, and we identified nucleotide-resolution targets for both drugs. Distinctive targets of clinically effective drugs could be useful for tailoring the application of these drugs and future design of more efficient treatment strategies.

Background. Clinical guidelines for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) recommend reducing the use of glucocorticoids (GCs) due to the high risk of associated complications. Aim. To determine the frequency of GC cancellations and dose reductions in real clinical practice, while taking into account active RA therapy. Materials and methods. The study group consisted of 303 patients with RA reliable according to ACR/EULAR criteria (women 79.9%, age 52.8±13.3, disease duration 9 [4; 16] years, DAS-28-CRP 4.9±1.0, RF seropositivity 77.4%, ACPA seropositivity 70.3%), who were prescribed or changed therapy with disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (bDMARDs) or Janus kinase inhibitors (iJAK) due to disease exacerbation and ineffectiveness of previous treatment. All patients initially received GC (7.7±3.8 mg/day equivalent of prednisolone). After adjustment of therapy, 42.9% of patients received methotrexate, 27.6% leflunomide, 2.5% sulfasalazine, hydroxychloroquine, or a combination with an Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, 63.7% bDMARDs, and 7.2% iJAK. The need for GC intake was assessed by a telephone survey conducted 6 months after the start of follow-up. Results. Telephone survey was possible in 274 (90.4%) persons. There was a significant decrease in pain intensity (numerical rating scale, NRS 0–10) from 6.3±1.4 to 4.3±2.4 (p0.001), fatigue (NRS) from 6.7±2.3 to 5.2±2.1 (p0.001), and functional impairment (NRS) from 5.4±2.1 to 3.9±2.0 (p0.001). A positive PASS index (symptom status acceptable to patients) was noted in 139 (50.7%) patients. GC cancellation was noted in 19.7%, dose reduction in 25.9%, maintaining the same dose in 42.7%, and dose increase in 11.7%. Conclusion. Against the background of intensive RA therapy, including combination of DMARDs with bDMARDs or iJAK, complete withdrawal or reduction of GC dose was achieved in less than half (45.6%) of patients after 6 months.

Introduction: Adult dermatomyositis (DM) and juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM) are rare autoimmune diseases with characteristic skin rashes, weakness, and other systemic features. Upregulated interferon signaling has been consistently described in both adult and juvenile DM which makes janus kinase inhibitors (jakinibs) an attractive therapeutic agent that has a targeted mechanism of action. Areas covered: Herein is a review of the growing literature of jakinib use in adult and juvenile DM, including reports on specific disease features and safety of jakinibs in this population and a comparison between adult and juvenile DM. We performed a literature review using PubMed including all English-language publications before 1 February 2024 and abstracts from key recent rheumatology conferences. Expert opinion: Jakinibs are an exciting and promising treatment in both adult and juvenile DM. Current Phase 2 and 3 randomized placebo-controlled trials of jakinibs in both adult and JDM will provide significant insights into the efficacy of this class of medication as a potentially more mechanistically targeted treatment of both skin and muscle disease. In fact, these results will likely inform the treatment paradigm of dermatomyositis in that it may even be considered as first or second line. The next five years in the therapeutic landscape of both juvenile and adult DM is an exciting time for both patients and medical providers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the incidence of Herpes Zoster (HZ) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) treated with Janus kinase inhibitors (JAKi), and to predict potential risk factors for HZ development. Methods: We retrospectively analysed medical records from RA patients at our rheumatology unit who met the 2010 ACR/EULAR criteria for RA and were receiving JAKi. The incidence and course of HZ were assessed through chart review and supplementary phone interviews. Results: A total of 198 JAKi-treated patients were monitored for an average of 18.5 months. Nine subjects experienced HZ, resulting in an incidence of 2.95 per 100 patient-years. No demographic or treatment-related differences were found among patients who developed HZ and those who did not. Disease duration (OR: 1.06, 95% CI: 1.01–1.12), time on JAKi treatment (OR: 1.04, 95% CI: 1.009–1.073), higher disease activity at JAKi initiation (OR: 4.16, 95% CI: 1.07–16.17), and at 3-month follow-up (OR: 6.0, 95% CI: 1.35–26.60) were identified as predictors of HZ occurrence. Thirty-six patients received vaccination against HZ, and none reported adverse reactions or flare-ups during a mean follow-up of 9.6 months. Conclusions: The incidence of HZ aligns with published data, suggesting that disease and treatment duration, as well as disease activity, are significant predictors of HZ in RA patients on JAKi therapy. Vaccination against HZ proved to be safe and effective, underscoring its potential protective value in this patient population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Supplementation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) enables dose reduction of prednisolone and ciclosporin in canine atopic dermatitis (cAD). Objective: To determine if oral administration of PUFA reduces the dose of oclacitinib in cAD. Animals: Twenty‐two client‐owned dogs with cAD receiving oclacitinib. Materials and Methods: Dogs received a fish oil product (PUFA) or paraffin oil (placebo) for 16 weeks. Owners adjusted the oclacitinib dose according to daily pruritus assessments. On Day (D)0, D56 and D112, Canine Atopic Dermatitis Extent and Severity Index, fourth iteration (CADESI‐04), pruritus Visual Analog Scale (PVAS), quality‐of‐life score (QoL), Global Assessment (GA), quality‐of‐coat (QoC) and adverse events were recorded. Results: Mean daily oclacitinib dose was significantly reduced in the PUFA group from 0.51 ± 0.20 mg/kg/24 h (D0) to 0.19 ± 0.14 mg/kg/24 h (D85–112; p < 0.00001) and not in the placebo group (D0: 0.70 ± 0.33 mg/kg/24 h; D85–112: 0.53 ± 0.35 mg/kg/24 h, p = 0.5422). CADESI‐04 did not change over time or differ between groups. PVAS was significantly lower in the PUFA group (2.8 ± 1.5) compared to placebo (4.2 ± 1.6) at D112 (p = 0.0375). QoL and QoC improved only in the PUFA group (QoL: D0: 20 ± 7, D112: 12 ± 5, p = 0.0057; QoC: D0: 0 ± 0.5, D112: 1 ± 0.5, p = 0.0410). GA on D112 was higher in the PUFA group (p = 0.008). No adverse events were observed. Conclusion: Oral supplementation of PUFA allowed dose reduction of oclacitinib and improved PVAS, QoL, QoC and GA. The use of PUFA is recommended and was safe in the atopic study dogs receiving oclacitinib. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: The comparative effectiveness of upadacitinib and tofacitinib for ulcerative colitis (UC) is poorly understood. METHODS: In this retrospective cohort study, we compared steroid-free clinical remission (SFCR) and endoscopic response/remission at 52 weeks among adults initiating upadacitinib or tofacitinib for UC. RESULTS: A total of 155 patients initiated upadacitinib (n = 81; 30% prior tofacitinib exposure) or tofacitinib (n = 74; 0% prior upadacitinib exposure). After inverse probability of treatment-weighted logistic regression, upadacitinib was associated with significantly higher odds of SFCR (odds ratio 3.01, 95% confidence interval 1.39-6.55) vs tofacitinib. There were no differences for endoscopic response/remission. DISCUSSION: Upadacitinib was more effective at achieving SFCR in UC at 52 weeks vs tofacitinib. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vitiligo is a chronic skin condition caused by an autoimmune response that results in the progressive loss of melanocytes and recent studies have suggested that Janus kinase inhibitors (JAKi) are emerging as a promising new treatment modality. Therefore, to assess and understand the extent of knowledge in the emerging field of JAKi use in vitiligo, a scoping review of the literature was undertaken. The reviewed articles explored a wide variety of JAKi administered either orally or topically for vitiligo. There were no injectable JAKi studied. Tofacitinib was the most commonly studied oral JAKi in 16 of the 35 studies selected for review, followed by baricitinib (n = 3), and one study each with ritlecitinib, ruxolitinib, and upadacitinib. Ruxolitinib (n = 6) and tofacitinib (n = 6) were the most often studied topical JAKi, followed by delgocitinib (n = 1). Potential benefits may vary between JAKi based on their receptor selectivity profile and coexistent autoimmune diseases. A topical JAKi would be advantageous in limited body area involvement and in adolescents. Concurrent use of JAKi with phototherapy or sun exposure appears beneficial. Most studies permitted the use of other topical agents. Acne‐related events, though frequent yet mild, were reported with both oral and topical JAKi. Nasopharyngitis, upper respiratory tract infections, and headaches were the most common adverse effects seen in the larger trials with JAKi. No serious or clinically meaningful hematology or thromboembolic events were detected. Treatment of vitiligo with oral or topical JAKi seems to be promising and the growing evidence shows a favorable risk‐benefit profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Determine domain-based-outcomes and steroid-sparing efficacy of generic tofacitinib in IIM. Methods: This is a multicenter retrospective study wherein clinical phenotype, autoantibody profile, prior immunosuppressives, and outcomes at 3, 6, and 12 months were retrieved for IIM patients prescribed tofacitinib. Overall clinical response was assessed as complete or partial remission as per physician judgment. Changes in cutaneous and calcinosis domain were recorded as per physician global assessment (PGA), lung domain as per medical research council (MRC) dyspnea scale, and muscle strength by Manual Muscle Testing-8 (MMT-8). Results: Forty-two patients of IIM with mean age 38.7 ± 16 