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This study investigates the effect of personal investment in the form of learner-generated content (LGC) on the lexical recall of beginning-level learners of Chinese. The study employed a 2 x 2 repeated-measures design with content at two levels -- teacher-generated content or TGC, and learner-generated content or LGC -- and time at two levels (immediate, delayed). Quantitative results were triangulated with qualitative thematic analyses of follow-up interviews. The study was conducted at an Australian university and aimed to identify a way of modifying current intentional vocabulary learning activities to increase learner investment in the learning process and improve retention. Participants completed two versions of a picture description activity that was commonly used to introduce and practice new vocabulary in the program. The first version (TGC) was based on a picture that Chinese teachers chose to illustrate ten words learners did not know and that were pedagogic targets. The second (LGC) was based on pictures that learners selected as being personally meaningful and that illustrated ten words that they did not know in Chinese but wanted to learn. Findings revealed significant differences in recall for LGC words over TGC words on both immediate and delayed post-tests, and a significant interaction between content and time, demonstrating a faster rate of decay in memory for TGC words than LGC words. Follow-up interviews indicated that LGC words were more meaningful to learners in terms of relevance, interest, emotional value and associations with world knowledge. Results are discussed in terms of how LGC vocabulary activities might be used in second language (L2) courses.

Background: Parents are frequently used to recall events of exposure and disease as a proxy for their children in observational health research. Aim: To assess the validity of parental recall of children's utilisation of dental services. Design: Parents in the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (LSAC) were asked to recall their children's overall dental service use in the previous year and whether the study child had received fillings or extractions due to decay in the previous 2 years. True positives were identified through parents who correctly recalled child dental service utilisation with actual dental treatment received in a linked dataset. Results: Of the 10 090 participants from the LSAC, 1290 study children had linked dental treatment data eligible for inclusion in this study. The absolute true‐positive rate for parental recall of dental service use in the previous year was 82% (n = 1263). Overall true‐positive percentages were lower for recall of fillings (40%) and extractions (7%) in the previous 2 years. Increasing number of recall days was associated with the rate of true‐positive recall adjusted for other factors in all three models. Conclusion: Accuracy of parental recall for tooth fillings and extractions was low. The use of parental recall for specific dental treatment over a time span of 2 years in further research is not recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Self-report measures are widely used in mental health research and may use different recall periods depending on the purpose of the assessment. A range of studies aiming to monitor changes in mental health over the course of the COVID-19 pandemic opted to shorten recall periods to increase sensitivity to change over time compared to standard, longer recall periods. However, many of these studies lack pre-pandemic data using the same recall period and may rely on pre-existing data using standard recall periods as a reference point for assessing the impact of the pandemic on mental health. The aim of this study was to assess whether comparing scores on the same questionnaire with a different recall period is valid. A nationally representative sample of 327 participants in Australia completed a 7-day and 30-day version of the six-item Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K6) and a single-item measure of psychological distress (TTPN item) developed for the Taking the Pulse of the Nation survey. Linear mixed models and mixed logistic regression models were used to assess whether altering the recall period systematically changed response patterns within subjects. No substantive recall period effects were found for the K6 or the TTPN, although there was a trend towards higher K6 scores when asked about the past 30 days compared to the past 7 days (b = 1.00, 95% CI: -0.18, 2.17). This may have been driven by the "feeling nervous" item which was rated higher using the 30-day compared to the 7-day recall period. Neither the K6 nor the TTPN item were significantly affected by the recall period when reduced to a binary variable of likely severe mental illness. The results indicate that altering the recall period of psychological distress measures does not substantively alter the score distribution in the general population of Australian adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Culturally safe and meaningful cognitive assessment methods for use with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples are scarce. Concerns are raised regarding the efficacy of existing methods in cross-cultural contexts. The Perceive, Recall, Plan and Perform (PRPP) Assessment offers a person-centred alternative whereby cognitive strategy application is examined during performance of culturally relevant everyday tasks. This paper explores its use with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples in Australia., Methods: A critical case study design was applied to examine the effectiveness and relevance of the PRPP Assessment with two Aboriginal Australian people in the Northern Territory of Australia. 'Ivan' and 'Jean' were each receiving occupational therapy through a rehabilitation service over a 6-month period following acquired brain injuries. Ivan and Jean were assessed performing everyday tasks of interest and importance to them as part of routine care. A partnership approach was adopted throughout the process, and both consented to their stories being told., Results: The PRPP Assessment was able to measure changes in Ivan's and Jean's cognitive strategy use and its impact on performance of meaningful tasks. Ivan demonstrated a 46% increase in performance mastery and a 29% increase in cognitive strategy use with most improvements identified in his ability to sense information, initiate action, and continue performance. Jean demonstrated a 71% increase in performance mastery and a 32% increase in cognitive strategy use. Her greatest improvements were in the ability to recall schemes, self-evaluate, and initiate action., Conclusion: The two critical case stories shared in this study suggest that the PRPP Assessment has emerging evidence of clinical utility when used with Aboriginal people with acquired brain impairment. The information gained revealed strengths in performance; it was effective in measuring change in cognitive strategy use, was able to inform the goal setting process, and guided intervention to support cognitive strategy use during task performance., (© 2023 The Authors. Australian Occupational Therapy Journal published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd on behalf of Occupational Therapy Australia.)

