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Research background: The lack of financial resources of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) make them face high financial risk. Their entrepreneurial abilities that belong to Resource-based View (RBV), such as innovativeness and competitiveness, might reduce SMEs’ financial risk because those entrepreneurial abilities increase the financial performance of businesses. Purpose of the article: This paper aims to investigate the effects of the innovativeness and competitiveness of SMEs on their financial concerns based on financial risk, including bankruptcy, financial performance, and financial risk management. Methods: The authors use a method of data analysis and synthesis, including advanced knowledge and digital processing of background studies. This paper examines 1221 SMEs from the Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Hungary. Those firms are chosen by random sampling method from Cribis and the Budapest Chamber of Commerce databases. Then the researchers directed an online questionnaire to collect the research data from the randomly selected firms. The researchers use Ordinal Logistic Regression Test for analysis purposes. Findings & value added: This paper's results indicate that SMEs' competitiveness does not impact SMEs’ bankruptcy prediction, financial performance, or financial risk management. On the other hand, while more innovative SMEs are less likely to face bankruptcy issues than less innovative SMEs, less innovative SMEs indicate better financial performance than their more innovative counterparts. Since this paper focuses on the influences of intangible assets of SMEs (such as characteristics based on RBV and Entrepreneurial Orientation) on their tangible assets (financial performance etc.) and puts emphasis on this fact from an International perspective, this paper makes a significant contribution to the literature. Furthermore, analyzing multiple relationships between SMEs’ different entrepreneurial characteristics and various financial risk concerns is another important fact that might draw prospective readers’ attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The evolution of digital technology has revolutionized the landscape of criminal investigations and legal proceedings. This paper delves into the nuanced realm of evidence, with a particular focus on digital evidence, which has become increasingly prevalent in today's digital age. The proliferation of digital information presents both opportunities and challenges for the field of criminal procedure. Recognizing the growing importance of electronic evidence in criminal investigations, the Commission has taken proactive measures to streamline the process of obtaining such evidence. New rules have been introduced to facilitate the acquisition of electronic evidence by judicial authorities. Among these rules are provisions for the creation of a European Evidence Production Order and a European Preservation Order specifically tailored for electronic evidence in criminal cases. Furthermore, providers of electronic services operating within the European Union are now required to appoint a legal representative, further enhancing the accessibility of electronic evidence for legal proceedings. Despite these advancements, the utilization of digital evidence raises complex legal questions and challenges. This paper critically examines the various implications associated with the use of digital evidence, shedding light on issues such as authenticity, admissibility, and the preservation of digital evidence. By analyzing these aspects in depth, the paper aims to provide insights into the multifaceted nature of digital evidence and its implications for criminal procedure. In addition to addressing legal complexities, the paper also seeks to establish a foundational understanding of digital evidence by providing basic definitions and classifications. By elucidating the diverse sources and forms of digital evidence, ranging from emails and transaction records to video recordings and metadata, the paper lays the groundwork for a comprehensive understanding of this evolving field. In conclusion, this paper serves as a comprehensive exploration of the role of digital evidence in contemporary criminal investigations and legal proceedings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large segments of Austria-Hungary’s population were affected by an escalating food shortage during World War I, leading to widespread undernourishment, particularly in urban areas. This paper argues that this impending crisis significantly empowered scientific experts. Operating between civil society and the imperial state, these experts multiplied and strengthened their connections to both spheres during the war, emerging as major producers of policy advice. This was true even in the realm of biopolitics, where decisions were made about whom to let live and whom to let die. Focusing on eugenics and its scientific proponents, this paper traces their growing interactions with voluntary associations providing food aid and civil administration at central, municipal, and local levels. Spanning four distinct urbanized contexts in the Habsburg Empire – Vienna, Budapest, Northern Bohemia, and Prague – the analysis reveals that eugenic ideas increasingly permeated discussions about food provisioning during the war in each of these locations. By the conflict’s end, eugenics had become a pivotal discourse framing public debate on the hunger crisis, depicting it in racialized terms as an intergenerational biological threat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last decades, the analysis of mode choice preferences has become a vital aspect of enhancing the quality of public transport services. Most papers aim to derive conclusions from large-scale surveys. However, for specific homogenous patterns, such as university students, a smaller group of evaluators might also be sufficient. Such a survey can rather be considered as an expert survey, in which few representatives might express the preference of a larger community, thus, a different methodology can be more effective than the traditional statistical techniques. This paper aims to introduce a new approach that combines two multi-criteria decision-making methods, the analytic hierarchy process and the preference ranking organization method for enrichment evaluation, for a hybrid consensual model by aggregating the individual priorities defined by each decision-maker. The introduced model presents advantages in terms of reducing time, cost, and effort compared to statistical methods and requires solely necessary information from the users via objective and subjective evaluations. The model's effectiveness is tested with real-world data from the city of Budapest; highlighting the significant impact of the underground mode on users' behavior toward public transport. In addition, the outcomes are compared to other existing results of student preference surveys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regarding Cultural and Creative Industries (CCI) concept-related development, an important aspect has arisen and become inevitable in the last few years: sustainability. Although sustainability and creativity are closely linked, it is important to examine the sustainability factors of creative city development from a