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Introduction: External injuries in elasmobranchs are frequent findings, either due to inter- or intraspecific interactions or as a result of interaction with human activities. However, the resilience of these species to traumatic injury remains poorly understood. This work provides an insight into the clinical presentation, diagnostic imaging, and pathological features of a severe traumatic injury to the cartilaginous skeleton of a spiny butterfly ray (Gymnura altavela). Methods: An adult female was found lethargic in the bottom of the coast of Gran Canaria, with an external incised-contused traumatic lesion of 2 cm diameter in the scapulocoracoid cartilage. It was captured and transferred to the Poema del Mar Aquarium for its clinical evaluation and treatment. Despite these efforts, the animal eventually died and was transfer to the Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety (IUSA) for its pathological diagnosis, including a Computed Tomography (CT) study and necropsy. Results: The animal presented a marked reduction in hematocrit and hepatosomatic index due a chronic debilitation process. The CT scan revealed a destructive lesion with irregular margins at the level of the right scapulocoracoid cartilage. The main pathological findings were the disorganization of the tesserae layer, appearing as whitish square to rectangular geometric pieces separated from the cartilaginous core. Histologically, these pieces of tesserae were separated from the unmineralized cartilage core and displaced from the adjacent perichondrium, where inflammatory cells infiltrate. Edema and hemorrhages were also observed. Conclusions: This study reports the first comprehensive description of skeleton trauma in a spiny butterfly ray, including the clinical presentation, diagnostic imaging and the anatomopathological features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Veterinary pathology credentials serve as a concise means attesting to educational attainments and experiences indicating a readiness for professional practice. Given the cost, time, and stress associated with obtaining different qualifications, pathologists must consider what credentials enhance their readiness. In this commentary, the authors describe how their various degrees and certifications have facilitated their individual and organizational success. The minimum credentials for proficient veterinary pathology practice are a veterinary medical degree (DVM or equivalent) and advanced pathology training (residency and/or on-the-job "apprenticeship") ideally culminating in board certification in pathology (American College of Veterinary Pathologists [ACVP] diplomate status or equivalent). Graduate degrees (MS, PhD, MPH, etc) and/or other qualifications in allied biomedical fields (eg, board certification in internal medicine, laboratory animal medicine, poultry medicine, preventive medicine, or toxicology) may improve employability by affirming specialty knowledge in another complementary discipline. The authors note that pathology positions may be obtained without a long list of degrees or certifications, and that more credentials may provide occupational flexibility for some employers. However, a good work ethic, experience in the field, ability to adapt to changes, job satisfaction, good attitude, and demonstrated productivity are also important, and indeed, they are often the paramount criteria for career success as a veterinary pathologist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Gunshot residues (GSR) are particles produced during the discharge of a firearm. The typical composition of GSR is lead, barium, and antimony. The aims of our study were to (1) investigate the gunshot wound morphology and lead residues in animals and (2) correlate the morphology of the gunshot wounds and the distribution of lead residues with the range of fire. To these aims, cadavers with antemortem and experimentally produced post-mortem gunshot wounds were investigated. Morphological analysis was performed on all entry gunshot wounds. Lead residues were evaluated using macroscopic and histological colorimetric tests. Animals that died of firearm-related injuries showed wounds characterized by an abrasion ring associated with signs of tissue vitality. Experimentally shot limbs showed injuries related to the shooting range. Lead was observed on both animals that died from gunshot wounds and experimentally shot limbs. However, the number of positive cases and the pattern of lead distribution varied with the range of fire. Our results suggest that both pathological examination and colorimetric tests represent valid tools for investigating gunshot wounds in veterinary forensic pathology. Gunshot wound morphology and gunshot residues (GSRs) evaluation have been poorly investigated in veterinary forensic pathology. The aims of the present study were to assess the gunshot wound morphology in animals and evaluate the detectability of lead deriving from GSRs using colorimetric techniques. To these aims, cadavers were divided into four different groups. Group A comprised eight animals who died from firearm-related injuries, while groups B and C included dog limbs shot using different shooting ranges; group D comprised dog limbs stabbed with a screwdriver. Morphological analysis was performed on all entry gunshot wounds. Lead residues were investigated using a Bullet Hole Testing Kit (BTK) and Rhodizonate Sodium histochemical staining (NaR-s). Gunshot wounds in group A showed an abrasion ring associated with hemorrhages and tissue necrosis. Groups B and C showed injuries related to the shooting range. NaR-s showed positive results in both animals that died from gunshot wounds and experimentally shot limbs. However, the number of positive cases and the pattern of lead distribution varied with the shooting range. Positive results by BTK were limited to close-contact shots in group B limbs. Our results suggest that both pathological examination and NaR tests represent valid tools for investigating gunshot wounds in veterinary pathology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Introduction Methods Results Conclusion Sporotrichosis is a chronic infectious mycosis caused by traumatic implantation of Sporothrix spp., which poses a significant challenge to public health because of its zoonotic nature. It affects humans and other animals, particularly cats. This study investigated epidemiological trends and spatial distribution of feline sporotrichosis in Espírito Santo between 2017 and 2022.This study collected diagnostic data on sporotrichosis from the Veterinary Pathology Laboratory and Center for Infectious Diseases in Espírito Santo from 2017 to 2022. Statistical analyses were performed using STATA and spatial analyses were performed using ArcGIS software to create maps and identify hotspots. Kernel density estimation and directional mean statistics were applied to visualise the disease concentration and transmission trends.The results showed a significant increase in feline sporotrichosis cases in Espírito Santo from 2017 to 2022, with hotspots identified in urban and densely populated areas. Anchieta, Aracruz and Vila Velha reported the highest numbers of cases. Spatial analysis indicated a spread towards the central and northern coastal regions.This study highlights the growing threat of feline sporotrichosis in Espírito Santo, Brazil, particularly in densely populated urban areas. This underscores the urgent need for comprehensive public health strategies that address urbanisation, human–animal interactions and managing stray cat populations. Effective control measures and enhanced surveillance are crucial to mitigate the spread of this zoonotic disease. Importantly, this study provides valuable insights into the epidemiology of sporotrichosis in Brazil and offers a framework for other regions identified as emerging hotspots that face similar challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the past two centuries, the use of traditional light microscopy to examine tissues to make diagnoses has remained relatively unchanged. While the fundamental concept of tissue slide analysis has stayed the same, our interaction with the microscope is undergoing significant changes. Digital pathology (DP) has gained momentum in veterinary science and is on the verge of becoming a vital tool in diagnostics, research and education. Many diagnostic laboratories have incorporated DP as a critical part of their workflows. Innovations in DP and whole slide image technology have made telediagnosis (the process of transmitting digital clinical data using telecommunication networks for distant diagnosis) more accessible, leading to improved patient care through streamlining of workflows and greater accessibility of second opinions. The integration of machine learning and artificial intelligence and human-in-the-loop protocols for DP workflows will further the development of computer-aided diagnosis and prognostic tools. Despite its present weaknesses, DP will progressively aid veterinary clinicians and pathologists in delivering more accurate and reliable diagnoses. Consistent incorporation of DP frontline advancements into routine veterinary diagnostic pipelines will assist in improving current tools and help prepare pathologists for the progression of digitalization in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Necropsy, the examination of animal carcasses to determine the cause of death, is an essential skill for many professionals. Traditional training methods, however, are costly and time-consuming. The article suggests that Web-based Augmented Reality (WebAR) can offer an immersive and cost-effective training experience for laboratory animal necropsy. It describes using photogrammetry techniques to create a virtual necropsy environment consisting of 10 necropsy steps. A questionnaire was used to evaluate the usability, educational value, and drawbacks of the designed application by students who tested it. The paper outlines best practices for developing WebAR simulations, including high-fidelity 3D models and interactive elements. Additionally, it presents methods for creating new WebAR applications using specific programs or scripts. This paper highlights the potential benefits of WebAR for laboratory animal necropsy training, emphasizing its accessibility, cost-effectiveness, and scalability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Heartworm disease is a severe and neglected cardiovascular condition in domestic ferrets. Isolated cases of natural infection have been previously reported. However, knowledge of the disease is still considered poor. An unsterilized 2-year-old domestic male ferret was diagnosed using a heartworm antigen test. The animal was asymptomatic and had a good physical appearance. A surgical transvenous extraction was performed, and two worms (one female and one male) were removed. The patient evolved favorably, and repeated diagnostic tests 35 days after surgery showed improvement in the parameters previously evaluated. This clinical case was the first in which it was possible to extract all the parasites from a ferret by endovascular therapy and improves the knowledge of the management of heartworm disease in ferrets. Heartworm disease caused by Dirofilaria immitis is a serious and underdiagnosed cardiovascular condition in domestic ferrets. Hemodynamic changes caused by parasitization in ferrets cause a potentially fatal syndrome, but its clinical findings and treatment have not yet been standardized. The objective of this study was to describe the clinical case of a successful surgical extraction in a ferret infected by D. immitis. The patient was a 2-year-old, 1.5 kg asymptomatic male domestic ferret. The infection was diagnosed using a commercial test for the detection of D. immitis antigens. Subsequently, their clinical status was evaluated using serological and imaging diagnostic tests, and it was finally decided to perform surgical extraction of the adult worms. The ferret was anesthetized and placed in the left lateral decubitus position to perform a venotomy in the right jugular vein. Endoscopic extraction basket-shaped devices were used in the right atrial cavity under fluoroscopic guidance following the Seldinger endovascular surgery technique. With careful handling, two adult parasites were manually removed. A transthoracic echocardiogram performed after the procedure confirmed the absence of heartworms. The ferret recovered without complications and was discharged within 24 h. In the clinical review, 30 days after surgery, no notable alterations or symptoms were observed. This case report describes the first complete surgical removal of adult D. immitis parasites in a naturally infected ferret. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three cats, aged 2 to 11 years, presented to the University of Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory over a 3-year period following euthanasia or death due to respiratory distress. Thoracic radiographs revealed nodular, soft tissue opacities throughout the lung fields in all cases. On postmortem examination, approximately 60% to 80% of the lung parenchyma were expanded by multifocal to coalescing, well-demarcated, beige, semi-firm nodules. Histologically, large numbers of neutrophils, fewer macrophages, fibrin, and cellular and karyorrhectic debris effaced the pulmonary parenchyma. The inflammatory foci contained aggregates of gram-negative cocci. 16s rRNA Sanger sequencing and whole-genome sequencing identified the bacteria isolated from the lung of all cats under aerobic conditions as a novel Neisseria spp. Based on whole-genome sequence analysis, all 3 sequences shared 92.71% and 92.67% average nucleotide identity with closely related Neisseria animaloris NZ LR134440T and Neisseria animaloris GCA 002108605T, respectively. The in silico DNA-DNA hybridization identity compared to our isolates was 46.6% and 33.8% with strain DSM Neisseria zoodegmatis 21642 and strain DSM 21643, respectively. All 3 sequences have less than 95% average nucleotide identity and less than 70% DNA-DNA hybridization identity, suggesting that the 3 isolates are a novel species of the genus Neisseria. Infection with Neisseria spp. induces an embolic pneumonia in cats that radiographically and pathologically resembles a metastatic neoplastic process and should be considered among the etiologic differential diagnoses in cases of infectious pulmonary disease with a disseminated, nodular lung pattern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Melanocytic tumors (MTs) are more prevalent in dogs than in cats. In dogs, they are the most frequent malignancy of the oral cavity, whereas in cats, ocular melanomas predominate. This study provides epidemiologic data (2005–2024) on MTs for both dogs and cats. Totals of 21128 canine and 4808 feline tumors were analyzed by the Veterinary Pathology Service of the Department of Veterinary Medicine (University of Perugia). Among these, 845 canine MTs (329 melanocytomas; 512 melanomas) were diagnosed, 485 from the skin, 193 from the oral mucosa, and 104 from the mucocutaneous junction. Older dogs were more likely to develop melanomas than melanocytomas (p < 0.001). In contrast, among feline tumors, only 60 were melanocytic (6 melanocytomas, 53 melanomas). Of these, 29 were cutaneous, 18 were ocular, and 9 were oral. In dogs, melanomas were more common in mucocutaneous locations than in cutaneous locations (p < 0.05); moreover, they were more common in the oral cavity compared to all other sites (p < 0.001). In cats, ocular melanomas were more common than cutaneous ones (p < 0.05). This study provides the prevalence of MTs in dogs and cats, supporting distinct epidemiological patterns of MTs, and confirming the significance of species-specific differences in the tumor prevalence, localization, and age distribution. MTs are prevalent in dogs, representing the most frequent oral malignancy, compared to cats, in which ocular melanomas predominate. This study investigates the canine and feline MT epidemiology (2005–2024) of cases submitted to the Veterinary Pathology Service (University of Perugia). Among the canine neoplasms, 845 (4%) were melanocytic: 329 (39%) melanocytomas; 512 (61%) melanomas. Of these, 485 (57%) were cutaneous (4% of canine cutaneous neoplasms), 193 (23%) were oral (50% of oral canine neoplasms), and 104 (12%) were mucocutaneous. The average age of affected dogs was 10 years. Older dogs were more likely to have melanomas compared to melanocytomas (p < 0.001). There were 60 (1%) feline MTs: 6 (10%) melanocytomas; 53 (88%) melanomas. Of these, 29 (48%) were cutaneous (1% of feline cutaneous tumors), 18 (30%) were ocular, and 9 (15%) were oral (22% of feline oral tumors). The average age of affected cats was 11 years. In dogs, mucocutaneous melanomas were more common compared to cutaneous ones (p < 0.05); oral melanomas were more common compared to all other sites (p < 0.001). In cats, ocular melanomas were more common compared to cutaneous ones (p < 0.05). Our study provides the MT prevalence in a selected canine and feline population, revealing MT epidemiological patterns, highlighting species-specific differences in the tumor prevalence, localization, and age distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To expand the knowledge about common diseases in llamas and alpacas in Germany, a screening of the cases of South American camelids presented at the Clinic for Swine and Small Ruminants of the University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Germany from 2005 to the end of November 2021 was performed. A retrospective evaluation of necropsy reports from this period was conducted. Overall, necropsy reports were evaluated from 187 alpacas, 35 llamas and one vicuña (n = 223). A total of 50.2% of the dissected animals were thin or cachectic. Pathological alterations of the gastrointestinal tract were the most common findings (44.8%). In addition, liver changes were recorded, most frequently in adult animals. In contrast, diseases of the respiratory tract and the nervous system were found more frequently in juvenile animals. This study provides an overview of common pathologies in South American camelids in Germany and thus may help to recognise different disease symptoms at an early stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: A decline in European hedgehog populations has been reported in several European countries over the past years. Human activities, along with global warming and infectious diseases, appear to be the main drivers of this phenomenon. The present study aimed to determine the major causes of mortality and the main pathological findings in European hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) submitted to postmortem examination at two institutes of veterinary pathology, one located in Italy (Piedmont region) and one in Switzerland (Canton of Zurich). Hedgehogs were found in affected health status in the wild, mostly due to traumatic injury, poor overall condition and respiratory, gastrointestinal or neurological signs. The primary causes of death identified were infectious diseases and traumatic insults. The lungs were the most commonly affected organ, mainly displaying pneumonia, which was significantly associated with the presence of nematodes. These findings should be held in mind when treating the species presented to wildlife rescue centers and highlight the importance of proper education of the public on how to coexist and interact with hedgehog populations inhabiting urban areas. European hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) are nocturnal insectivores frequently found in urban areas. In the last decades, their population has declined in various European countries and human activities have emerged as significant contributors to this trend. While the literature has mainly focused on trauma as the major cause of mortality, few authors have considered pathological findings. The present study is based on the results of full post-mortem examinations performed on 162 European hedgehogs in Italy and 109 in Switzerland. Unlike in previous studies, the main cause of mortality was infectious diseases (60.5%), followed by traumatic insults (27.7%). The lungs were the main organ affected, showing mostly lymphoplasmacytic (45.9%), granulomatous (18.1%) or suppurative (8.2%) pneumonia. Nematodes were detected in 57.2% of all lungs and were significantly associated with pneumonia (p-value < 0.001). To our knowledge, this is the first study to report infectious diseases as the main cause of hedgehog death, emphasizing the need for wildlife rescue centers to adopt appropriate diagnostic and therapeutic measures. Further research is necessary to determine the broad range of infectious agents that affect this species and elucidate their interplay with the host. Finally, citizen sensitization should be implemented to promote responsible behaviors that could reduce human-related traumatic events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The expanding presence of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in urban and suburban regions could potentially lead to increased instances of human aggression towards this species. We studied 10 deceased red foxes that were submitted by law enforcement agencies in the metropolitan area of Madrid in 2014–2022 because of suspected abuse. Forensic autopsies were performed to establish the cause and manner of death. In 4 of the 10 cases, the cause of death was deemed unnatural, involving blunt-force trauma (n = 2), asphyxia resulting from hanging (n = 1), and firearm injury (n = 1). Among the remaining cases, most had succumbed to natural causes (n = 4), often marked by severe emaciation and a high burden of parasites, primarily Sarcoptes scabiei. In 2 cases, death was undetermined given the poor preservation of the carcass. The growing prevalence of wildlife species in urban areas, particularly red foxes, may require forensic veterinary investigation of deaths potentially related to abuse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses a case study of a 13-year-old female tiger in a zoo that presented with clinical signs of epistaxis, inappetence, and lethargy. The tiger was diagnosed with a metastatic mammary tumor, specifically a well-differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma, based on clinical history, laboratory results, gross findings, and microscopic findings. The article highlights the rarity of this type of neoplasm in animals and the diagnostic challenges associated with identifying it. The study contributes to the understanding of mammary neuroendocrine carcinoma in veterinary medicine. [Extracted from the article]