Background: Chronic exposure of the macula to blue light from electronic devices has been identified as a potential macular health concern. The impacts remain poorly investigated as no validated methods to capture usual device use behaviours exist., Purpose: The aim of this study was to develop and validate the Electronic Device Use Questionnaire (EDUQ) against multiple 24-h electronic device use diaries in healthy Australian and United Kingdom adults., Methods: The EDUQ and diaries were developed to capture device use across categories (television, computer and handheld devices). Over eight weeks 56 Australian and 24 United Kingdom participants completed three questionnaires and eight diaries via online platforms. Tool validity was determined through Bland-Altman plot analysis of mean daily hours of device use between the tools., Results: The EDUQ demonstrated poor validity in both cohorts with poor agreement when compared with the diaries. When the device categories were combined, a mean difference between the tools of 1.54 h/day, and 95% limits of agreement between -2.72 h/day and 5.80 h/day was observed in the Australian cohort. Across both cohorts and all device categories the mean differences indicated individuals were more likely to report higher device use through the questionnaire rather than diaries., Conclusions: The EDUQ is a novel tool and demonstrated the difficulty for participants of accurately recalling usual behaviour of device use. Poor agreement in reported device use occurred across all device categories. The poor agreement may be related to factors such as memory recall bias, and the number of diaries captured not being reflective of usual use. Future studies should look to address these factors to improve validity of device use capture., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: Patient-surgeon communication is an important component of the success of a consultation and is known to impact patient outcomes. The aim of this study was to investigate whether a document called a question prompt list, containing suggested questions that a patient may like to ask their doctor, improved communication., Methods: A prospective RCT was conducted from October 2021 to October 2022 at The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, Australia. Patients 16 years or older, seeing a general surgeon for a pre-surgical consultation, not requiring a translator, were randomized to receive a question prompt list (intervention) or standard care without a question prompt list (control). The primary outcomes were number of questions asked, talk time, and mutual eye gaze. Secondary outcomes were patient recall of information, anxiety, and consultation duration. Randomization was achieved using a computer program, with allocation concealment by opaque sequentially numbered envelopes. Patients were blinded to study group; surgeons were aware of study group, but blinded to outcomes., Results: Patients (59) were randomly allocated to receive the question prompt list (31) or to the control group (28). A patient from the intervention group withdrew before consultation, resulting in 58 patients being included in the analysis. In the question prompt list consultations, 24 per cent more questions were asked (incidence rate ratio = 1.25, 95 per cent c.i. 1.10 to 1.42; P = 0.001). The intervention group recalled 9 per cent more items than the control group (incidence rate ratio = 1.09, 95 per cent c.i. 1.02 to 1.17; P = 0.012). The control group were 26 per cent less likely to correctly recall information about surgical treatment (OR = 0.26, 95 per cent c.i. 0.10 to 0.68; P = 0.006). No statistically significant differences between study arms for talk time, mutual eye gaze, anxiety, or consultation duration were demonstrated., Conclusion: The question prompt list was associated with increased question asking and greater patient recall of medical information. It did not increase patient anxiety or consultation duration., Registration Number: ACTRN12623000089639 (http://www.ANZCTR.org.au)., (© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of BJS Society Ltd. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

This study aimed to assess differences in emotion and elaboration quality between clinical and community child cohorts in both past reminiscing and future worry conversations. We analyzed 54 Australian parents (46 mothers, 8 fathers) and their 8- to 12-year-old children (M = 9.63, SD = 1.29; 28 boys, 26 girls) in reminiscing interactions. Dyads were recruited from local schools (community cohort, n = 26) or a children's psychology clinic waitlist (clinical cohort, n = 28). Clinical cohort children engaged in less emotion exploration in both past and future conversations, as did parents for future conversations. Elaboration quality did not differ. Parent-son dyads differed in the clinical cohort, exhibiting significantly lower emotion resolution than the community cohort, or parent-daughter dyads when discussing past events. These findings suggest that discussing anticipated negative events may be a relevant point of family-based intervention for anxious children. Additionally, this study highlights the importance of parent-son emotional discussion.

Background and Objectives: The uptake of formal cardiovascular disease risk assessment in the primary prevention setting is low. We tested the feasibility of an SMS recall system to invite eligible patients for a Heart Health Check in Australian general practice., Method: Of 332 general practices that expressed interest in the study, 231 were randomised to either an intervention or wait list control group. Intervention general practices sent SMS invitations linked to digital information to eligible patients via general practice software. Deidentified baseline and two-month data were extracted via clinical audit software. A survey was administered to 35 intervention general practices., Results: General practice visits were similar between the control and intervention groups, but Heart Health Check billing increased 14-fold in the intervention group., Discussion: This study showed that an SMS recall system for Heart Health Checks can be effective and acceptable in general practice. The findings will inform a broader implementation trial over 2022-23.

Background: Monitoring salt consumption in children is essential for informing and implementing public health interventions to reduce children's salt intake. However, collection of 24-hour urines, considered as the most reliable approach, can be especially challenging to school children. This study aimed to assess the agreement between 24-hour urine (24hrU) and 24-hour food recall (24hrFR) in: (1) estimating salt intake in children; (2) classifying salt intakes above the recommended upper level set for children, and; (3) estimating change in mean salt intake over time., Methods: This study utilised data from two cross-sectional surveys of school children aged 8 to 12 years living in the state of Victoria, Australia. A single 24hrU and 24hrFR were collected from each participant. Suspected inaccurate urine collections and implausible energy intakes were excluded based on pre-defined criteria. The agreement between the two methods was assessed using Bland-Altman methodology, the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), and the kappa statistic. The difference between the measured change in salt intake over time using 24hrU and 24hrFR was derived using mixed effects linear regression analysis., Results: A total of 588 participants provided a 24hrU and 24hrFR. Overall, there was no meaningful difference in mean estimated salt intake between the two methods (- 0.2 g/day, 95% CI - 0.5 to 0.1). The Bland-Altman plot showed wide 95% limits of agreement (- 7.2 to 6.8). The ICC between the two methods was 0.13 (95% CI 0.05 to 0.21). There was poor interrater reliability in terms of classifying salt intake above the recommended upper level for children, with an observed agreement of 63% and kappa statistic of 0.11. The change in mean salt intake over time was 0.2 g/day (- 0.4 to 0.7) based on 24hrU, and 0.5 g/day (- 0.0 to 1.1) based on 24hrFR, with a difference-in-differences of 0.4 g/day (- 0.3 to 1.1)., Conclusions: 24hrFR appears to provide a reasonable estimate of mean salt intake as measured by 24hrU in Australian school children. However, similar to previous observations in adults, and of studies exploring other alternative methods for estimating salt intake, 24hrFR is a poor predictor of individual-level salt intake in children., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

This article reports on the findings of a qualitative case study exploring the auditory skill "deficits" of a twice-exceptional male student who had multiple exceptionalities, including deficits in auditory processing skills, which contributed to learning issues and social connection difficulties in unique ways. Auditory skill deficits are an under-researched area in the field of gifted education, yet these are requisite skills necessary for learning in school. For this case study, auditory deficits were related to phonological processing, auditory sequential memory, lowered auditory recall abilities, and weaknesses in auditory analysis skills. The role that these auditory skill deficits played in the educational experiences of this young person is explored. Findings suggest that the presentation and impact of auditory processing deficits is very individual.

Here, we examined retrospective reports of adults' earliest autobiographical memory, the age of this report and whether the reported age was associated with exposure to early life adversity, current anxiety and childhood attachment. Across four studies, we found that reporting a later 'earliest' memory was associated with higher self-reported anxiety in both American (Studies 1, 2 and 4) and Australian (Study 3) samples. Furthermore, in Studies 2-4, we found that reporting a later earliest memory uniquely predicted anxiety when controlling for number of adverse childhood events (a risk factor for the development of anxiety). In Study 4, we established that this relation is partially mediated by childhood anxious attachment. Although we consistently demonstrated that later earliest memories were associated with current anxiety, we found little evidence for a relation between reported age at the time of earliest memory and childhood adversity. We also found no evidence of gender differences in the associations of interest. These results suggest that poorer memory of early childhood is associated with greater childhood anxious attachment and anxiety in adulthood. The implications of this work are discussed in terms of the adaptive nature of autobiographical memory and the development of a coherent life narrative., (© 2021 The British Psychological Society.)