broader perspective. The present research aims to explore the environmental sustainability of the cultural and creative industry of a Central and Eastern European capital, Budapest, through a literature review and then two case studies of environmentally sustainable CCI companies. The aim of the paper is to show the gap in the literature regarding the environmental sustainability of the CCI sector, despite its significance, and present two case studies of how environmental sustainability can appear in two CCI companies, showing a best practice. The literature analysis has shown that the interpretation of CCIs' sustainability and the comparability of the sector in the region under study are hampered by the wide variation in methodologies for measuring the sustainability of CCIs. In the case of Budapest, within the study's 13 y reach, research has shown that Budapest plays a significant role in CCIs, although it also struggles with the issues of sustainability. The two case studies can show role models for environmentally sustainable CCIs by making sustainability the scope and basis of their operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigation of urban parks is a particular research section in the frame of urban geology, with increasing social importance. Both natural and anthropogenic factors affect these green sites, giving special scientific importance to their investigation. Thus, the behavior of such a 'composite' system is expected to be quite complex. Based on the general circumstances, a research project was introduced in 2016 in the former Mining and Geological Survey of Hungary (now: Supervisory Authority for Regulatory Affairs). The ongoing project was focused on the behavior of urban parks. Within the frame of this research, between 2016 and 2019, field studies were started in 4 parks of Budapest. This paper is targeting one of these parks, namely Honvéd square. 0ur objective is to understand the behavior of urban parks under special conditions (e.g., during heat island effects) by getting information from well-defined positions. This can be essential to perform more sustainable water management in an urban park. Within the frame of the field works soil temperature and soil moisture measurements were being recorded manually every week in every park, at four different locations within a park. Observation points were selected to describe the different microclimates of the parks. A statistical analysis of the data reveals that the urban heat island (UHI) effect is reflected in soil temperatures at a citywide scale and that by moderating urban soil surface temperature extremes, trees and shrubs may help to reduce the adverse impacts of urbanization on microclimate, soil processes, and human health. It can be stated, that beside the manual measurements, the automated soil temperature detection was significantly influenced by soil depth at the Honvéd square park. At 100 cm below the surface, the soil temperature is relatively constant. It was approved that not only do deeper soil layers undergo less drastic seasonal temperature fluctuations but also the changes taking place lag further behind those of shallower soil layers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Antik Tanulmanyok is the property of Akademiai Kiado and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the inner areas of large cities, many residential buildings built at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries remain standing. The maintenance and renovation of these buildings have emerged as critical priorities over recent decades. E.g., in Budapest during the socialist era, the majority of these buildings were not renovated, and maintenance was largely neglected. In the subsequent 10–15 years following the end of socialism, financial resources for renovations were scarce due to the extensive transfer of properties from state to private ownership. It is only in the last decade or so that renovations have begun to be systematically addressed. Consequently, a significant portion of the building stock is still pending renovation. Given the current economic conditions, sustainable maintenance and necessary conversion are of paramount importance. Unfortunately, few standardized condition assessment methods are implemented in industrial practice, and the literature on this topic is limited. To address these challenges, we have developed an algorithm and model for condition assessment and decision support, which we refer to as the Complex Building's Decision Support System based on Fuzzy Signatures (CBDF system). Our model employs a fuzzy signature-based approach to account for uncertainties, errors, and potentially missing data that may arise during the assessment process. The primary aim of this model is to equip professionals involved in building condition assessment with a tool that enables them to make consistent and objective decisions while minimizing errors. This paper provides a brief overview of the CBDF system and presents test results from the assessment of a selected structural component of a building, demonstrating the system's functionality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the second half of the 20th century, solving the housing crisis became a significant social issue and political task throughout Europe, particularly in the countries of the Eastern Bloc. Although due to its quantity, prefabricated large mass housing estates became overrepresented, dozens of smaller, experimental, and diverse mass housing forms also emerged. It is hypothesized, that these small housing estates, due to their scale and quality, are urban planning projects that were realized across political, economic, and architectural changes. To demonstrate their adaptability, this paper presents the small housing estates built in one of the capitals of the Eastern Bloc countries—Budapest—during the most turbulent one-and-a-half decades of the socialist era (1945–1960). The research consists of three main parts: (1) Hungarian politics and housing policy, (2) Budapest's urban policy, and (3) a brief presentation of the urban planning and architectural aspects of Budapest's small housing estates. The result of the research is the creation of a complete small housing estates portfolio, illustrated archive articles, archival plans, and photographs. It becomes evident that although the times from World War II to the consolidation of power saw vastly different political eras, directives, and ideals realized, along with various architectural styles and housing policies, the small housing estate as an urban planning product was able to adapt and survive. Moreover, it is a valuable architectural, housing, and urban planning imprint of the era, the only mass housing form realized in numerous examples in Budapest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Széchenyi chain bridge is an almost 170‐year‐old historical structure located in the downtown of Budapest, which has been reconstructed between 2020‐2022. The chain system of the bridge is more than 100 years old, and the rotational capacity of the pins is questionable due to corrosion and friction. This phenomenon significantly influences the static behavior of the chain elements and the entire suspending system. Therefore, connected to the renewal process, the Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Department of Structural Engineering