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Background and Aims: systolic and diastolic blood pressure values identify different subtypes of Primary Hypertension. In pediatric age, hypertension is often related to obesity. Characterization of an individual's Blood Pressure (BP) status needs multiple measurements in the course of time, but this is rarely the case, principally in everyday pediatrics. Thus, the finding of abnormal BP values even in a single routine check visit should need a special attention. The aim of this study was to evaluate if even a single abnormal measurement could be a marker of metabolic risk, according to clinical and/or metabolic phenotype and subtypes of hypertension in a population of overweight/obese children and adolescents., Methods and Results: We reviewed data from 489 overweight-obese children and adolescents. BP values were classified according to American Academy of Pediatrics Guidelines (2017). Considering study design, we used the term "Abnormal" instead of "High" BP. Data on lipid profile, glucose metabolism and ultrasonographic pattern of the liver were recorded. Mean age was 9.4 ± 2.5 years: 76.9% had normal BP values. Children with Abnormal BP harbored more frequently an unfavorable metabolic profile. Children with Abnormal Systolic-Diastolic BP values had higher BMI z-score and Waist to Height ratio (p = 0.022 and p = 0.032). Hepatic Steatosis was detected in 4.5%, 14.8 % and 17.6 % of children with normal, abnormal systolic and abnormal systo-diastolic blood pressure, respectively. (p < 0.001)., Conclusion: Identification of abnormal BP subtypes even in a single measurement could be useful for identification of specific clinical-metabolic phenotypes allowing an individual targeted management of obesity-related comorbidities., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Italian Diabetes Society, the Italian Society for the Study of Atherosclerosis, the Italian Society of Human Nutrition and the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Potassium is a cation involved in the resting phase of membrane potential. Diets rich in fresh fruit and vegetables, whole grains, dairy products, and coffee have high potassium content. The shift from a pre-agriculture diet to today's consumption has led to reduced potassium intake. Indeed, the Western diet pattern is characterized by a high daily intake of saturated fats, sugars, sodium, proteins from red meat, and refined carbohydrates with a low potassium intake. These reductions are also mirrored by high sodium intakes and a high consumption of acid-generating food, which promote a chronic state of low-grade metabolic acidosis. The low-grade metabolic acidosis is a cause of the bone-wasting effect. Therefore, a long-standing acidotic state brings into play the bone that contributes to the buffering process through an increase in osteoclastic resorption. In consideration of this background, we carried out a review that focused on the pathophysiological mechanisms of the relationship between dietary potassium intake and bone health, underlining the detrimental effects of the Western dietary patterns characterized by low potassium consumption.

Skeletal anomalies represent a characteristic feature of type 1 Gaucher disease (GD1). Here we evaluated the impact of an integrated therapy comprising enzyme-replacement therapy (ERT), cholecalciferol, and a normocalcemic-normocaloric-hyposodic diet (bone diet) on bone health in GD1 patients. We also performed a systematic review to compare our results with available data. From January 1, 2015 to February 28, 2019, all GD1 patients referred to Federico II University were enrolled and treated with the integrated therapy. Bone turnover markers and bone mineral density (BMD) were evaluated at baseline (T0) and after 24 months (T24). We enrolled 25 GD1 patients, all showing 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25OHD) levels < 50 nmol/l (hypovitaminosis D) at T0. Response to cholecalciferol treatment was effective, showing a direct relationship between 25OHD levels before and after treatment. At T0, 2 GD1 patients showed fragility fractures, 5 the Erlenmeyer flask deformity, 3 osteonecrosis, and 7 a BMD Z -score ≤ -2. Overall, GD1 patients with bone anomalies showed higher C-terminal telopeptide levels compared with those without bone anomalies. No new bone anomalies occurred during 2 years of follow-up. At T24, BMD remained stable across the entire study cohort, including in patients with bone anomalies. The systematic review showed that our study is the first that evaluated all bone health parameters. Hypovitaminosis D is prevalent in GD1 patients. The response to cholecalciferol treatment was effective but different to healthy subjects and in patients with metabolic bone disorders. Integrated therapy including ERT, cholecalciferol, and bone diet guarantees bone health., Competing Interests: The study was realized with a partial unconditional support of Sanofi., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.)

