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To improve storage and transmission, images are generally compressed. Vector quantization (VQ) is a popular compression method as it has a high compression ratio that suppresses other compression techniques. Despite this, existing adversarial attack methods on image classification are mostly performed in the pixel domain with few exceptions in the compressed domain, making them less applicable in real-world scenarios. In this paper, we propose a novel one-index attack method in the VQ domain to generate adversarial images by a differential evolution algorithm, successfully resulting in image misclassification in victim models. The one-index attack method modifies a single index in the compressed data stream so that the decompressed image is misclassified. It only needs to modify a single VQ index to realize an attack, which limits the number of perturbed indexes. The proposed method belongs to a semi-black-box attack, which is more in line with the actual attack scenario. We apply our method to attack three popular image classification models, i.e., Resnet, NIN, and VGG16. On average, 55.9% and 77.4% of the images in CIFAR-10 and Fashion MNIST, respectively, are successfully attacked, with a high level of misclassification confidence and a low level of image perturbation.

We present a particle tracking method for unstructured meshes in two and three dimensions. Our tracking algorithm is based on a patch searching and includes two steps. We first locate the given point to a patch near a vertex, and then the host element is determined within the patch domain. We prove that the patch in the first step can be rapidly identified by constructing an auxiliary Cartesian grid with a prescribed resolution. Then, the second step can be converted into a searching problem, which can be easily solved by searching algorithms. Only coordinates to particles are required in our method. We conduct a series of numerical tests in two and three dimensions to illustrate the robustness and efficiency in our method.

Image inpainting, or image completion, is a crucial task in computer vision that aims to restore missing or damaged regions of images with semantically coherent content. This technique requires a precise balance of local texture replication and global contextual understanding to ensure the restored image integrates seamlessly with its surroundings. Traditional methods using Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) are effective at capturing local patterns but often struggle with broader contextual relationships due to the limited receptive fields. Recent advancements have incorporated transformers, leveraging their ability to understand global interactions. However, these methods face computational inefficiencies and struggle to maintain fine-grained details. To overcome these challenges, we introduce MxT composed of the proposed Hybrid Module (HM), which combines Mamba with the transformer in a synergistic manner. Mamba is adept at efficiently processing long sequences with linear computational costs, making it an ideal complement to the transformer for handling long-scale data interactions. Our HM facilitates dual-level interaction learning at both pixel and patch levels, greatly enhancing the model to reconstruct images with high quality and contextual accuracy. We evaluate MxT on the widely-used CelebA-HQ and Places2-standard datasets, where it consistently outperformed existing state-of-the-art methods. The code will be released: {\url{https://github.com/ChrisChen1023/MxT}}.

Video inpainting fills in corrupted video content with plausible replacements. While recent advances in endoscopic video inpainting have shown potential for enhancing the quality of endoscopic videos, they mainly repair 2D visual information without effectively preserving crucial 3D spatial details for clinical reference. Depth-aware inpainting methods attempt to preserve these details by incorporating depth information. Still, in endoscopic contexts, they face challenges including reliance on pre-acquired depth maps, less effective fusion designs, and ignorance of the fidelity of 3D spatial details. To address them, we introduce a novel Depth-aware Endoscopic Video Inpainting (DAEVI) framework. It features a Spatial-Temporal Guided Depth Estimation module for direct depth estimation from visual features, a Bi-Modal Paired Channel Fusion module for effective channel-by-channel fusion of visual and depth information, and a Depth Enhanced Discriminator to assess the fidelity of the RGB-D sequence comprised of the inpainted frames and estimated depth images. Experimental evaluations on established benchmarks demonstrate our framework's superiority, achieving a 2% improvement in PSNR and a 6% reduction in MSE compared to state-of-the-art methods. Qualitative analyses further validate its enhanced ability to inpaint fine details, highlighting the benefits of integrating depth information into endoscopic inpainting., Comment: Accepted by MICCAI 2024

Cameras are essential vision instruments to capture images for pattern detection and measurement. Human-object interaction (HOI) detection is one of the most popular pattern detection approaches for captured human-centric visual scenes. Recently, Transformer-based models have become the dominant approach for HOI detection due to their advanced network architectures and thus promising results. However, most of them follow the one-stage design of vanilla Transformer, leaving rich geometric priors under-exploited and leading to compromised performance especially when occlusion occurs. Given that geometric features tend to outperform visual ones in occluded scenarios and offer information that complements visual cues, we propose a novel end-to-end Transformer-style HOI detection model, i.e., geometric features enhanced HOI detector (GeoHOI). One key part of the model is a new unified self-supervised keypoint learning method named UniPointNet that bridges the gap of consistent keypoint representation across diverse object categories, including humans. GeoHOI effectively upgrades a Transformer-based HOI detector benefiting from the keypoints similarities measuring the likelihood of human-object interactions as well as local keypoint patches to enhance interaction query representation, so as to boost HOI predictions. Extensive experiments show that the proposed method outperforms the state-of-the-art models on V-COCO and achieves competitive performance on HICO-DET. Case study results on the post-disaster rescue with vision-based instruments showcase the applicability of the proposed GeoHOI in real-world applications., Comment: Accepted to IEEE TIM

