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The COVID-19 pandemic has caused major disruption to education and highlighted the importance of effective leadership during times of crisis. This paper considers the impact of the pandemic on school leaders in Australia, Fiji, and New Zealand. A secondary analysis of data from five interpretivist, qualitative studies was conducted. The aim of the study was to investigate the similarities and differences between the leaders' experiences across school settings, states/provinces, and countries. Our findings place renewed importance on understanding the role of schools within the community and the vital role school leaders play in helping schools respond to volatile and dynamic circumstances. The findings show how leaders' roles and responsibilities adapted to respond quickly and effectively to the urgency of the crisis, regardless of the context. Furthermore, common practices such as attending to wellbeing and providing clear and timely communication were revealed. The analysis also revealed some interesting nuances in the leaders' responses because of the duration of the crisis, the particular needs of the community, and government requirements. Papers like this provide insights into what leaders do and how schools and systems might prepare and support leaders to lead during times of crisis.

Educational psychologists face challenging decisions around ethical dilemmas to uphold the rights of all children. Due to finite government resources for supporting all learners, one of the roles of educational psychologists is to apply for this funding on behalf of schools and children. Tensions can emerge when unintended ethical dilemmas arise through decisions that compromise their professional judgement. This paper presents the findings from an exploratory study around educational psychologists' understandings and concerns around ethical dilemmas they faced within New Zealand over the past 5 years. The study set out to explore how educational psychologists manage the ethical conflicts and inner contradictions within their work. The findings suggest that such pressures could influence evidence-based practice in subtle ways when in the course of decision making, practitioners experienced some form of ethical drift. There is seldom one correct solution across similar situations. Although these practitioners experienced discomfort in their actions they rationalised their decisions based on external forces such as organisational demands or funding formulas. This illustrates the relational, contextual, organisational and personal influences on how and when 'ethical drift' occurs.

The purpose of this paper was to investigate school educators' perspectives on Restorative Practices (RP) in Aotearoa, New Zealand elementary schools. Based on a case study design, this study collected qualitative data by interviewing and observing elementary teachers and principals. Five themes were drawn from the data: showing empathy, making decisions, managing emotions, building relationships, and empowering students. The findings indicate that RP are effective pedagogical practices that facilitate social and emotional learning and provide an alternative to zero-tolerance discipline in elementary schools. We argue teachers' and principals' voices can inspire and inform future directions of school-based SEL programs and interventions grounded in RP. This paper provides evidence from educators that discipline policies can be changed from punitive to proactive Restorative Practice.

The intensification of data collection practices in schooling -- often due to state accountability requirements -- has resulted in the widespread adoption of commercial student management systems (SMS) in schools. Drawing on a qualitative case study of a New Zealand primary school, this paper investigates its adoption of a commercial SMS, and the ways this product re-engineers schooling processes, including what student data is collected, how school decisions are made, and when work is done by staff. Through this analysis, we argue direct-to-school commercial relationships constitute a new configuration of public-private partnerships in education. We demonstrate the rise of a local education market for data management where responsibility is placed on individual schools to choose a commercial product that will interface with the needs of a public bureaucracy. We end this paper with a critical discussion about how the commercialisation of school administration affects the broader infrastructures of public schooling.

Internet access and the availability of digital devices in classrooms have been growing exponentially. This has led to the development of subscription-based online platforms for mathematics learning, available for purchase by schools and individuals. Currently, research in mathematics education tends to focus on the benefits to teaching and learning of digital technologies, while less attention is given to the use of commercial applications in mathematics, and to the rationale of schools in choosing these resources, or to consideration of how they might fundamentally change the shape of mathematics education in our schools. This paper reports on a survey sent to mathematics leaders of all schools in Aotearoa New Zealand, attaining a 24% response rate. Schools appeared to provide a great variety of learning experiences in mathematics, including the use of online programs. Many different online programs were utilised by schools, and the majority of these operate for business profit within state-funded school systems. The theoretical construct of 'figured worlds' was used to understand the school leaders' rationales for using the programs. Leaders gave contrasting and conflicting reasons for their choices: discourses of neoliberalism, reform teaching, traditionalism and Ed-tech were all evident in their responses. The survey results suggest that in this era of market competition, schools face pressure to provide mathematics programmes that are simultaneously traditional, modern, high-tech and balanced.

Purpose: This paper aims to explore doctoral candidates' ethical work in writing the acknowledgements section of their theses. With interest in the formation of academic identities/subjectivities, the authors explore acknowledgements writing as always potentially a form of parrhesia or risky truth-telling, through which the candidate places themselves in their relations to others rather than in their claims to knowledge (Luxon, 2008). Design/methodology/approach: Doctoral candidates from all faculties in one Japanese and one Aotearoa New Zealand university participated in focus groups where they discussed the genre of thesis acknowledgements, drafted their own version and wrote a reflective commentary/backstory. Findings: Viewing the backstories through the lens of parrhesia (with its entangled matters of frankness, truth, risk, criticism and duty) showed candidates engaged in complex ethical decision-making processes with, at best, "ambiguous ethical resources" (Luxon, 2008, p. 381) arising from their academic and personal lives. Candidates used these resources to try and position themselves as both properly academic and more than academic -- as knowing selves and relational selves. Originality/value: This study bares the ethical riskiness of writing doctoral acknowledgements, as doctoral candidates navigate the tensions between situating themselves "truthfully" in their relations with others while striking the necessary pose of intellectual independence (originality). In a context where there is evidence that examiners not only read acknowledgements to ascertain independence, student and/or supervisor quality and the "human being behind the thesis" (Kumar and Sanderson, 2020, p. 285) but also show bias in those readings, this study advises reader caution about drawing inferences from acknowledgements texts. They are not simply transparent. As examiners and other readers make sense, judgments even, of these tiny, often fascinating, glimpses into a candidate's doctoral experience, they need to understand that a host of unpredictable tensions with myriad ambiguous effects are present on the page.