Australian accreditation standards specify upper limits for percentages of women recalled for further assessment following screening mammography. These limits have been unchanged since national screening commenced circa 1990, although screening target ages have changed, and technology from analogue to digital mammography. This study compared 2804 women with interval cancers diagnosed since national screening began (cases) with 14,020 cancer-free controls (5 controls per case), randomly selected after matching by age, round, screen type and calendar year of screening episode, to determine the odds of interval cancer by differences in clinic recall to assessment percentages. Within low numbers of recalls that were within accepted accreditation ranges, results did not indicate more frequent recalls to assessment to be associated with fewer interval cancers in the analogue era. However, more frequent recalls were associated with reduced interval cancers for digital screens. These results are not conclusive, requiring confirmation in other screening environments, especially those with larger numbers of digital screens. If confirmed, frequency of recalls to assessment may need adjustment to get the best trade-offs in the digital era between reduced odds of interval cancers from more recalls and increases in financial and non-financial costs, including increased potential for overdiagnosis., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: Medical devices are used in almost all orthopedic surgical subspecialties, and the frequency of adverse events is increasing, which should not be ignored. To provide suggestions on how to avoid implant recalls from the perspective of manufacturers, medical institutions and supervisions, as well as how to respond promptly to adverse events. Methods: The research extracted recalls of osteosynthesis implants and joint replacement implants from January 1, 2011, to June 30, 2021, in the CNMPA, FDA, HC and ATGA websites and collected the information on device name, recall time, recall class, recall manufacturer, device classification and affected areas. Moreover, the McKinsey 7S model and fishbone diagram were used to analyze recall reasons. Results: A total of 315 cases of osteosynthesis implants and 286 cases of joint replacement implants were reported in China, the USA, Canada and Australia. The recalls number from 2016 to 2021 was more than that from 2011 to 2015 for osteosynthesis implant (p = 0.012) and joint replacement implant (p = 0.002), and both mainly focused on class II (76.19% and 78.32%). There were statistical differences in the four countries for both implants (p = 0.000), especially osteosynthesis implant between China and the USA (p = 0.000), China and Canada (p = 0.001), the USA and Australia (p = 0.002), and joint replacement implant between China and Australia (p = 0.000). Conclusions: To avoid the recalls of such implants, manufacturers should strictly select implant materials and components, develop detailed labels and instructions, severely control the packaging process and establish the integrity of medical device data. Medical institutions should standardize procurement procedures, use qualified equipment and train medical workers. It also requires supervisions to conduct premarket safety assessments. In addition, regulators should strengthen supervision and establish reporting systems to deal with the occurrence of adverse events promptly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Child sexual abuse (CSA) prevention is dominated by a focus on child education. However, evidence that this education reduces CSA risk is limited and mixed., Objective: We investigated whether participants' history of receiving school-based child sexual abuse prevention (CSAPP) was associated with experiencing CSA. Uniquely, we also investigated whether parent-led CSA education (PLSAE) and received protective parenting were associated with CSA. CSA knowledge was also considered., Methods: Australian university students (N = 1265, M age  = 22.8, SD = 7.7, Mo age  = 18, Md age  = 20, 75% female) reported their history of CSAPP and PLSAE, experience of CSA, disclosure of CSA, parenting, and CSA knowledge., Results: CSAPP attendance was reported by 29% of respondents, 72% reported PLSAE, and 24% reported CSA. PLSAE was significantly associated with lower risk of CSA, but was CSAPP attendance was not. PLSAE was significantly associated with higher levels of parental involvement/care and monitoring/supervision. In a multivariate logistic regression model, involvement/care and monitoring/supervision were associated with lower risk of CSA, but PLSAE was not. Neither CSAPP attendance nor PLSAE was associated with CSA disclosure or CSA knowledge., Conclusions: These findings add to the small body of literature using reports of real-life experiences. Results call into question the over-reliance of child-education in CSA prevention and highlight the role of protective parenting. Building parenting capacity to include parenting practices is most likely to be effective for CSA prevention, such as monitoring and involvement, and should be included in CSA prevention efforts., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Reminiscence therapy and music are often used to improve the wellbeing of older people; however, we do not know how these interventions are used in practice. This study explored how those working with older people view and use verbal Reminiscence Therapy (VRT) and Music-assisted Reminiscence Therapy (MRT). A total of 110 participants who worked or volunteered with older people in Australia were surveyed in this descriptive, mixed-method study. VRT and MRT were frequently and spontaneously used to respond to the varied needs of older adults. VRT and MRT lead to reported positive outcomes including better care practices, positive affect and mood, and improved social connections. MRT was used as a compensatory strategy when traditional VRT was not possible. This study describes the current practices of VRT and MRT, and an overview of how reminiscence-based approaches are used in Australia to address the health and wellbeing of older people., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Introduction: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander (Indigenous) Australians have identified alcohol consumption as an area of concern. Accurate screening tools are required to help detect and assist at-risk drinkers, and to provide accurate data to policy makers. The Finnish method (determining drinking patterns based on the last two to four drinking occasions), has been proposed as a culturally appropriate and effective screening tool for detecting Indigenous Australians at risk from alcohol consumption. While it has been found to be valid and acceptable for use with Indigenous Australians, the Finnish method has not been compared to the three-item Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test-Consumption (AUDIT-C) which is currently recommended by the Australian government for use in Aboriginal community-controlled health services., Methods: We compared the performance of the AUDIT-C and Finnish method as screening tools for detecting harms experienced from alcohol in a representative, cross-sectional, sample of Indigenous Australians., Results: AUDIT-C was substantially faster for participants to complete than the Finnish method. Metrics derived from both the AUDIT-C and Finnish method were similarly linked to the frequency of self-reported International Classification of Diseases, 11th revision dependence symptoms and harms., Discussion and Conclusions: The AUDIT-C is likely most appropriate for use in clinical settings due to its speed and ease of use. The Finnish method provides relatively detailed information about drinking and is better suited to population surveys., (© 2021 The Authors. Drug and Alcohol Review published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd on behalf of Australasian Professional Society on Alcohol and other Drugs.)

