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Introduction: The objective of this paper was to describe the vision of death from the perspective of families of children who experienced palliative care, and team members working in one unit, and to explore the roles of healthcare clowns in working with life and death. The major research of which this paper is part was a requirement of one healthcare clown organization, that since 2008 works as members of the palliative care unit in a public hospital in Chile. Description: Using a qualitative methodology, and an emergent and descriptive design, 26 people, including mothers and team members of one palliative care unit, participated in in-depth interviews and discussion groups separately. Data analysis was performed using grounded theory and critical discourse analysis techniques. Results: The roles played by healthcare clowns in palliative care were accompanying, mediating between team members and families, facilitating to process death, provision of humane care using socioemotional competences, promotion of social relationships, and being complementary therapy. Conclusion: The six roles of healthcare clowns identified by this research have implications for public policies and actions in palliative care. There is also a need to expand this type of work to other public health services in Chile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the implementation and usability of a technologybased web system and the available evidence on educational engagement’s predictive capacity to influence students’ educational trajectories in Chilean schools. The web-based system was developed through collaborative work between universities, the information technology team, school communities, and stakeholders (government institutions). It is an online system composed of six steps whose axis is centered on a decision-making space between teachers-students-parents (School Engagement Board) tasked with applying online and scientifically validated school engagement and contextual factors measurement instruments, checking specific report results for each actor involved in the system (teacher, School Engagement Board coordinator, school) as well as reviewing promotion strategies relevant to the school context and managing the implementation of strategies supported by the management datasheets that the model offers to schools. The objective of this paper is to present the usability of the system through a case study of the implementation in Chilean public schools. In order to discuss about what elements should be incorporated to adjust and improve the usability of the system and to guarantee its effective implementation, the paper describes those aspects that have favored and/or hindered the use of this educational technological platform in the Chilean case. The results show that there have been more difficulties related to management aspects than IT aspects, which indicates that these conditions are critical for implementation, even when system for evaluation, monitoring and strategies for the promotion of student engagement and contextual factors (SIESE) is designed for standalone use. Although there are aspects to be improved, such as extending its use to other browsers, improving the intervention guidelines and other systems functionalities, this web-based system has been considered by the educational communities as a simple, useful, and intuitive platform. The paper concludes on the importance of having this type of platform in Chile and other Latin American countries, for its contribution to school management -being helpful for day-to-day educational practice- due to the different technical facilitators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An exceptional chain of events in science, technology, art and planning took place in Latin America in the 1970s. Does this wonder shed light upon our view of the basic roots of cultural, social and political blooming? This paper intends to adduce evidence on second-order cybernetics processes underlying five outstanding cases in real societies and to disclose the links between democracy and unfettering momentum for freedom and creativity. Namely, Oscar Varsavsky, national projects, styles of development, scientific and technological autonomy; Stefano Varese, cultural and political autonomy of indigenous people; Mario Pedrosa, creation of the Museum of Solidarity in Chile; Stafford Beer, Cybersyn project for cybernetics and self-management in Chile; and Humberto Maturana, concepts of autopoiesis, cognition, language and multiverse. The reasoning counts with the author's direct participation in all cases. The paper sets a similarity worthy of being noticed between Allende's Unidad Popular in Chile and Pericles' Golden Age in Greece and outlines why these historic realms albeit far apart have lasting importance and similar historical impetus. Highlights the essential and seminal features of each stream and comes to the conclusion that effective democracy is the necessary condition for participation and creativity. Upsurges in social participation and creativity are neither frequent nor cyclical. Still, such sudden and usually large increase in ingenuity, flair and aim to improve living conditions, although limited in time, remain in our mind as a joy forever. Nowadays, the world witnesses a contrary motion towards sterile art patterns and restrained behaviour. Hence, it becomes even more important to better understand the basic roots of cultural, social and political blooming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taking the idea of refugee 'journeys to health' (Newbold and McKeary, 2018) as a point of departure this paper examines the case of Chilean exiles in the UK. Reflecting on interviews conducted with Chilean exiles the analysis highlights how the health-related challenges that many people have experienced change over time. For some the passing of time has enabled people to make sense of what happened to them following the military coup in Chile in 1979 and this has helped them to 'move on'. For others, on-going challenges remain, for example a number of people still experienced PTSD. The paper also reflects on the difficulties encountered by refugees when dealing with formal health providers. While all of the respondents had full entitlements to NHS services the paper reflects on the informal barriers that continue to shape refugees' engagement with health care providers and limit their ability to address health concerns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Empirical analyses that rely on micro-level panel data have found that exporters are generally less pollutant than non-exporters. While alternative explanations have been proposed, firm-level data has not been used to examine the role of destination markets behind the relationship between exports and pollution. In this paper, we argue that because consumers in high-income countries have higher valuations for clean environments than consumers in developing countries, exporters targeting high-income countries are more likely to improve their environmental outcomes than exporters targeting destinations where valuations for the environment are not high. Using a panel of firm-level data from Chile we find support to this hypothesis. A 10 percentage point increase in the share of exports to high-income countries is associated with a reduction in CO2 pollution intensity of about 16%. The results have important implications for firms in developing countries aiming to target high-income markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper undertakes an intersectional analysis of the ways in which socio-economically elite higher education students in Chile reproduce privilege through everyday practices of whiteness and beauty. Drawing on qualitative data from interviews and observations with 20 privileged students at an elite Chilean university, the paper identifies and discusses the students' ambiguous racial identifications and the racialized, classed and gendered ways in which privilege was enacted through practices of 'beauty' as a 'natural' embodied distinction. We discuss how ideals and practices of beauty were a 'double edged sword' for elite female students, conferring advantage while also denying academic authenticity. We argue that Chilean elite performances