years; (76.2% (N = 32) women), median duration of illness 48 (19;88) months were included. Commonest indication for initiating tofacitinib was either for refractory or as steroid sparing for cutaneous domain (N = 25/42, 59.5%) followed by calcinosis (N = 16/42, 38%). Overall complete and/or partial remission was achieved in 23/37 (64.8%), 30/35 (85.7%), and 29/30 (96.6%) patients at 3, 6, and 12 months, respectively. At 12-month follow-up, there was a reduction in prednisolone dose, with absolute decrease from a daily dose of 17.5 mg (IQR 5;50) to 2.5 mg (IQR 0;5) (p < 0.001). Individual domain assessments revealed improvement in cutaneous domain [16/25 (64%)] and calcinosis [6/15 (40%)]. Adverse effects included herpes zoster (N = 2/42, 4.8%) and dyslipidemia (N = 4/42, 9.5%). Conclusions: Treatment with generic tofacitinib significantly reduces the daily dose of corticosteroids and is effective in cutaneous domain including calcinosis in IIM. Key points: • This multicenter retrospective study is the first real-world data from India, elucidating steroid sparing efficacy of generic tofacitinib in patients with inflammatory myositis. • Domain-based outcome assessment suggests good clinical improvement especially in cutaneous domain, even those with refractory disease. • Modest benefits were evident in calcinosis, but its effect on the muscle and pulmonary domain appears limited. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Upadacitinib (UPA), a selective, reversible, oral Janus kinase (JAK)-1 inhibitor, was approved in 2019 in Canada for the treatment of adults with moderately to severely active rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This phase 4 prospective study aimed to characterise the effectiveness of UPA in the real-world population of patients with RA. Methods: Adults with RA who initiated treatment with once daily UPA (15 mg) and enrolled in the Canadian Real-Life post-marketing Observational Study assessing the Effectiveness of UPadacitinib for treating rheumatoid arthritis (CLOSE-UP) and who completed a 6-month assessment as of 28 February 2023 were included. The primary endpoint of the CLOSE-UP study is the proportion of patients achieving a Disease Activity Score-28 Joint Count C-reactive protein (DAS28-CRP) < 2.6 at 6 months. Data was collected at routine visits. Data analysed and summarised descriptively for the overall interim population and for subgroups based on prior therapy included remission or low disease activity, patient-reported outcomes (PROs), and adverse events. Results: A total of 392 patients were included in the interim analysis. Overall, 63.5% (191/301) of patients achieved a DAS28-CRP score < 2.6 at month 6, with similar rates observed for all subgroups analysed according to prior therapy including those with prior JAK inhibitor exposure (range 57.4–71.0%), and in patients who received UPA monotherapy (71.6% [48/67]). Early (month 3) and sustained improvements up to 6 months were observed for all PROs. The safety profile was consistent with previous reports. Conclusion: Real-world improvements in disease activity and PROs in response to UPA treatment were consistent with clinical trial data across a range of Canadian patients with prior therapy exposure and with UPA monotherapy, with an overall favourable benefit–risk profile. Trial Registration: NCT04574492. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides a review of the use of Janus Kinase inhibitors (JAKi) in the treatment of various types of scarring alopecia. It discusses the potential benefits of JAKi therapy in improving symptoms and hair regrowth in patients with conditions such as lichen planopilaris, central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia, folliculitis decalvans, frontal fibrosing alopecia, and dissecting cellulitis of the scalp. The article acknowledges the need for further research to fully understand the effectiveness and potential side effects of JAKi in this context. Overall, JAKi therapy shows promise but more investigation is required. [Extracted from the article]

Background and Aims There is an unmet need in the treatment of perianal fistulising Crohn's disease [PFCD]. This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of the Janus kinase 1 preferential inhibitor, filgotinib, for the treatment of PFCD. Methods This phase 2, double-blind, multicentre trial enrolled adults with PFCD and prior treatment failure. Participants were randomised [2:2:1] to receive filgotinib 200 mg, filgotinib 100 mg, or placebo, once daily orally for up to 24 weeks. The primary endpoint was combined fistula response (reduction from baseline of at least one draining external opening determined by physical assessment, and no fluid collections >1 cm on pelvic magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]) at Week 24. Results Between April 2017 and July 2020, 106 individuals were screened and 57 were randomised. Discontinuations were lowest in the filgotinib 200 mg group (3/17 [17.6%] versus 13/25 [52.0%] for filgotinib 100 mg and 9/15 [60.0%] for placebo). The proportion of participants who