This paper develops subgame consistent cooperative equilibria of multi-objective dynamic games. The presence of multiple objectives in decision-making is prevalent and inherent. Given that the set of objectives of each player will be affected by the actions of other players, non-coordinated maximization by individual players could lead to the case where some prominent objectives may reach an undesirably level. Cooperation is the best way to alleviate the problem and enhance the participants' payoffs. This paper presents the techniques for solving subgame consistent cooperative equilibria of multi-objective dynamic games with utility-based players. In such an equilibrium, individual rationality, group efficiency, and subgame consistency are realized. An application of collaboration between Australia and New Zealand is provided. This is the first time that subgame consistent cooperative equilibria are applied in multi-objective dynamic games with utility-based players, ample applications in various fields are expected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence of new psychoactive substances into the global drug market has presented challenges for effective drug legislation and enforcement. One approach to prohibition uses controlled drug analogue legislation, which involves assessing the structural similarity of new substances compared to listed controlled drugs, as opposed to the new substance being specifically listed in legislation itself. An issue arises of there being no clear definition for what constitutes similarity between two substances, and as such, there is level of subjectivity in any decision made. This paper outlines the global and local drug scene in New Zealand, including the emergence of new psychoactive substances, and the legislation that is available for the control of illicit substances in a New Zealand context and the current method for considering new psychoactive substances as potential controlled drug analogues. The authors go on to propose an alternative method to this assessment process, which involves an objective and reproducible similarity scoring mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the suitability and acceptability of virtual training post accreditation visits conducted online for medical specialist training in ophthalmology in Australia and New Zealand. Methods: A two-phase study (pilot and implementation) was conducted. In the pilot phase, an open-ended observation proforma was used by the authors to independently record their observations, which were later compared and discussed until consensus was achieved. All participants were asked to complete an online survey. A document analysis of accreditation documents was conducted. Observation data were broken down into themes and triangulated with online survey and document analysis results. In the implementation phase, the inspections were observed by one of the authors (SK) and the observation notes were discussed with other authors to obtain a contextual and consensual view. A document analysis of all accreditation-related documentation was undertaken. The documents included in the document analysis were planning and scheduling records, interview and inspection notes, training post inspection fact and document notices and accreditation reports. Finally, a post-inspection focus group of all inspectors was conducted. Results: The accreditation interviews adequately addressed all relevant issues with high levels of robustness and reliability. Participants found it more difficult to discuss complex issues virtually compared with onsite visits. The virtual accreditation reports were not any different to what would be expected if a face-to-face accreditation visit had been conducted; however, it was not possible using the virtual inspection to determine the appropriateness of facilities and clinic layout to support and facilitate trainee learning and supervision. Conclusions: Virtual accreditation of training posts in medical specialist training is viable in limited circumstances where there are no known complex training post-related issues and the site has not made substantial changes to clinic and theatre layout, equipment and facilities since the previous accreditation. What is known about the topic? All medical specialist colleges in Australia and New Zealand accredit the sites where training is delivered, usually by conducting periodic face‐to‐face visits. What does this paper add? This paper provides evidence that in limited circumstances, it is possible to accredit training posts virtually. What are the implications for practitioners? This paper provides an outline of issues to consider when planning virtual accreditation of training posts in medical specialist education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the past decade, collaboration has been the preferred method of devising land and water policy in Aotearoa New Zealand to achieve agreed outcomes. However, the use of collaboration in policymaking is at a crossroads, as some argue it is unrealistic to expect stakeholders and tangata whenua with competing interests to work in partnership on contentious policy issues. To help clarify the future direction of collaboration, this paper provides authorising agencies (those with responsibility for the policy problems) with prompts to reflect ex ante on the advantages and disadvantages of pursuing collaboration. Based on a retrospective review of collaborations in New Zealand's land and water policymaking, and a two-day symposium with collaboration practitioners, we identify situations that are potentially less suited to collaboration owing to factors that are challenging to overcome through process design. Four issues that affect the success of collaborations are identified: the nature of the policy problem, the personal and collective qualities of those involved, power relationships, and the collaborative process. Finally, we draw together practical lessons from history, the symposium, and the literature to develop a list of questions for authorising agencies to use to reflect on the advantages and disadvantages of pursuing collaboration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accessible Summary: What is known on the subject?: Mental health legislation is currently under review following recommendations for repeal and replacement.Through the statutory role of the second health professional, mental health nurses are in a strong position to offer a unique clinical perspective, engagement and advocacy for tangata whaiora (person seeking wellness) and whānau.Māori are more likely to be subject to a compulsory treatment order than non‐Māori.Whānau involvement in care is a core element to well‐being from a Te Ao Māori (Māori world view) perspective. What this paper adds to existing knowledge?: Understanding the level of whānau involvement in the MHA process.Understanding challenges for nursing practice for consideration in the current review of MHA legislation.Identification of the opportunity nurses have to contribute to reducing high rates of Māori under CTOs. What are the implications for practice?: The current MHA review needs to include the resourcing required to support the clinicians practising in statutory roles.More emphasis is needed to build the cultural knowledge and capability of the nursing workforce to integrate principles of a Te Ao Māori worldview into care delivery.These learnings highlight the importance of nursing responsibility in the SHP role. Introduction: Clinical practice within statutory roles is an important issue for the nursing profession. There is increasing involvement of nurses undertaking statutory roles and opportunities for nurses to advocate and offer their unique clinical opinion regarding the need for restrictive measures imposed by mental health act legislation. Aim: The aim of this study was to analyse whether registered nurses who undertake the role of second health professional (SHP) within New Zealand's Mental Health (Compulsory Assessment and Treatment) Act (1992) (MHA) are meeting the expectations of that role. Method: A retrospective analysis of 156 cases was undertaken of clinical reports completed by registered nurses. The reports were measured against an established competency framework modified to include MHA expectations for whānau (family) involvement. Results: From a sample of 156 cases, 22 were identified as reviews of initial orders for assessment and treatment while 134 were opinions related to the application for a compulsory treatment order (CTO). In most cases, reports achieved a good standard. There were limitations in nurses completing the documentation to the required standard, and