of whiteness offer an added layer of complexity to existing literature, problematising and decentring performances of whiteness from white bodies. We conclude by suggesting that an intersectional lens offers a useful way to understand and address the re/production of inequalities in Chilean elite universities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper sets out to critically examine the New Institutional Framework for Environmental Governance (NIFEG) adopted in Chile through new legislation in 2010. Though nominally progressive in both social and environmental terms, the heavy reliance on bureaucratization as the key means for improving the legitimacy and effectiveness of environmental governance paradoxically appears to result in the reinforcement of the network of dominant interests in this policy domain. As a result, this leads to the canalization of socio-environmental conflicts through public mobilization and judicialization, that is: to the bypassing of political representative institutions. By framing Chile as a laboratory of ecological modernization in a semiperipheral, extractivist context, and through the theoretical and methodological lens of dramaturgical analysis, this paper looks at discursive processes shaping environmental governance as a result of staged performances. It seeks to explore how the interplay of diverse elements -- ranging from material enablers and restrictions to processes of psychological and cultural identification between actors and their audiences -- result in the reinforcement of path-dependencies in the way of framing sustainable development within traditional power structures. This results in an "oligarchization" of environmental governance which ultimately translates into further deteriorating environmental trends and raises fundamental questions about the limits of environmental governance alongside the discursive lines of ecological modernization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper aims to assess the quality of interest rate forecasts for the money markets in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico and Venezuela for the period between 2001 and 2019. Future interest rate trends are of key significance for many business-related decisions. Thus, reliable interest rate forecasts are essential, for example, for banks that make profits by carrying out maturity transformations. Design/methodology/approach: The data that we analyze were collected by Consensus Economics through a monthly survey with over 120 renowned economists and were published between 2001 and 2019 in the journal Latin American Consensus Forecasts. The authors use the Diebold-Mariano test, the sign accuracy test, the TOTA coefficient and the unbiasedness test to determine the precision and biasedness of the forecasts. Findings: The research reveals that the forecasting work carried out in Brazil, Chile and Mexico is remarkably successful. The quality of forecasts from Argentina and Venezuela, on the other hand, is significantly poorer. Originality/value: Over 50 studies have already been published with regard to the accuracy of interest rate forecasts, emphasizing the importance of the topic. However, interest rate forecasts for Latin American money markets have hardly been considered thus far. The paper closes this research gap. Overall, the analyzed database amounts to a total of 209 forecast time series with 28,451 individual interest rate forecasts. This study is thus far more comprehensive than all previous studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper aims to identify any relation between the strategies defined in Chilean higher education institutions strategic planning and the compliance with both national accreditation criteria and the dimensions of an integrated internationalization approach, allowing to determine if standards and funding policies shape internationalization processes. Design/methodology/approach: Strategic plans of 29 universities were analyzed using a nonexperimental qualitative–quantitative methodology. The institutions were categorized according to the scores obtained through the revision of objectives, aims and goals of their strategic plans. Key elements of integrated internationalization were used to identify the assimilation of such dimensions and the actions executed. Data were collected through documentary revision and scrutinized through content analysis using two dichotomous instruments. Results were examined using principal component and cluster analysis. Findings: Chilean universities' internationalization processes aim to fulfill national accreditation criteria but do not follow a comprehensive internationalization model, as shown by a 53.2% of compliance with the number of elements relating to internationalization accreditation criteria and a 27% of adherence with an integrated internationalization approach. Institutions are slowly evolving, blending isolated internationalization strategic elements and focusing on external guidelines. Research limitations/implications: This study was performed through documentary analysis. The derived conclusions could further be complemented through interviews or the inclusion of institutional self-assessment reports for institutional accreditation purposes. Originality/value: This paper demonstrates why Chilean universities need to take a qualitative step toward implementing an integrated internationalization approach, to make an even more tangible contribution to their internal and external communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to propose an ethnographic discussion surrounding the sociocultural dimensions of the contemporary economy, using the dynamics of monoculture expansion into the indigenous territories of South-Central Chile as an empirical reference. Design/methodology/approach: From an ethnographic approach, the paper systematizes some ideas about the difference and inequality that have redrafted the current relationships between forestry companies and Mapuche communities within the context of international certification of forestry management. Findings: Findings indicate that difference and inequality, are today managed from global economic rationality and their control impacts directly on quotidian life of diverse and unequal territories. Considering this, this paper gets to conclude that these conditions, while never ceasing to deepen their expression, have been recrafted from the new references of the global economy. Research limitations/implications: For the critical ethnographic approach to be applied, it is necessary to design and implement wide access, which means this type of study usually has limitations when not being able to get to every scale of economic development. For this reason, it is important to keep the methodological discussion, about the ethnography of the economy. Originality/value: The study puts in perspective intercultural relations and the inequality of territories in the framework of the global economy. Illustrates how the managing of the international market of wood and pulp design and insides in local quotidian life systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article adds to the critical discourses surrounding Raúl Ruiz (1941–2011) and his films of return after exile, or desexilio, by analysing his portion of A TV Dante (1992). In this Ruizian transmedia experimentation of Dante's Inferno, there is a radical de- and re-territorialisation of the text: on the one hand, from text to film, and, on the other, spatially and temporally by transposing the text onto images of contemporary Chile. This paper reads the film, then, as a Ruizian re-encounter with Chile after exile during the early years of the period transition to democracy and looks to the implications of these disjunctions and displacements – both in the broader thematic vicissitudes and in more specific contradictions between sound and image – when re-worked in terms of spatial (Santiago de Chile) and temporal (post-dictatorship) conditions. In doing so, it turns to the Brazilian concept of anthropophagy as an analytical framework and tool. As such, this paper argues that approaching the film through the lens of anthropophagy not only helps us to read the discursive strategies deployed in the film, but also highlights how cannibalism works as both a formal structuring