investigated the rotational capacity of the pins of the chain elements, and the corrosion grade of the chain bars. To investigate these two issues, three on‐site measurements are executed: (i) loading test to measure the bending moments in the chains and checking the rotation of the pins, (ii) one‐year‐long monitoring system operating during the renewal process and checking the internal force distribution of the structure during the reconstruction phases, and (iii) corrosion measurements on the chain bars. The paper introduces the measurement results, the main conclusions, and their practical application possibilities in the renewal process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 2008 financial crisis allowed for the rising power of China to expand deeper into more (semi-)peripheral regions: in the past decade, the role of China and Chinese SOEs has increased markedly in Eastern Europe. This has been in step with China's geopolitical and geoeconomic expansion, hallmarked by the Belt and Road Initiative; the reconstruction of the Belgrade-Budapest railway line constitutes one of its flagship projects in Europe. This paper aims to explore the complexities of the current reconfiguration of state-capital nexus through an empirical analysis of this particular development project; in doing so, we hope to contribute to the scholarly debate about the heuristic use of 'new' state capitalism in three specific ways. First, instead of conceptualizing the state as a territorially confined power container, we propose to scrutinize the state-capital nexus from a multi-scalar and relational perspective. Second, we claim that the study of funding, financing and governing of large-scale infrastructural investments is a fruitful analytical entry point to theorize the changing relations between 'state' and 'capital'. Finally, we argue that from the perspective of contemporary shifts in global power structures, the emergence of state capitalist modalities in the Eastern peripheries of Europe should be understood as a 'co-production' of the geopolitical rivalry and elite capture of domains of infrastructure. In terms of methodology, in order to show how state-capital relations are produced, enacted and redrawn, the study builds on the analysis of media sources, policy documents, company networks, semi-structured interviews, and non-participant observations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Hungary, the regular precipitation measurements began in the 1850s under the direction of the then Austrian Meteorological Institute based in Vienna, and from 1870 onwards continued under the Budapest-based "Meteorológiai és Földdelejességi Magyar Királyi Központi Intézet", now HungaroMet Hungarian Meteorological Service. Over the decades, the measurements have undergone many changes, including changes in instrumentation and relocation of stations, which cause inhomogeneities in the data series. In addition, the number of stations and the density of the station network have also changed significantly. As a result, the data series need to be homogenized and interpolated to a uniform grid in order to study the climate and its changes over the long term. In this paper, we present the methods used, discuss the station systems used for precipitation homogenization and interpolation in different periods, analyze the main verification statistics of homogenization and also the results of interpolation, and examine the annual, seasonal, and monthly precipitation data series and their extremes for the period 1854–2022. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores a situation regulated by plural normative orders, which every-day public transport users and ticket inspectors experience and practice in the urban realm of the Hungarian capital city, Budapest. The paper analyses everyday interactions between members of the public and public transport staff (typically ticket inspectors) in ways which are not only regulated by formal rules, but which manifest in a non-state regulated normative order. By doing this, the paper theoretically engages with the interplay between multiple normative orders and the urban dynamics in which they operate. The norms which regulate these practices can exist because of how the public transport system operates in Budapest. The paper is based on twenty-five in-depth interviews conducted between February 2017 and March 2019 with long-term Hungarian residents and British migrants living in Budapest. A synthesis of Ehrlich's "living law" theory and Moore's concepts of "semi-autonomous social fields" provide the underlying theoretical framework to examine these informal interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The late 19th and early 20th centuries were a period when artistic endeavours, aimed at expressing a national identity, were thriving in Hungary. The Jewish minority of Budapest also found it important to be present in public spaces. A couple of years after the emancipation of Hungarian Jews, the first statues of Jewish personalities appeared on the streets of Budapest. Who were these statues dedicated to? Who were the artists commissioned, and who paid for them? What were the invisible texts beyond reading the statues as texts? What happened to the public monuments during the Second World War? This paper aims to respond to these questions as a part of a research project mapping Jewish interventions in public art in Budapest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 lockdown has had serious consequences, including rethinking higher education. The study aims to enhance the knowledge base of online education and academic integrity through a case study of the Ludovika University of Public Service (LUPS), Budapest, Hungary. The research aimed to assess the teachers' experience with distance learning and examinations, including the change in workload, digital competencies, Moodle, Turnitin, and other software used during and after the lockdown. This paper summarizes the university-level policy changes induced during the lockdown, covering the introduction of emergency distance teaching and online examinations in academic integrity at the university. Two years after the first lockdown, the researchers made a survey (n = 145) about the continuation of the introduced solutions. The results show that a remarkable reordering started while the technical and technological backgrounds were available for the changes. The teachers could feel a significant increase in workload with distance education and have low trust in maintaining the standards of academic integrity. However, the research shows moderate and low levels of digital competencies in the majority of teachers, which clearly defines the most crucial task leading to success. Maintaining the monitoring system with objective indicators of the development and the opinions of the interested parties is essential for successful strategies in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sándor Joó (1910-1970) was a well-known pastor of the Reformed Church of Hungary. He managed to develop an affiliate into a full-right parish in one of the well-to-do districts of Budapest and built a new church for his parish as well. Reverend Joó up to date is one of the most read religious authors. He took some part in the anti-Nazi resistance, provided proofs of babtism for those who turned to his parish and offered shelter to some notable leftist politicians as well. Nonetheless, after the war he became a target of the Communist State Security. In my paper, I would like to focus on his case after the 1956 revolution. How should we approach the state security files? What were the methods of the state security to „manage reality"? What were their preconceptions? And finally, what is the meaning of „informer"?. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Socioloski Pregled is the property of Srpsko Sociolosko Drustvo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Hanako 花子 (1868-1945) was one of the most renowned Japanese actress in Europe in the early 1900s. From 1904 her performances were organised by the era's famous dancer and impresario, Loïe Fuller. Hanako became hugely successful due to her roles in Japanese dramas with naturalistic death scenes written by Loi-Fu. Nevertheless, the Japanese dramas were not traditional pieces, but were actually only Japanese-styled dramas written by Fuller to satisfy the contemporary audience's eagerness for the exotic. Hanako visited Budapest twice, in 1908 and 1913. Moreover, between the two visits she also participated in a Hungarian tour. This paper focuses on the - thus far undiscovered - Japanese actress's Hungarian tour between October 1910 and May 1911. Furthermore I analyse and reconstruct the two dramas staged during the tour, In the Tea House and Otake. Thanks to the attached map and timetable, the route of the four-member Japanese troupe was precisely traced, and it is visible which performances were realised and which had to be cancelled due to illness or technical reasons. By reviewing the itinerary, it becomes clear that the Hungarian audience had the opportunity to see Hanako and her troupe in 21 locations, including various city theatres, as well as a few times in the cities' prominent hotels and associations. In most cases, the arrival of the troupe was preceded by extraordinary interest and enthusiasm. What is more, contemporary reviews reported a successful reception. However, this was not primarily due to the quality of the performances. The content of the plays In the Tea House and Otake can be analysed thanks to surviving theatre posters, but it becomes clear that the plots of both were extremely simple. Actually, in the plays, the 'main attraction' was the death of the character portrayed by Hanako. Overall, it can be said that the success of the performances was more due to curiosity about the exotic rather than artistic merit. In the study, I also examine the question of this repertoire's authenticity, which arose in connection to the cancellation of a performance in Marosvásárhely. In order to show a detailed view of Hanako's tour and the opinion of audience, I primarily use contemporary newspaper articles and theatre posters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is based on the lost and found sources from the former Hungarian National Pedagogic Institute (OPI) and the National Educational Institute (OKI): due to the generosity of Professor Gábor Halász we can save valuable archives from disappearance. I found several life-story interviews in the corpus by different Hungarian educationalists, which were recorded in 1984 and 1985. These documents gives a unique opportunity to describe typical career patterns, how a teacher could become a head of a department in the Ministry or held other key positions on the highest level of educational administration in the post-war, communist Hungary. The semi-structured interviews focused on personal transitions and turns, connected with the historical time and political changes, including different socio-historical contexts and dimensions, like the recalled decades of 1950s and 1960, the interviewing period of the late socialism, and finally, the retrospection of the questioners. The biographic nature of the communist political system is a specific characteristics in my analysis: to get a position (like an editor in chief, a school inspector of different districts in Budapest, or a head of a department in the Cultural Ministry) it was required to constantly write and rewrite autobiographies; construct social and professional identities again and again, proved loyalty to the Party. The contemporary reader from 2023 can evaluate the sources as narrations: in the beginning crisis of the system in the 1980's, the interviewees told their lives with the intention to form the memory, create legitimation and meanings for their past activities and life-stories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we investigated the dust deposit on leaves in the vegetation period of urban trees using a simple washing method. The data presented in this paper are preliminary results. Air pollution and the area and population of cities are increasing. The EU directives require the reduction and maintenance of air pollution. Trees have many ecological services, including the dust removal capacity. We investigated four urban tree species (Acer platanoides L., Fraxinus excelsior L., Tilia tomentosa Moench., and Prunus cerasifera L. 'Woodii') in many locations in Budapest. After collection, the leaves were washed with distillated water, which was eliminated in a drying chamber, and then the dust was measured back into the beakers. Microscopical photos were taken of each leaf's surface. We found differences among species and seasons, which confirmed previous studies. Examining the data by location, we found no difference in dust deposition, unlike previous results. The dust deposition for Tilia tomentosa Moench. is between 48 and 295 mg/m2; for Fraxinus excelsior L., between 47 and 205 mg/m2; and for Acer platanoides L., between 110 and 500 mg/m2. No relevant data were found for Prunus cerasifera 'Woodii' (between 426 and 492 mg/m2) due to its exposed location. New data were obtained in Budapest for the dust deposition of the 'Woodii' variety. We partially confirmed or provided new results by examining the dust deposition capacities of urban trees. The leaf surface structure of the examined trees is supposedly a typical cause of dust deposit differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we have studied the uniqueness problem of Dirichlet series, which is convergent in a right half-plane and having analytic continuation in the complex plane as a meromorphic function sharing some sets and values. Our first result partially improve a result of [Ann. Univ. Sci. Budapest., Sect. Comput., 48(2018), 117-128] by relaxing the sharing conditions. Most importantly, we have pointed out a number of big gaps in a recent paper [J. Contemp. Math. Anal., 56(2021), 80-86], which makes the existence of the paper under question. Finally, under a different approach, we have provided the corrected form of the result of [J. Contemp. Math. Anal., 56(2021), 80-86] as much as practicable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Special Treatment / Különleges Bánásmód is the property of University of Debrecen and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Sleep is both a neurophysiological state and a biologically necessary behavior that performs a variety of indispensable roles for human health, development, and cognitive functioning. Despite this, comparatively little is known about the relationships between daily experiences and sleep features. Importantly, these relationships are bidirectional in nature, may