achieved a combined fistula response at Week 24 was 47.1% (8/17; 90% confidence interval [CI] 26.0, 68.9%) in the filgotinib 200 mg group, 29.2% [7/24; 90% CI 14.6, 47.9%] in the filgotinib 100 mg group, and 25.0% [3/12; 90% CI 7.2, 52.7%] in the placebo group. Serious adverse events occurred more frequently with filgotinib 200 mg (5/17 [29.4%]) than with placebo (1/15 [6.7%]). There were no treatment-related serious adverse events or deaths. Conclusions Filgotinib 200 mg was associated with numerical reductions in the number of draining perianal fistulas based on combined clinical and MRI findings compared with placebo, and was generally well tolerated [NCT03077412]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM) is a rare autoimmune disease most commonly with proximal weakness due to inflammation and characteristic skin rashes. Most patients have a chronic or polycyclic disease course on standard therapy so better treatments are needed. An interferon signature is well-established in key tissues of JDM. Janus kinase inhibitors (jakinibs), which can decrease IFN signaling, are therefore appealing as a targeted therapy. Herein is a review of the growing literature on JDM patients in jakinibs, including specifics of their jakinib exposure, summary of efficacy, disease features, and characteristics of patients treated, and safety parameters. The vast majority of refractory JDM patients respond to jakinib therapy, though they have varied features, doses, and previous/concurrent medications, and data is largely retrospective. Jakinibs are an exciting and promising treatment in JDM. Evaluation with larger prospective controlled studies is needed to answer remaining questions about jakinibs in JDM regarding dosing, which JDM patients to treat with jakinibs, potential biomarkers to use, and how best to monitor safety risks in JDM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The risk of cardiovascular disease in atopic dermatitis (AD) is not well established. Objectives: Our aims were to evaluate the incidence rate (IR) of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in patients with AD in a population-based cohort study and to assess atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk factors and incidence of malignancies, major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), and VTE in patients with AD and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in a nested cohort analysis. Methods: Data from individuals age 12 years or older (nested cohort age ≥ 18 years) from January 1, 2000, to December 31, 2018, were extracted from the Danish National Patient Registry. Patients with AD were age- and sex-matched with 10 healthy controls. ASCVD risk factors included age 65 years or older and history of smoking, coronary artery disease, stroke, deep vein thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolism (PE), and malignancy. Results: The population-based cohort comprised 190,751 patients (17,341 patients with AD and 173,410 healthy controls). The IRs per 100 patient-years were comparable between the AD cohort and healthy controls for VTE (0.14 [95% CI = 0.12-0.16] vs 0.11 [95% CI = 0.11-0.12]), DVT (0.08 [95% CI = 0.06-0.09] vs 0.06 [95% CI = 0.06-0.07]), and PE (0.06 [95% CI = 0.05-0.08] vs 0.05 [95% CI = 0.05-0.05]). The IR for VTE was higher in the AD cohort age 65 years or older (0.71 [95% CI = 0.56-0.90]) than in the age-matched controls (0.50 [95% CI = 0.46-0.54]). ASCVD risk factors were more frequent in the patients with RA than in the patients with AD. The IRs for malignancies and MACE were higher with specific ASCVD risk factors. Conclusions: The IRs of cardiovascular events were comparable between the AD cohort and general population. The risk of VTE, malignancy, or MACE was higher with specific ASCVD risk factors, underscoring the need for patient monitoring.

The use of drugs off-label for managing COVID-19 offers a potential approach. Among these potential drugs, tofacitinib, a JAK inhibitor, is strongly implicated in its ability to mitigate mortality by attenuating the cytokine storm syndrome. This study systematically reviewed and quantitatively assessed the effectiveness and safety profile of tofacitinib use through meta-analysis. Through searches of the PubMed, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library databases up to May 31, 2024, six articles meeting inclusion criteria were identified, encompassing 669 patients diagnosed with COVID-19. The review findings indicate that tofacitinib use demonstrates significant clinical efficacy, as evidenced by a reduced risk of mortality (P = 0.003), and a decreased need for invasive mechanical ventilation (P = 0.0002). Furthermore, tofacitinib use is not correlated with an increased risk of adverse drug reactions (P = 0.98), indicating a favorable safety profile. In conclusion, the evidence supports the clinical efficacy of tofacitinib for COVID-19 patients without concomitant risks of adverse effects. Further clinical studies, especially larger-scale randomized controlled trials, are necessary to validate the findings of this study.