feature and as part of the film's content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the formalization of social impact measurement (SIM) in contexts where there are little or no expectations for it. Drawing on a combination of institutional- and organizational-level theories, we assess the complex relationship between nine potential antecedents of SIM and its formalization, across 152 social entrepreneurs in Chile's social sector. Using configurational comparative methods, we discover and map four novel approaches to social impact measurement, revealing a much more diverse and counterintuitive reality. We also find that, in emerging settings, factors assumed to be central to formalization in mature sectors play a peripheral role at best. By offering a multilevel explanation of what matters and when for SIM in an emerging social sector, this paper offers empirical evidence on how to better capture and report SIM and expands the theoretical understanding of SIM as a governance and accountability mechanism in social entrepreneurship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With over 5 million Venezuelans fleeing their home country, Latin America is facing the largest migration crisis in its history. Colombia, Peru, and Chile host the largest numbers of Venezuelan migrants in the region. Each country has responded differently to the crisis in terms of the provision of education. Venezuelan migrants attempting to enter the primary, secondary, and higher education systems encounter a variety of barriers, from struggles with documentation, to limited availability of spaces in schools, to cultural barriers and xenophobia. This paper examines the distinct educational policy responses to Venezuelan migrants in Colombia, Peru, and Chile. It begins by contextualizing the current crisis through a sociopolitical and economic analysis of the origins of the Venezuelan migration phenomenon. Venezuelans are not officially and legally recognized as refugees by the UNHCR. Refugee status is considered on a case-by-case basis at the country level. The regional coordinating bodies tasked with promoting safe, orderly, and legal migration of Venezuelans to host countries have given uneven attention to education. The paper examines each country's response to Venezuelan migrants from a human rights perspective. It provides sociopolitical context and discusses the specific educational offerings from the primary to tertiary levels in Colombia, Peru, and Chile. It considers alternative or flexible education models, second shift schools, access to school transportation and feeding programs, and teacher training opportunities that cater to the growing migrant population. It explores barriers to entry into the educational system, including documentation challenges due to legal and enrollment requirements, constraints on the host countries' education systems, and discrimination due to lack of intercultural training and xenophobia. It also discusses challenges related to the quality of the educational opportunities for Venezuelan migrant children, and the specific needs of these children. The paper considers several ideas to protect Venezuelan migrants' rights to an education and to strengthen their integration. Finally, it offers recommendations on sustainable education solutions for Venezuelan migrants at all levels in the three countries. These recommendations include improving information sharing, addressing structural bottlenecks to school enrollment, and expanding pathways (existing and complementary) to higher education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent decades, there has been a revival of free tuition policies around the world. Understanding the current revival of these policies is particularly important as it positions higher education as a social right or public good challenging the predominant discourse that situates higher education as a private good. Chile, a country often characterized as a neoliberal laboratory, implemented a free-tuition policy in 2016 and offers a case study to understand the policy formation and the political dynamics behind it. Based on the advocacy coalition framework and using discourse network analysis and in-depth interviews, this paper focuses on identifying the main actors involved in the policy discussion, their beliefs about free college in Chile, and how they interact during the policy development. Findings show that the Chilean free tuition policy was the result of the joint actions of actors who shared similar beliefs and formed coalitions to try to influence the policy design. Findings also highlight the formation of two opposite coalitions that were able to introduce their beliefs into the policy design at political and technical levels. Implications for policymakers and researchers are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper comparatively analyses the representation of women in Chilean print advertising in 1980 and 2013, years that represent the beginning and consolidation of a modernisation process, in which consumption became one of the main axes of social life and advertising, a major actor in the public space. Notwithstanding the far‐reaching process of modernisation and the major transformations in Chilean society, advertisements in 2013 still depict stereotypical gender representations. For example, women assume passive roles that do not reflect their growing independence as a result of their integration into the labour market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The representation of gays and lesbians on Chilean television has increased steadily over the last decades. This paper offers an analysis of the role these images had in the processes of sexual identification of a sample of 25 members of the audience who identify as gays or lesbians. Through a thematic analysis of semi-structured interviews, it is shown that the respondents believed that the televisual representations of homosexuality have contributed to further marginalize gay and lesbian lives. This strengthened damaging feelings that fed into a sense of shame that was originating from multiple institutions and texts, thus complicating their processes of self-recognition and self-acceptance during their childhood and adolescence. Taking examples of how participants described their relationship with these representations and the ways in which they circulated socially, it is argued that they could only articulate their identification as gays or lesbians by disassociating themselves from these images and establishing a clear difference in regard to them. This was in a process in which several other informational and experiential opportunities came into play, which allowed them to resignify the categories gay/lesbian and lead less conflictive processes of identification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The literature about women's roles in corporate structure does not provide clear, systemic, integrative answers to fundamental questions such as which factors shape board gender composition and women's roles in business and corporate networks? With the intention to help overcome this gap in the literature, this paper examines the dynamics of women's access to corporate boards for more than a century in Argentina and Chile. It focuses on critical factors that affect the fluctuating, nonlinear recruitment patterns that have led to the incorporation of women in these two countries during the twentieth century and the first decade of the twenty-first century. We analyse a diverse range of institutional, organisational, and individual factors that have opened women's access to the boards of Argentina's and Chile's largest corporations. The study establishes that Argentina has progressed into a more fragmented corporate network than Chile, which may have facilitated women's access to boards. However, and even if, little by little, a combination of factors has opened some space for women in the corporate power elite, they primarily remain in marginalised positions in networks. Taken together, these findings show that it is important to consider not only the number and the timing but also the nature of women's integration into corporate boards and high-ranking positions. This issue is particularly relevant because Argentina and Chile have not enacted regulations to mandate