Simple Summary: Due to the fast changes in the availability of new technologies, partially accelerated by COVID-19, veterinarians and veterinary students faced the challenges of digital learning technologies embedded in practical laboratories. In particular, veterinary pathology courses transitioned from traditional methods to digital pathology, the viewing of slides on a computer screen. The aims of this study are to evaluate and compare the personal effectiveness and satisfaction, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of digital pathology, specifically digital cytology, as a teaching method among European veterinary students at the undergraduate and postgraduate level who attended digital pathology courses during and before the pandemic. Digital cytology refers to the visualisation of cytological samples on a screen. A Google Form survey consisting of 11 multiple-choice questions was emailed to pathology teachers and distributed to their students. From our results, the main differences emerged in training, the disadvantages of digital cytology, and the preferred method of learning cytology. Finally, all students consider digital cytology as a satisfactory primary teaching methodology; however, the importance of not completely replacing light microscopy, a common tool in everyday veterinary practice, emerged, especially from postgraduate students. The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated technological changes in veterinary education, particularly in clinical pathology and anatomic pathology courses transitioning from traditional methods to digital pathology (DP). This study evaluates the personal effectiveness and satisfaction, as well as the advantages and disadvantages, of DP, in particular digital cytology (DC), as a teaching method among European veterinary students, both at the undergraduate and postgraduate level, who attended digital pathology courses during and before the pandemic. A further aim is to discuss the differences between the two student groups. A Google Form survey consisting of 11 multiple-choice questions was emailed to pathology teachers and distributed to their students. Results indicated that undergraduate students showed greater digital pathology training, favouring DC as the most effective learning modality. In contrast, postgraduate students reported less digital slide training, and their preference for learning cytology was split between DC alone and DC integrated with traditional microscopy. All students experienced whole slide imaging for learning cytology slides prevalently, and they stated that DC enhanced their learning experience. While DC demonstrates personal effectiveness and satisfaction as a teaching method, it is important to not replace pathology training with light microscopy completely, as almost a third of the students indicated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fire-related deaths are usually a consequence of carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning or shock from thermal injuries. In humans, high levels of carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) concentrations in the blood can support a diagnosis of CO poisoning. In veterinary medicine, few studies investigated the pathological changes and blood COHb% in fire victims, and no data are available on post-mortem changes in blood gas composition due to fire. This study aims to investigate the pathological changes and COHb levels in both animal victims of fire and cadavers experimentally exposed to fire. For this purpose, dogs were selected and subdivided into three groups. Group A comprised 9 adult dogs, and Group B comprised 7 puppies that died under fire-related conditions. Group C was represented by 4 dog cadavers experimentally exposed to heat and smoke. A complete macroscopic, histological, and COHb evaluation were performed on each animal. Animals in Groups A and B showed cherry-red discoloration, thermal-injuries and soot deposits along the respiratory tract. Animals in Group C showed thermal injuries and soot deposits limited to the upper respiratory tract. The mean COHb% values in cadavers in Group C were lower than those observed in the other groups but higher compared to the values detected before the heat and smoke treatment. These findings suggest that both pathological changes and COHb analysis are valid tools for investigating fire-related deaths in dogs. However, the increase of COHb levels in cadavers exposed postmortem to heat and smoke highlights how the COHb analysis should always be evaluated together with macroscopical and microscopical findings to avoid significant misjudgments in investigating fire-related fatalities in veterinary forensic practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An electronic nose, designed to replicate human olfaction, captures distinctive 'fingerprint' data from mixed gases or odors. Comprising a gas sensing system and an information processing unit, electronic noses have evolved significantly since their inception in the 1980s. They have transitioned from bulky, costly, and energy-intensive devices to today's streamlined, economical models with minimal power requirements. This paper presents a comprehensive and systematic review of the electronic nose technology domain, with a special focus on advancements over the last five years. It highlights emerging applications, innovative methodologies, and potential future directions that have not been extensively covered in previous reviews. The review explores the application of electronic noses across diverse fields such as food analysis, environmental monitoring, and medical diagnostics, including new domains like veterinary pathology and pest detection. This work aims to underline the adaptability of electronic noses and contribute to their continued development and application in various industries, thereby addressing gaps in current literature and suggesting avenues for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Porcine circovirus-associated diseases (PCVAD) caused by Porcine Circo Virus-2 (PCV-2) is an emerging viral disease with serious effects on animal health, food security, and the swine industry. In this study, samples were collected from the PCV-2 suspected swine carcasses presented to the Department of Veterinary Pathology, CVAS, Mannuthy, for necropsy. Out of 39 suspected samples, seven were positive for PCV-2 by polymerase chain reaction targeting the ORF-2 gene, which yielded an amplicon size of 481 bp. The blast analysis sequences of the present isolates showed more than 98 percent homology with other parts of India and foreign isolates. The genotypic analysis revealed different PCV-2 genotypes, viz., PCV-2d (57 percent), PCV-2b (29 percent), and PCV-2h (14 percent), and clusters 13, 11, and 18, respectively, for the first time in Kerala. The microscopic examination revealed lymphoid depletion in the spleen, soft palate tonsils, various lymph nodes, ileal Peyer's patches (IPP), and jejunal Peyer's patches (JPP). There were occasional botryoid inclusion bodies in mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues (MALT) with congestion in various lymph nodes. Based on history and clinical signs, gross, histopathological, and PCR results, and sequence data, the presence of PCV-2-associated systemic disease was confirmed in this study. Altogether, these findings are helpful in further understanding the pathogenesis of PCV-2, which would help to evolve better strategies for improved disease control and prevention in pigs. Future investigations on the pathogenesis of these new genetic variants of isolates obtained in the present study are required for a better understanding of the pathogenesis of the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IntroductionExternal injuries in elasmobranchs are frequent findings, either due to inter- or intraspecific interactions or as a result of interaction with human activities. However, the resilience of these species to traumatic injury remains poorly understood. This work provides an insight into the clinical presentation, diagnostic imaging, and pathological features of a severe traumatic injury to the cartilaginous skeleton of a spiny butterfly ray (Gymnura altavela).MethodsAn adult female was found lethargic in the bottom of the coast of Gran Canaria, with an external incised-contused traumatic lesion of 2 cm diameter in the scapulocoracoid cartilage. It was captured and transferred to the Poema del Mar Aquarium for its clinical evaluation and treatment. Despite these efforts, the animal eventually died and was transfer to the Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety (IUSA) for its pathological diagnosis, including a Computed Tomography (CT) study and necropsy.ResultsThe animal presented a marked reduction in hematocrit and hepatosomatic index due a chronic debilitation process. The CT scan revealed a destructive lesion with irregular margins at the level of the right scapulocoracoid cartilage. The main pathological findings were the disorganization of the tesserae layer, appearing as whitish square to rectangular geometric pieces separated from the cartilaginous core. Histologically, these pieces of tesserae were separated from the unmineralized cartilage core and displaced from the adjacent perichondrium, where inflammatory cells infiltrate. Edema and hemorrhages were also observed.ConclusionsThis study reports the first comprehensive description of skeleton trauma in a spiny butterfly ray, including the clinical presentation, diagnostic imaging and the anatomopathological features.

