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This study is concerned with the central issues of community service engagement (CSE) in 21st century democratic societies around the world. To examine the factors influencing postsecondary education attainment’s relationship to CSE, this study utilized data from the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries using ordinary least square (OLS) and two-level hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) methods, including various factors for each country’s individual and country levels. The results show that attainment in postsecondary education at the individual level and investment and enrollments in tertiary education both have an influence on increasing CSE in 18 OECD countries. The present study is expected to contribute to an understanding of the relationship between postsecondary education and CSE across the world.

Eine migrationsbedingte erneute Bildungsteilnahme ist in hohem Maße widersprüchlich: Das Unvermögen auf institutioneller Seite, im Ausland erworbene Kompetenznachweise in inländische zu übersetzen, zwingt Migrant*innen, trotz Fachkräftemangel und abgeschlossener beruflicher Qualifikation, erneut an Bildungsmaßnahmen teilzunehmen. Die Autorin spürt diese institutionellen Schranken in Deutschland auf und nimmt dafür Bildungsbiografien über Grenzen hinweg in den Blick. Das "Re-" der Qualifizierung ist ein Zurück, ein Wieder und - im Sinne einer Bildungsteilnahme erwachsener Zugewanderter in Deutschland - auch ein Wider, eine Navigation, die quer zu vorgegebenen Bahnen liegt.

Educational expansion and the closing of gender gaps in education are key objectives in national and international policy agendas. Monitoring progress towards these goals requires comparable data across countries and over time. The availability of international census and survey microdata allows for cross-national comparisons of education participation and completion. However, we lack systematic analyses of how trends vary across data sources and of the extent to which these data sources offer a consistent account of progress in education. In this paper, we examine coherence in estimates of educational attainment among women aged 25 to 29 in 75 countries across the three main repositories of international population microdata: IPUMS International, the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) and the Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS). Coherence analysis of 535 census and survey observations from 1960 to 2017 shows high levels of consistency overall but also identifies observations misaligned with trends. Results provide practical information to the research community about the validity of comparative investigations using three important data sources for demographic studies. The data also serve as benchmarks for assessing the quality of education information obtained in data sources not included in our analysis and the trend alignment of future estimates.

This chapter aims at assessing the Not in Employment, Education or Training (NEET) youth in Germany, where one finds a strong institutionalized apprenticeship system, a relatively high stratification of the educational system and a gendered vocational education and training system. The dependent variable is the occupational status at the age of 30 measured by the International Socio-Economic Index of Occupational Status. The independent variables are the socio-economic background information and the NEET patterns or respectively the cumulative NEET length. Germany constitutes an interesting case when looking at the longitudinal patterns of youths who experience NEET periods, for several reasons. In international comparison, the connection between education system and the labour market in Germany is quite structured.

We examined trends in the incidence and correlates of educational and skill mismatch in the United States. We focused on trends over time in the associations between various types of mismatch and a range of factors including contextual conditions. We explored whether contextual conditions at the transitional period from school to jobs increase or decrease the probability of mismatch and whether such relationships persist throughout the working career. Our central questions were how the incidence of and relationship between educational and skill mismatch in the U.S. changed between 1994, 2003, and 2012 and how this differed by age, gender, immigration status, educational attainment, and occupation. We used three cross-sectional surveys that had not previously been implemented for such an effort. These were the International Adult Literacy Survey (IALS) in 1994, the Adult Literacy and Life-skills (ALL) survey in 2003, and the Program for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC) in 2012. Repeated cross-sectional data provided us with substantial analytic leverage. Our findings point toward the key role of occupational or positional factors rather than individual worker characteristics as being most implicated in trends in mismatch. We describe the importance of our results for labor market theories.

This article addresses the impact of economic climate, and particularly of the Great Recession, on the configuration of educational expectations among students around 14 years old. We analyze expectations regarding educational attainment conditional on school performance and compare our results across countries with varying levels of economic growth over time. We expect a changing economic environment to impact on (a) the average level of educational expectations, (b) the association between social background and expectations, and (c) the association between school grades and expectations. Using pooled data from TIMSS for the years 2003, 2007 and 2011 among 8th graders for 24 developed countries, we estimate a set of country-fixed effects and hierarchical random-slope linear regression models. Most notably, our results indicate that economic down times depress educational expectations, especially among average-performing students, and lead to a growth in educational inequalities by family background.