minimum levels of board diversity during the period under analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research has been conducted on job insecurity and participation in the workplace. However, to date, empirical research on the relationship between job insecurity and citizen participation is extremely scarce. To fill the void, the aim of this study is to examine the nexus between job insecurity and citizen participation in Chile and South Korea where embraced the New Public Management principle. Grievance and resource theory of participation offer contrasting predictions for the influence of job insecurity on citizen participation. Analyzing the wave 7 of the World Values Survey, this paper verifies the two lines of enquiry in examining the influence of job insecurity on citizen participation. The results of an ordered logit regression model demonstrate that the impact of job insecurity on citizen participation varied depending on the types of job insecurity and citizen participation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on a socio-materialist perspective, this study analyses connections between cultural contexts, the social situatedness of learning experiences and the material artefacts in rural Chilean schools. Our focus on different dimensions of design foregrounds the ways materials and places may act together with other elements to influence human thinking, learning and action. Results show that all the schools in the study met minimal standards on physical variables (temperature, air quality, lighting, noise and safety), and that in recent times, school designs emphasise a participatory design process, which includes community consultation, and where cultural and natural aspects of the surroundings are taken into account and prioritised. Given the richness of the natural landscape and culture observed in rural areas, this paper offers original insights into the ways that educators can explore the natural environment and indigenous culture to promote meaningful situated learning and empower students in rural schools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aerosol shortwave, direct radiative effects of smoke plumes from Chilean wildfires in 2017 and 2023 were derived from satellite observations in both cloud‐free and cloud scenes. At the top of the atmosphere, the aerosol DRE changes sign when aerosol overly clouds or open ocean, confirmed by both measurements and a simulation study. The cloud‐free daily‐mean DRE, computed using an offline radiative transfer model (RTM), was 66 W m−2 in 2023 and 42 W m−2 in 2017, due to absorption by smoke. However, the total radiative effects were larger in 2017 due to a larger plume size compared to 2023. The method presented here provides a new conceptual model to quickly assess the radiative effects of wildfire smoke plumes using satellite measurements and pre‐computed RTM results. The presented estimates are strongly affected by the uncertainty of aerosol optical thickness retrievals from satellite, which can be large in the presence of clouds. Plain Language Summary: From 30 January to the end of February 2023, central Chile experienced over 400 individual wildfires, consuming over 430,000 ha of native sclerophyllous forests, with 25 fatalities as of 14 February. Wildfires are common in central Chile during dry periods, but seem intensified due to the mega‐drought since 2010. Next to health effects, the smoke from these wildfires has important climatic impacts through the change of solar insolation in the atmosphere: smoke strongly absorbs solar radiation and heats the atmosphere, changing the vertical stability. In this paper, the horizontal and vertical smoke distribution in the atmosphere is presented using satellite observations, and the radiative effects in the atmosphere and at the surface are quantified for the recent fires and as well as for the record‐breaking wildfires in 2017, which were the most devastating in the modern history of central‐Chile. Our results show that the radiative effects of the smoke from the recent wildfires were stronger in magnitude during the first few days, but confined to a smaller area, reducing their overall effect. Key Points: The radiative effects of the recent 2023 Chilean wildfire smoke plumes are assessed and compared to the 2017 Chilean wildfires smoke plumesPre‐computed radiative transfer model results can provide readily available aerosol direct radiative effects in clear‐sky for smokeSatellite measurements can further improve the aerosol direct effect and direct forcing estimates for both clear sky and cloud scenes [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: In the growing aquaculture sector, more concerns have arisen regarding health management in farmed fish. Geographic information systems (GISs) dedicated to storing, collecting, retrieving, transforming, and displaying large sets of spatial data may help enhance disease control and surveillance, especially during outbreaks. To shed light on the actual implementation of GISs for health management in farmed fish in marine and freshwater environments, this scoping review analysed 54 relevant retained records from a base of over 1000 papers in the scientific literature published between 2010 and 2022. What stands out from this literature analysis is that these remote technologies are most successfully adopted in the highly valued salmonid farming industry of northern Europe and Chile. Furthermore, implementing such remote technologies and related disease mapping seemed particularly effective in controlling viral outbreaks. This review highlighted the gap between the potential of these smart GIS tools and the actual benefits accrued for disease control and surveillance when applied to farmed aquatic animals. Finfish aquaculture, one of the fastest growing intensive sectors worldwide, is threatened by numerous transmissible diseases that may have devastating impacts on its economic sustainability. This review (2010–2022) used a PRISMA extension for scoping reviews and a text mining approach to explore the extent to which geographical information systems (GIS) are used in farmed fish health management and to unveil the main GIS technologies, databases, and functions used to update the spatiotemporal data underpinning risk and predictive models in aquatic surveillance programmes. After filtering for eligibility criteria, the literature search provided 54 records, highlighting the limited use of GIS technologies for disease prevention and control, as well as the prevalence of GIS application in marine salmonid farming, especially for viruses and parasitic diseases typically associated with these species. The text mining generated five main research areas, underlining a limited range of investigated species, rearing environments, and diseases, as well as highlighting the lack of GIS-based methodologies at the core of such publications. This scoping review provides a source of information for future more detailed literature analyses and outcomes to support the development of geospatial disease spread models and expand in-field GIS technologies for the prevention and mitigation of fish disease epidemics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The accelerated pace of knowledge generation requires engineering students to develop different types of reasoning during their education. Deductive reasoning is essential to establishing self-regulated judgments based on reasoned argumentation. This paper aims to describe and illustrate the process by which a test of multiple-choice, open-response verbal mathematical problems was designed, applied, and validated to assess the deductive reasoning of second-semester students of two engineering degrees from a university in a region of southern Chile. The research used a non-experimental, cross-sectional approach focused on psychometric aspects. The evaluation instrument was developed on the basis of a typology of mathematical problems and a model of deductive reasoning. The resolutions of types of problems are classified according to their nature, routine and non-routine, and according to their context, real, realistic, fantasy, and purely mathematical, while the deductive argumentative model comprises the phases of data, claim, and warrant. The results guarantee sufficient content and construct validity, item