Objective: To quantify the full life cycle impacts of ultra-processed foods (UPF) for key environmental, economic and nutritional indicators to identify trade-offs between UPF contribution to broad-scope sustainability. Design: Using 24-h dietary recalls along with an input–output database for the Australian economy, dietary environmental and economic impacts were quantified in this national representative cross-sectional analysis. Food items were classified into non-UPF and UPF using the NOVA system, and dietary energy contribution from non-UPF and UPF fractions in diets was estimated. Thereafter, associations between nutritional, environmental and economic impacts of non-UPF and UPF fractions of diets were examined using a multi-dimensional nutritional geometry representation. Setting: National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey 2011–2012 of Australia. Participants: Respondents (n 5344) aged > 18 years with 1 d of 24-h dietary recall data excluding respondents with missing values and outlier data points and under reporters. Results: Australian diets rich in UPF were associated with reduced nutritional quality, high greenhouse gas emissions, energy use, and increased employment and income associated with the food supply chains. The environmental and economic impacts associated with the UPF portion of diets become more distinct when the diets are standardised to average protein recommendation. Conclusion: Increased consumption of UPF has socio-economic benefits, but this comes with adverse effects on the environment and public health. Consideration of such trade-offs is important in identifying policy and other mechanisms regarding UPF for establishing healthy and sustainable food systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Education on lymphoedema and lymphoedema risk is an essential part of the cancer care package. This study evaluated recall and retention of lymphoedema-linked education knowledge in patients following breast cancer surgery. Method: Seventy participants at risk of developing lymphoedema were assigned to a 1:1 or group education programme. Surveys captured self-reported recall of their lymphoedema education and demonstration of upper-limb exercises over 12 months. Results: Participant's ability to recall lymphoedema education and associated exercises decreased over time. Recall increased by 12 months but remained suboptimal. Delivery method and lymphoedema risk category were not significant factors affecting participants recall. Conclusion: Recall and retention of lymphoedema education was sub-optimal, however, participants with clinical symptoms demonstrated greater knowledge and performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines how parents' mental health symptoms, emotion regulation and mindfulness relate to parent-child reminiscing conversations about past emotional events. Fifty-four children aged 8-12 years and their parents were recruited from a child psychology clinic (n = 28) and local schools (n = 26). Dyad's reminiscing conversations were recorded, transcribed, and coded for elaboration style, emotion content and emotion closure. Child language ability and mental health symptoms were measured, as was parent mindfulness, emotion regulation and mental health symptoms. Mindfulness acting with awareness was a unique predictor of dyad emotion closure. Depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms were not directly related to elaborative reminiscing, however, moderation by clinical status revealed a negative relationship for the community children only. These findings suggest a more complex relationship at play between parent and child mental health in reminiscing within clinical populations. Implications of these findings for a growing body of reminiscing interventions are discussed.

Social interaction, and the attendant negotiation of meaning, is of prime importance for developing second language (L2) skills. Yet how learners go about building L2 social networks -- and why some have more success than others in doing so -- remains underexplored. This article explores this phenomenon via a 12-month longitudinal case study of three hearing adult learners of Auslan (Australian Sign Language) who were studying the language in a vocational education setting. Drawing on language diaries and stimulated recall interviews, we explore the learner's contact with deaf signers and use of Auslan with hearing peers, as well as the factors shaping this involvement and how it changed as their language proficiency developed. While one of our learners threw herself into volunteering and emerged from the study with strong L2 social networks, the other two struggled to varying degrees to build networks and balance the demands of paid work and L2 study. Socio-economic factors played an important role in shaping our student's engagement and investment in L2 learning. From this, we argue that tertiary L2 programs may be subtly reproducing privilege, and need to address this if we are serious about increasing minority representation in L2 programs.

This study aimed to explore the possible indirect pathway between maternal reminiscing style and child socioemotional functioning (prosocial behaviors and emotional adjustment difficulties) through children's autobiographical memory (elaboration and specificity). A secondary exploratory aim was to examine whether cultural context moderated these indirect effects. Participants included 94 mother-child dyads drawn from middle- and high-income families in China and Australia. The dyads completed measures of child memory specificity, maternal report of child socioemotional functioning, and a shared emotional reminiscing task that assessed child memory elaboration and maternal sensitive guidance. Path analysis results indicated an indirect effect of maternal supportive reminiscing via child memory elaboration (but not memory specificity) on children's prosocial behaviors, regardless of the cultural group. However, there was no evidence to suggest an indirect pathway between maternal supportive reminiscing and child adjustment difficulties (or prosocial behaviors) through child memory specificity in either cultural context. These findings provide preliminary support to the recent conceptualization of an indirect pathway between maternal sensitive guidance during emotional reminiscing and children's prosocial behaviors through child memory elaboration. However, it is important to note that the cross-sectional design limits the causal inferences that can be drawn from the findings. The implications for memory specificity in child socioemotional functioning were less clear and indicated a need for further research in this area.

When children reminisce with adults about their own past experiences, they are offered a rich forum in which to develop cognitive and socioemotional skills, build their sense of self, and form emotional bonds. Little attention has been directed to reminiscing in educational contexts, however. Our aim was to explore when, how often, and why early childhood educators engage young children in reminiscing conversations. Participants included 251 Australian educators with 1-45 years of experience. Educators completed an online survey asking them (i) the number of times per day they engaged children in reminiscing, relative to other types of talk, and (ii) the times and places these reminiscing conversations were most likely to occur. While individual differences were apparent, more than 85% of educators reporting engaging children in reminiscing multiple times per day. Popular times included arrival (67.7%), meals (65.7%) and group/circle time (58.2%). Educators' qualitative explanations suggested several important reasons to engage children in reminiscing, including to bond, establish home-centre connections, build children's socioemotional competence, reflect on 'centre life' and support intentional learning activities. Implications for research and practice are discussed.

Although beacon- and map-based spatial strategies are the default strategies for navigation activities, today's navigational aids mostly follow a beacon-based design where one is provided with turn-by-turn instructions. Recent research, however, shows that our reliance on these navigational aids is causing a decline in our spatial skills. We are processing less of our surrounding environment and relying too heavily on the instructions given. To reverse this decline, we need to engage more in map-based learning, which encourages the user to process and integrate spatial knowledge into a cognitive map built to benefit flexible and independent spatial navigation behaviour. In an attempt to curb our loss of skills, we proposed a navigation assistant to support map-based learning during active navigation. Called the virtual global landmark (VGL) system, this augmented reality (AR) system is based on the kinds of techniques used in traditional orienteering. Specifically, a notable landmark is always present in the user's sight, allowing the user to continuously compute where they are in relation to that specific location. The efficacy of the unit as a navigational aid was tested in an experiment with 27 students from the University of Technology Sydney via a comparison of brain dynamics and behaviour. From an analysis of behaviour and event-related spectral perturbation, we found that participants were encouraged to process more spatial information with a map-based strategy where a silhouette of the compass-like landmark was perpetually in view. As a result of this technique, they consistently navigated with greater efficiency and better accuracy.