adaptations were evident in efforts to meet clinical and legal expectations. There was a significant absence of evidence of whānau consultation. Discussion Resourcing through education, support and ongoing development are required to ensure that nurses are equipped to meet the expectations of the legislation. There is an opportunity for nurses to influence decision‐making and support the reduction in use of community treatment orders. A review of the existing competency framework is required to include cultural approaches and involvement of whānau. Implications for Practice: It is important to understand the factors that strengthen nursing practice to improve health outcomes and tangata whaiora and whānau experience. This study uses methods of clinical audit to describe current practice and establish an evidence base to measure change. It also offers important learnings for consideration within MHA legislation review and for nursing workforce development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The history of the introduction of stoats (Mustela erminea) and weasels (M. nivalis) to New Zealand is a paradigm example of how the course of history can turn on a sequence of simple, unconnected events. When Victorian pastoralists were faced with the dilemma that rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) were thriving better than their sheep, they sought to enlist the rabbits' natural enemies to save them from crippling economic losses. An improbable series of circumstances linked four principal characters whose dramatic anti-rabbit policies seemed reasonable to them but have had catastrophic consequences. A Lincolnshire farmer, Samuel Grant, visiting New Zealand in 1880, met Francis Rich, a pastoralist suffering rabbit damage; Rich and Grant organised a trial shipment of stoats and weasels escorted by Lincolnshire trapper Walter Allbones in 1883. Supervising Rabbit Inspector Benjamin Bayly authorised thousands more over 1884–1889, until imports stopped in 1892. This paper describes why only the four principal players could have made each necessary link in the chain, and how easily it could have been broken. Legal attempts to stop the importations failed in 1876, but within another 25 years, the 'natural enemies' policy was recognised as a tragic mistake, and its proponents were widely discredited. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objectives: Mass casualty incidents (MCI) are a reality of emergency care that we should be prepared for. Most departments have kits of clinical resources and documents. However, the patient tracking process is often overlooked until an event proves that tracking-as-normal is ineffective. This article describes the emergency department (ED) efforts to improve its tracking techniques in Christchurch Hospital, New Zealand. Methods After each of two very large MCIs (the February 2011 Christchurch earthquake and the March 2019 Mosque shootings) reviews by inter-disciplinary teams occurred to identify the problems in patient identification and tracking. Conclusion Effective and easy patient identification was identified as crucial for tracking, and the initial decision-making for use of MCI registration or standard registration requires ED administration input. The new identification system provides a meaningful 'name' that can work with or without a digital system so is effective for a range of event types. It enables generation of reports of event patients, and for all areas to easily identify their patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Policy and technical guidance are only as good as their implementation. Often well-meaning legislation has unintended consequences, as individuals and organisations overlay their own risk perceptions and understanding to an issue. This paper illustrates how behavioural science can be applied to risk-based engineering decisions to improve decision outcomes. It is framed around an analysis of the management of earthquake prone public buildings in New Zealand. It demonstrates how the individual, social and cultural contexts can influence how risks and impacts are perceived, evaluated, and communicated. The framing of the decision, unconscious biases, cognitive limitations, trust, and other social influences are all critical factors in translation of technical policy to effective outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of stock assessment is to provide managers with an understanding of the biomass and age-/size-composition of a stock, stock status (ideally relative to target and reference points), and to support management decision making, often through projections and application of harvest control rules. Stock assessments are increasingly being used to form the basis for the operating models used to evaluate the ability of management strategies to achieve the goals of fisheries management. Stock assessments for rock lobsters were among the first to adopt size-structured population models as the basis for stock assessment, and population model-based stock assessments have been used extensively to evaluate management strategies for rock lobster stocks in the USA, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. This paper identifies how closely population model-based stock assessments for rock lobsters satisfy the guidelines identified for best practices for conducting stock assessments during meetings of, for example, the Center for the Advancement of Population Assessment Methodology and papers identifying best practice guidelines for stock assessment. The paper highlights some key directions for stock assessment science for rock lobsters, including considerations related to environmental variation and climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In many countries, an increasing proportion of deaths occur in residential aged care (RAC) (nursing homes) meaning that these have become both a place to live - a home- and a place to die. This paper reports on death practices and rituals in 49 RAC facilities in Aotearoa/New Zealand narrated in semi-structured interviews with staff. Themes coalesced around 'good death'. Dying alone was not seen as a good death and the demands of trying to prevent this caused tension for staff. Meeting family wishes, post death decision-making, after death practices and rituals, including communicating and remembrance of the death, were explored as part of good death. Overall, death rituals in RAC were limited. Balancing the needs of the living, the dying and the dead created tension. The rituals and practices facilities are currently enacting in death/post-death require attention, since more people will die in RAC with increasingly diverse needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the extent of organizational isomorphism (homogeneity and resemblances) in the disruption-driven investment decision-making strategies of Listed Property Trusts (LPTs) in New Zealand. Based on the tenets of institutional theory, this article conceptualizes LPTs as organizations within an investment environment, comprising several firms and actors that are bounded by formal and informal rules. By exploring the interactions and interdependencies across organizational hierarchies in the investment environment, this study adopts a phenomenological approach within case studies in clarifying the extent of homogeneity in the decision-making strategies of LPTs amidst disruptions. The research outcome suggests that LPTs demonstrate normative, coercive and mimetic isomorphic tendencies as they seek legitimacy amidst the uncertainties associated with property market disruptions. Apart from adhering to the peculiar rules and norms of property investment decision-making within their investment environment, this study reveals the tendency of LPTs to observe and replicate the responsive actions of similar organizations as they adjust to market uncertainties. Therefore, the research outcome provides a clearer description of the actual decision-making behaviour of LPTs amidst market disruptions and how subjective behavioural tendencies could evolve to become a legitimate standard of reasoning amongst LPTs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social work aspires to empowerment ideals, including taking a 'non-expert' position of professional curiosity, and validating the perspectives of people in contact with services. Yet in child protection, social workers are involved in practice that refutes the views and opinions of people and are positioned by their role as an identifier of abuse and risk manager. Social workers and people who are subject to child protection services can be locked into meaning battles regarding the