discrimination, and reliability; therefore, they represent a useful tool for measuring the level of deductive reasoning among first-year engineering students during the process of solving a type of mathematical problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Wildland–urban interface (WUI) fires are becoming more frequent and catastrophic as they are associated with the effects of climate change, demographic pressure, human activities, abandonment of rural areas and activities promoting dangerous fuel continuity. For example, in the central regions of Portugal, Chile and California, severe direct and indirect impacts have been observed, with a catastrophic number of fatalities. Aims: Mitigating and reducing the impacts of wildfires in the WUI requires understanding heat transfer mechanisms from forest fires and understanding how structures ignite is crucial to define and implement new mitigation strategies. Methods: Adopting Computational Fluid Dynamics is essential to assess the WUI fire problem by simulating fire behaviour and quantifying its characteristics. In this paper, a building is exposed to several wildfire scenarios, assessing the influence of parameters such as materials, fuels, topography and meteorological conditions. Key results: The investigated scenarios were developed considering validated Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) models of single trees on fire and the influence of governing parameters was quantified. Conclusions: For the selected scenarios, the impacts on the building were assessed and compared, quantifying heat release rates, radiative heat flux and adiabatic surface temperature. Implications: This research contributes to a Performance-Based Design (PBD) approach for buildings in the WUI. WUI fires are becoming more catastrophic as they are associated with the effects of climate change and human activities. Understanding heat transfer mechanisms from forest fires and how structures ignite is crucial for the definition and implementation of new strategies and techniques, enabling a Performance-Based Design (PBD) approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aquatic products fulfill the protein needs of people and play an important role in food safety. And aquaculture is prized for its high productivity, sustainability and environmental friendliness. Considering the importance of aquaculture, the legal risks exposed during the aquaculture process deserve attention in order to prevent them from hindering the development of the aquaculture industry. Through online research, literature analysis and practical communication, it is shown that the current legal risks with commonalities include land use violations, lack of legal documents, failure to meet tailing water criteria, unquarantined fry and misuse of prohibited agricultural pharmaceuticals through online research, literature analysis and practical communication. By analyzing the reasons for the formation of legal risks and combining the experiences in sustainable development of three major aquaculture countries, which are Korea, Norway and Chile, this paper provides targeted preventive remedies and suggestions for aquaculture operators, administrative parties, legislators and other parties on legal risks. It includes promoting the improvement of the rule of law in multiple aspects, clarifying the positioning of the aquatic breeding certificates, improving and propagating the standards for wastewater discharge, increasing the self-sufficiency rate of aquatic fry and fingerlings, as well as making use of the synergy of soft law and hard law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Chile, due to the explosive increase of new Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) cases during the first part of 2021, the ability of health services to accommodate new incoming cases was jeopardized. It has become necessary to be able to manage intensive care unit (ICU) capacity, and for this purpose, monitoring both the evolution of new cases and the demand for ICU beds has become urgent. This paper presents short‐term forecast models for the number of new cases and the number of COVID‐19 patients admitted to ICUs in the Metropolitan Region in Chile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The Cosmology Large Angular Scale Surveyor (CLASS) is a telescope array that observes the cosmic microwave background over 75% of the sky from the Atacama Desert, Chile, at frequency bands centered near 40, 90, 150, and 220 GHz. This paper describes the CLASS data pipeline and maps for 40 GHz observations conducted from 2016 August to 2022 May. We demonstrate how well the CLASS survey strategy, with rapid (∼10 Hz) front-end modulation, recovers the large-scale Galactic polarization signal from the ground: the mapping transfer function recovers ∼67% (85%) of EE and BB (VV) power at ℓ = 20 and ∼35% (47%) at ℓ = 10. We present linear and circular polarization maps over 75% of the sky. Simulations based on the data imply the maps have a white noise level of 110 μ K arcmin and correlated noise component rising at low- ℓ as ℓ −2.4. The transfer-function-corrected low- ℓ component is comparable to the white noise at the angular knee frequencies of ℓ ≈ 18 (linear polarization) and ℓ ≈ 12 (circular polarization). Finally, we present simulations of the level at which expected sources of systematic error bias the measurements, finding subpercent bias for the Λ cold dark matter EE power spectra. Bias from E -to- B leakage due to the data reduction pipeline and polarization angle uncertainty approaches the expected level for an r = 0.01 BB power spectrum. Improvements to the instrument calibration and the data pipeline will decrease this bias. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Various mental health hospital models have been tested in Chile since its foundation. The institutional model with the Asylum and the Madhouse prevailed during the nineteenth century and much of the twentieth. But is deinstitutionalizing all psychiatric patients the solution? Evidence acquisition: A PubMed, Epistemonikos, Lilacs, and Google Scholar Scoping Review was carried out in the last 5 years using the PRISMA-P method and the Scoping review search strategy. The MeSH terms (“Psychiatry/history” AND “Chile”) OR (“Mental disorders” AND “therapy”) were used during the search. Finally, papers focused on clinical trial therapy evaluation were excluded, and we emphasized the eects of historical evidence. Evidence synthesis: We identified 35 primary studies, and we counted the number of articles included in the review that potentially met our inclusion criteria and noted how many studies had been missed by our search. We analyzed 10 primary studies and 10 primary historical resources that were included in this study. Conclusion: The state must become a guarantor and be responsible for its psychiatric patients and provide professional and humanitarian support to its patients, be it through community psychiatry, day hospitals, devices such as mental health clinics, or psychiatric institutes dedicated to teaching and research. Patients should not be left to the free will of their direct relatives, but rather the state should strengthen the primary care system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the impact of the Chile-South Korea Free Trade Agreement (CKFTA) over the bilateral extensive and intensive margins of trade. Using disaggregated product-level data for the period 1996-2017, the paper tests the impact of CKFTA on bilateral flows, as well as differentiate these effects between intensive and extensive margins at the product level. To estimate, a Poisson-Pseudo Maximum Likelihood model is proposed. It is found that the CKFTA had a positive effect over bilateral trade flows, and although new products were added to the bilateral export basket (extensive margin), the impact is stronger on goods already traded (intensive margin). Moreover, the paper concludes that this effect is stronger for Chilean exports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spatially distributed hydrology and land surface models are typically applied in combination with river routing schemes that convert instantaneous runoff into streamflow. Nevertheless, the development of such schemes has been somehow disconnected from hydrologic model calibration