The article "Image challenge in Veterinary Pathology" presents a series of images depicting various pathological conditions in animals, such as chickens, dogs, snakes, and cats. Each image is accompanied by a multiple-choice question regarding the potential cause of the observed condition. The answers to these questions can be found in the journal Veterinary Pathology, providing valuable insights into the identification and diagnosis of veterinary diseases. [Extracted from the article]

Objective: To describe the incidence, etiology, clinical signs, diagnostics, treatments, and outcome of noniatrogenic traumatic pneumomediastinum (TPM) in dogs and cats. Design: Retrospective study of cases (2005–2022). Setting: University veterinary teaching hospital. Animals: Fifty‐two patients (29 dogs, 23 cats). Measurements and Main Results: Data collected from the medical records included signalment, physical examination findings, animal trauma triage (ATT) score, clinicopathological data, imaging data, surgical intervention, length of hospitalization, supportive care, complications, and outcome. Most dogs presented with tachycardia and tachypnea, while cats presented with hypothermia and tachypnea. Subcutaneous emphysema, pneumothorax, and dyspnea were the most common clinical signs for both species. The median calculated ATT score was 3.5 in dogs and 4 in cats. The most common radiographic abnormalities other than pneumomediastinum were pneumothorax and lung contusions. The overall mortality rate was 18%, with a significantly higher survival rate in dogs (26/28 dogs [93%], 15/22 cats (68%); P = 0.03). Outcome was unknown in 1 dog and 1 cat. The only significant difference in treatment between survivors and nonsurvivors was the requirement in dogs for positive pressure ventilation. The median hospitalization period was 2 days for both species, with a shorter hospitalization in the nonsurvivors (0.6 vs 2 days, respectively; P = 0.006). Conclusions: TPM is an infrequent pathology in veterinary medicine and may be seen without an externally obvious injury. The most common causes for TPM in dogs were vehicular trauma and bite wounds, while high‐rise syndrome was the most common cause in cats. Most of the cases have concurrent pneumothorax and require thoracocentesis; however, direct intervention to treat TPM is not usually required. The vast majority of cases did not undergo surgery to treat TPM. The prognosis for dogs with TPM was good but was guarded for cats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This article discusses a case study involving a 14-year-old female miniature dachshund with a nodular lesion in the bladder mucosa. Further examination revealed dysplastic changes in the bladder neck and urethra, as well as the presence of a BRAFV595E mutation. The article explores the association between the mutation and dysplastic changes in the mucosa, as well as the presence of follicular cystitis. It also discusses the use of immunohistochemistry for diagnosis and highlights the similarities between canine and human bladder cancer. Further studies are needed to evaluate the involvement of BRAF mutation in malignant transformation and confirm the prognostic significance of BRAF mutations in dogs with flat urothelial lesions. [Extracted from the article]