be differently associated with subjectively and objectively assessed sleep, and may also be modulated by individual differences To address this challenge, we created the Budapest Sleep, Experiences, and Traits Study (BSETS), a multidisciplinary observational sleep study utilizing novel remote EEG devices. BSETS was designed to establish a dataset for future use in investigating the relationships between sleep features and daily experiences. In this paper we describe the protocol of the currently ongoing BSETS, which examines a community-dwelling sample of over 250 healthy participants who are studied in a naturalistic setting using a large questionnaire assessing psychological, demographic, and anthropometric information, as well as evening/morning diaries of sleep and daily experiences, and mobile EEG recordings over a period of 7 days. This dataset will become an accessible resource to the wider scientific community and can be utilized to investigate the complex multidirectional relationships between objectively and subjectively measured sleep, daily experiences, and individual differences, bestowing it with significant value for sleep researchers as well as practitioners working in clinical settings with patients suffering from disordered sleep. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study explores the other, less visible facet of marriage and politics, namely the way in which the latter shaped and contributed to the former. Through a close reading of an extensive correspondence kept by Romanian deputy in the Budapest Parliament and his spouse during the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, the paper offers a glimpse into the domesticity and affection present in the relationship that might have been regarded as a mere pragmatic choice, owing to the fact that it considerably advanced the Romanian politician's career. On the other hand, it looks at how the kinship network established through marriage strengthened and grew even after the politician lost the main link to his in-laws, their daughter. It offers several conclusions that serve to emphasize the need for more in-depth qualitative studies of how kinship and politics intertwined, to the benefit of both fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Odontogenic sinusitis (OS) is a well-known and important border of specialties in otorhinolaryngology and dentoalveolar surgery. Odontogenic sinusitis can develop due to iatrogenic harm or odontogenic infection. The gold standard diagnostic method is clinical and radiological—CBCT (cone beam computed tomography)—examination. The treatment of this condition requires collaboration between ENT and dentoalveolar surgery specialists and can be non-surgical or surgical based on staging. This paper aims to share the results of our clinical study whereby complex therapy was administered by a dentoalveolar surgeon and an otorhinolaryngologist in cooperation. Patients and methods: We conducted a retrospective study comprising 111 OS patients who underwent complex therapy between 2016 and 2023 at Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary. All patients were treated with concurrent FESS (functional endoscopic sinus surgery) and dentoalveolar surgery. Follow-up was based on symptoms, clinical examination and CBCT imaging. Results: Of the 111 patients, 107 were successfully treated with concurrent FESS and dentoalveolar surgery, and only 4 had further symptoms following the complex therapy and needed retreatment. Conclusions: The complex, single-session therapy involving FESS and oral surgery is an effective treatment method, which is less invasive and associated with fewer complications compared to previous interventions, such as the Luc–Caldwell procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 1920, almost all the traffic on rail crossing the Danube in Hungary, crosses it in Budapest via the Southern Railway Bridge which makes it heavily overloaded. This is a very disadvantageous situation not only for commercial shipping but also for military uses as there is certain heavy military equipment that can only be transported via rail. In our two-part article, we examine the locations of new bridges that could be alternatives to bypass Budapest and thus to reduce the traffic load on the railway lines of the capital. In this first part of our paper, we present the effect of a new Danube bridge as an alternative to the V0 railway line. We examine the possible sites of the bridge with several different route alternatives connecting it to the existing railway lines by using traffic simulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the 21st century, one of the key requirements is to develop and maintain our infrastructure facilities most efficiently using the available resources. Tramways are of significant national economic importance and represent an important national asset. There are currently seven different types of superstructure systems in Hungary, based on the national regulations and the related requirements currently in force. This paper compares the paved tramway superstructure systems in the context of track geometry, through-rolled axle tons of track, and the age of track sections. Paved tracks have many benefits, but the main ones are easier maintenance and road traffic use. Elastically supported continuous rail bedding (ESCRB; in Hungary, this is known as "RAFS") and "large" slab superstructure systems are used to create paved superstructure systems. Road crossings use the latter systems, while heavily loaded lines use several ESCRB systems. This article examines the geometrical changes in several ESCRB superstructure systems. A TrackScan 4.01 instrument was used to take measurements in June and September 2021 and in April 2022, September 2022, and May 2023. Track gauge, alignment, and longitudinal level are examined. Regardless of the ESCRB superstructure system or age, a medium-loaded line's track gauge trendline increases, which means that the track gauge is widening and, regardless of traffic load or age, the average longitudinal level is constantly increasing from year to year. When it is a medium-loaded line, the average value of alignment increases slightly, and the trendline is almost straight, but it decreases when it is an extremely heavily loaded line. The authors will analyze how the reference track section will change in the future. Based on the results, it is important to assess how subsequent measurements affect the trend lines. Because the data evaluations show similar results, comparing open tramway tracks to paved ones is crucial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starlink, the satellite Internet constellation of Elon Musk's SpaceX, faced signal jamming recently near conflict areas of Ukraine, amid the ongoing invasion by Russia, drawing global attention to space law. It has been argued that necessary legislations have to address the contours of cyber defense in the area of space law. This includes testing the validity of the Budapest Convention on Cybercrime, 2001, against the Outer Space Treaty, 1967, if damages are caused to satellites from the geographical confines of earth through cyberwarfare. This paper seeks to address this issue with specific cases from the past. Further, it endeavors to understand the interface between space law and cyberlaw in the context of cyberwarfare. The paper highlights the