This study finds that institutional investors in Australia recall loaned shares prior to shareholder meetings to exercise their voting rights as part of their effort to improve corporate governance. Recalls are increasingly common in larger firms, firms with more independent directors, and stocks with higher past returns in recent years. Recalls are associated with less support for resolutions at meetings, especially those related to the remuneration package in firms within the ASX100 and those with existing shareholder dissent. We deduce the value of votes (around 351 basis points (bps) per annum) from the incremental cost of borrowing shares with voting rights around shareholder meetings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dietary nitrates may play a role in mediating several key physiological processes impacting health and/or exercise performance. However, current methods for assessing dietary nitrate (NO 3 - ) consumption are inadequate. The present study aimed to examine the dietary nitrate intake in a sample of 50 healthy adults, as well as test the validity of a purposefully developed food frequency questionnaire (FFQ)., Methods: Dietary nitrate intake was estimated over a week using (i) three 24-h dietary recalls; (ii) a short-term (7-day) FFQ; and (iii) a biomarker (urinary nitrate), in conjunction with a nitrate reference database., Results: Daily dietary nitrate intake estimates were 130.94 mg (average of three 24-h recalls) and 180.62 mg (FFQ). The mean urinary NO 3 - excretion was 1974.79 µmol day -1 (or 917.9 µmol L -1 and 24-h recall data (r = 0.632, ρ < 0.001), as well as between urinary NO 3 - and 24-h recall data (r = 0.632, ρ < 0.001), as well as between urinary NO 3 - and FFQ (r = 0.579, ρ < 0.001)., Conclusions: The ability to accurately estimate nitrate intakes depends on having suitable reference methods to estimate the concentrations of nitrate in the food supply, coupled with valid and reliable dietary assessment tools. Based on the findings from the present study, at an individual level, dietary recalls or records may be more accurate in estimating intakes of NO 3 - . However, given the lower cost and time needed for administration relative to recalls, the FFQ has merit for estimating NO 3 - intakes in health interventions, dietary surveys and surveillance programs., (© 2022 The Authors. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of British Dietetic Association.)