Monitoring neoplasms in standardized registries facilitates epidemiologic studies of risk factors for tumor development and predisposition. In an observational study, we determined incidence rates (IR) and malignant tumor incidence rate ratios (IRR) by age, sex, and breed in Swiss dogs using demographic data from the official Swiss dog registration database Amicus. The dataset analyzed included 54'986 tumors diagnosed by histology and cytology in four Swiss veterinary pathology laboratories between 2008 and 2020. Diagnoses were coded according to the Vet-ICD-O-canine-1 system. Most tumors occurred in the skin (n = 19'045; 34.64%), soft tissues (n = 11'092; 20.17%), and mammary glands (n = 7'974; 14.50%). The IRs for all and for malignant tumors were 775/100'000 dog-years at risk (95%CI 764–777) and 338/100'000 dog-years at risk (95%CI 333–342), respectively. Females (850; 95%CI 834–853) had a higher overall tumor IR than males (679; 95%CI 666–684). The highest tumor IR was found at 11 years of age (1'857; 95%CI 1'780–1'867). Potential novel breed-specific predispositions were uncovered, with high IRs for several benign and malignant tumors in Polski Owczarek Nizinnys (overall IR: 3'303; 95%CI 2'502–3'864) and high IRs for malignant tumors in Russian Black Terriers (melanomas: 345; 95%CI 138–708), Field Spaniels (adenocarcinomas: 376; CI95% 138–817), Dogo Argentinos (mast cell tumors: 844; CI95% 591–1'169), King Charles Spaniels and Manchester Terriers (lymphomas: 319; CI95% 137–627 and 302; CI95% 98–704, respectively), Landseers (osteosarcomas: 74; CI95% 15–216), Bouvier des Flandres (hemangiosarcomas: 127; CI95% 26–371), and Bearded Collies and Cane Corso Italianos (gliomas: 91; CI95% 45–162 and 34; CI95% 7–99, respectively). Nordic hunting dogs had the highest (8.08; CI95% 3.55–16.7) and Chihuahueno the lowest cancer IRRs (0.42; 95%CI 0.31–0.57) compared to mixed breeds. In conclusion, the calculated IRs and IRRs revealed previously unknown predisposing factors, including novel breed-specific susceptibilities. The results may have implications for cancer screening, diagnostic work-up, breeding management and oncologic and translational research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An aneurysm is defined as a localized dilation of a blood vessel or heart. It may have either a congenital or an acquired origin and occurs in both humans and animals. Cardiac aneurysms are rare, and are characterized by sacculations of the cardiac wall. The present case report describes the macroscopic and microscopic findings of an aneurysm affecting both ventricles of the heart in a dog. A 7-year-old mixed-breed female dog with osteosarcoma on the left pelvic limb was euthanized and submitted to the veterinary pathology laboratory for necropsy. Macroscopically, besides the lesions in the link, the pericardial sac was adhered to the pericardial surface of the heart and there were two sacculations in both ventricles which communicated widely with the respective ventricle. Microscopically, fibrous tissue adhered to the pericardium, atrophy and necrosis of the cardiomyocytes with replacement by adipocytes were observed in addition to hyperplasia of the tunica media of arterioles and thrombosis. A diagnosis of acquired biventricular cardiac aneurysm was made based on the necropsy findings and microscopic lesions in the heart. We emphasize the importance of performing a necropsy and examining tissues histologically for the diagnosis of this rare condition. Ventricular aneurysms should be included in the differential diagnosis of cardiovascular disease in dogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses various studies conducted in the field of veterinary medicine. The studies cover a range of topics including the optimal storage conditions for detecting immunoglobulin in horses, the impact of different preparation methods on the release of growth factors in canine platelet lysate, and the use of platelet-rich plasma for regenerative medicine in dogs. Other studies explore the effects of hyperadrenocorticism on platelet function in dogs, the use of furosemide in diagnosing renal disease in reptiles, and the association between pesticide exposure and parasitemia in amphibians. These studies provide valuable insights into different aspects of veterinary medicine and highlight the importance of further research in these areas. [Extracted from the article]

Situations involving crimes against animals are receiving increased social attention, resulting in a high demand for complaints and the initiation of police investigations. Overall, the quality of investigations and the production of material evidence in alleged crimes against fauna is crucial. For this, there is a need for trained professionals to implement protocols and tools based on animal welfare science and Legal Veterinary Medicine (LVM). In the routine and history of Veterinary Medicine, cases of suspected intoxication in companion animals, such as dogs and cats, are common. In Brazil, the act of intoxicating animals is considered a crime of mistreatment under the Environmental Crimes Law (Article 32, n. 9.605 of February 12, 1998). Therefore, it is necessary to examine the cadaver to confirm this suspicion. In this way, Legal Veterinary Medicine is a recent specialty in Brazil, created by the Federal Council of Veterinary Medicine's resolution in 2003. In this area, the evaluation of clinical signs, characteristic anatomopathological lesions, and toxicological analysis for identification of the toxic agents allow confirmation of suspected cases. Thus, the objective of this review is to address the application of scientific knowledge to Forensic Veterinary Medicine in confirming cases of animal poisoning and to list the main toxic substances found in animal poisoning cases identified through forensic examinations in the central region of Brazil. Additionally, it is intended to demonstrate that expertize in this area ensures the production of material evidence used in judicial criminal proceedings to defend animal welfare.

Five hundred and eighty-six kidney samples were screened to establish the diversity of renal disorders in pigs irrespective of age, sex and breed at organised and unorganised farms of Bikaner, Jaipur and Alwar districts of Rajasthan. Out of 586 specimens, a total of 154 kidneys revealed macroscopic lesions. In five(3.25 per cent) cases of nephrocalcinosis without stone and 2(1.30 per cent) cases with stone, kidneys without stone and with stone on medullary and cortical region were processed for further histopathological examination at the Department of Veterinary Pathology, Bikaner. The gross lesion showed white streaks in colour on the medullar and cortical surface of kidney and nephrolithiasis. The surface appeared whitish in colour, shiny in appearance and hard in consistency. Histopathological examination revealed calcification of tubular epithelium and some glomeruli. Severe expansion of the interstitium by inflammatory cells, consisting predominantly of lymphocytes and fibrosis of tissue were also observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article from Veterinary Pathology presents a series of images and descriptions of various reproductive tract diseases in animals. The first image shows a dermoid cyst in the ovary, which is a benign mass composed of skin tissue. The second image depicts adenomyosis, a condition characterized by the presence of endometrial glands within the muscle of the uterus. The third image shows squamous cell carcinoma, a common vulvar neoplasm in cattle that is associated with solar irradiation. The fourth image displays actinomycosis, a chronic disease caused by Actinomyces bacteria. The fifth image showcases a granulosa cell tumor, the most common sex cord stromal tumor in cows. Finally, the sixth image presents a histiocytic schizont in the epididymis, caused by the parasite Cytauxzoon felis and transmitted by the Lone Star tick. These images provide valuable insights into the pathology of reproductive tract diseases in animals. [Extracted from the article]