Large language models (LLMs) have shown promising efficacy across various tasks, becoming powerful tools in numerous aspects of human life. However, Transformer-based LLMs suffer a performance degradation when modeling long-term contexts due to they discard some information to reduce computational overhead. In this work, we propose a simple yet effective method to enable LLMs to take a deep breath, encouraging them to summarize information contained within discrete text chunks. Specifically, we segment the text into multiple chunks and insert special token at the end of each chunk. We then modify the attention mask to integrate the chunk's information into the corresponding token. This facilitates LLMs to interpret information not only from historical individual tokens but also from the token, aggregating the chunk's semantic information. Experiments on language modeling and out-of-domain downstream tasks validate the superiority of our approach.

Fine urban change segmentation using multi-temporal remote sensing images is essential for understanding human-environment interactions in urban areas. Although there have been advances in high-quality land cover datasets that reveal the physical features of urban landscapes, the lack of fine-grained land use datasets hinders a deeper understanding of how human activities are distributed across the landscape and the impact of these activities on the environment, thus constraining proper technique development. To address this, we introduce FUSU, the first fine-grained land use change segmentation dataset for Fine-grained Urban Semantic Understanding. FUSU features the most detailed land use classification system to date, with 17 classes and 30 billion pixels of annotations. It includes bi-temporal high-resolution satellite images with 0.2-0.5 m ground sample distance and monthly optical and radar satellite time series, covering 847 km^2 across five urban areas in the southern and northern of China with different geographical features. The fine-grained land use pixel-wise annotations and high spatial-temporal resolution data provide a robust foundation for developing proper deep learning models to provide contextual insights on human activities and urbanization. To fully leverage FUSU, we propose a unified time-series architecture for both change detection and segmentation. We benchmark FUSU on various methods for several tasks. Dataset and code are available at: https://github.com/yuanshuai0914/FUSU.

The remarkable performance of Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) has unequivocally demonstrated their proficient understanding capabilities in handling a wide array of visual tasks. Nevertheless, the opaque nature of their black-box reasoning processes persists as an enigma, rendering them uninterpretable and struggling with hallucination. Their ability to execute intricate compositional reasoning tasks is also constrained, culminating in a stagnation of learning progression for these models. In this work, we introduce Fact, a novel paradigm designed to generate multimodal rationales that are faithful, concise, and transferable for teaching MLLMs. This paradigm utilizes verifiable visual programming to generate executable code guaranteeing faithfulness and precision. Subsequently, through a series of operations including pruning, merging, and bridging, the rationale enhances its conciseness. Furthermore, we filter rationales that can be transferred to end-to-end paradigms from programming paradigms to guarantee transferability. Empirical evidence from experiments demonstrates the superiority of our method across models of varying parameter sizes, significantly enhancing their compositional reasoning and generalization ability. Our approach also reduces hallucinations owing to its high correlation between images and text.

In the last years, Infrared Reflection-Absorption Spectroscopy (IRRAS) became a standard technique to study vibrational excitations of molecules. These investigations are strongly motivated by perspective applications in monitoring chemical processes. For a better understanding of the adsorption mechanism of molecules on dielectrics, the polarization-dependence of an interaction of infrared light with adsorbates at dielectric surfaces is commonly used. Thus, the peak positions in absorption spectra could be different for s- and p-polarized light. This shift between the peak positions depends on both the molecule itself and the dielectric substrate. While the origin of this shift is well understood for infinite two-dimensional adsorbate layers, finite-size samples, which consist of 2D islands of a small number of molecules, have never been considered. Here, we present a study on polarization-dependent finite-size effects in the optical response of such islands on dielectric substrates. The study uses a multi-scale modeling approach that connects quantum chemistry calculations to Maxwell scattering simulations. We distinguish the optical response of a single molecule, a finite number of molecules, and a two-dimensional adsorbate layer. We analyze CO and CO$_2$ molecules deposited on CeO$_2$ and Al$_2$O$_3$ substrates. The evolution of the shift between the polarization-dependent absorbance peaks is firstly studied for a single molecule, which it does not exhibit for at all, and for finite molecular islands, which it increases with increasing island size for, as well as for an infinite two-dimensional adsorbate layer. In the latter case, the agreement between the obtained results and the experimental IRRAS data and more traditional three/four-layer-model theoretical studies supports the predictive power of the multi-scale approach.