Die Corona-bedingten Schulschließungen sowie die Schließung von Kinderbetreuungseinrichtungen im April und Mai 2020 haben viele Eltern vor eine immense Herausforderung gestellt. Plötzlich mussten Kinder ganztags Zuhause betreut und beschult werden. In diesem Beitrag beschäftigen wir uns mit der Frage nach der subjektiven Belastung, der sich Eltern durch die Beschulung ihrer Kinder Zuhause ausgesetzt sahen. Hierbei legen wir ein besonderes Augenmerk auf die individuelle Ressourcenausstattung der Eltern sowie auf ihre familiäre Situation und ihr Erwerbsleben. Insbesondere untersuchen wir das subjektive Belastungsempfinden alleinerziehender Eltern. Für unsere Analysen nutzen wir die Daten der SOEP-CoV Studie, einer Sonderbefragung an Panelteilnehmern des Sozio-Oekonomischen Panels (SOEP) zum Thema Corona. Insgesamt konnten wir bei allen befragten Eltern (N = 1508, davon N = 243 alleinerziehend) eine mäßige Belastung durch die Anforderungen der Beschulung ihrer Kinder Zuhause ausmachen. Besonders belastet fühlten sich jedoch Eltern mit einem niedrigen Bildungsabschluss und alleinerziehende Eltern, insbesondere wenn sie zur Zeit der Schulschließungen erwerbstätig waren. Unsere Analysen legen nahe, dass gerade diese Elterngruppen Probleme hatten, den Anforderungen, die eine Beschulung Zuhause mit sich bringt, unter den gegebenen Umständen umfassend nachzukommen., The Corona-related school closures and the closure of childcare facilities in April and May 2020 meant an immense challenge for many parents. Suddenly, children had to be looked after and educated at home all day. In this paper, we address the question of the subjective burden that parents faced when schooling their children at home. In doing so, we pay special attention to the individual resources of the parents as well as to their family situation and their working life. In particular, we examine the subjective perception of stress of single parents. For our analyses we use data from the SOEP-CoV study, a special survey of the Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) on the topic of Corona. Overall, we found moderate levels of stress from the demands of schooling their children at home among all parents surveyed (N = 1508, of which N = 243 were single parents). However, parents with a low level of education and single parents felt particularly burdened, especially if they were employed at the time of the school closures. Our analyses suggest that precisely these groups of parents had problems comprehensively meeting the demands of home schooling under the given circumstances.

Erste Analysen der PIAAC-Daten weisen auf die hohe Relevanz des formalen Bildungssystems für den Aufbau der Schlüsselkompetenzen Lesen und Alltagsmathematik hin (vgl. Statistik Austria, 2013). Vor dem Hintergrund der Relevanz des Kompetenzerwerbs in der frühen Kindheit (vgl. Heckman, 2013) legt dieser Beitrag den Fokus bereits auf den Beginn der vorschulischen Betreuung und Erziehung, also den Kindergarten, und untersucht in einem nächsten Schritt die schulischen Bildungswege auf der Sekundarstufe I und II und deren Zusammenhang mit den bei PIAAC gemessenen Schlüsselkompetenzen.

Die sich hierzulande an Haupt- und Sekundarschulen unter Jugendlichen herausbildende schulische Gegenkultur zeichnet sich durch eine Ablehnung institutioneller Verhaltensnormen sowie eine symbolische Prämierung von anti-schulischen Haltungen aus. Doch in diesem Gestus der Auflehnung besteht gleichsam die Gefahr, dass rangniedrige Statuspositionen perpetuiert und sozialmoralische Vorurteile bestätigt werden. Paul Willis hat in den 1970er Jahren die jugendkulturelle Attraktivität und die statusbezogene Tragik dieser Counter-School-Culture in seinem Buch "Learning to Labor" beschrieben. Ich greife dieses Modell auf und übertrage es auf Schulen in Berlin-Neukölln und Wedding, in denen ich in den Jahren 2008/09 bzw. 2012/13 umfangreiche Feldforschungen durchgeführt habe. Dabei frage ich im ersten Teil nach den Auswirkungen veränderter, von Prekarisierung und Neoliberalisierung geprägter gesellschaftlicher Rahmenbedingungen und im zweiten Teil nach den neuen inhaltlichen Stoßrichtungen der schulischen Gegenkultur, die sich in den letzten Jahrzehnten aus einer ethnischen Unterschichtung und einer Kulturalisierung von Fragen sozialer Ungleichheit ergeben haben., The counter school culture that is developing among young people at secondary and lower secondary schools in Germany is characterized by a rejection of bourgeois values and institutional norms of behavior as well as a symbolic award for anti-school attitudes. But in this gesture of rebellion, there is a danger that low-ranking status positions are perpetuated and social-moral prejudices are confirmed. In the 1970s, Paul Willis used the English example to describe the attractiveness and tragedy of the counter school culture for young people in his book "Learning to Labor". I take up this model and transfer it to secondary schools in the Berlin districts of Wedding and Neukölln, where I conducted extensive field research in 2008/09 and 2012/13 respectively. In the first part, I ask about the effects of changed social conditions and in the second part about new topics of the school counterculture that have emerged in recent decades.