effect of parental behaviour and the representation of risks to children. These negotiations over meanings are especially difficult in the pre and perinatal period, where who controls the representation of the baby's voice or best interests is fundamental to decision outcomes. Using Fricker's concept of 'testimonial injustice' as an analytical lens, this article draws on studies in two different contexts: Aotearoa New Zealand and Scotland, to examine the implications of the intense mediation of meanings that affect child protection practice. We find that concepts relating to the importance of mothering, love for children, and extended family relationships were sources of mother's disagreements with professional views of risk, but that through qualified agreement or advocacy from community workers, a shared risk narrative could be constructed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The refurbishment of existing buildings offers the greatest opportunity to maximise carbon reduction within the built environment. Although the conceptual framework of the refurbishment process incorporating various methods, tools, and systems to support decision making in reducing whole-of-life carbon emissions exists in the literature, empirical research reporting on how and why the decisions are made in current industry practice is lacking. This paper aims to address this knowledge gap by investigating the decision-making process of building refurbishment considering whole-of-life carbon reduction using three real-life case studies that incorporate decarbonisation decisions. The important findings emerged from an interactive analysis between theoretical propositions and cross-case synthesis. The study sheds a new insight into (1) the effective adoption of building rating systems, (2) the required whole-of-life carbon reduction targets, (3) the importance of establishing a dedicated financial budget for carbon-reduction refurbishment solutions, (4) the need for adaptable refurbishment designs and long-term strategies, (5) holistic design reports, (6) the promotion of early contractor involvement (ECI) approach, (7) government funding and incentives, and (8) the availability of supply chains and data. The originality of the paper is providing a new understanding of the decision-making practices and challenges faced in the refurbishment process, in which lessons learnt for improving the implementation of building refurbishment towards zero carbon are recommended. The research expands theoretical knowledge and practical experience in whole-of-life carbon analysis and performance estimation for building refurbishment. The insights gained from this study offer practitioners and researchers a streamlined interdisciplinary guide to better deliver refurbishment projects towards zero carbon. • An interactive analysis between theoretical propositions and cross-case synthesis. • Revealing the decision-making process towards zero carbon refurbishment. • Expanding knowledge in whole-of-life carbon reduction for building refurbishment. • Providing an interdisciplinary guide to better deliver zero carbon refurbishment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The value of a life is regularly monetised by government departments for informing resource allocation. Guidance documents indicate how economic evaluation should be conducted, often specifying precise values for different impacts. However, we find different values of life and health are used in analyses by departments within the same government despite commonality in desired outcomes. This creates potential inconsistencies in considering trade-offs within a broader public sector spending budget. We provide evidence to better inform the political process and to raise important issues in assessing the value of public expenditure across different sectors. Methods: Our document analysis identifies thresholds, explicitly or implicitly, as observed in government-related publications in the following public sectors: health, social care, transport, and environment. We include both demand-side and supply-side thresholds, understood as societies' and governments' willingness to pay for health gains. We look at key countries that introduced formal economic evaluation processes early on and have impacted other countries' policy development: Australia, Canada, Japan, New Zealand, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom. We also present a framework to consider how governments allocate resources across different public services. Results: Our analysis supports that identifying and describing the Value of a Life from disparate public sector activities in a manner that facilitates comparison is theoretically meaningful. The optimal allocation of resources across sectors depends on the relative position of benefits across different attributes, weighted by the social value that society puts on them. The value of a Quality-Adjusted Life Year is generally used as a demand-side threshold by Departments of transport and environment. It exceeds those used in health, often by a large enough proportion to be a multiple thereof. Decisions made across departments are generally based on an unspecified rationing rule. Conclusions: Comparing government expenditure across different public sector departments, in terms of the value of each department outcome, is not only possible but also desirable. It is essential for an optimal resource allocation to identify the relevant social attributes and to quantify the value of these attributes for each department. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the absence of a civil damages action for personal injury in New Zealand, its Health and Disability Commissioner's (HDC) complaints process occupies a pivotal role in its medico-legal arrangements. Much hope was invested in it, but as currently configured, the regime is incapable of delivering justice or fulfilling its legislative purpose in a good number of cases. Many hundreds of complaints per annum, in which there is a strongly arguable case of deficient conduct or more than a mild departure from acceptable standards and in which a serious outcome has resulted, are not fully investigated; and there is no mechanism to appeal an adverse HDC decision that a party considers substantively unfair. Recent criticism of these issues by courts, the Chief Ombudsman, and commentators has mounted, and a petition to Parliament seeking legislative reform to create a right to appeal from adverse HDC decisions resulted in referral of the issue to the Commissioner to consider in an upcoming review, but hoped-for reform will not happen quickly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previously documented global trends in autism research funding have been skewed towards biology research, which is at odds with the priorities expressed by autistic and autism community members. We aimed to document the areas of autism research that have previously been funded in Aotearoa New Zealand, and to explore the views of the autistic and autism communities on this funding distribution. We searched for research grants awarded to autism research in Aotearoa New Zealand between 2007 and 2021. We categorised the funding for autism research to enable comparison to that previously documented in other countries. We elicited the views of the autistic and autism communities in relation to the funded autism research, through an online survey and a series of focus groups. The largest proportion of money and number of grants was awarded to biological research. Community members expressed dissatisfaction with this pattern of funding, and noted that it does not address the needs and priorities of the autistic community. Community members suggested that the funding pattern indicated a lack of autistic consultation and engagement in research design and funding allocation. The priorities of the autistic and autism communities need to be considered by researchers and funders alike. We discuss how autistic inclusion in research can be supported through decision-making regarding funding and ethics relating to autism research. We aimed to document the areas of autism research that have previously been funded in Aotearoa New Zealand. We searched for research grants awarded to autism research in Aotearoa New Zealand between 2007 and 2021. We compared the funding distribution in Aotearoa New Zealand to other countries. We asked people from the autistic community and broader autism community whether they were satisfied with this funding pattern, and whether it aligned with what is important to them and to autistic people. We found that the majority of funding for autism research was awarded