Existing image inpainting methods leverage convolution-based downsampling approaches to reduce spatial dimensions. This may result in information loss from corrupted images where the available information is inherently sparse, especially for the scenario of large missing regions. Recent advances in self-attention mechanisms within transformers have led to significant improvements in many computer vision tasks including inpainting. However, limited by the computational costs, existing methods cannot fully exploit the efficacy of long-range modelling capabilities of such models. In this paper, we propose an end-to-end High-quality INpainting Transformer, abbreviated as HINT, which consists of a novel mask-aware pixel-shuffle downsampling module (MPD) to preserve the visible information extracted from the corrupted image while maintaining the integrity of the information available for high-level inferences made within the model. Moreover, we propose a Spatially-activated Channel Attention Layer (SCAL), an efficient self-attention mechanism interpreting spatial awareness to model the corrupted image at multiple scales. To further enhance the effectiveness of SCAL, motivated by recent advanced in speech recognition, we introduce a sandwich structure that places feed-forward networks before and after the SCAL module. We demonstrate the superior performance of HINT compared to contemporary state-of-the-art models on four datasets, CelebA, CelebA-HQ, Places2, and Dunhuang.

Transformer-based large language model (LLM) inference serving is now the backbone of many cloud services. LLM inference consists of a prefill phase and a decode phase. However, existing LLM deployment practices often overlook the distinct characteristics of these phases, leading to significant interference. To mitigate interference, our insight is to carefully schedule and group inference requests based on their characteristics. We realize this idea in TetriInfer through three pillars. First, it partitions prompts into fixed-size chunks so that the accelerator always runs close to its computationsaturated limit. Second, it disaggregates prefill and decode instances so each can run independently. Finally, it uses a smart two-level scheduling algorithm augmented with predicted resource usage to avoid decode scheduling hotspots. Results show that TetriInfer improves time-to-first-token (TTFT), job completion time (JCT), and inference efficiency in turns of performance per dollar by a large margin, e.g., it uses 38% less resources all the while lowering average TTFT and average JCT by 97% and 47%, respectively.

Integer-valued time series exist widely in economics, finance, biology, computer science, medicine, insurance, and many other fields. In recent years, many types of models have been proposed to model integer-valued time series data, in which the integer autoregressive model and integer-valued GARCH model are the most representative. Although there have been many results of integer-valued time series data, the parameters of integer-valued time series model structure are more complicated. This paper is dedicated to proposing a new simple integer-valued GARCH model. First, the Bell integer-valued GARCH model is given based on Bell distribution. Then, the conditional maximum likelihood estimation method is used to obtain the estimators of parameters. Later, numerical simulations confirm the finite sample properties of the estimation of unknown parameters. Finally, the model is applied in the two real examples. Compared with the existing models, the proposed model is more simple and applicable., Comment: 16 pages,4 figures

In this paper, we study the destabilization of synchronous periodic solutions for patch models. By applying perturbation theory for matrices, we derive asymptotic expressions of the Floquet spectra and provide a destabilization criterion for synchronous periodic solutions arising from closed orbits or degenerate Hopf bifurcations in terms of period functions. Finally, we apply the main results to the well-known two-patch Holling-Tanner model.

We study the compactification of nonautonomous systems with autonomous limits and related dynamics. Although the $C^{1}$ extension of the compactification was well established, a great number of problems arising in bifurcation and stability analysis require the compactified systems with high-order smoothness. Inspired by this, we give a criterion for the $C^{k}$ ($k\geq 2$) extension of the compactification. After compactifying nonautonomous systems, the compactified systems may gain an additional center direction. We prove the existence and uniqueness of center or center-stable manifolds for general compact invariant sets including normally hyperbolic invariant manifolds and admissible sets., Comment: Welcome comments

We present a software that predicts non-cleft facial images for patients with cleft lip, thereby facilitating the understanding, awareness and discussion of cleft lip surgeries. To protect patients privacy, we design a software framework using image inpainting, which does not require cleft lip images for training, thereby mitigating the risk of model leakage. We implement a novel multi-task architecture that predicts both the non-cleft facial image and facial landmarks, resulting in better performance as evaluated by surgeons. The software is implemented with PyTorch and is usable with consumer-level color images with a fast prediction speed, enabling effective deployment.

We study the spectra for a class of differential operators with asymptotically constant coefficients.These operators widely arise as the linearizations of nonlinear partial differential equations about patterns or nonlinear waves. We present a unified framework to prove the perturbation results on the related spectra. The proof is based on exponential dichotomies and the Brouwer degree theory. As applications, we employ the developed theory to study the stability of quasi-periodic solutions of the Ginzburg-Landau equation,fold-Hopf bifurcating periodic solutions of reaction-diffusion systems coupled with ordinary differential equations, and periodic annulus of the hyperbolic Burgers-Fisher model., Comment: 22 pages

A Cleft lip is a congenital abnormality requiring surgical repair by a specialist. The surgeon must have extensive experience and theoretical knowledge to perform surgery, and Artificial Intelligence (AI) method has been proposed to guide surgeons in improving surgical outcomes. If AI can be used to predict what a repaired cleft lip would look like, surgeons could use it as an adjunct to adjust their surgical technique and improve results. To explore the feasibility of this idea while protecting patient privacy, we propose a deep learning-based image inpainting method that is capable of covering a cleft lip and generating a lip and nose without a cleft. Our experiments are conducted on two real-world cleft lip datasets and are assessed by expert cleft lip surgeons to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed method., Comment: 4 pages, 2 figures, BHI 2022