Purpose: Graphic health warnings (GHWs) on tobacco product packaging constitute one component within a multifaceted set of tobacco control measures. This study aims to understand whether consumers' attention to GHWs will be associated with recall and quit intentions, using Australia as the case for this study. Design/methodology/approach: Using the 14 GHWs currently in market as visual stimuli, non-probability intercept sampling was conducted, eye tracking and post-survey datasets were collected from a total of 419 respondents across three Australian cities. Findings: Results show the front graphic image areas draw initial attention and the Quitline message area holds the longest attention duration. Attention is highly correlated with better quality of recall of health warning information, emotive responses, believability ratings among smokers and smokers' perception of health risks and quit intentions. Associations are also noted with perceived health risk and quitting intentions. Originality/value: To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first study that has objectively tested the effectiveness of in-market tobacco GHWs in Australia and highlights eye tracking as a valid measurement approach that can enhance and drive new insights to evaluate consumer behaviour towards visual stimuli. This study extends new knowledge around the physiological relationships between viewing behaviours, health vulnerability perceptions and intentions to quit smoking, which has theoretical implications for the extended parallel process model which underpins this research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Newborn screening (NBS) has largely eliminated the physical and neurodevelopmental effects of untreated congenital hypothyroidism (CH). Many countries, including Australia, have progressively lowered NBS bloodspot thyroid‐stimulating hormone (b‐TSH) thresholds. The impact of these changes is still unclear. Objectives: To evaluate the performance of CH NBS following the reduction of b‐TSH thresholds in New South Wales (NSW) and the Australian Capital Territory (ACT), Australia, from 15 to 8 mIU/L, and to determine the clinical outcomes of cases detected by these thresholds. Methods: NBS data of 346 849 infants born in NSW/ACT, Australia from 1 November, 2016–1 March, 2020 inclusive were analysed. A clinical audit was conducted on infants with a preliminary diagnosis of CH born between 1 January, 2016–1 December, 2020 inclusive. Results: The lowered b‐TSH threshold (≥8 mIU/L, ~99.5th centile) detected 1668 infants (0.48%), representing an eight‐fold increase in recall rate, of whom 212 of 1668 (12.7%) commenced thyroxine treatment. Of these 212 infants, 62 (29.2%) (including eight cases with a preliminary diagnosis of thyroid dysgenesis) had an initial b‐TSH 8–14.9 mIU/L. The positive predictive value for a preliminary diagnosis of CH decreased from 74.3% to 12.8% with the lowered threshold. Proportionally, more pre‐term infants received a preliminary CH diagnosis on screening with the lower threshold (16.1% of 62) than with the higher threshold (8.0% of 150). Conclusion: Clinically relevant CH was detected using the lowered threshold, albeit at the cost of an eight‐fold increase in recall rate. Further clinical and economic studies are required to determine whether benefits of lowered screening thresholds outweigh potential harms from false‐positive results on infants, their families and NBS programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dietary assessment commonly focuses on particular foods/food groups as indicators of overall dietary intake. Accompaniments such as sauces are not often a focus. The present study describes daily intakes of sauces, condiments and seasonings (SCS) using the most recent Australian National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey (NNPAS), as well as the contribution to total energy and selected nutrient intakes. Methods: NNPAS dietary data were collected by one 24‐h recall for 12,153 individuals aged ≥ 2 years (53% female, 29% aged 31–50 years). SCS (i.e., any food items not normally consumed as a food itself, consumed as an addition to a dish after cooking/preparation to enhance flavour) were identified/coded within the dietary data and reported in terms of how they were consumed, primary composition, and contribution to total daily energy and selected macro‐ and micronutrient intakes. Results: Most participants (85.1%) reported consuming at least one SCS on the day of the recall (median [interquartile range], 2 [1–4]). SCS were predominantly consumed within main meals (breakfast, lunch, dinner) (73.9%), and were predominantly sugar/sugar products (e.g., white sugar) (35.0%), or fats and oils (e.g., butter) (25.9%). SCS contributed a median (interquartile range) of 3.8% (1.1–7.9) of total energy, 5.3% (0.0–15.5) of fat, 2.3% (0.1–6.6) of carbohydrate and 0.2% (0.01–1.2) of protein intake. SCS made the largest contribution towards vitamin E (females median 3.6%; males median 3.4%) and sodium intakes (females median 3.0%; males median 2.9%). Conclusions: Although SCS contribute a small proportion of total energy and nutrient intakes in the Australian population, the contribution is more substantial for some nutrients and population groups. Key points: Sauces, condiments and seasonings are small contributors to Australians' energy and nutrient intakes.Sauces, condiments and seasonings may have positive and negative contribution.Contributions vary by age and gender, and are more substantial for older adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To assess any effects of a state-wide sodium reduction intervention on sodium intake, sources of dietary sodium and discretionary salt use at a population level. Methods: Data (24-h urinary sodium excretion, self-report survey, a 24-h dietary recall) were collected cross-sectionally at baseline (2016/2017) and follow-up (2020) from adults in Victoria, Australia. Intervention activities included consumer awareness advertising campaign, public debate generation via mass media, strengthening existing policy initiatives and supporting food innovation with industry. Results: There were 339 participants at baseline and 211 at follow-up, with 144 and 90 of participants completing a 24-h dietary recall, respectively. There was no difference in adjusted 24-h urinary sodium excretion between baseline and follow-up (134 vs 131 mmol/24 h; p = 0.260). There were no differences in the percentage of participants adding salt during cooking (63% vs 68%; p = 0.244), adding salt at the table (34% vs 37%; p = 0.400) or regularly taking action to control salt/sodium intake (22% vs 21%; p = 0.793). There were large differences in the quantity of dietary sodium sourced from retail stores (57% vs 77%, p < 0.001), and less sodium was sourced from foods at fresh food markets (13% vs 2%; p ≤ 0.001) at follow-up. No large differences were apparent for foods with different levels of processing or for food groups. Conclusion: There was no clear population-level effect of the 4-year multi-component Victorian Salt Reduction Intervention on sodium intake with Victorian adults continuing to consume sodium above recommended levels. The findings indicate that more intensive and sustained efforts aiming at the retail and food industry with national level support are likely to be required to achieve a measurable improvement in sodium intake at a state level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data security assurance is crucial due to the increasing prevalence of cloud computing and its widespread use across different industries, especially in light of the growing number of cybersecurity threats. A major and everpresent threat is Ransomware-as-a-Service (RaaS) assaults, which enable even individuals with minimal technical knowledge to conduct ransomware operations. This study provides a new approach for RaaS attack detection which uses an ensemble of deep learning models. For this purpose, the network intrusion detection dataset "UNSWNB15" from the Intelligent Security Group of the University of New South Wales, Australia is analyzed. In the initial phase, the rectified linear unit-, scaled exponential linear unit-, and exponential linear unit-based three separate Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) models are developed. Later, using the combined predictive power of these three MLPs, the RansoDetect Fusion ensemble model is introduced in the suggested methodology. The proposed ensemble technique outperforms previous studieswith impressive performance metrics results, including 98.79% accuracy and recall, 98.85% precision, and 98.80% F1-score. The empirical results of this study validate the ensemble model's ability to improve cybersecurity defenses by showing that it outperforms individual MLPmodels. In expanding the field of cybersecurity strategy, this research highlights the significance of combined deep learning models in strengthening intrusion detection systems against sophisticated cyber threats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coral reefs and their associated marine communities are increasingly threatened by anthropogenic climate change. A key step in the management of climate threats is an efficient and accurate end-to-end system of coral monitoring that can be generally applied to shallow water reefs. Here, we used RGB drone-based imagery and a deep learning algorithm to develop a system of classifying bleached and unbleached corals. Imagery was collected five times across one year, between November 2018 and November 2019, to assess coral bleaching and potential recovery around Lord Howe Island, Australia, using object-based image analysis. This training mask was used to develop a large training dataset, and an mRES-uNet architecture was chosen for automated segmentation. Unbleached coral classifications achieved a precision of 0.96, a recall of 0.92, and a Jaccard index of 0.89, while bleached corals achieved 0.28 precision, 0.58 recall, and a 0.23 Jaccard index score. Subsequently, methods were further refined by creating bleached coral objects (>16 pixels total) using the neural network classifications of bleached coral pixels, to minimize pixel error and count bleached coral colonies. This method achieved a prediction precision of 0.76 in imagery regions with >2000 bleached corals present, and 0.58 when run on an entire orthomosaic image. Bleached corals accounted for the largest percentage of the study area in September 2019 (6.98%), and were also significantly present in March (2.21%). Unbleached corals were the least dominant in March (28.24%), but generally accounted for ~50% of imagery across other months. Overall, we demonstrate that drone-based RGB imagery, combined with artificial