4,4'-(Disulfanedi-yl)dipyridinium chloride triiodide, C 10 H 10 N 2 S 2 2+ ·Cl - ·I 3 - , ( 1 ) was synthesized by reaction of 4,4'-di-pyridyl-disulfide with ICl in a 1:1 molar ratio in di-chloro-methane solution. The structural characterization of 1 by SC-XRD analysis was supported by elemental analysis, FT-IR, and FT-Raman spectroscopic measurements., (© Podda et al. 2024.)

Unhealthy dietary habits play a key role in the pathogenesis of nephrolithiasis (NL). The aims of this case-control study were to evaluate (i) the adherence to the Mediterranean Diet (MD) and the dietary salt intake in stone-forming patients (SF), (ii) the relationship occurring between MD adherence, salt intake and NL-related metabolic risk factors in SF, and (iii) the impact of combined high MD adherence and low salt intake on NL susceptibility. From 1 January 2018 to 31 December 2019, we recruited all SF consecutively referred to the Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL) center of Federico II University, and at least two control subjects without a personal history of NL, age-, sex-, and body mass index-matched to SF (NSF). All study participants were interviewed using the validated MEDI-LITE and MINISAL questionnaires. In an SF subgroup, the NL-related metabolic risk factors were also evaluated. SF showed a lower MD adherence and a higher salt intake compared with NSF. The NL susceptibility decreased by 36% [OR: 0.64 (0.59-0.70); p < 0.01] for each point of increase in MEDI-LITE score, while it increased by 13% [OR: 1.13 (1.03-1.25); p = 0.01] for each point of increase in MINISAL score. The SF prevalence was higher among subjects showing combined low MD adherence and high salt intake. In SF, the MEDI-LITE score directly correlated with 24 h-citraturia, whereas the MINISAL score directly correlated with urinary sodium and uric acid excretion. In conclusion, high MD adherence and low salt intake are associated with a reduced NL susceptibility, both separately and in combination.

Context: Tumor-induced osteomalacia (TIO) is a rare paraneoplastic syndrome usually caused by oversecretion of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) from a phosphaturic mesenchymal tumor (PMT). PMTs are usually benign neoplasms but some of them show malignant characteristics., Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the clinical characteristics of benign and malignant PMTs inducing TIO., Methods: On March 31, 2023, we performed a systematic review of individual patient data analysis in Medline, Google Scholar, Google book, and Cochrane Library using the terms "tumor induced osteomalacia," "oncogenic osteomalacia," "hypophosphatemia," with no language restrictions and according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses criteria., Results: Overall, we collected data from 837 patients with TIO in which the diagnosis of benign and malignant PMT was specified. Of them, 89 were affected by malignant PMT and 748 by benign PMT. Patients with malignant PMTs were younger and presented bone pain, functional impairment, and bone deformities more frequently. Malignant PMTs showed higher values of intact FGF23 and a higher mortality rate., Conclusion: The study results identify the clinical characteristics of patients with malignant TIO, permitting the early identification of patients with PMT at increased risk of malignancy. This may significantly improve the diagnostic approach to disease. Further experimental studies are mandatory to clarify the role of FGF23 in the pathogenesis of malignancy in PMTs., (© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Endocrine Society. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Objective: Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) often exhibit a low dietary diversity due to food selectivity that leads them to a marked preference for high-energy-density food, exposing them to risk of malnutrition. Despite these aspects, specific recommendations and targeted menus for this population are missing. The pilot study FOOD-AUT addresses this issue by developing canteen menus meeting the nutritional and sensory needs of adults with ASD, aiming to reduce their food selectivity, and consequently improving their health., Methods: The project, funded by Gruppo Pellegrini S.p.A, was conducted at the daycare service of Sacra Famiglia Onlus Foundation, between March-2022 to March-2023. The study was divided into two phases. Observational phase: a comparison was made between the enrolled subjects' nutritional needs and the nutrient content of the administered menus during the daycare service. Then mealtime compliance was assessed using standardized meal evaluation forms, both quantitative and qualitative. Intervention phase: canteen menus targeted to the individuals' nutritional and sensory needs were administered and their acceptability was evaluated., Results: Twenty-two individuals with ASD, aged 19-48, 72.7% males, were enrolled. Overweight and obesity prevalence were 54.5 and 18.2%, respectively. The observational phase showed how the most accepted foods had specific sensorial characteristics in line with the scientific literature. Adapting the menus improved food acceptance and reduced food waste., Conclusion: The results highlighted the need for adapted menus and greater attention to the way meals are delivered and consumed to improve nutritional status and therefore health of this population at increased risk of malnutrition., Clinical Trial Registration: ClinicalTrial.gov, unique identifier: NCT05978895., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. The reviewer AM declared a shared affiliation with the author AL to the handling editor at the time of review., (Copyright © 2024 Conti, Santero, Breda, Basilico, de Filippo, Luzzi, Voto, Cavagnola, Tomasinelli and Cena.)