research, although both seek to achieve more realistic streamflow simulations. In this paper, we seek to bridge this gap to understand the extent to which the configuration of routing schemes affects hydrologic model parameter searches in water resources applications. To this end, we configure the Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) model coupled with the mizuRoute routing model in the Cautín River basin (2770 km2), Chile. We use the Latin hypercube sampling (LHS) method to generate 3500 different model parameters sets, for which basin-averaged runoff estimates are obtained directly (no routing or instantaneous runoff case) and are subsequently compared against outputs from four routing schemes (unit hydrograph, Lagrangian kinematic wave, Muskingum–Cunge, and diffusive wave) applied with five different routing time steps (1, 2, 3, 4, and 6 h). The results show that incorporating routing schemes may alter streamflow simulations at sub-daily, daily, and even monthly timescales. The maximum Kling–Gupta efficiency (KGE) obtained for daily streamflow increases from 0.64 (instantaneous runoff) to 0.81 (for the best routing scheme), and such improvements do not depend on the routing time step. Moreover, the optimal parameter sets may differ depending on the routing scheme configuration, affecting the baseflow contribution to total runoff. Including routing models decreases streamflow values in flood frequency curves and may alter the probabilistic distribution of the medium- and low-flow segments of the flow duration curve considerably (compared to the case without routing). More generally, the results presented here highlight the potential impacts of river routing implementations on water resources applications that involve hydrologic models and, in particular, parameter calibration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the media coverage of the COVID-19 vaccine by major media outlets in five Latin American countries: Argentina, Colombia, Chile, Mexico, and Peru. For this purpose, the XLM-roBERTa model was applied and the sentiments of all tweets published between January 2020 and June 2023 (n = 24,243) by the five outlets with the greatest online reach in each country were analyzed. The results show that the sentiment in the overall media and in each nation studied was mostly negative, and only at the beginning of the pandemic was there some positivity. In recent months, negative sentiment has increased twelvefold over positive sentiment, and has also garnered many more interactions than positive sentiment. The differences by platform and country are minimal, but there are markedly negative media, some more inclined to neutrality, and only one where positive sentiment predominates. This paper questions the role of journalism in Latin America during a health crisis as serious as that of the coronavirus, in which, instead of the expected neutrality, or even a certain message of hope, the media seem to have been dragged along by the negativity promoted by certain discourses far removed from scientific evidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, a new discipline known as Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) has emerged, which has followed the growing trend experienced by Artificial Intelligence over the last decades. There are, however, important gaps in the adoption of XAI in hydrology research, in terms of application studies in the southern hemisphere, or in studies associated with snowmelt-driven streamflow prediction in arid regions, to mention a few. This paper seeks to contribute to filling these knowledge gaps through the application of XAI techniques in snowmelt-driven streamflow prediction in a basin located in the arid region of north-central Chile in South America. For this, two prediction models were built using the Random Forest algorithm, for one and four months in advance. The models show good prediction performance in the training set for one (RMSE:1.33, R2: 0.94, MAE:0.55) and four (RMSE: 5.67, R2:0.94, MAE: 1.51) months in advance. The selected interpretation techniques (importance of the variable, partial dependence plot, accumulated local effects plot, Shapley values and local interpretable model-agnostic explanations) show that hydrometeorological variables in the vicinity of the basin are more important than climate variables and this occurs both for the dataset level and for the months with the lowest streamflow records. The importance of the XAI approach adopted in this study is discussed in terms of its contribution to the understanding of hydrological processes, as well as its role in high-stakes decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During health crisis, individuals need information to comprehend their circumstances. Channel complementarity theory posits that in meeting their informational needs, people will use different sources in a complementary fashion. This paper puts to test the main tenet of channel complementarity theory by focusing on information scanning (i.e. routine health information exposure) in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic in Chile. A survey was conducted among a sample of Chilean adults (N = 2,805). The questionnaire addressed information scanning across six sources (television, radio, internet, social media, family, and friends or coworkers) and explores how socioeconomic and demographic variables, as well as COVID-19 perceived risk related to scanning. Latent class analysis was employed to identify patterns of complementarity across channels. The analysis yielded a solution of five classes, namely 'high complementarity and high frequency' (21%), 'high complementarity and low frequency' (34%), 'high frequency on television and digital media' (19%), 'mass media predominant' (11%), and 'no scanning' (15%). Educational attainment, age, and COVID-19 perceived risk were associated with scanning. Television was a central channel for information scanning during the pandemic in Chile and more than half of participants scanned COVID-19 information complementarily. Our findings expand channel complementarity theory to information scanning in a non-US context and provide guidelines for designing communication interventions aiming at informing individuals during a global health crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seismic data have improved in quality and quantity over the past few decades, enabling better statistical analysis. Statistical physics has proposed new ways to deal with these data to focus the attention on specific matters. The present paper combines these two progressions to find indicators that can help in the definition of areas where seismic risk is developing. Our data comes from the IPOC catalog for 2007 to 2014. It covers the intense seismic activity near Iquique in Northern Chile during March/April 2014. Centered in these hypocenters we concentrate on the rectangle L a t − 22 − 18 and L o n − 68 − 72 and deepness between 5 and 70 km, where the major earthquakes originate. The analysis was performed using two complementary techniques: Tsallis entropy and mutability (dynamical entropy). Two possible forecasting indicators emerge: (1) Tsallis entropy (mutability) increases (decreases) broadly about two years before the main M W 8.1 earthquake. (2) Tsallis entropy (mutability) sharply decreases (increases) a few weeks before the M W 8.1 earthquake. The first one is about energy accumulation, and the second one is because of energy relaxation in the parallelepiped of interest. We discuss the implications of these behaviors and project them for possible future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper resurrects Adiantum weatherbyanum, an overlooked species that occurs in northern Chile, and describes and illustrates a new species, A. rodriguezii, from central Chile. Both taxa belong to the Adiantum poiretii group and were overlooked by the previous authors who worked on the Flora of Chile. Adiantum weatherbyanum is easily recognized by the combination of having of simple and branched, whitish, eglandular hairs on the laminar tissue and veins of the pinnules abaxially, and short ciliate rhizome scales. Adiantum rodriguezii is distinct by its pubescent pinnules on both surfaces; the hairs are simple, articulate, 0.5–1.2 mm long, light brown, with eglandular apices, and