gray areas in cyberwarfare dispute resolution and analyzes them where legislation is lacking or insufficient in its scope and applicability. The paper also touches on laws regarding exploration of outer space for mineral and other resources of economic importance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I examine the influence of Albert Kovács (1838--1904), Professor of Practical Theology between 1865 and 1904 at the Theological Seminary in Budapest, upon the teaching of homiletics in the early 20th century in Kolozsvár. After the sudden death of Albert Molnár (1849--1901), Lecturer of Practical Theology at the Theological Seminary in Kolozsvár (1895--1901), Béla Kenessey (1858--1918) continued his work (1901--1907). As former disciple of Albert Kovács, Kenessey used his personal notes from Kovács's lectures. László Ravasz (1882--1975), Professor of Practical Theology (1907--1921), as the disciple of Kenessey in Kolozsvár, was directly influenced by Albert Kovács's homiletical thoughts. In this paper, I attempt to demonstrate the influence of Albert Kovács by identifying Kenessey's homiletical notes (1902) in the Manuscript Collection of the Theological Institute in Kolozsvár, by using an early (1909), handwritten version of László Ravasz's homiletical handbook (1915) from the inheritance of his disciple Sándor Tavaszy (1888--1952). I also examine the value of László Ravasz's thoughts in the context of the history of Hungarian and European Protestant homiletics and preaching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smart cities (SCs) became a key mission in the European Union’s biggest research programme (Horizon Europe). The urban transition to smartness, making smart decisions and strengthening capabilities for resilience are appreciating today, with such external shocks as the COVID-19 pandemic. Finding the way to become smart is more important than ever. Since literature is mostly engaged with excellent cases, in this paper we analyse the SC strategy of a less-well-performing city: Budapest in Hungary, Central Eastern Europe, using a case-study methodology. We reveal that in the case of Budapest the SC strategy uses a top-down approach that overweighs the deployment of technological solutions to manage urban sustainability issues rather than using a bottom-up and holistic approach. The framework conditions for implementing the SC strategy are rather neglected. In the case of the model for cooperation, Budapest adopts a double-helix model rather than a triple- or quadruple-helix model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The exact knowledge of domestic hot water (DHW) and heat consumption is necessary in the process of heat cost allocation and planning. In Hungary, heat cost allocation is based on summer months' heat demand. This method does not lead to an accurate result due to the fact that the DHW demand varies throughout the year. There are several studies dealing with consumption data analysis, but only some of them have exact estimations on DHW usage patterns the Central-Eastern European countries. In this paper the DHW consumption was analyzed in 115 "commi block" buildings, which are common in Central-Eastern Europe and Russia and are usually connected to the district heating network. The examined buildings are located in Budapest, Hungary. The installation of the monitoring system has started in December 2012. The consumption data is collected since March 2014. The DHW usage was calculated in different cases for every month: per heated area, per heated volume, and per flat. Average daily and annual data was also determined, the share of yearly DHW consumption over the months was calculated. The average daily and annual DHW consumption are 126 L per flat and 892 L per m², respectively. The average net heat consumption is 28.2 kWh/m² annually. Different DHW demand influencing factors were examined: the outdoor temperature and the residents' travelling habit is clearly influencing the DHW usage but no connection was found between the DHW consumption and economic indicators. The DHW consumption is approximately 30% higher in the winter than in the summer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Air pollution poses a persistent challenge for urban management departments and policymakers due to its significant health and economic impacts. Various cities worldwide have implemented diverse strategies and initiatives to enhance air quality monitoring and modeling standards. However, the outcomes of these efforts often manifest over the long term, leading to a preference for short‐term statistical methods. The autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) search grid modeling approach has gained widespread use for forecasting air quality. This paper presents a comprehensive time series analysis conducted to predict air quality in urban areas of Budapest, Hungary, with a focus on nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and particulate matter (PM10), using air quality data spanning from 2018 to 2022 for four monitoring categories: Urban traffic, industrial background, urban background, and suburban background. The study employs the ARIMA search grid method to forecast concentrations of these pollutants at multiple air quality monitoring stations based on Akaike information criteria (AIC) and the Bayesian information criteria (BIC) criteria along with the results of augmented Dickey–Fuller (ADF) test. The results demonstrate varying levels of forecast accuracy across different stations, indicating the model's effectiveness in short‐term predicting of air quality. These findings are essential for assessing the reliability of air quality forecasts in Budapest and can inform decisions regarding air quality management and the development of strategies to address air pollution and particulate matter concerns in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary objective of this paper was to assess the condition of riparian zones within urban environments, aiming to evaluate the ecological health and functionality of riparian areas through the examination of various indicators, including (but not limited to) vegetation cover, water quality, stream channel morphology and habitat complexity. Such an evaluation is essential to identify areas that require restoration or conservation efforts and develop appropriate management strategies to ensure their effective protection. The present paper is the outcome of investigations that employed a comprehensive research framework, consisting of desk research, field surveys and data analysis. The desk research was utilized to combine the existing knowledge regarding riparian zones and water bodies research methods. The field surveys were conducted to gather empirical data concerning riparian vegetation cover, stream bank erosion and water quality. Data analysis was conducted to identify patterns and trends and determine areas of concern. This work contributes to the overall field of riparian area management by providing an assessment of riparian area conditions in the study area. The findings of the study can be used to inform conservation and restoration efforts and to guide the development of effective management strategies. The paper also highlights the need for ongoing monitoring and evaluation of riparian areas to ensure their continued health and functioning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the