Mucopolysaccharidosis type IVA (MPS-IVA) is a rare lysosomal storage disease caused by N-acetylglucosamine-6-sulfate-sulfatase enzyme deficiency. MPS-IVA patients show severe extra-skeletal and skeletal manifestations, featured by bone pain and deformities, frailty fractures and early onset osteoporosis. The enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) with elosulfase-α stabilizes the MPS-IVA extra-skeletal manifestations but does not significantly improve MPS-IVA skeletal manifestations. We administered an integrated therapy to an MPS-IVA 41-year-old male patient, composed of zoledronic acid, cholecalciferol and a normocalcemic (calcium intake ≥1 g/day), hyposodic (sodium intake ≤5 g/day), and normocaloric diet (bone-diet), other than ERT. During the six-year follow-up, the patient did not develop any adverse events, obtaining an improvement of bone mineral density and quality of life. Given our results, we propose this integrated treatment (i.e. ERT, zoledronic acid, cholecalciferol, and bone diet) in the management of MPS-IVA adult patients., Learning Points: Mucopolysaccharidosis type IVA (MPS-IVA) is a genetic, rare, and degenerative spondylo-epiphyso-metaphyseal dysplasia characterized by extra-skeletal and skeletal manifestations. The latter impacts on MPS-IVA patient daily activities, and enzyme replacement therapy has a poor efficacy in improving skeletal involvement.The proposed integrated management with enzyme replacement therapy, zoledronic acid, cholecalciferol and bone diet improve both bone mineral density and the prognosis quoad valetudinem of our MPS-IVA patient., Competing Interests: Conflicts of Interests: The Authors declare that there are no competing interests., (© EFIM 2024.)

Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. The authors declared that they were an editorial board member of Frontiers, at the time of submission. This had no impact on the peer review process and the final decision.

Individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are often characterized by food-selectivity, food-neophobia and a marked preference for mild flavor, semi-liquid foods with pale colors. Therefore, they adopt a monotonous dietary pattern, and they prefer ultra-processed food, leading to a high risk of developing malnutrition. In Italy, where 75,072 individuals are diagnosed with ASD, center-based services play a crucial role in their daily management. Despite the centrality of nutrition in maintaining a good state of health, even more for vulnerable subjects, no validated protocol at collective catering level has been developed yet. The manuscript presents customized dietary recommendations aimed at managing the meals for individuals with ASD at collective catering service, derived from a non-systematic literature review exploring food behaviors and nutritional needs in individuals with ASD. Simple practical tips for mealtimes, such as eating together, proper seating, lighting, smell control, presenting food in a simple manner and using the same type of tableware at each meal, to meet the needs of individuals with ASD, were described. The proposal could represent a starting point in developing official guidelines aimed at ASD individuals, in collective catering service.Level of Evidence: Level V., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) and major bleeding (MB) are life-threatening complications described in COVID-19 hospitalized patients, and they can be considered two sides of the same coin. This retrospective study aims to evaluate the risk factors for VTE and MB in COVID-19 patients admitted to two Italian hospitals. The medical records of all COVID-19 patients (males 139; 62.3%, mean age 67.2±13.6 years, body weight 88.2±20.6 kg) hospitalized from March 11th to July 31st, 2020, at the Federico II University Hospital and the Sea Hospital, Naples, Italy, were analyzed. The COVID-19 patients were classified into four groups: COVID-19 patients developing VTE and/or MB, COVID-19 patients developing only VTE, COVID-19 patients developing only MB, and COVID-19 patients not developing either VTE or MB. During the hospitalization, 53 COVID-19 patients (24.7%; males 40; 75.5%, mean age 67.2±13.6 years, weight 88.2±20.6 kg) developed VTE, 33 COVID-19 patients (15.3%; males 17; 51.5, mean age 67.3±14.9 years, weight 74.1±14.3 kg) developed MB, and 129 COVID-19 patients did not develop either TVP or MB. No parameters to identify severe COVID-19 complicated by VTE and/or MB were found. However, some clinical and biochemical parameters can be evaluated to predict the risk of MB in order to modify the treatment and take prompt action to reduce mortality.