The article titled "Image challenge in Veterinary Pathology" presents a series of images depicting various pathological conditions in animals. The images include examples such as endometriosis, epidermoid cysts, ovarian follicular cysts, and dermoid cysts. Each image is accompanied by a multiple-choice question asking readers to identify the diagnosis or predisposing factors. The answers to these questions can be found in the Veterinary Pathology journal. [Extracted from the article]

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Toxoplasmosis is an important zoonotic disease caused by the parasite Toxoplasma gondii and is especially fatal for neotropical primates. In Brazil, the Ministry of Health is responsible for national epizootic surveillance, but some diseases are still neglected. Here, we present an integrated investigation of an outbreak that occurred during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic among eleven neotropical primates housed at a primatology center in Brazil. After presenting non-specific clinical signs, all animals died within four days. A wide range of pathogens were evaluated, and we successfully identified T. gondii as the causative agent within four days after necropsies. The liver was the most affected organ, presenting hemorrhage and hepatocellular necrosis. Tachyzoites and bradyzoite cysts were observed in histological examinations and immunohistochemistry in different organs; in addition, parasitic DNA was detected through PCR in blood samples from all specimens evaluated. A high prevalence of Escherichia coli was also observed, indicating sepsis. This case highlights some of the obstacles faced by the current Brazilian surveillance system. A diagnosis was obtained through the integrated action of researchers since investigation for toxoplasmosis is currently absent in national guidelines. An interdisciplinary investigation could be a possible model for future epizootic investigations in animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Cryptococcosis is a systemic mycosis caused by the genus Cryptococcus that affects humans and animals. The present study aimed to describe the epidemiological and anatomopathological profiles, occurrence, and distribution of the infection by Cryptococcus spp. in 30 dogs and 110 cats residing in the State of São Paulo, from 2014 to 2020. The study evaluated the results from 140 necropsies and histopathology and cytopathology tests provided by Veterinary Pathology services. A higher occurrence of positive diagnosis was observed in females of both cats and dogs, adults, and mixed breeds of both species. The main diagnostic method used was histopathology, with a predominance of integumentary lesions in dogs and cats (skin pattern), with no significant difference between species and lesion location (p≤ 0.827). The time-spatial distribution showed a significant increase in the diagnoses in dogs and cats over the seven years, the identification of areas with a higher rate of diagnosis of cryptococcosis such as Campinas and São José do Rio Preto, and the positive correlation of a diagnosis with climatic data. Retrospective studies of anatomopathological data help to identify suspected cases of cryptococcosis and demonstrate the importance of monitoring and surveillance of cryptococcosis.

The present study deals with the pathological changes associated with natural cases of avian colibacillosis in Assam for a period of one year (January to December 2022) at Department of veterinary Pathology of the College in Khanapara, Assam. Among the 1,449 birds presented for the post-mortem throughout the year from both commercial layer and broiler flock, mortality was 6.48% ( 94/1449) due to avian colibacillosis. The incidence of colibacillosis was recorded higher in the months of July (40%) and August (27%), and the least in April (4.2%). Molecular confirmation of the isolates was done using 16S rRNA. Gross lesions mostly included deposition of fibrinous exudate on the pericardial surface and pericardial thickening associated with pericarditis, apart from lesions in liver and kidneys. Histopathologically, heart showed heavy infiltration of mononuclear phagocytic cells in myocardial fibres resulting in severe myocarditis and in the epicardium, fibrin deposition was present mixed with infiltrating cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Western honey bee (Apis mellifera) is economically important as the primary managed pollinator of many agricultural crops and for the production of various hive-related commodities. Honey bees are not classically or thoroughly covered in veterinary pathology training programs. Given their unique anatomic and biological differences from the other species more traditionally evaluated by veterinary pathologists, establishing routine and consistent methods for processing samples for histology ensures accurate diagnostic and research conclusions. We developed and tested several field protocols for the sampling of honey bees. We compared the tissue-quality outcomes for worker bees fixed, collected, and/or softened under the following protocols: 1) routine formalin fixation; 2) softening chitin via exposure to Nair for 2 d or 3) 5 d; 4) shortened times between formalin submersion and trimming of body segments to enhance penetration of formalin into internal tissues; 5) ethanol submersion of specimen prior to formalin fixation; 6) indirect dry ice exposure; and 7) prolonged −80°C storage. Routine formalin fixation, exposure to Nair for 2 d, indirect dry ice exposure, and trimming body segments within 2 h of formalin submersion resulted in the highest quality histologic tissue sections. The poorest quality sections resulted from softening of chitin by exposure to Nair for 5 d, submersion in ethanol for 3 d before formalin fixation, and prolonged storage at −80°C. Our results indicate that routine formalin fixation is adequate, and that immobilizing bees with indirect dry ice exposure aids in sample collection without negatively impacting the quality of histologic sections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pattern analysis of inflammatory skin diseases is a technique that offers a systematic approach to the histologic diagnosis of skin diseases. First introduced to human dermatopathology in the 1970s, it was widely adopted by veterinary pathologists for the histologic diagnosis of skin diseases in animals. As the inflammatory pattern reflects, to varying extents, aspects of the underlying disease pathogenesis, its use has contributed to the recognition of novel skin diseases in domestic animals, particularly in dogs and cats. Alternative diagnostic approaches used in human dermatopathology, such as "tissue-reaction pattern" and a purely "anatomic approach" have not been as widely used in veterinary pathology. However, veterinary pathologists often combine pattern analysis with anatomic and etiologic factors. This overview outlines the technique, introduces the patterns, and discusses advantages and limitations of pattern analysis in veterinary diagnostic dermatopathology. While molecular analytic techniques and image informatics will undoubtedly prove to be revolutionary in many areas of diagnostic pathology, it is recognized in both human and veterinary arenas that the light microscopic interpretation of hematoxylin and eosin-stained tissue sections will remain the mainstay of routine dermatopathology diagnosis for the foreseeable future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Age estimation of wounds in veterinary forensic investigations is based on the presence and amount of granulation tissue. However, accurate age assessment is challenging and new time-dependent markers are warranted to support and improve the current procedure. The objective of this study was to evaluate the expression of CD31-positive blood vessels and α-smooth muscle action (α-SMA)-positive myofibroblasts in granulation tissue in order to evaluate their value as markers for porcine wound age estimation in a veterinary forensic context. Immunohistochemical expression of CD31 and α-SMA in 14 experimental porcine skin wounds of different ages (4, 6, 8, 10, 18, 27 and 35 days) and 11 forensic porcine wound specimens (of unknown age) were evaluated. CD31-positive blood vessels and α-SMA-positive myofibroblasts were present in the granulation tissue in the experimental wounds at all time points. A significant decrease in the mean blood vessel counts was found in wounds aged 18, 27 and 35 days compared with wounds aged 6 days (P < 0.001), when assessing both the superficial and deep part of the wound bed. α-SMA expression was lower at 27 and 35 days post wounding compared with 6–18 days post wounding. Combined assessment of three parameters (mean blood vessel counts in the superficial and deep wound beds and α-SMA expression) could approximately specify the age of the wounds as either 6–18 days or ≥27 days. In two of the forensic cases a combination of the three parameters yielded results that were similar to the experimental wounds, indicating a wound age of 6–18 days or ≥27 days, respectively. In the remaining forensic cases a combination of the three parameters did not show the same expression pattern as in the experimental wounds. The results indicate that in some forensic cases the application of CD31 and α- SMA markers appeared to support the current procedure for porcine wound age estimation, but this must be combined with pathological characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors present two cases of borderline ovarian tumours with microinvasion in bitches with variable clinical significance. The first case documents a four-year-old female Weimaraner diagnosed with a tumour on the right ovary during a veterinary check-up, using USG examination, which was then surgically removed. Histological examination revealed a clear cell borderline tumour of the ovary with microinvasion. The second case is represented by a necropsy sample from a 52-month-old female German shepherd which died a day before the planned hysterectomy due to undertreated pyometra. During necropsy, a developed form of bilateral ovarian tumour was found. An additional histological examination diagnosed a serous borderline tumour with microinvasion of both ovaries. This paper discusses the histopathological and clinical aspects involved in the prognosis of borderline ovarian tumours in bitches, This concerns the possibility of a change for a more aggressive form of the behaviour of these tumours and their immunohistochemical profile, then the risk of implant metastases and, finally, the time point of diagnosis, intervention and therapy. Even histologically verified well-differentiated forms of borderline ovarian tumours with microinvasion in bitches can show variable clinical significance and, therefore, in similar cases, only a good or only a bad prognosis of the disease should not be expected.