to biology research (67%). Members of the autistic and autism communities were dissatisfied with the funding distribution, and expressed a lack of alignment with what is important to them. People from the community indicated that the funding distribution did not address the priorities of autistic people, and that it indicated a lack of engagement with autistic people. Autism research funding needs to reflect the priorities of the autistic and autism communities. Autistic people need to be included in autism research and related funding decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The inadequate success of decades-long attempts to restore aquatic biodiversity casts doubt on the effectiveness of common top-down driven approaches that focus on ecological and socio-economic objectives alone. A way forward is engaging with the public with the aim of accounting for cultural values and local knowledge and building community buy-in to restoration and management plans. We demonstrate a values-based framework based on Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) to develop a management plan for the Lake Wānaka catchment, making use of the fact that Aotearoa/New Zealand mandates action plans to consider community values. The MCDA-framework successfully wove together cultural, ecological, and socio-economic values. Clearly translating values into objectives and structuring them hierarchically allowed the identification of current system deficits and management scenarios to address them. Combining the estimated effects of potential actions with the process participants' subjective preferences for high-level objectives led to a clear prioritisation of management scenarios. The elicited preferences highlighted the community's collective perspective on the relative importance of local objectives, which is an optimal basis upon which to agree on a management plan. We recommend values-based approaches such as MCDA as a way forward for inclusive freshwater co-management not only in Aotearoa/New Zealand, but elsewhere as well. Glossary of Māori Terms: Aotearoa: the Māori name for New Zealand; Hui: a meeting; Iwi: the largest tribal unit in Māoridom; Kaitiakitanga: guardianship over the sky, sea, and land; Kākahi: large freshwater mussel species including Echyridella menziezii; Kōaro: an endemic New Zealand fish species (Galaxias brevipinnis); kokopu: a group of endemic New Zealand fish species in the family Galaxiidae; mahinga kai: resources that are customarily used/harvested; mātauranga Māori: Māori knowledge; Mauri: life force or vital essence inherent in all living things; Nohoaka: seasonal occupation site; Pā: a settlement/village; Pākehā: a non-Māori New Zealander; Raupō: wetland plant (bullrush; Typha orientalis); Rūnaka: small or local tribal unit; te ao Māori: the Māori world view acknowledging the interconnectedness and interrelationship of all living and non-living things; te mana o te wai: a Māori concept that refers to the fundamental importance of water and recognises that protecting the health of freshwater protects the health and well-being of the wider environment, including people; tuna: freshwater eels indigenous to New Zealand (Anguilla dieffenbachii and Anguilla australis); important mahinga kai species; waka: canoe [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aims to evaluate employment opportunities for people with intellectual disabilities in publicly traded companies in New Zealand. Design/methodology/approach: The diversity and inclusion (DI) policies of 163 publicly traded companies listed on the New Zealand equity market were examined and compared to the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) reporting standards using content analysis with Leximancer software. Findings: Only 1.84% of publicly traded companies met all of the GRI reporting standards and disclosed information about the proportion of employees with disabilities in their DI policies. Originality/value: To the best of the researcher's knowledge, disclosure of inclusion of people with intellectual disabilities in publicly traded companies in New Zealand has not been studied. This study provides insights into the level of DI in the New Zealand equity market companies related to people with intellectual disabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assessing the risk for future harm is a crucial task for agencies managing Family Violence (FV) cases. The Integrated Safety Response (ISR) is a multiagency collaboration of such agencies operating in two areas of New Zealand, and one of the first steps in their process is to perform a risk assessment. However, in these assessments, it is unclear whether the factors ISR triage team members select are the basis for their overall risk categorization (low, medium, or high), and if those factors are risk factors (i.e., empirical predictors of outcomes). Therefore, in this study we documented the factors ISR triage teams recorded during their risk assessments for 842 FV cases and examined the relationship of those factors with the risk categories. We then investigated whether those factors and the risk categories were indeed capable of predicting FV-related outcomes (recurrence and physical recurrence). We found most of the triage teams' recorded factors were associated with the risk categories, but fewer than half of the factors were associated with FV-related outcomes. Moreover, the risk categories predicted FV-related outcomes better than chance, but their predictive ability varied across subgroups, performing poorly for aggressors who were Māori or women, and for non-intimate partner cases. We concluded that the ISR triage teams' risk assessment protocol may benefit from increased structure and validation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alcohol labelling laws and policy are contentious and highly politicized. Very few countries have been able to implement health warnings on alcohol labels due to complex legal and governance systems and coordinated industry lobbying. In 2020, Australia and New Zealand implemented a mandatory and evidence-based legal standard for pregnancy warning labels on alcohol products. This article discusses some of the challenges faced in achieving policy change and how these barriers were overcome by public health advocacy groups to build the evidence, counter industry conflicts of interest, consumer test health messages, mobilize community support and gather political support. Reflecting on the decades of ineffective regulation and politicization of this health issue, lessons for other countries include the importance of creating and maintaining relationships with decision makers and regularly updating them with evidence and recommendations, highlighting industry failures and tactics, building broad-based coalitions and sharing lived-experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Not all drivers living with dementia need to cease driving upon diagnosis. However, early planning for driving retirement is recommended. To guide and support decisions and early planning for driving retirement, there is a need for person-centered resources. This study aimed to test the effects of a dementia and driving decision aid for drivers living with dementia. The primary outcome measured was decisional conflict. Secondary outcome measures were dementia knowledge, decision, satisfaction with decision, booklet use, and booklet acceptability. A parallel-group quasi-experimental study was conducted in Australia and New Zealand. Twenty drivers living with dementia were recruited from the community. Participants self-nominated after responding to media articles promoting the study and were allocated into an intervention or comparison group by the research assistant. The intervention group reviewed the dementia and driving decision aid booklet. Telephone interviews were conducted over three data collection time points at: baseline, 1 week, and 3 months. The intervention and comparison groups each comprised ten participants. Decisional conflict, knowledge, and satisfaction with decision significantly improved in the intervention group following use of the decision aid, however the differences were not significantly greater than the control group. Booklet acceptability levels were high. The dementia and driving decision aid is an acceptable, person-centered intervention enabling individuals living with dementia to be central to decisions about driving retirement. The findings are relevant for primary care in Australia and New Zealand and applicable to the growing number of drivers living with dementia in car-dependent societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The