Hypertension (Htn) is a crucial cause of cardio-vascular and chronic kidney disease. Moreover, it is an independent risk factor for nephrolithiasis (NL). A diet rich in vegetables and fruits is indicated for both Htn and NL prevention, and the 24-h urinary potassium excretion can be used as a warning light for adherence. The aim of this study is to demonstrate the association between urinary potassium excretion and recurrent nephrolithiasis among patients affected by Htn. We have analyzed medical records of 119 patients affected by Htn and NL (SF-Hs) referring to Bone and Mineral Metabolism laboratory and 119 patients affected by Htn but without NL (nSF-Hs) referring to Hypertension and Organ Damage Hypertension related laboratory, both in Federico II University of Naples. The potassium 24-h urinary levels in SF-Hs were significantly lower compared to nSF-Hs. This difference was confirmed by the multivariable linear regression analysis in the unadjusted model and adjusted model for age, gender, metabolic syndrome, and body mass index. In conclusion, a higher potassium urinary excretion in 24-h is a protective factor against NL in patients affected by Htn and dietary interventions can be considered for kidney protection., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Stroke recurrence significantly improves the prognosis quoad vitam et valetudinem of patients with a first ischemic or haemorrhagic stroke. Other than in bone and skeletal metabolism, vitamin D is involved in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disorders. This meta-analysis was performed to evaluate the relationship between 25OH-vitamin D [25(OH)D] levels at the first stroke and the stroke recurrence. To 31 July 2022, four prospective studies were identified. The potential non-linear relationship was evaluated by modelling 25(OH)D, using restricted cubic splines of 25(OH)D distribution. The pooled estimated risk (and 95% CI) of the recurrence of stroke, comparing the highest and the lowest levels, was assessed using a random-effect model. A non-linear association was found by dose-response analysis. This study found that 25(OH)D levels at the first stroke ≥9.3 ng/mL were associated with a lower risk of stroke recurrence, compared with 25(OH)D levels ≤8.5 ng/mL. In the pooled analysis, higher 25(OH)D levels at the first stroke significantly reduce the risk of stroke recurrence, with a significant heterogeneity among studies. In conclusion, 25(OH)D levels ≤8.5 ng/mL at the first stroke are significantly associated with a higher risk of recurrent stroke.

Child and Adolescent Obesity: WHAT ASSESSMENT? The prescription of laboratory tests or imaging in obese children and adolescents should be guided by the clinical features. It recognizes two main objectives: to eliminate a differential diagnosis (in particular, due to hypercorticism or hypothyroidism) and to detect the presence of comorbidities, assuming that some complications of obesity in adults can be sometimes present even in young age., Competing Interests: L’auteur déclare n’avoir aucun lien d’intérêts.