restricted to the pinnule veins. Relevant taxa are provided with descriptions, comments, and illustrations of the diagnostic characters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper develops a comparative assessment of the state of asylum in Brazil, Chile, Mexico, and Uruguay. It argues that an accelerated weakening of refugee protection, exacerbated during the pandemic, has taken place across the region. Faced with growing mixed flows, the region’s refugee framework has either been used as an ad hoc regularization mechanism or not been broadly used. Also, pandemic mitigation measures have further weakened access to asylum, through militarization and border closures, and a platitude of deterrence practices. These regressive practices may result in the undermining, abandonment and/or replacement of the region’s widely praised refugee governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the costs and benefits of dual training programmes for companies in Chile. The model has three main components: (1) the costs that arise during the programme (training, student labour, administrative, and educational supplies), (2) the benefits that companies receive during the programme in terms of student's productivity, and (3) the potential benefits that companies can obtain in hiring and adjustment savings if students are hired after the programme. Using an online survey, we estimate that Chilean companies that participate incur net costs of US$3,200 per student per year in training; however, most companies declared to be satisfied with dual training. We simulate two scenarios under which dual training is cost effective. Public policies to promote early adjustment such that students arrive at companies better prepared and can allocate more time to productive tasks should be considered to decrease the net cost of training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: STEM fields are instrumental in increasing the technological and innovative capacity of the economy. As women are underrepresented in the STEM workforce, diverse strategies have been implemented to boost their preparedness and interest in these fields, including early exposure to academic and vocational STEM courses. Using the case of Chile's highly differentiated school system, this paper examines the role of secondary curricula on students' enrollment and persistence in STEM programs offered by vocational postsecondary institutions and universities. In doing so, we seek to identify whether exposure to STEM courses within the academic or vocational tracks translates into fewer gender differences in STEM higher education. Results: Our results reveal that upper-secondary tracks connected to STEM courses are positively associated with enrollment in STEM higher education and, to some degree, persistence. More specifically, exposure to STEM courses in the academic track is the most effective path to boost chances of enrolling in STEM university programs but has no connection to later persistence. In contrast, applied STEM courses within the vocational tracks perform better in the case of STEM programs in postsecondary vocational institutions both in enrollment and persistence. However, this STEM pipeline significantly amplifies gender gaps as males benefit more than women from early exposure to applied STEM courses. We also found that other indirect routes, such as enrolling in STEM university programs from the vocational track with applied STEM courses, boost female participation in these programs, helping reduce gender gaps. Conclusions: While secondary STEM courses attract more female students to STEM higher education, they alone are insufficient to achieve gender equality in STEM fields as gender gaps widen in the more effective routes. In highly differentiated school systems, policymakers and high school leaders should offer increased support to women interested in STEM studies and careers across all secondary tracks to boost female participation in STEM fields. At the same time, all high school students should be able to select both academic and applied STEM courses as a part of their non-mandatory curriculum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some previous sociolinguistic work in Chilean Spanish has claimed that velar palatalization (i.e., production of a word like gente /xente/ 'people' as [çen̪.t̪e] or [xjen̪.t̪e]) is a categorical feature of all speakers of this dialect, while other scholars have argued that palatalization of /x/ is conditioned by sociolinguistic factors. The present study comprises a sociophonetic analysis of the production of /x/ across 61 speakers from Santiago, Chile in an effort to acoustically verify one of these two claims. Via the use of static and dynamic analyses of 2,107 tokens of /x/ in diverse phonological environments, this paper demonstrates that among these data, only linguistic factors condition the place of articulation and degree of constriction of /x/. Overall, /x/ palatalization before /e/ appears to be a gradient strengthening phenomenon generalized among the entire sample of Santiago Spanish speakers. Further, I argue that the dynamic analyses are superior both theoretically and methodologically as they allow for more faithful capturing of the variability inherent in the speech signal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Encounters in Theory & History of Education / Rencontres en Theorie et Histoire de l'Educacion is the property of Queen's University, Faculty of Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Scientific literacy is still being identified and recognised as one of the main goals of science education. However, this concept has multiple interpretations and its definition changes continuously depending on its social, cultural, and political contexts. In this paper, scientific literacy is conceptualised through visions I, II and III. The first one is focused on the content and scientific processes for its subsequent application; the second, with a focus on understanding the usefulness of scientific knowledge in life and society; and the third one seeks to move towards a politicised scientific education to dialogic emancipation, attending social and eco-justice dimensions. The latter is also called critical scientific literacy. The research aimed at analysing how scientific literacy and these three visions are expressed in school curricula of Bolivia and Chile. Using a qualitative approach and thematic analysis, it is established that the Bolivian curriculum presents mainly a critical scientific literacy approach and the Chilean science curriculum presents mainly a vision II of scientific literacy. Findings of contrasting both school curricula show science education as non-neutral and profoundly political field, and therefore, we can see relevant opportunities for transformation and emancipation, understanding science curriculum as a social practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Scientiae (1517-4492) is the property of Acta Scientiae and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Women's participation in small‐scale aquaculture is growing, but women producers remain in a disadvantaged position compared to men. Reducing gender gaps is at the core of many development programs, but little is known regarding the source of these differences. This paper investigates the main drivers of gender gaps in seaweed small‐scale aquaculture by focusing on the analysis of differences between male and women, and across a series of psychological traits. We use data from a sample of 152 seaweed producers from central‐southern Chile and perform a matching procedure to generate a balanced sample of male and female producers in the dimensions determining their performance in the sector. Our results show that female producers may exhibit more positive psychological traits such as patience and interpersonal trust. However, women's choices in seaweed farming may be incongruent with these characteristics, as expecting more immediate returns than males, and may not be able to exploit the advantages of collaboration in selling in the sector. This supports the notion that opportunity costs (e.g., other activities in the marine area) and outside options (e.g., fishing versus trade) may be one of the major drivers of gender gaps and suggests that there are barriers keeping