burden of health inequities borne by Indigenous peoples can be overwhelming, especially when mothers and newborns' lives are at stake and health services seem slow to invest in responsiveness. In Aotearoa (New Zealand), urgent action is required to eliminate persistent systemic inequities for Māori (Indigenous) whānau (family collectives that extend beyond the household). This Kaupapa Māori (by Māori, for Māori) qualitative study aimed to explore the views of health practitioners identified as champions by whānau of preterm Māori infants. Ten health practitioners were interviewed and asked about their involvement with the whānau, their role in explanations and communication, and their thoughts on whānau coping. Interview data were analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis. Three superordinate themes were identified: working together in partnership, a problem shared is a problem halved, and sacred space. Collaboration between health practitioners and with whānau was important to the champions and central to their goal of enabling whānau autonomy. This was built on a foundation of connectivity, relationships, and a full appreciation that childbirth is a sacred time that is potentially disrupted when an infant is born prematurely. The values- and relationship-based practices of these champions protected and uplifted whānau. They showed that health practitioners have important roles in both the elimination of inequities and the sustaining of Māori self-determination. This championship is an exemplar of what culturally safe care looks like in day-to-day practice with Māori and is a standard that other health practitioners should be held to. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Internationally, efforts are being made to promote equity in palliative and end-of-life care for Indigenous peoples. There is a need to better understand the experiences of Indigenous service users and staff. Aim: To explore the views of Māori health practitioners and whānau (family group) caregivers regarding barriers and enablers to culturally safe palliative and end-of-life care. Design: A Kaupapa Māori qualitative study. Setting/participants: Interviews were conducted with 103 participants from four areas of the North Island of Aotearoa New Zealand. Participants comprised bereaved whānau (family) of Māori with a life limiting illness and Māori health practitioners. Results: Māori health practitioners undertake cultural and connecting work to promote culturally safe palliative and end-of-life care for Māori patients and their whānau. This work is time-consuming and emotionally and culturally demanding and, for most, unpaid and unrecognised. Non-Māori staff can support this work by familiarising themselves with te reo Māori (the Māori language) and respecting cultural care customs. However, achieving culturally safe end-of-life care necessitates fundamental structural change and shared decision-making. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that efforts to support equitable palliative care for Indigenous people should recognise, and support, the existing efforts of health practitioners from these communities. Colleagues from non-Indigenous populations can support this work in a range of ways. Cultural safety must be appropriately resourced and embedded within health systems if aspirations of equitable palliative and end-of-life care are to be realised. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many studies claim the importance of goal-setting for school improvement but few outline specific practices. This study highlights specific goal-setting practices associated with successful school improvement efforts. It reports on a 2-year collaborative research project, which closely examined three principals' goal-setting practices in the context of their schools. It documents principals' and staffs' efforts to improve equity in outcomes through detailed case studies. Case studies drew on principal and teacher interview data, workshop artifacts and discussion recordings, observations, school reports and school achievement data. The in-depth case and cross-case analyses focused on micro-level leadership practices and their impact on school-wide practices. This study highlights four key leadership drivers for improvement. These include: justifying goals in ways that challenge teachers' beliefs about current achievement to raise commitment; embedding tight and rigourous monitoring practices with a focus on problem-solving and improvement; distributing responsibility and leadership; and developing the capability and collective responsibility of middle leaders. Our discussion highlights how leaders' belief systems can enable or constrain their ability to influence their schools' cultures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Radiata pine (Pinus radiata D.Don) has been grown in New Zealand's plantations for more than a century, and silviculturists began by employing Eurocentric ideas about how to manage forest stands. Research and development gradually led to an entirely new approach to silviculture, where volume production was sacrificed to promote value, and high investments in individual trees led to very low stand stockings by international standards. Methods: The development of pruning and thinning technology was reviewed, highlighting the most important developments, and identifying impacts of tending on tree and stand attributes. Results: Decision-support systems for planning pruning and heavy, early pre-commercial (waste) thinning became very sophisticated. As ideas changed, however, structural regimes without pruning became more prevalent, and this has necessitated new forms of silvicultural research. Ideas for new areas of tending research in New Zealand are outlined. Conclusions: A unique approach to tending plantations developed in New Zealand that involves sacrificing volume production to increase the value of an investment in pruned forest stands. Experiments aimed at building decision-support systems for these silvicultural regimes have yielded a great deal of information about impacts of pruning and thinning in stands with relatively open canopies. Recent changes in focus towards growing construction lumber require a greater research focus on factors influencing wood stiffness and stability as well as a clear understanding of the use of higher stocking levels with a variety of genotypes on a range of sites. Stand dynamics and mortality will be more relevant than for pruning regimes, and a variety of new experiments is required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over recent decades Intelligence‐led Policing (ILP) has become a central component of the attempts by New Zealand Police (NZP) to engineer a transformative shift away from 'reactive' policing to more 'proactive' approaches to crime reduction. ILP appeared to offer an effective response to increasingly complex crime problems, an expanded 'mission' and growing public demand, by placing crime intelligence central to decision making. As part of an international study exploring police intelligence, we conducted 20 in‐depth semi‐structured interviews with Police Intelligence staff at all levels of the police hierarchy. Our findings highlight five critical barriers to implementing a successful ILP project in New Zealand. We suggest ILP has not delivered its promised effect of catalysing a major reorientation of the modes of frontline policing or its delivery and argue that this is due to the structural resilience of traditional police cultural reluctance to allow long‐established practice and procedural norms to be fundamentally changed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Experts by Experience involvement in the education of health professionals has gained momentum as an important strategy in ensuring quality, person‐centred education. Despite being a requirement for occupational therapy programs in Australia and internationally, involvement is variable and limited. Barriers to the implementation of academic roles have been identified, including negative attitudes of colleagues, systemic barriers, and insufficient evidence of their value. Mental health academics who do not identify as having lived experience (referred to as allies) have provided crucial support for Experts by Experience. Understanding their perspectives on implementation barriers and how they can be addressed is crucial to facilitating a broader level of meaningful involvement. Methods: A qualitative exploratory research project was conducted, involving in‐depth interviews with mental health academic allies (n = 16) from Australia, Ireland, and New Zealand. Participants were from the