Background: In the past decades, the abandonment of traditional land use practices has determined landscape changes inducing reforestation dynamics. This phenomenon can be contrasted with rewilding practices, i.e. , the reintroduction of animals that may promote the recovery of landscape diversity. In this study, we explore the dynamics of expansion of two reintroduced populations of wild ungulates, Italian roe deer ( Capreolus capreolus italicus ) and red deer ( Cervus elaphus ), assessing their contribution in the recovery of landscape diversity., Methods: By using direct and indirect information on the two species, collected by nocturnal and diurnal surveys and camera trapping, we modelled a habitat suitability map, and estimated the density and distribution of the populations. We also performed a land use changes analysis, combining the presence of wild ungulates and livestock., Results and Discussion: We demonstrated that deer dispersed gradually from their release location, increasing in population size, and this occurred in the entire study area. Moreover, we show that areas with lower grazing density are significantly affected by forest encroachment. A possible interpretation of this result could be that wild grazers (roe deer and red deer) prefer semi-open areas surrounded by the forest. This, in association with other factors, such as domestic grazing, could be one of the main responsible in maintaining landscape mosaic typical of the Apennine mountain, confirming the value of grazers as a landscape management tool. Moreover, we show the possibility to conserve through reintroduction the vulnerable C.c. italicus ., Competing Interests: The authors declare there are no competing interests., (©2022 Rivieccio et al.)

Context: Tumor-induced osteomalacia (TIO) is a rare paraneoplastic syndrome, usually caused by small, benign, and slow-growing phosphaturic mesenchymal tumors. Clinically, TIO is characterized by renal phosphate leak, causing hypophosphatemia and osteomalacia. This review was performed to assess the clinical characteristics of TIO patients described worldwide so far., Evidence Acquisition: On June 26, 2021, a systematic search was performed in Medline, Google Scholar, Google book, and Cochrane Library using the terms: "tumor induced osteomalacia," "oncogenic osteomalacia," "hypophosphatemia." There were no language restrictions. This review was performed according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses criteria., Evidence Results: Overall, 1725 TIO cases were collected. TIO was more frequent in adult men, who showed a higher incidence of fractures compared with TIO women. The TIO-causing neoplasms were identified in 1493 patients. The somatostatin receptor-based imaging modalities have the highest sensitivity for the identification of TIO-causing neoplasms. TIO-causing neoplasms were equally located in bone and soft tissues; the latter showed a higher prevalence of fractures and deformities. The surgery is the preferred TIO definitive treatment (successful in > 90% of patients). Promising nonsurgical therapies are treatments with burosumab in TIO patients with elevated fibroblast growth factor-23 levels, and with radiolabeled somatostatin analogs in patients with TIO-causing neoplasm identified by somatostatin receptor-based imaging techniques., Conclusion: TIO occurs preferentially in adult men. The TIO clinical expressiveness is more severe in men as well as in patients with TIO-causing neoplasms located in soft tissues. Treatments with burosumab and with radiolabeled somatostatin analogs are the most promising nonsurgical therapies., (© The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Endocrine Society. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Turner syndrome (TS; ORPHA 881) is a rare condition in which all or part of one X chromosome is absent from some or all cells. It affects approximately one in every 1/2500 liveborn girls. The most frequently observed karyotypes are 45,X (40-50%) and the 45,X/46,XX mosaic karyotype (15-25%). Karyotypes with an X isochromosome (45,X/46,isoXq or 45,X/46,isoXp), a Y chromosome, X ring chromosome or deletions of the X chromosome are less frequent. The objective of the French National Diagnosis and Care Protocol (PNDS; Protocole National de Diagnostic et de Soins) is to provide health professionals with information about the optimal management and care for patients, based on a critical literature review and multidisciplinary expert consensus. The PNDS, written by members of the French National Reference Center for Rare Growth and Developmental Endocrine disorders, is available from the French Health Authority website. Turner Syndrome is associated with several phenotypic conditions and a higher risk of comorbidity. The most frequently reported features are growth retardation with short adult stature and gonadal dysgenesis. TS may be associated with various congenital (heart and kidney) or acquired diseases (autoimmune thyroid disease, celiac disease, hearing loss, overweight/obesity, glucose intolerance/type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, cardiovascular complications and liver dysfunction). Most of the clinical traits of TS are due to the haploinsufficiency of various genes on the X chromosome, particularly those in the pseudoautosomal regions (PAR 1 and PAR 2), which normally escape the physiological process of X inactivation, although other regions may also be implicated. The management of patients with TS requires collaboration between several healthcare providers. The attending physician, in collaboration with the national care network, will ensure that the patient receives optimal care through regular follow-up and screening. The various elements of this PNDS are designed to provide such support., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

The aim of this mini-review is to present the current knowledge on iodine requirements in developmental age, from conception to adolescence. It is based on the analysis of updated national and international guidelines on iodine intake and the prevention of iodine deficiency. Health policy initiatives carried out in industrialized countries in previous decades have led to a dramatic improvement in nutritional iodine status in the general population. However, the prevention of iodine deficit continues to be a concern, especially for vulnerable categories, like adolescents and pregnant women., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Iannuzzo, Campanozzi, Trevisani, Rutigliano, Abate, Rendina and De Filippo.)