women from exploiting their potentially advantageous individual characteristics. Results provide important insights for the design of support instruments aimed at reducing these barriers faced by women in the sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wood smoke pollution has emerged as a major public health issue in southern Chile. This paper endeavors to find evidence of environmental inequity by looking into the spatial associations between sociodemographic characteristics, exposures, and risk perception to air pollution. We integrate primary georeferenced survey data with estimates of excess outdoor exposure to wood smoke in Coyhaique, one of the most polluted cities in Latin America. Our findings reveal that certain social groups are disproportionately exposed to PM2.5. People of low-socioeconomic status, living in households with older adults and users of wood-burning stoves tend to spend more days per year with unhealthy air pollution levels. The results yield a modest but statistically significant relationship between PM2.5 levels and risk perception. Sociodemographic factors are also important predictors of air pollution risk perception. We discuss the implications in terms of environmental injustice patterns and public awareness campaigns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores how Chilean teachers approach fundamental aspects of rhythm, verifying their consistency with cognitive processing theory and findings. 203 music teachers completed a validated questionnaire with closed and open items regarding how they approach pulse, tempo, meter and rhythmic patterns during rhythm production and perception activities. The results show that, in general, teaching practices are congruent with the scientific evidence related to the processing of these musical aspects. Finally, the use of elements that facilitate synchronization or constant pulse is suggested: optimal tempi ranges for adults, use of binary meters, and the use of rhythmic patterns that prioritise the double-half relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mining plays a pivotal role in economies worldwide, contributing to employment, infrastructure, and the supply of essential raw materials. Chile's global mining powerhouse, particularly in copper production, exemplifies this industry's economic significance. The supplier selection process in the mining industry, a complex and multifaceted task, is explored in detail, specifically focusing on explosives procurement, a critical component for mineral extraction. The paper underscores the importance of informed supplier selection decisions, especially for SMEs, which often need more resources and capabilities for efficient management. To address these challenges, the study proposes applying the Analytic Hierarchical Process (AHP), a multi-criteria decision-making methodology, to identify and prioritize the criteria and sub-criteria pertinent to choosing explosives suppliers. A case study in the Coquimbo Region, Chile, involving SMEs in the mining sector is the empirical foundation for this research. Our research highlights that the foremost criterion for SMEs in the Coquimbo Region's mining sector is "relationship with the environment and communities". This reflects the national context of mining community tensions and the rising environmental standards and social expectations, which can profoundly impact mining operations. "Quality of products and services" is the second most crucial criterion, underscoring SMEs' drive to enhance productivity and efficiency. "Contractual compliance" follows closely, signifying the integration of SMEs into broader social and environmental sustainability efforts. Conversely, "innovation" ranks as the least relevant criterion, indicating that SMEs prioritize traditional processes due to limited resources and cost constraints. These insights are valuable for mining supplier company managers, emphasizing the need for sustainability, corporate social responsibility, and management control systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interest in educational and professional aspirations of students transiting to post-secondary education has gained prominence in academic debates and policy agendas internationally. Political interventions for raising aspirations quite often draw on narrow instrumental and rationalistic assumptions of individual decision-making that, as we will argue, do not capture adequately the meanings students attribute to these aspirations. By means of in-depth interviews and combining a critical realist approach to social action with capabilities approach, the paper explores the educational and professional aspirations of students at the end of secondary TVET in Chile. We consider that high educational aspirations of secondary TVET students in Chile need to be understood as a reflexive response to significantly high social inequalities in the country, the precarity of working conditions in a highly liberalised labour market, and the enduring neoliberal tenet of meritocracy. We also argue that understanding aspirations is key to reimagine TVET's roles and purposes at individual, institutional and national levels, towards fairer opportunities for human development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper combines the objective information of six mixed-frequency partial-activity indicators with assumptions or beliefs (called priors) regarding the distribution of the parameters that approximate the state of the construction activity cycle. Thus, this paper uses Bayesian inference with Gibbs simulations and the Kalman filter to estimate the parameters of the state-space model, used to design the Imacon. Design/methodology/approach: Unlike other economic sectors of similar importance in aggregate gross domestic product, such as mining and industry, the construction sector lacked a short-term measure that helps to identify its most recent performance. Findings: Indeed, because these priors are susceptible to changes, they provide flexibility to the original Imacon model, allowing for the assessment of risk scenarios and adaption to the greater relative volatility that characterizes the sector's activity. Originality/value: The classic maximum likelihood method of estimating the monthly construction activity index (Imacon) is rigid to the incorporation of new measures of uncertainty, expectations or different volatility (risks) levels in the state of construction activity. In this context, this paper uses Bayesian inference with 10,000 Gibbs simulations and the Kalman filter to estimate the parameters of the state-space model, used to design the Imacon, inspired by the original works of Mariano and Murasawa (2003) and Kim and Nelson (1998). Thus, this paper consists of a natural extension of the classic method used by Tejada (2006) in the estimation of the old Imacon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses a comparative ethnographic approach to explore the ways in which social media enables new economic strategies that capitalize on women's traditional forms of reliance within their local communities. We use ethnographic examples from northern Chile, southeast Italy, and south India to show how women are successful in establishing small but prestigious entrepreneurial activities by using social media to respond to local social and cultural needs. Women use social media to transform both conventional work practices and individuals' notions of work in ways that overcome important structural constraints they face in their respective communities. These findings contrast with optimistic analyses that suggest online platforms decrease global inequalities through bringing disadvantaged people into global economic flows. This article demonstrates the effective ways in which individuals use social media to gradually change local norms related to gender and work while making small but important gains towards economic stability. This process is related to important shifts in sociality that have resulted from social media use within local communities. By focusing on entrepreneurship and gendered aspects of online economic exchange, we develop an understanding of what happens when longstanding expectations for gendered work meet commerce made possible through new media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]