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This paper presents a systematic literature review aimed at consolidating knowledge on the application of eye-tracking technology in the diagnosis of dyslexia among school-aged children (6-12 years). Through a meticulous search and selection process, 20 studies conducted over the last 10 years were identified and analyzed to evaluate the effectiveness of this technology. The findings highlight the varied methodologies, participant demographics, and outcomes of these studies, underscoring the potential of eye tracking as a non-invasive, objective tool in the early detection of and intervention for dyslexia. Despite facing limitations such as heterogeneity in study designs and the need for standardized protocols, this review illuminates the significant promise of eye-tracking technology in enhancing dyslexia diagnosis. It identifies gaps in current research, proposes avenues for future investigation, and offers evidence-based recommendations for practitioners. This endeavor not only enriches the present understanding of dyslexia diagnosis, but also establishes a foundation to ultimately improve educational outcomes for dyslexic learners.

Diagnostic classification models (DCMs) have recently become very popular both for research purposes and for real testing endeavors for student assessment. A plethora of DCM models give researchers and practitioners a wide range of options for student diagnosis and classification. One intriguing option that some DCM models offer is the possibility of examining the nature of the interactions among the attributes underlying a skill. Attributes in second/foreign language (L2) may interact with each other in a compensatory/non-compensatory manner. Subskill/attribute relationship has been studied using diagnostic classification models. The present study provides a mini review of the DCM studies on the attribute relationships in L2 reading, listening, and writing. The criteria based on which interaction between the attributes have been inferred are reviewed. The results showed that the majority of DCM studies have investigated reading comprehension and more studies are required on the productive skills of writing and speaking. Furthermore, suggestions for future studies are provided.

Cognitive Diagnosis Models (CDMs) are a special family of discrete latent variable models that are widely used in educational and psychological measurement. A key component of CDMs is the Q-matrix characterizing the dependence structure between the items and the latent attributes. Additionally, researchers also assume in many applications certain hierarchical structures among the latent attributes to characterize their dependence. In most CDM applications, the attribute--attribute hierarchical structures, the item-attribute Q-matrix, the item-level diagnostic models, as well as the number of latent attributes, need to be fully or partially pre-specified, which however may be subjective and misspecified as noted by many recent studies. This paper considers the problem of jointly learning these latent and hierarchical structures in CDMs from observed data with minimal model assumptions. Specifically, a penalized likelihood approach is proposed to select the number of attributes and estimate the latent and hierarchical structures simultaneously. An expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm is developed for efficient computation, and statistical consistency theory is also established under mild conditions. The good performance of the proposed method is illustrated by simulation studies and real data applications in educational assessment.

Dyslexia is the most common learning disability. Knowledge about dyslexia is thus essential for its prevention and early identification. Despite recent advances in dyslexia grounded in the science of reading and the science of teaching reading, it remains unclear the extent to which different professionals who work with children diagnosed with dyslexia actually know about the disorder. This study examines the knowledge of professionals working with children with dyslexia in Lebanon. We administered a 29-item online Qualtrics survey to 175 professionals including speech-language pathologists, special educators, and psychologists. Using exploratory factor analysis in the exploratory structural equation modeling framework, we compared one-, two-, and three-factor models and selected the one factor solution as optimal. Results indicate that the instrument is valid as a measure of dyslexia knowledge in this population. Furthermore, participants held both correct knowledge and misconceptions about dyslexia. We conclude with limitations, recommendations for future research and practice. [Note: The page range (39-74) shown on the PDF is incorrect. The correct page range is 38-74.]

This study aims to examine the effect of diagnostic labels on the responses of preservice early childhood teachers to the inclusion of children with special needs in general education classes. 228 preservice early childhood teachers, who participated in the study, answered the Demographic Information Form and the Teachers' Comfort and Concern Scale (TCCQ). The questionnaire consists of two formats in which vignettes are presented with and without a diagnosis label. As a result of the t-test and the Mann Whitney-U test applied to the data obtained from the six-points scale questions of TCCQ, it was observed that the comfort levels of the preservice teachers and their classroom adaptation and the need for support did not differ according to the presence or absence of the diagnostic labels, the type of child's disability, the grade level and the undergraduate program of the preservice teachers. According to the results of the inductive analysis conducted to the open-ended questions in the TCCQ, the participants felt positive/comfortable, negative/concerned and responsible for being teachers of children with special needs. They wanted to learn about children's characteristics and previous educational life before they attended the early childhood classroom.