The article discusses the successful treatment of pyoderma gangrenosum (PG) with the Janus kinase inhibitor, baricitinib. A 44-year-old female patient with multiple site involvement of PG showed significant improvement after being treated with a daily dose of 4mg of baricitinib. The study highlights the potential of JAK inhibitors as a promising therapy for PG, although more clinical trials are needed to further evaluate their efficacy in treating this rare neutrophilic dermatosis. [Extracted from the article]

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IntroductionAlopecia areata is a heterogenous, immune-mediated hair loss disorder that can affect any hair-bearing site on the body. Despite being one of the most prevalent autoimmune skin diseases, treatments have historically been limited to off-label medications that have demonstrated limited efficacy, especially in more severe forms of disease. Thus, there has long been an unmet need for rigorously studied therapeutics in alopecia areata.Areas coveredJanus kinase inhibitors have proven to be an effective class of drugs for treating several inflammatory disorders. One such drug, baricitinib, has recently demonstrated significant hair regrowth in phase 2 and 3 alopecia areata trials. It has since become the first systemic therapy approved for treating severe alopecia areata. This review examines the role of Janus kinase pathways in alopecia areata's pathogenesis and the safety and efficacy of baricitinib for treating severe alopecia areata.Expert opinionThe approval of baricitinib for treating severe alopecia areata marks a major milestone in the disease's history. While baricitinib has proven to be efficacious for this indication and has demonstrated an overall good safety profile, patients' individual risk factors for serious adverse events should be assessed during shared decision-making with patients before initiating treatment.

Background and purpose: Outcomes for cancer patients with steroid-resistant immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated myocarditis (srICIAM) are poor. Intensified immunosuppressive therapies, including tofacitinib, a novel Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor, may have some therapeutic benefits. However, due to the lack of sufficient clinical data, the effectiveness of such treatments and their impact on cardiovascular outcomes remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effect of tofacitinib on srICIAM. Methods: This retrospective case-control study included 36 malignant tumor patients who received immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment at Zhongshan Hospital affiliated to Fudan University from July 2019 to May 2022 and developed srICIAM. Patients receiving corticosteroids in combination with tofacitinib were assigned to the tofacitinib group (n=19), while those not treated with tofacitinib were allocated to the control group (n=17). The study compared clinical characteristics, laboratory findings, and imaging results between the two groups. Additionally, follow-up was conducted to monitor the incidence of cardiovascular endpoints in these patients. The research plan was approved by the Ethics Committee of Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University (Approval Number: B2021-275R). This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical guidelines of the Helsinki Declaration. Results: Compared to the control group, and with no significant difference in the cumulative dose and duration of corticosteroids (P

Abstract Introduction Upadacitinib (UPA), a selective, reversible, oral Janus kinase (JAK)-1 inhibitor, was approved in 2019 in Canada for the treatment of adults with moderately to severely active rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This phase 4 prospective study aimed to characterise the effectiveness of UPA in the real-world population of patients with RA. Methods Adults with RA who initiated treatment with once daily UPA (15 mg) and enrolled in the Canadian Real-Life post-marketing Observational Study assessing the Effectiveness of UPadacitinib for treating rheumatoid arthritis (CLOSE-UP) and who completed a 6-month assessment as of 28 February 2023 were included. The primary endpoint of the CLOSE-UP study is the proportion of patients achieving a Disease Activity Score-28 Joint Count C-reactive protein (DAS28-CRP)

Objective: This study aimed to compare the incidence rates (IRs) of infections, including herpes zoster (HZ), in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients treated with Janus kinase inhibitors (JAKis) or interleukin-6 inhibitors (IL-6is). Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 444 RA patients treated using IL-6is (n = 283) or JAKis (n = 161). After adjusting for clinical characteristic imbalances by propensity score matching (PSM), we compared the IRs of infections including HZ between the JAKi and IL-6i groups. Results: Observational period: 1423.93 patient years (PY); median observational period: 2.51 years. After PSM, incidence rate ratios comparing JAKi with IL-6i were 3.45 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.48–9.04) for serious infections other than HZ indicating that the JAKi-treated group was more likely to develop serious infection than the IL-6i-treated group. Multivariate Cox regression analyses revealed that the use of prednisolone > 5.0 mg/day, coexisting interstitial lung disease (ILD), and diabetes mellitus (DM) were independent risk factors for serious infections. The crude IR for HZ was significantly higher in the JAKi group, but the difference between groups was not significant (IRR: 2.83, 95% CI: 0.87–10.96) in PSM analysis. Unadjusted and PSM analyses performed in our study showed increased IRs of serious infections in patients with RA treated with JAKis compared with those treated with IL-6is. Conclusions: The presence of ILD or DM and the use of prednisolone were found to be independent risk factors for serious infection in RA patients treated using JAKis. Whereas the IRs for HZ after PSM were not significantly different between the JAKi and IL-6i groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic skin disease characterized by type 2-skewed immune responses, and significantly influenced by cytokines dependent on Janus kinases (JAKs). Upadacitinib, a JAK1 inhibitor, is effective for moderate-to-severe AD. This study aims to identify biomarkers that reflect longterm therapeutic effects of upadacitinib 15 mg or 30 mg. Methods: A retrospective study from August 2021 to July 2023 included 213 AD patients treated with upadacitinib 15 mg and 70 AD patients with 30 mg. We analyzed eczema area and severity index (EASI), peak pruritus-numerical rating scale (PP-NRS), serum immunoglobulin E (IgE), thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and total eosinophil count (TEC) at weeks 0, 4, 12, 24, 36, and 48 of treatment. Results: Both treatments with upadacitinib 15 mg and 30 mg significantly reduced EASI and PP-NRS scores over week 4 to 48 compared to baseline. Upadacitinib 15 mg or 30 mg treatment significantly decreased TEC compared to baseline through week 4 to 36 or week 4 to 48, respectively. The percent reduction of TEC correlated with those of EASI and PP-NRS through week 4 to 48 of treatment with upadacitinib 15 mg, or through week 12 to 48 with 30 mg, respectively. After adjusting for % reductions of other laboratory markers, the significance of correlations was preserved at weeks 36 and 48 of 15 mg treatment, while at weeks 4 and 36 of 30 mg treatment. Conclusion: The % reduction of TEC correlated with those of EASI and PP-NRS during upadacitinib treatment, indicating its potential as a biomarker reflecting treatment responses to upadacitinib in AD patients. However, the variability of significant correlation during treatment indicates that further inspection is needed for its usefulness in monitoring responses to upadacitinib treatment for AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PurposeMethodsResultsConclusionsJanus kinase (JAK) inhibitors have recently been used to treat patients with biologic refractory noninfectious uveitis (NIU). This narrative review updates the current evidence relevant for their application in patients with refractory NIU.A literature search was performed for articles published until October 2023 in the PubMed, Scopus, and CENTRAL databases using the key terms “noninfectious uveitis” and “Janus kinase inhibitor” or “JAK inhibitor” without any exclusion criteria. Published articles were selected based on their clinical focus, relevance for ocular disease, time since publication and study design reflecting their scientific soundness with a critical appraisal of drug safety aspects.Janus kinases are transmembrane signaling proteins. Their inhibition has shown therapeutic potential experimentally and in patients with multiple immune-mediated diseases, including NIU. JAK inhibitors differ from biological agents in that they inhibit not one specific but multiple cytokines. These agents can be ingested orally and seem superior to adalimumab for most indications. While there is no doubt regarding their efficacy in treating immune-mediated inflammatory diseases, reports regarding their safety are increasing, and the findings are generally confusing and contradictory. Since substantiated information about their specific safety profiles in patients with inflammatory eye disease is lacking, their position in the therapeutic algorithm for uveitis has yet to be determined.In the absence of evidence from controlled clinical trials, JAK inhibitor therapy is still rendered experimental and currently considered only for sight-threatening uveitis. JAK inhibitors may be considered for specific NIU entities for which there is insufficient response or secondary loss of response to conventional or biologic disease-modifying drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Patients with myelofibrosis develop symptoms due to bone marrow fibrosis, systemic inflammation, and/or organomegaly. Alleviating symptoms improves overall quality of life. Clinical trials have historically defined symptom response as a reduction of at least 50% in Total Symptom Score at week 24 compared with baseline. Whether 50% constitutes a meaningful benefit has not been established. This study determined the meaningful change threshold (MCT) for 2 momelotinib phase III trials, SIMPLIFY-1 and SIMPLIFY-2. The absolute and percentage MCT was determined using anchor-based methods applied to the modified Myeloproliferative Neoplasm Symptom Assessment Form v2.0 and Patient Global Impression of