numerical back analyses of four, typical, monitored deep excavations completed in Budapest are presented. The typical excavation solution in Budapest city center, down to 15-18 m excavation depth, is a diaphragm wall embedded in the clay bedrock and supported by prestressed anchors embedded in the sedimentary soils above the clay. In these case studies this solution is analyzed with traditional Winkler type and more complex PLAXIS 2D and 3D finite element models. The focus of the study was to compare the measured wall deformations with the calculated ones derived by the listed methods. As the clay bedrock is a deterministic layer for the wall behavior, several different FEM models were prepared to analyze the appropriateness of the potential constitutive models for its proper characterization. As a conclusion, practical proposals were made for practitioners for future excavations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This entry will deal with the history of competition law, including the first substantive competition law of Hungary, i.e Article V of 1923, which contained provisions regarding unfair competition. Currently, unfair competition is the subject of competition law, one of the branches of economic law, which contains regulations regarding the protection of economic competition and the prevention of consumer detriment. The purpose of Article V of 1923 was to offer general protection against any form of unfair competition. However, the description of each provision of the Article and the detailed demonstration and investigation of their practical implementation is not the topic of this entry. The present paper will specifically focus on the arbitral tribunals of the Chamber and the practice of the jury since the fact that the duty and practice of these two bodies were highly significant for the application of the law in that era can be clearly concluded from the summary of research results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban green network has significantly changed through history due to ideological, functional and geographical reasons. The present paper brings an example of a Hungarian town, Veszprém, where the determining factors are visible through historical (cadastral, military, topographical) maps, historical photo archives and statistical data. The results are compared with the example of the capital, Budapest and put into a European context. It is obvious that after WWII the development of the urban green network in Veszprém is different from European trends. This development can be categorized into 5 periods: Organic growth, Stagnation, Pathfinding, Selective development, Postmodern. The paper not only draws attention to the importance of the characteristics in urban green network development, but also highlights the problem of growing artificial surfaces and decreasing urban green plots in the urban fabric. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 1938 Eucharistic Congress in Budapest was held in a complicated historical context, marked by geopolitical changes, the rise of national-socialism and anti-Semitism, and by interconfessional tensions. After an overview of the theological significance of the Eucharistic Congress in a period when the ideas of the liturgical movement were gaining momentum, this paper proposes a nuanced assessment of the Congress, acknowledging the tensions that have overshadowed it. The paper also discusses the significance of the event for Catholics of Latin and Eastern rite, including some reflections on the participation of Roman and Greek Catholics from Transylvania (Romania). In the wake of the 52nd Eucharistic Congress in Budapest, this historical overview allows for some lessons for today. As Pope Francis stressed at the concluding Mass of the 2020 Congress [on 12 September 2021], the past needs to be confronted and the looming threat of hatred requires vigilance. Triumphalism should leave place to a life of service and fraternity, drawing its source from the Eucharist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with the detection process of energy loss in electric railway hauling vehicles. The importance of efficient energy use in railways and cost-effective rail transport tendency toward regenerative braking energy are considered. In addition, the current situation and improvement opportunities to achieve efficient energy use are examined. Seven measurement series were performed with scheduled Railjet trains between Hegyeshalom and Győr railway stations in Hungary. This railway section is related to the Hungarian State Railways' No. 1 main railway line (between Budapest-Kelenföld and Hegyeshalom state board), which is a part of the international railway line between Budapest and Vienna (capitals of Hungary and Austria, respectively). This double-track, electrified railway line with traditional ballasted superstructures and continuously welded rail tracks is important due to the international passenger and freight transport between Germany, Austria, and Hungary. The value of the regenerative braking energy can be even 20-30% of the total consumed energy. This quite enormous untapped energy can be used for several aims, e.g., for comfort energy demand (air conditioning, heating-cooling, lighting, etc.) or energy-intensive starts. The article also investigates the optimization of regenerative braking energy by seeking the energy-waste locations and the reasons for the significant consumption. The train operator's driving style and habit have been identified as one of the main reasons. Furthermore, train driver assistance systems are recommended to save energy, which is planned for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cemeteries, like urban public parks, are an important part of the urban ecosystem, providing semi-natural habitats for many plant and animal species as well as a wide range of ecosystem services: they improve air quality, reduce the urban heat island phenomenon and provide aesthetic and recreational value. This paper explores the role of the cemeteries in the green infrastructure network beyond their sacred and memorial role and their importance as a habitat for urban flora and fauna. In our study, we compared two large public cemeteries of Budapest (Nemzeti Sírkert/National Graveyard and Új Köztemető/New Public Cemetery) with the Zentralfriedhof Wien (Central Cemetery of Vienna), the latter of which has been forward-looking in terms of green infrastructure development and habitat creation in the past years. Our goal was to determine which maintenance technologies and green space development methods are most beneficial in terms of sustainable habitat creation and the use of appropriate plant species in public cemeteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current paper focuses on a comparative analysis of both public transport (PT) and private vehicle (PV) users' perceptions on the quality of the service. To detect the key components of PT attributes a new hybrid methodology is applied, combining the importance-performance analysis and the importance-performance map analysis. The proposed hybrid approach is simpler and more integrated than the existing methods in the literature. The sample comprises an online panel and a total of 1028 questionnaires for PV and PT users surveyed during the pandemic period in Budapest. The results of the applied methods show that among the different groups, the service hour, the proximity, and the frequency attributes are important and performed well in the years of COVID-19. On the other hand, the temperature and the cleanliness factors are not significant predictors of the PV and PT users' general satisfaction. The obtained results can be used by local governments and authorities, who seek to identify areas to enhance the service quality of PT during movement restrictions in a pandemic wave. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The milling industry played a key part in the industrial development of Hungary. The greatest and most modern steam mills were constructed at Buda and Pest from the middle of the nineteenth century. In the same period, the twin cities went through the process from which they emerged, united in 1873 as Budapest, as a modern metropolis. Exploring the relationship between the city and the milling industry, the paper focuses on the question of how the urban development and the presence of the steam mills influenced each other. The period under investigation starts in 1841, when the first steam mill was erected, and ends in 2008, when the last building of its kind was demolished. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I have known Frenák's choreographies for almost twenty years, and since 2017, I have been regularly presenting discussions at domestic and international conferences regarding studies of the aesthetic and philosophical aspects of Frenák's work. We started to work together some years ago. I assisted in the creation of the productions Cage (2019), Spid_er (2020), Fig_Ht (2021) and Secret Off_Man (2022) as a philosophical consultant. When researching and collecting the inspirational material, I experienced impressions that affected my other works as well. My work as a philosopher with dance and the conversations with Frenák opened new pathways to self-knowledge. When it seems that everything points in the same direction and everything is about the same topic, it is time to create a trace. This was my feeling when I wrote and published my book on Frenák in 2022, entitled L'abécédaire of Pál Frenák—Transverses Between Philosophy and the Organic Movement Language of FrenÁk (Published in Hungarian and in English in one book: Frenák Pál Abécédaire-je—Átjárások a filozófia és FrenÁk organikus mozgásnyelve között, Kortárs Táncért és Jelelő Színházért Alapítvány, Budapest, 2022). In this paper, I am going to display some essential inspirations of the fantastically creative art world of Frenák. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following the rise of academic interest in the concept of social innovation, scholarly attention turned towards the concept of social innovation ecosystems (SIE). Despite multiple emerging viewpoints on the composition and spatial level of SIE, the empirical evidence of structures of SIE is limited. Using interviews with 35 informants and documentary analysis, this paper explores structures of SIEs in Manchester, Stockholm, Utrecht, Budapest, and Sofia, and identifies features of urban and national cultures, institutional relations, networks, and infrastructures that influences social innovation activity in selected areas. The research concludes that insufficient urban-level support forces social innovators to rely on non-urban factors in supporting social innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Attic black-figure vases from the Late Archaic and Early Classical periods are often neglected by scholars. Most of them are not included in the Beazley Archive Pottery Database, significantly hindering related research. This paper presents such a vase from the collection of the Museum of Fine Arts in Budapest. The authors propose that the scene on the lekythos, akin to others from the era, is a simplified version of a more elaborate one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors studied 36 obsidian-tipped spears in the Oceania collection of the Museum of Ethnography in Budapest. In addition to describing the objects from the Admiralty Islands collected before 1897, the paper provides a summary of the related ethnographic information, including the technological and technical details of spear point making and the characterisation of the obsidian raw material used. The blades used for making the obsidian points presented in this study showed no sign of standardisation (an indicator of advanced blade technology) in the spear point-making process. According to 19th-century ethnographic sources, the functional part of the points was the most important, and much time and effort were invested in ensuring that the blades were effective weapons. Later, as a sign of decline, primary production of obsidian blades ceased, and manufacturers started scavenging old artefacts and utilising waste and by-products. As a result, the blades decreased in size and became more irregular, and an increasingly large number included parts of the cortex, the crust of obsidian. After 1911, the relative importance of decoration increased, and the type became more standardised. The irregular shape of the spear points presented in the study and the thin, weak shafts with an awkward curvature raise questions about whether the spears were actual weapons. At the same time, the artistic decoration of the mounting sockets and ethnographic parallels suggest that the pieces in the collection were likely status objects instead. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Community Connections: Studies on Education, Culture / Közösségi Kapcsolódások: Tanulmányok Kultúráról és Oktatásról is the property of Szeged University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Space & Society / Tér és Társadalom is the property of Centre for Economic & Regional Studies, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Slavica Litteraria is the property of Masaryk University, Faculty of Arts and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study introduces Sándor Hevesi (1873–1939), a Hungarian translator, theatre critic, Shakespeare scholar and opera and theatre director, who played a crucial role in the Budapest theatre scene in the 1920s. His work has received less attention than it deserves, and particularly the so-called Shakespearecycles, i.e., Hevesi’s serialised Shakespeare productions, are still neglected. The cycles/series were performed between 1922 and 1933, while Hevesi was artistic and managing director of the National Theatre. These productions resuscitated the then fading Hungarian Shakespeare cult and profoundly changed the Hungarian reception and performance of Shakespeare. Hevesi’s intention was to present both authentic and popular Shakespeare productions, therefore, he sought the key to ‘the real Shakespeare’. The present study intends to explore what Hevesi (could have) meant by this expression, and particularly focuses on an unknown manuscript, Hevesi’s own, handwritten director’s copy of the Taming of the Shrew (1923). Through the case study of his staging of the Shrew, the paper reveals Hevesi’s particular methods of close reading, translation, and stage direction. It concludes that Hevesi’s concept of the ‘real Shakespeare’ was in fact a complex, experimental journey, transcending the boundaries of stage direction, dramaturgy, and scenography of the day. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]