disciplines of nursing, occupational therapy, social work, and psychiatry. Data were analysed thematically. Findings: Two main themes were identified from the data analysis process: convincing colleagues and dealing with university barriers. Participants described varying attitudes from colleagues towards Experts by Experience, with many not understanding or appreciating their contribution to education and student outcomes. At the university level, reluctance to embrace innovation and funding and other resource shortages presented impediments to the implementation of Expert by Experience roles. Participants described using creative measures to overcome institutional barriers and encourage greater acceptance of such roles by colleagues. Conclusion: This research describes how allies experienced and overcame barriers they faced when supporting the implementation of academic positions for Experts by Experience. Allies have an important role to play in overcoming systemic barriers, and the approaches they have taken to achieve this may be an important source of learning for others with similar aspirations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Despite diversity initiatives, inequities persist in medicine with negative implications for the workforce and patients. Little is known about workplace inequity in nephrology. Aim: To describe perceptions and experiences of bias by health professionals in the Australian and New Zealand Society of Nephrology (ANZSN), focussing on gender and race. Methods: A web‐based survey of ANZSN members recorded degree of perceived inequity on a Likert scale, ranging from 1 (none) to 5 (complete). Groups were compared using Mann–Whitney U‐test and logistic regression. Comments were synthesised using qualitative methods to explore themes of inequity and pathways to an inclusive future. Results: Of the 620 members of the ANZSN, there were 134 (22%) respondents, of whom 57% were women and 67% were White. The majority (88%) perceived inequities in the workforce. Perceived drivers of inequity were gender (84/113; 75%), carer responsibilities (74/113; 65%) and race (64/113; 56%). Half (74/131) had personally experienced inequity, based on gender in 70% (52/74) and race in 39% (29/75) with perceived discrimination coming from doctors, patients, academics and health administrators. White males were least likely (odds ratio 0.39; 95% confidence interval 0.18–0.90) to experience inequity. Dominant themes from qualitative analysis indicated that the major impacts of inequity were limited opportunities for advancement and lack of formal assistance for those experiencing inequities. Proposed solutions to reduce inequity included normalising the discourse on inequity at an organisational level, with policy changes to ensure diverse representation on committees and in executive leadership positions. Conclusions: Inequity, particularly driven by gender and race, is common for nephrology health professionals in Australia and New Zealand and impacts career progression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hui and hui rūnanga, Māori decision-making gatherings, are vital in Māori constitutionalism. Hui demonstrate the practical exercise of tikanga Māori. There is a set of relatively stable Māori legal norms, derived from tikanga Māori, that can be seen at work in such hui-based decision-making. These norms (mana, tapu, whakapapa, whanaungatanga and rangatiratanga) serve to strengthen and demonstrate group processes. They arguably do not establish merely optional guidelines for group behaviour; they can serve to constrain decision-making. A case study set in a hui in a modern Māori urban context serves to demonstrate the exercise of such Māori legal norms in civic decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Estuaries are the receiving environment for catchment-derived contaminants, the fate of which depends on the interplay between the estuarine geomorphology and hydrodynamics. In large estuaries, biophysical processes are spatially and temporally-diverse, which makes understanding and managing the impact of human activities challenging. Here we use two common modelling approaches to explore the advantages and limitations of biophysical modelling as a tool for limit setting in a large barrier-enclosed estuary in New Zealand. The model shows the large spatial variation in water quality associated with low upper harbour flushing. Variations can also be attributed to spatial variation in processes (such as denitrification). Although the non-linear interactions between processes within these models can limit the value of using specific detail of outputs for decision making, the general patterns and sensitivities can be used to define areas, explore connectivity, and provide some information when monitoring data is lacking. Even in a deterministic modelling environment, it can very difficult to attribute water quality variations output at one location to the loading that caused these variations. While biophysical modelling will likely remain a core tool for informing management, any future development of limit setting methods for estuaries should recognise the inherent constraints we describe here. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Employee voice in company strategic and governance decision-making in Anglophone countries commonly has few formal channels. This article's investigation of labour's (collective employees) interest expression in Australia and New Zealand finds that labour actors engage with company actors to craft a range of channels of expression and participation. In addition to actors' utilisation of formal institutional provisions for adversarial collective bargaining and cooperative participation, actors utilise other 'at the table' arrangements that are typically of low salience. These include non-formal, inter-actor arrangements that facilitate contribution to decisions that can include matters of strategic importance. Labour actors engage with company actors in intricate micro-political relations to contribute influence in framing understandings and horizons of decisions and norm-building. Their quiet activities contribute regulatory effect in company decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the self-reported measures of concurrent disorders (stress, social anxiety, anxiety, depression and alcohol use) among electronic gaming machine (EGM) gamblers with varying levels of gambling severity and to examine its relationship to decision-making. This cross-sectional study in New Zealand involved an online survey that utilised validated questionnaires to assess self-reported measures of concurrent disorders and the Iowa gambling task (IGT) to analyse decision-making. The study comprised of active EGM gamblers (n = 153) who were divided into two groups: non-problem gambling (NPG, n = 71) and problem gambling (PG, n = 82) based on the cut-off point of the South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS). Multiple logistic regression models were performed to analyse co-occurring disorders separately and simultaneously, and a log‐linear model was developed to define the associations between significant variables. The first model showed a strong correlation between gambling severity and measures for depression (p < 0.01), anxiety (p < 0.05), stress (p < 0.05) and alcohol use (p < 0.01), however only depression (p < 0.05) and alcohol use (p < 0.01) remained significant in the second model. Further, no association between social anxiety scores and problem gambling was found in this sample of EGM gamblers in both models. On the IGT, EGM gamblers in the PG group performed significantly worse. Further, the presence of poor decision-making was more pronounced with higher depression scores (p < 0.01) across both NPG and PG groups and higher alcohol use scores (p < 0.05) scores in the PG group. The presence of high levels of co-occurring disorders and its link to poor decision-making are important considerations in the treatment paradigm of EGM problem gamblers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Residential methamphetamine contamination in New Zealand has resulted in substantial clean-up costs and evictions. Disputes between tenants and landlords have been adjudicated by the New Zealand Tenancy Tribunal (NZTT). However, the adjudication processes applied are not covered in specific legislation, and scientific advice and related regulatory standards have evolved over time, leading to uncertainty about the consistency of decisions. This study explores the factors that have influenced adjudicators' decisions by thematically analysing 685 NZTT orders from 2014 to 2019. Landlords filed 84% of applications and tenants were deemed liable for 96% of the NZ$2.8 million damages awarded. The Tribunal's decisions were unevenly influenced by baseline testing, presence of children, experience of health issues, police intervention, and neighbours' reports. Several factors contributed to inconsistent decisions, including the contamination threshold applied, sampling methodology, establishing liability for contamination, and assessing "cleanliness". This study suggests more judicial guidance and legislation is required to resolve these cases more equitably. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Covid-19 pandemic has posed enormous challenges to governments worldwide, but New Zealand's government in particular has been praised for a science-based approach to decision making. In this article I review the way in which several scientific work streams were integrated into decision making and consider the advantages that this offered New Zealand's response. As one of the scientists who was closely involved with this, I offer a personal perspective on how this came about and some observations for future crises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To understand how suspected suicides are investigated in New Zealand we conducted a thematic analysis of in-depth interviews with coroners. Coroners identified the inquisitorial nature of the coronial system and coroners' wide powers of jurisdiction as key strengths of the system. Important influences in key areas of coronial decision making in cases of suspected suicides included; the need for more evidence – especially to determine intent, and family factors, including therapeutic jurisprudence. Coroners identified lack of follow up and monitoring of recommendations, poorly resourced coronial training and the personal impact of suicides as challenges of working in the coronial system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A generalist–specialist model of palliative care is well established as a framework for the provision of community care in resource‐rich countries. However, evidence is lacking regarding how the model is experienced by family carers and the extent to which access to both generalist and specialist palliative care is equitable. A cross‐sectional postal survey was undertaken to explore bereaved family's experiences of generalist palliative care and its intersection with hospice services in the last 3 months of life. A modified version of the Views of Informal Carers—Evaluation of Services survey was sent to 4,778 bereaved family. Data were collected between February 2017 and October 2018. Chi‐square was utilised to identify factors that impacted on experiences of generalist palliative care; analysis of free text data comprising 45,823 words was undertaken using a directed content analysis approach. Eight hundred and twenty‐six questionnaires were returned (response rate = 21%). Seventy per cent of people (n = 579) spent some time at home in the last 3 months prior to death. People who received support from hospice were more likely to receive support from multiple other services. Those who received no community services were less likely to feel supported by their general practitioner, less likely to spend the last 2 days of life or die at home. Feeling supported had a strong association with services working well together, being involved in decision‐making and being aware of the poor prognosis. The provision of palliative care is complicated by a lack of integration with specialist palliative care and may be the basis of continuing inequities in the provision of community care at the end of life. The assumption at a policy level that "generalists" are willing and able to play a key role in palliative care provision needs to be further challenged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interest in the use of analytics to support evidence-based decision-making in higher education is relatively a new phenomenon. The available research suggests that analytics can enhance an institution's ability to make evidence-based informed decisions that foster growth and increased productivity. The present study explored how institutions of higher education in New Zealand value and utilise analytics to enhance the quality of decision-making. The study involved administering an online questionnaire (n = 82) to senior administrators from seven of the eight research-intensive public universities in New Zealand. Key findings revealed that the use of analytics in the higher education sector could enhance the quality of decision-making. Respondents reported that the use of analytics is likely to advance operational and strategic decisions by monitoring and efficiently optimising the use of resources. Respondents said that analytics provide better planning of issues about students (e.g. enrolment, retention, and completion rate). Furthermore, analytics can improve institutional research administration (e.g. performance outcomes in finance and human resources). Despite the stated benefits of analytics in enhancing decision-making in many operational and strategic areas, the study found that the use of analytics in the higher education sector in New Zealand is limited to monitoring operational activities, rather than improving the quality of learning, teaching and strategic initiatives. Further, the study identified several concerns regarding the ability of institutions to find the capacity and expertise to extract useful information from the available data sets and to turn such data into usable knowledge to support students and educators. Also, respondents were concerned that the lack of staff capacity and training to use analytics effectively could be detrimental. Others feared that analytics could be used as surveillance tools and enforce compliance and control. It was mentioned that over-reliance on analytics could easily lead to a breach of individuals' and institutional privacy, which is a threat to information and data security. Also, there was a concern that analytics could be used to perpetuate inequity and inequality among and within institutions. Results of the study presented in this article serve as a baseline for future studies about the use of analytics in the higher education sector in New Zealand. Additionally, it contributes to the growing debate about the value and challenges of deploying analytics and Big Data in the higher education sector worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. Effective clinical governance can improve delivery of health outcomes. This exploratory study compared perceptions of clinical governance development held by registered health professionals employed by two different but interrelated health organisations in the broader New Zealand (NZ) health system. Most staff in public sector healthcare service delivery organisations (i.e. District Health Boards (DHBs)) are registered health professionals, whereas these clinical staff represent a small minority (5%) in social insurance organisations (i.e. the Accident Compensation Corporation (ACC)). Given these different contexts, comparison of results from three surveys of clinical governance perceptions identified key learnings for the development of clinical governance. Methods. The Clinical Governance Development Index (CGDI) was administered to registered health professional staff in NZ DHBs and ACC, at different time points. The data were explored, compared and reported. Results. Responses to survey items completed by NZ DHB staff and registered health professionals employed by ACC were compared. For each administration, there was a similar profile of positive responses across the seven CGDI items. The 2020 ACC survey results for one item were clearly different. This item asked about perceptions of full and active involvement in organisational processes and decision making (i.e. clinical engagement). Conclusions. Perceptions of registered health professionals working in the NZ public sector delivering health services were compared with those held by staff employed by a NZ social insurer predominantly commissioning and influencing care. The results indicated similar levels of clinical governance development. Clinical governance development in the ACC context can benefit from clear communication, building strong supporting structures and greater management-clinical provider partnerships. Clinical governance development drives health outcomes and regular measurement of developmental progress can provide momentum. There is room across the NZ health system to raise awareness and leverage clinical governance to deliver improved health outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]