Change. MCTs were applied retrospectively to determine responder rates. Generalized estimating equations estimated the treatment-related difference in likelihood of improvement. In SIMPLIFY-1, a Janus kinase inhibitor-naive population, the MCT was 8 points. In SIMPLIFY-2, a previously Janus kinase inhibitor-treated population, the MCT was 6 points. A 32% MCT was determined in both studies, showing that the historic 50% reduction threshold may be a conservative choice. In SIMPLIFY-1, a similar proportion of patients achieved responder status with 24 weeks of momelotinib or ruxolitinib therapy based on the absolute MCT (39% vs 41%, respectively). In SIMPLIFY-2, a significantly greater proportion of patients treated with momelotinib achieved responder states compared with best available therapy based on absolute and percent change MCTs. This study demonstrates that momelotinib provided clinically meaningful symptom benefit for patients with myelofibrosis and provides insight into the appropriateness of the symptom change threshold used in historical studies. • Although clinical trials in patients with myelofibrosis have historically defined symptom response as a reduction of at least 50% in Total Symptom Score at week 24 compared with baseline, whether 50% constitutes a meaningful benefit has not been established. • To our knowledge, this report is the first to publish a meaningful change threshold for 2 momelotinib phase III trials (SIMPLIFY-1 and SIMPLIFY-2) in the symptomatic population of intermediate- or high-risk patients with myelofibrosis using anchor-based methods applied to the modified Myeloproliferative Neoplasm Symptom Assessment Form v2.0 and Patient Global Impression of Change. • This study demonstrates clinically meaningful symptom benefits with momelotinib, provides valuable insight into the percent and absolute thresholds of change considered meaningful in patients with myelofibrosis, and verifies the appropriateness of the threshold used in historical studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aicardi‐Goutières syndrome (AGS) is a genetic interferonopathy classically characterized by early onset of severe neurologic injury with basal ganglia calcifications, white matter abnormalities, and progressive cerebral atrophy, along with lymphocytosis and raised interferon alpha (INFα) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Here, we report a 31/2 year‐old patient born with prenatal onset AGS, first manifesting as intra‐uterine growth retardation. Cranial ultrasonography and cerebral MRI revealed ventriculomegaly and periventricular and basal ganglia calcifications, along with cerebral atrophy. Perinatal infections and known metabolic disorders were excluded. Both CSF lymphocytosis and raised INFα were present. Molecular analysis disclosed two already described compound heterozygous pathogenic variants in TREX1 (c. 309dup, p.(Thr104Hisfs*53) and c. 506G > A, p.(Arg169His)). The evolution was marked by severe global developmental delay with progressive microcephaly. Promptly, the patient developed irritability, quadri‐paretic dyskinetic movements, and subsequently tonic seizures. Sensorineural hearing loss was detected as well as glaucoma. Initially, he was symptomatically treated with trihexyphenidyl followed by levetiracetam and topiramate. At age 22 months, baricitinib (0.4 mg/kg/day) was introduced, leading to normal serum INFα levels. Clinically, dyskinetic movements significantly decreased as well as irritability and sleep disturbance. We confirmed that baricitinib was a useful treatment with no major side effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There is evidence suggesting the existence of sex differences in the effectiveness of specific drug classes for rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Our study stands as the first to elucidate sex-related differences in the effectiveness of Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors. Methods: The study involved 150 RA patients treated with tofacitinib, baricitinib, upadacitinib, or filgotinib between September 2017 and October 2023. Sex differences in achieving remission and low disease activity (LDA) were identified through logistic regression analyses. Sex disparities in treatment effectiveness survival were evaluated through the Kaplan–Meier estimate, employing the log-rank test for comparison. The Cox model was applied to analyze the variable sex as a potential factor that could influence the maintenance of the JAK inhibitor treatment effectiveness. Results: Concerning the achievement of remission and LDA, no differences were observed between sexes in terms of the 28-joint Disease Activity Score (DAS28) C-reactive protein (CRP), the Clinical Disease Activity Index (CDAI), and the Simplified Disease Activity Index (SDAI). With respect to the DAS28-erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), female patients, compared to males, possessed 70% lower odds of achieving remission (p = 0.018) and 66% lower odds of achieving LDA (p = 0.023). No differences were observed in treatment effectiveness survival between sexes (p = 0.703). Sex was not found to influence the survival of JAK inhibitor treatment effectiveness (p = 0.704). Conclusions: Being a female or male patient does not entail differences in the effectiveness