The article titled "Image challenge in Veterinary Pathology" presents a series of graphs depicting images of various lung conditions in different animals. Each graph includes multiple choice options for the cause or diagnosis of the condition. The article does not provide any further information or explanations for the images and answers, but it may be useful for researchers studying veterinary pathology. [Extracted from the article]

The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated technological changes in veterinary education, particularly in clinical pathology and anatomic pathology courses transitioning from traditional methods to digital pathology (DP). This study evaluates the personal effectiveness and satisfaction, as well as the advantages and disadvantages, of DP, in particular digital cytology (DC), as a teaching method among European veterinary students, both at the undergraduate and postgraduate level, who attended digital pathology courses during and before the pandemic. A further aim is to discuss the differences between the two student groups. A Google Form survey consisting of 11 multiple-choice questions was emailed to pathology teachers and distributed to their students. Results indicated that undergraduate students showed greater digital pathology training, favouring DC as the most effective learning modality. In contrast, postgraduate students reported less digital slide training, and their preference for learning cytology was split between DC alone and DC integrated with traditional microscopy. All students experienced whole slide imaging for learning cytology slides prevalently, and they stated that DC enhanced their learning experience. While DC demonstrates personal effectiveness and satisfaction as a teaching method, it is important to not replace pathology training with light microscopy completely, as almost a third of the students indicated.

ABSTRACT: We report a case of a free-ranging five-month wildcat with bilateral hind limbs paralysis since birth due to a segmental lumbar spinal cord aplasia. The species confirmation of the southern tiger cat (Leopardus guttulus) was determined by genetic sequencing. This southern tiger cat native to Brazil had autophagy in both pelvic limbs during the initial phase of hospitalization, followed by a right tibial fracture with bone exposition. Euthanasia was chosen due to animal welfare and submitted for postmortem examination. Grossly, there was an 8.5cm in-length segmental interruption of the spinal cord between the third and fifth lumbar vertebrae, with a lack of spinal cord tissue and collapsed associated dura mater. Microscopically, the representative sections of the L3 to L5 spinal cord had only .an irregular trace of gray matter adhered to the meninges (lumbar spinal cord aplasia) In the region of L6, a focally extensive, cystic, and well-defined tubular cavitation was noted dorsally to the central canal, replacing and compressing the adjacent nervous tissue (syringomyelia). Metagenomics examination did not detect any virus responsible for the presented spinal cord malformations. This seems to be the first description of segmental spinal cord aplasia reported in a wild feline.

ABSTRACT: Mesotheliomas in cattle are often described as isolated case reports, and investigations of multiple cases within the same bovine herd are lacking. A series of cases of malignant epithelial mesothelioma, tubulopapilary type, is described in five 15 to 21-year-old Red Sindhi cows from the same herd. Clinical signs included three to eight months of progressive emaciation, dehydration, subcutaneous edema of the lower extremities, and abdominal distension. Grossly, severe subcutaneous edema and hydroperitoneum were noted. Multiple organs’ parietal and visceral serosal surfaces had multifocal to coalescing yellow, firm, sessile nodules ranging from 0.1 to 29.0cm. Similar free nodules floated in the peritoneal fluid. Histologically, the masses comprised a layer of cubic to columnar neoplastic cells forming papillary or cystic proliferation supported by a dense fibrovascular stroma. Neoplastic cells had strong and diffuse cytoplasmic immunolabeling for pan-cytokeratin but were negative for cytokeratin 7 and vimentin. Ultrastructurally, neoplastic cells had delicate microvilli and tight and anchoring junctions. Within the cytoplasm, a moderate amount of loose aggregate of intermediary filament with small mitochondria was observed. Epidemiological investigation evidenced endogamy in this herd. Asbestos exposure was not detected. The diagnosis was based on clinical, gross, histological, and immunohistochemical findings and confirmed by transmission electron microscopy features. A definitive underlying etiology remains unknown.

Simple Summary: Estimation of age represents a challenge in the veterinary forensic pathology field as well as in human forensic medicine. In puppies, the most common methods of age estimation are the visual examination of the dentition and the skeletal age. Nevertheless, these methods are affected by a broad range of variables. In contrast, the kidney is characterized by a precise postnatal development. In human glomerulogenesis, fetal mesangial cells change their immunohistochemical phenotypes with maturation. Consequently, we hypothesized that histological and immunohistochemical evaluations of the kidney can be used together as an indirect parameter for age estimation in puppies' cadavers. Kidney samples from 45 cadavers were collected and processed for histopathological (for morphometrical study of the glomerulus) and immunohistochemical (for the immunolocalization of the α-smooth muscle actin protein—α-SMA) examinations. Morphometrical and immunohistochemical studies allowed us to observe differences among assessed groups. Our findings suggest a potential use of both kidney morphometrical and immunohistochemical examinations together as an indirect parameter to assess the age of puppies. Estimation of age represents a central focus in the veterinary forensic pathology field. Currently, the visual examination of the dentition and the skeletal age are the main methods to estimate the age of puppies. Nevertheless, these methods are affected by a broad range of variables. In contrast, the kidney is characterized by a specific postnatal development. In human glomerulogenesis, fetal mesangial cells change their immunohistochemical phenotypes with maturation. Therefore, we hypothesized that histological and immunohistochemical examinations of the kidney can be used together as an indirect parameter for age determination in puppies' cadavers. Forty-five puppies' cadavers were divided into five groups defined by age (Group A= 0–15 days, Group B = 16–45 days, Group C = 46–85 days, Group D = 86–105 days, Group E= 105–365 days). For each case, kidney samples were collected and processed for histopathological (for morphometrical study of the glomerulus) and immunohistochemical (for the immunolocalization of the α-SMA protein) studies. Morphometrical study allowed us to observe statistical differences in the mean glomerulus numbers per field among assessed groups. Similarly, immunohistochemical examination showed differences in SMA expression among groups. Our findings suggest a potential use of kidney morphometrical and immunohistochemical examinations together as an indirect parameter to assess the age of illegally imported puppies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present, due to some differences in the scope expression of veterinary pathology testing accreditation ability, the laboratory accreditation of China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment (CNAS) is not standardized and uniform in the process of application of expanded items in the field of veterinary pathology testing and the process of assessors' evaluation, which makes many laboratories engaged in laboratory animal pathology testing and scientific research fail to obtain relevant qualifications.This article discussed the problems of scope expression in the field of CNAS veterinary pathology accreditation, and compared the expression with other veterinary pathology laboratories in other countries including the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, New Zealand, and Singapore. The scope expression in medical pathology laboratories accredited by CNAS and some other ISO/IEC 17025 accreditation organizations were also compared. Combined with the accreditation practice of veterinary pathology laboratories in China, this paper put forward some suggestions on the scope expression in veterinary pathology testing field, so as to further unify and standardize the scope expression in veterinary pathology testing field in China, and improve the standardization of accreditation system in China.