intelligence, is an effective method of coral reef monitoring, providing accurate and high-resolution information on shallow reef environments in a cost-effective manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Valid and updated clinical indicators can serve as important tools in assessing and improving eyecare delivery. Indicators for diabetic eyecare in Australia were previously developed from guidelines published before 2013 and then used to assess the appropriateness of care delivery through a nationwide patient record card audit (the iCareTrack study). To reflect emerging evidence and contemporary practice, this study aimed to update clinical indicators for optometric care for people with type 2 diabetes in Australia. Forty-five candidate indicators, including existing iCareTrack and new indicators derived from nine high-quality evidence-based guidelines, were generated. A two-round modified Delphi process where expert panel members rated the impact, acceptability, and feasibility of the indicators on a 9-point scale and voted for inclusion or exclusion of the candidate indicators was used. Consensus on inclusion was reached when the median scores for impact, acceptability, and feasibility were ≥7 and >75% of experts voted for inclusion. Thirty-two clinical indicators with high acceptability, impact and feasibility ratings (all median scores: 9) were developed. The final indicators were related to history taking (n = 12), physical examination (n = 8), recall period (n = 5), referral (n = 5), and patient education/communication (n = 2). Most (14 of 15) iCareTrack indicators were retained either in the original format or with modifications. New indicators included documenting the type of diabetes, serum lipid level, pregnancy, systemic medications, nephropathy, Indigenous status, general practitioner details, pupil examination, intraocular pressure, optical coherence tomography, diabetic retinopathy grading, recall period for high-risk diabetic patients without retinopathy, referral of high-risk proliferative retinopathy, communication with the general practitioner, and patient education. A set of 32 updated diabetic eyecare clinical indicators was developed based on contemporary evidence and expert consensus. These updated indicators inform the development of programs to assess and enhance the eyecare delivery for people with diabetes in Australia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Importance: Play is the primary occupation in childhood and fundamental to occupational therapy practice. Objective: To evaluate a play intervention in special school settings. Design: Pre- and postinvolvement of a 7-mo play program. Setting: Four special schools in Victoria, Australia, for children with IQs < 70. Participants: Thirty-eight children with diagnoses including intellectual disability, autism, and global developmental delay, 7 teachers, 2 speech pathologists, and 2 occupational therapists. Intervention: Learn to Play Therapy for 1 hr per week over a 7-mo period. Outcomes and Measures: Pre–post outcome measures included children's pretend play skills, language, social skills, emotional regulation, and academic competence. Results: Mean age of 38 children (15 girls and 23 boys) at baseline was 5 yr 7 mo (SD = 0.46 yr). Results showed significant changes in children's pretend play (p =.03), ability to recall sentences (p =.02), social skills (p =.022), and academic competence (p =.012). Learn to Play had a large effect on children's narrative skills (d = 2.72). At follow-up, object substitution at baseline influenced expressive language (p <.001), narrative mean language utterance (MLU; p =.015), social skills (p <.001), and academic competence (p <.001); elaborate play at baseline plus time influenced social skills (p <.001); and elaborate play at baseline influenced narrative MLU (p =. 016), sentence recall (p =.009), and academic competence (p =.001). Conclusions and Relevance: Embedding pretend play within practice positively influenced children's language, narrative, social, and academic skills. Plain-Language Summary: This study adds to the limited research on play-based therapy programs in special school settings for children with an IQ of less than 70. Children participated in Learn to Play Therapy, during which an occupational therapist, who has observed and assessed the child's play and understands the child's play abilities, played beside the child. Learn to Play Therapy is a child-centered therapy that is used to increase a child's ability to self-initiate and enjoy pretend play. The positive impacts of supporting the children's pretend play ability were highlighted by increases in their pretend play, language, social skills, academic competence, and narrative language after participating in Learn to Play Therapy in their special schools. This study adds to the limited research on play-based therapy programs in special school settings for children with an IQ of less than 70. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The Functional External Memory Aid Tool (FEMAT) is a performancebased measure of applied cognitive-linguistic abilities and attempted use of compensatory aids and strategies (e.g., using a calendar to recall an appointment) through completion of simulated everyday living tasks. The FEMAT was originally developed in the United States (US), and a need arose from clinicians to adapt the FEMAT for use in other countries. The aim of this study is to describe the cultural adaptation process that resulted in the United Kingdom (UK) and Australian (AU) versions of the FEMAT via international clinical research partnerships. Method: The FEMAT was adapted into UK and AU cultures using established guidelines for cultural and linguistic adaptation. The adaptation was completed by researchers and clinicians from the US, UK, and AU, and we followed a sixstep process: (a) preparation, (b) forward translation, (c) back translation, (d) committee review, (e) field testing, and (f) finalization. Results: The FEMAT items and materials were successfully adapted from the source culture (i.e., English-US) to the target cultures (i.e., English-UK, English- AU). Through the adaptation process, the FEMAT items were determined to be conceptually appropriate for each culture and minimal modifications were made to the FEMAT materials (e.g., voicemail recordings recorded in target dialect). The finalized FEMAT-English-UK and the FEMAT-English-AU versions are available for free on the FEMAT website. Conclusions: Through successful international clinical research collaborations, the FEMAT was successfully adapted for use in other English-speaking cultures. This work provides guidance to streamline future FEMAT cultural adaptations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The exacerbation of wildfires, attributed to the effects of climate change, presents substantial risks to ecological systems, infrastructure, and human well-being. In the context of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly those related to climate action, prioritizing the assessment and management of the occurrence and intensity of extensive wildfires is of utmost importance. In recent times, there has been a significant increase in the frequency and severity of widespread wildfires worldwide, affecting several locations, including Australia, Italy, and the United States of America. The presence of complex phenomena marked by limited predictability leads to significant negative impacts on biodiversity and human lives. The utilization of satellite-derived data with neural networks, such as convolutional neural networks (CNNs), is a potentially advantageous approach for augmenting the monitoring capabilities of wildfires. This research examines the generalization capability of four neural network models, namely the fully connected (FC), one-dimensional (1D) CNN, two-dimensional (2D) CNN, and three-dimensional (3D) CNN model. Each model's performance, as measured by accuracy, recall, and F1 scores, is assessed through K-fold cross-validation. Subsequently, T-statistics and p-values are computed based on these metrics to conduct a statistical comparison among the different models, allowing us to quantify the degree of similarity or dissimilarity between them. By using training data from Australia and Sicily, the performances of the trained model are evaluated on the test dataset from Oregon. The results are promising, with cross-validation on the training dataset producing mean precision, recall, and F1 scores ranging between approximately 0.97 and 0.98. Especially, the fully connected model has superior generalization capabilities, whilst the 3D CNN offers more refined and less distorted classifications. However, certain issues, such as false fire detection and confusion between smoke and shadows, persist. The aforementioned methodologies offer significant perspectives on the capabilities of neural network technologies in supporting the detection and management of wildfires. These approaches address the crucial matter of domain transferability and the associated dependability of predictions in new regions. This study makes a valuable contribution to the ongoing efforts in climate change by assisting in monitoring and managing wildfires. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Endometriosis is a benign and chronic gynecological estrogen-dependent disease. Considering the prevalence and the importance of measuring the long-term effects of endometriosis in affected women's lives t the EIQ scale was designed and psychometrically analyzed in English in Australia, in three recall periods (last 12 months, 1 to 5 years ago and more than 5 years ago). It has never been used in Iran and its validity and reliability have not been assessed either. Therefore, the present study aimed to translate and investigate the psychometric properties of the EIQ. Methods: In this study, 200 women were selected through random sampling in 2022. After forward and backward translation, the face validity, content validity, and construct validity of EIQ (through Corrected Item-Total Correlation) were examined. To assess the reliability of the scale, both internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) and test-retest stability methods were employed. Results: Impact Score with a score above 1.5 was approved. CVI and CVR values of the EIQ tool were 0.97 and 0.94, respectively. The Item to total Correlation confirmed the construct validity of all seven dimensions of the tool, more than the cut-off (0.3) except lifestyle. Cronbach's alpha coefficient and Intra Correlation Coefficient (ICC) were acceptable for all dimensions. Conclusion: The Persian version of EIQ is a valid and reliable scale. This tool is valid and reliable for investigating the long-term impact of endometriosis in Iranian society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Baby spinach contributed most to Australian lutein and zeaxanthin (L/Z) intake. • Broccoli contributed highly to United Kingdom dietary L/Z intake. • Correlational statistics overestimated L/Z dietary screener tool validity. • Bland-Altman plot analysis is key to deducing dietary L/Z screener tool validity. • Validity of diet L/Z intake from prior research should be interpreted with caution. Habitual dietary intake measurement of carotenoids lutein and zeaxanthin (L/Z) has often been omitted or attempted with tools of unknown validity in past research. It was hypothesized that the dietary assessment tool, the L/Z screener, developed as part of this study, would be valid with agreement within 0.25 mg/day when compared against multiple 24-hour diet recalls in healthy Australian and United Kingdom adults. Two screeners with 91 food items were developed, 1 with a recall timeframe of a month and the other a week. Over 4 weeks, 56 Australian and 47 United Kingdom participants completed 4 weekly screeners, 2 monthly screeners, and eight 24-hour diet recalls. Validity was assessed through Bland-Altman plot analysis. L/Z intake measured by all tools was significantly correlated, with correlation coefficients from 0.58 to 0.83. Despite these correlations, the screeners were not valid, with poor Bland-Altman plot agreement when compared with the diet recalls. The Australian weekly screener performed best, demonstrating a mean difference of 0.51 mg/day and 95% limits of agreement between –1.46 mg/day and 2.49 mg/day of L/Z intake. Baby spinach, broccoli, and pumpkin provided the greatest proportion of L/Z intake. The low validity may be explained by high rates of misestimation or missed capture of moderate to high L/Z containing foods such as baby spinach. Prior research reliant on correlational statistics for L/Z tool validity should be interpreted with caution, and future screener development should prioritize accurate capture of high contribution foods. A 91-item L/Z diet screener was developed with 2 recall timeframes: a month or a week. Screener L/Z intake compared with 24-hour diet recalls by Bland-Altman plot analysis and correlational statistics in 103 adults resulted in significant correlations. However, agreement was poor (95% limits of agreement ≥0.25 mg/day) because of memory recall bias and missed capture; therefore, the screeners were deemed not valid. Abbreviations: AU, Australia; L/Z, lutein and zeaxanthin; UK, United Kingdom. Created with BioRender.com. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Non-contrast computed tomography of the brain (NCCTB) is commonly used to detect intracranial pathology but is subject to interpretation errors. Machine learning can augment clinical decision-making and improve NCCTB scan interpretation. This retrospective detection accuracy study assessed the performance of radiologists assisted by a deep learning model and compared the standalone performance of the model with that of unassisted radiologists. Methods: A deep learning model was trained on 212,484 NCCTB scans drawn from a private radiology group in Australia. Scans from inpatient, outpatient, and emergency settings were included. Scan inclusion criteria were age ≥ 18 years and series slice thickness ≤ 1.5 mm. Thirty-two radiologists reviewed 2848 scans with and without the assistance of the deep learning system and rated their confidence in the presence of each finding using a 7-point scale. Differences in AUC and Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC) were calculated using a ground-truth gold standard. Results: The model demonstrated an average area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.93 across 144 NCCTB findings and significantly improved radiologist interpretation performance. Assisted and unassisted radiologists demonstrated an average AUC of 0.79 and 0.73 across 22 grouped parent findings and 0.72 and 0.68 across 189 child findings, respectively. When assisted by the model, radiologist AUC was significantly improved for 91 findings (158 findings were non-inferior), and reading time was significantly reduced. Conclusions: The assistance of a comprehensive deep learning model significantly improved radiologist detection accuracy across a wide range of clinical findings and demonstrated the potential to improve NCCTB interpretation. Clinical relevance statement: This study evaluated a comprehensive CT brain deep learning model, which performed strongly, improved the performance of radiologists, and reduced interpretation time. The model may reduce errors, improve efficiency, facilitate triage, and better enable the delivery of timely patient care. Key Points: • This study demonstrated that the use of a comprehensive deep learning system assisted radiologists in the detection of a wide range of abnormalities on non-contrast brain computed tomography scans. • The deep learning model demonstrated an average area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.93 across 144 findings and significantly improved radiologist interpretation performance. • The assistance of the comprehensive deep learning model significantly reduced the time required for radiologists to interpret computed tomography scans of the brain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Study Objective: What is the association between anticholinergic burden and specific domains of cognitive function in older adults who are initially without major cognitive impairment? Design: Post‐hoc analysis of longitudinal observational data from the ASPirin in Reducing Events in the Elderly (ASPREE) study. Patients: 19,114 participants from Australia and the United States aged 70 years and older (65 years and older for US minorities) were recruited and followed for a median of 4.7 years. At enrollment, participants were free of known cardiovascular disease, major physical disability, or dementia. Measurements: Cognitive assessments administered at baseline and biennially at follow‐up visits included the Modified Mini‐Mental State examination (3MS), Hopkins Verbal Learning Test–Revised (HVLT‐R) delayed recall, Controlled Oral Word Association Test (COWAT), and Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT). Anticholinergic burden was calculated at baseline using the Anticholinergic Cognitive Burden (ACB) scale and grouped as scores of 0 (no burden), 1‐2 (low to moderate), or 3+ (high). Main Results: Linear mixed effects models were used to assess the relationship between ACB score and cognition over time. After adjusting for sex, age, education, minority status, smoking status, hypertension, diabetes, depression, chronic kidney disease, country, and frailty, participants with a high ACB score had worse performance over time for 3MS (Adjusted [Adj] B=‐0.092, P=0.034), HVLT‐R delayed recall (Adj B=‐0.104, P<0.001), COWAT (Adj B=‐0.151, P<0.001), and SDMT (Adj B=‐0.129, P=0.026), than participants with an ACB score of 0. A low to moderate ACB score was also associated with worse performance over time for HVLT‐R delayed recall (Adj B=‐0.037, P=0.007) and COWAT (Adj B=‐0.065, P=0.003), compared to those with no ACB. Conclusions: Anticholinergic burden predicts worse cognitive function over time in initially dementia‐free older adults, particularly for executive function (COWAT) and episodic memory (HVLT‐R). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of a fallow phase is an important tool for maximizing crop yield potential in moisture limited agricultural environments, with a focus on removing weeds to optimize fallow efficiency. Repeated whole field herbicide treatments to control low-density weed populations is expensive and wasteful. Site-specific herbicide applications to low-density fallow weed populations is currently facilitated by proprietary, sensor-based spray booms. The use of image analysis for fallow weed detection is an opportunity to develop a system with potential for in-crop weed recognition. Here we present OpenWeedLocator (OWL), an open-source, low-cost and image-based device for fallow weed detection that improves accessibility to this technology for the weed control community. A comprehensive GitHub repository was developed, promoting community engagement with site-specific weed control methods. Validation of OWL as a low-cost tool was achieved using four, existing colour-based algorithms over seven fallow fields in New South Wales, Australia. The four algorithms were similarly effective in detecting weeds with average precision of 79% and recall of 52%. In individual transects up to 92% precision and 74% recall indicate the performance potential of OWL in fallow fields. OWL represents an opportunity to redefine the approach to weed detection by enabling community-driven technology development in agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Avocados are a rich source of nutrients including monounsaturated fats, dietary fibre and phytochemicals. Higher dietary quality is reported in studies of consumers with higher avocado intakes. The present study aimed to examine avocado consumption and cardiometabolic risk measures in a representative sample of Australian adults. Methods: A cross-sectional analysis was performed using Australian Health Survey 2011-2013 (n = 2,736 observations). Day 1 24-hour recall data was used to examine reported avocado intake (whole avocados and avocado-containing products excluding avocado oil) and cardiometabolic risk measures (LDL, HDL, and total cholesterol, triglycerides, apolipoprotein B, HbA1c, plasma glucose, systolic and diastolic blood pressure). T-tests and chi square analyses were conducted between low (5.21 [95% CI: 4.63, 5.79] grams/day) and high (44.11 [95% CI: 35.89, 52.33] grams/day) consumers of avocado. Results: 14.7% of Australians were 'avocado consumers' (n = 403 observations). Mean avocado intake was 24.63 (95% CI: 20.11, 29.15) grams per day, with a median intake of 10.40 (IQR: 4.49–26.00) grams per day for those considered 'avocado consumers'. Consumers of avocados had a lower BMI and waist circumference (each, p ≤ 0.001), lower plasma glucose level (p = 0.03), and higher HDL cholesterol (p ≤ 0.001) when compared with non-consumers. A trend towards lower plasma glucose, HbA1c (each, p = 0.04) and higher dietary fibre intake (p = 0.05) was found between high and low consumers of avocado. Conclusions: Our study suggests favourable outcomes for avocado intake and cardiometabolic characteristics of consumers. Future studies should explore glucose homeostasis using a clinical trial design to understand potential relationships between avocado intake and cardiometabolic risk factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]