The vitamin D and microRNA (miR) systems may play a role in the pathogenesis of cardiometabolic disorders, including hypertension. The HYPODD study was a double-blind placebo-controlled trial aiming to assess the effects of cholecalciferol treatment in patients with well-controlled hypertension and hypovitaminosis D (25OHD levels < 50 nmol/L). In addition to this clinical trial, we also evaluated the effects of cholecalciferol and calcitriol treatment on miR-21 expression in vivo and in vitro, respectively. Changes in the cardiovascular risk profiles were evaluated in HYPODD patients treated with cholecalciferol (C-cohort) or with placebo (P-cohort). The miR-21circulating levels were measured in four C-cohort patients and five P-cohort patients. In vitro, the miR-21 levels were measured in HEK-293 cells treated with calcitriol or with ethanol vehicle control. Cholecalciferol treatment increased 25OHD levels and reduced parathormone, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in C-cohort patients, whereas no significant changes in these parameters were observed in P-cohort patients. The miR-21 circulating levels did not change in the C- or the P-cohort patients upon treatment. Calcitriol treatment did not affect miR-21 levels in HEK-293 cells. In conclusion, hypovitaminosis D correction ameliorated the cardiovascular risk profiles in hypertensive patients treated with cholecalciferol but did not influence the miR-21 expression.

Background: Constitutional delay of growth and puberty (CDGP) is classified as the most frequent cause of delayed puberty (DP). Finding out the etiology of DP during first evaluation may be a challenge. In details, pediatricians often cannot differentiate CDGP from permanent hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (PHH), with definitive diagnosis of PHH awaiting lack of puberty by age 18 yr. Neverthless, the ability in providing a precise and tempestive diagnosis has important clinical consequences., Main Text: A growth failure in adolescents with CDGP may occur until the onset of puberty; after that the growth rate increases with rapidity. Bone age is typically delayed. CDGP is generally a diagnosis of exclusion. Nevertheless, other causes of DP must be evaluated. A family history including timing of puberty in the mother and in the father as well as physical examination may givee information on the cause of DP. Patients with transient delay in hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis maturation due to associated conditions, such as celiac disease, inflammatory bowel diseases, kidney insufficiency and anorexia nervosa, may experience a functional hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. PHH revealing testosterone or estradiol low serum values and reduced FSH and LH levels may be connected to abnormalities in the central nervous system. So, magnetic resonance imaging is required in order to exclude either morphological alterations or neoplasia. If the adolescent with CDGP meets psychological difficulties, treatment is recommended., Conclusion: Even if CDGP is considered a variant of normal growth rather than a disease, short stature and retarded sexual development may led to psychological problems, sometimes associated to a poor academic performance. A prompt and precise diagnosis has an important clinical outcome. Aim of this mini-review is throwing light on management of patients with CDGP, emphasizing the adolescent diagnosis and trying to answer all questions from paediatricians., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

A number of different phenomena in pigeon visual cognition suggest that pigeons do not immediately recognize two identical objects in different locations as being "the same." To examine this question directly, pigeons were trained in an absolute go/no-go discrimination between arbitrary selections from sets of 16 images of paintings by Claude Monet. Of the eight positive stimuli, four always appeared in the same location, whereas the other four appeared equally often in each of two locations; the same was true of the negative stimuli. There was a consistent tendency for stimuli that appeared in a single position to be better discriminated than those that appeared in two positions, although by the end of training this effect was confined to negative stimuli. This result suggests that, for a pigeon, an image's location is one of the bundle of features that define it, and that pigeons need to learn to abstract from that feature rather than doing so automatically. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).