of the JAK inhibitor treatment. Our findings encourage the consideration of a global pool of composite indices (DAS28-ESR/CRP, CDAI, SDAI) to measure RA disease activity, thus individualizing the target value as advocated by the treat-to-target strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) is a highly effective, well-established treatment for patients with various hematologic malignancies and non-malignant diseases. The therapeutic benefits of allo-HCT are mediated by alloreactive T cells in donor grafts. However, there is a significant risk of graft-versus-host disease (GvHD), in which the donor T cells recognize recipient cells as foreign and attack healthy organs in addition to malignancies. We previously demonstrated that targeting JAK1/JAK2, mediators of interferon-gamma receptor (IFNGR) and IL-6 receptor signaling, in donor T cells using baricitinib and ruxolitinib results in a significant reduction in GvHD after allo-HCT. Furthermore, we showed that balanced inhibition of JAK1/JAK2 while sparing JAK3 is important for the optimal prevention of GvHD. Thus, we have generated novel JAK1/JAK2 inhibitors, termed WU derivatives, by modifying baricitinib. Our results show that WU derivatives have the potential to mitigate GvHD by upregulating regulatory T cells and immune reconstitution while reducing the frequencies of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and CD80 expression on these APCs in our preclinical mouse model of allo-HCT. In addition, WU derivatives effectively downregulated CXCR3 and T-bet in primary murine T cells. In summary, we have generated novel JAK inhibitors that could serve as alternatives to baricitinib or ruxolitinib. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose: Outcomes for cancer patients with steroid-resistant immune checkpoint inhibitorassociated myocarditis (srICIAM) are poor. Intensified immunosuppressive therapies, including tofacitinib, a novel Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor, may have some therapeutic benefits. However, due to the lack of sufficient clinical data, the effectiveness of such treatments and their impact on cardiovascular outcomes remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effect of tofacitinib on srICIAM. Methods: This retrospective case-control study included 36 malignant tumor patients who received immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment at Zhongshan Hospital affiliated to Fudan University from July 2019 to May 2022 and developed srICIAM. Patients receiving corticosteroids in combination with tofacitinib were assigned to the tofacitinib group (n=19), while those not treated with tofacitinib were allocated to the control group (n=17). The study compared clinical characteristics, laboratory findings, and imaging results between the two groups. Additionally, follow-up was conducted to monitor the incidence of cardiovascular endpoints in these patients. The research plan was approved by the Ethics Committee of Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University (Approval Number: B2021-275R). This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical guidelines of the Helsinki Declaration. Results: Compared to the control group, and with no significant difference in the cumulative dose and duration of corticosteroids (P＜0.05), the tofacitinib group showed a shorter myocarditis recovery time (median recovery time: 86.5 days vs 126.5 days, P=0.021). The myocarditis-related mortality rate was significantly lower in the tofacitinib group than in the control group (5% vs 35%, P=0.025). Conclusion: Tofacitinib may reduce mortality and promote cardiac recovery in srICIAM patients without impeding the anti-tumor effect. It may become one of the potential treatment strategies in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ruxolitinib, a selective inhibitor of Janus kinases, is a standard treatment for intermediate/high-risk myelofibrosis (MF) but is associated with a predisposition to opportunistic infections, especially herpes zoster. However, the incidence and characteristics of invasive fungal infections (IFIs) in these patients remain uncertain. In this report, we present the case of a 59-year-old woman with MF who developed disseminated histoplasmosis after seven months of ruxolitinib use. The patient clinically improved after ten weeks of combined amphotericin B and azole therapy, and ruxolitinib was discontinued. Later, the patient received fedratinib, a relatively JAK2-selective inhibitor, without relapse of histoplasmosis. We also reviewed the literature on published cases of proven IFIs in patients with MF who received ruxolitinib. Including ours, we identified 28 such cases, most commonly due to Cryptococcus species (46%). IFIs were most commonly disseminated (39%), followed by localized lung (21%) infections. Although uncommon, a high index of suspicion for opportunistic IFIs is needed in patients receiving JAK inhibitors. Furthermore, the paucity of data regarding the optimal management of IFIs in patients treated with JAK inhibitors underscore the need for well-designed studies to evaluate the epidemiology, pathobiology, early diagnosis, and multimodal therapy of IFIs in patients with hematological malignancies receiving targeted therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]