Simple Summary: Despite the discoveries of new therapeutic antimycotics, the development of drug resistance is still the main clinical challenge in the treatment of mycoses. Data on the presence of new phytopreparations, along with the direct fungicidal effects that interfere with the resistance of fungal pathogens located in the biofilm, are of great interest. Our research focused on four investigations: (1) study M. pachydermatis as a biofilm infection; (2) the search for the strongest biofilm producers and the most resistant strains to antimycotics; (3) check if there is a correlation between the resistance of strains to modern antimycotics and the ability to form biofilms; and (4) study of the effect on three of the best biofilm producers under the action of several concentrations of Farnesol. These experiments confirmed related applications of Farnesol and its research progression in antifungal therapy of otitis externa. Chronic otitis externa of dogs is a significant problem due to the prevalence and complexity of the treatment of such animals. There is evidence that in 60–80% of cases of infectious diseases microorganisms located in the biofilm phenotype play the main role. Microorganisms in the biofilm phenotype have a number of advantages, the most significant of which is considered to be increased resistance to various external factors. Among them, a special place is occupied by resistance to antibiotics. In recent decades, research has been conducted at an increasing scale on the role of biofilm infections in various pathologies in veterinary medicine. The etiology and therapy of dog otitis externa caused by Malassezia pachydermatis biofilm has not been fully studied. This is why we consider relevant the scientific and practical aspects of research on the etiology and therapy of dog otitis externa from the position of biofilm infection. In this work, it has been statistically proven that there is a relationship between the optical density of Malassezia pachydermatis biofilms and their sensitivity to drugs, and this relationship is statistically significant. In addition, we have demonstrated that Farnesol has a good antibiofilm effect at a concentration of more 1.6 μM/mL (24% OD decrease of biofilm), and its highest antibiofilm effect (71–55%—more than a half) was observed at a concentration of 200–12.5 μM/mL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors present two cases of borderline ovarian tumours with microinvasion in bitches with variable clinical significance. The first case documents a four-year-old female Weimaraner diagnosed with a tumour on the right ovary during a veterinary check-up, using ultrasound (USG) examination, which was then surgically removed. Histological examination revealed a clear cell borderline tumour of the ovary with microinvasion. The second case is represented by a necropsy sample from a 52-month-old female German Shepherd who died a day before the planned hysterectomy due to undertreated pyometra. During necropsy, a developed bilateral ovarian tumour was found. An additional histological examination revealed a serous borderline tumour with microinvasion of both ovaries. This paper discusses the histopathological and clinical aspects involved in the prognosis of borderline ovarian tumours in bitches. This concerns the possibility of a change for a more aggressive behaviour of these tumours and their immunohistochemical profile, then the risk of implant metastases and, finally, the time point of diagnosis, intervention, and therapy. Even histologically verified well-differentiated forms of borderline ovarian tumours with microinvasion in bitches can show the variable clinical significance and, therefore, in similar cases, only a good or only a bad prognosis of the disease should not be expected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The oral cavity of the dog can be the site of several types of pathology including both benign and malignant lesions. The aim of this study was to analyze the frequency and clinical-pathological characteristics of oral lesions present in a cohort of Portuguese dogs. A retrospective observational cross-sectional study on 704 canine oral lesions submitted for histopathological diagnosis to a Veterinary Pathology Center in the north of Portugal from 2010 to 2017 was performed. Gender, age, location of the lesion and the histopathological diagnosis was analysed. From the 704 cases included, 307 (43.6%) were females and 397 (56.4%) males. The mean age was 9.53 ± 3.6 years-old (range 3 to 240 months). The site most frequently affected was the gingiva (n = 283; 40.2%). 342 (48.6%) cases were malignant neoplasms, most represented by oral melanoma (n = 129; 37.7%). 256 (36.4%) cases were benign neoplasms, most represented by fibromatous epulis of periodontal ligament origin/peripheral odontogenic fibroma (FEPLO/POF) (n = 208;81.3%). 106 (15%) were non-neoplastic lesions, most represented by gingival hyperplasia (n = 25, 23.6%). This study provides useful information about frequency and distribution of oral lesions in dogs over a period of eight years allowing valuable comparison with other countries and other species. The most common benign tumours were FEPLO/POF while oral melanoma was the most common malignant tumour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clostridium piliforme, the agent of Tyzzer disease, has traditionally not been considered a major pathogen of cats. We queried the database of the Pathology Service of the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California–Davis, for kittens <6-mo-old autopsied between 2000–2021 that had colitis, hepatitis, and/or myocarditis; 37 cases met the search criteria. Sections of colon, liver, and heart from these 37 cats were stained with modified Steiner; 19 of 37 (51%) cases had intraepithelial, Steiner-positive rods compatible with C. piliforme in at least one organ, confirming Tyzzer disease. The affected age range was 7–42 d (median: 17.5 d). Eighteen were orphaned kittens. Colitis was the major lesion (18 of 19) followed by random hepatitis (11 of 19). Perianal dermatitis with intraepithelial stacked rods was seen in 2 of 19. Myocarditis was not evident in any of the cases. A PCR assay for C. piliforme on 10 selected cases using formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) blocks was positive or suspected in colon (5 of 10), liver (5 of 10), and heart (1 of 10). The modified Steiner stain was more sensitive in the detection of bacteria than PCR on FFPE samples. Fifteen kittens had comorbidities. A weakened immune state caused by maternal, environmental, infectious, and/or nutritional causes is speculated to have contributed to disease onset. We found that Tyzzer disease is more common than previously believed in orphaned kittens and should be considered in kittens with colitis and/or hepatitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]