It is important to examine women's experiences in the infertility process, as being a woman is perceived as a concept that overlaps with motherhood, and the woman herself is exposed to physical pain during the treatment. In this research, which was carried out with a phenomenological pattern, one of the qualitative methods, the experiences of married women diagnosed with infertility regarding the infertility process were examined, and it was tried to determine the themes that would help psychological counselors in the therapeutic process. The study group consists of 10 women selected by criterion sampling using purposeful sampling methods. The results of the research were discussed under seven headings: infertility experience, stress factors, acquired skills, social support resources, the role of the spouse, coping skills, and belief in the treatment. The theme of the infertility experience includes codes of negativeness, helplessness, frustration, and compelling; the theme of stress factors includes codes of expectations, pressure, uncertainty, the passage of treatment, personal conflicts, against his spouse's liability, failure, and the search for a solution; the theme of acquired skills includes codes of coping with the challenges, obtaining medical information, hoping, common share, body recognition, gender awareness, healthy eating, the theme of social support resources includes codes of, contact, spouse, family, friend, and counselor; the theme of the role of spouse includes codes of support; the theme of coping skills includes codes of, religious beliefs, social activities, the sense of common humanity, work and psychological support; the theme of faith for treatment includes codes of hope and despair.

The pandemic brought a whole newfound collection of words into our everyday language, some of which had been terms that were infrequently used outside academic and medical settings. However, as familiar as this new pandemic vocabulary has become, there are still several terms that often get mixed in everyday conversations, media communications, and even in the medical field. Some of these terms are often mistaken, which may lead to issues in the understanding of important concepts. Science communication, as a facet of scientific literacy, intends to educate people in an easy-to-understand manner, and this communication is even more important in health care, when a literate patient's medical decisions depend frequently on this process. In this article, we explore the use and misuse of some of the most common terms utilized during the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic by nursing and medical students, i.e., future health care professionals, in the hospital environment. This single-center hospital-based cross-sectional study, performed throughout September 2022, included 30 medical and nursing students. All participants completed a self-administered 15-item anonymous questionnaire at a single time point. Nine multiple-choice questions evaluated knowledge, diagnosis, disease manifestations, and vaccines related to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus. Six questions provided demographics and quality assessment information. The analysis of the answers indicated that for at least 75% of the population surveyed, COVID-19 literacy was better for terms related to technology and actions (3/5 questions answered correctly) than for terms related to the disease (1/4 questions answered correctly). The overall median score for questions 1 to 9 was 4.5 of 9 points in total. Based on the results, the language used in the questionnaire was considered easy to understand, with an easy to medium level of complexity, and the perceived time required to complete the questionnaire was less than 5 min. In conclusion, our results showed that efforts need to be made in continuous professional education to increase the knowledge in COVID-19 literacy in the health care environment for medical and nursing students. Larger studies are recommended to identify and to fulfill the challenges that COVID-19 brought to medical and nursing education.

Background: Despite extensive research on the specific learning disorder (developmental dyslexia) -- SLD (DD), many fallacies still cause confusion amongst professionals worldwide. These myths involve the characteristics, diagnoses and treatment of SLD (DD) and should be eradicated. Aim: The authors aimed to determine the knowledge, needs and perspectives of South African professionals working with children with SLD (DD). Setting: A mixed-methods research design was implemented. Methods: A survey study was carried out and a sample of 108 respondents was obtained. The respondents include speech-language therapists (SLTs), occupational therapists (OTs) and psychologists. Results: Speech-language therapists and psychologists displayed better knowledge about the facts of SLD (DD), compared to OTs. Their knowledge levels were, however, not significantly affected by existing misconceptions surrounding the condition. The fallacy that SLD (DD) is caused by a visual impairment is still believed. An investigation into the professionals' perspectives regarding the identification of SLD (DD) suggested that South African psychologists were the most confident of their ability to identify characteristics. Nonetheless, all professionals reported not being convinced of their ability to provide a differential diagnosis of the disorder. Statements regarding management highlighted the uncertainties about the importance of addressing phonological awareness skills in treatment. Additional training needs were also identified as SLTs, OTs and psychologists generally feel unprepared to assess and treat SLD (DD). Conclusion: The differences identified amongst professional groups were related to the knowledge of the facts and characteristics of SLD (DD) and the ability to identify and manage the condition. Additional training needs should be addressed. Contribution: The authors would like to acknowledge and thank the NRF for partially funding the publication of this article.

This study examined the effectiveness of an ultrasound visual biofeedback (UVB) training on speech-language pathology (SLP) students' assessment of sonographic tongue configuration. This study examined the presence of a functional relation between an ultrasound visual biofeedback (UVB) training within the Participatory Adult Teaching Strategy framework and speech-language pathology (SLP) students' assessment of sonographic tongue configuration. Method: This study employed a multiple baseline, single-case design across participants and behaviors for data collection and analysis. Four graduate and three undergraduate level SLP students participated. Results: Percentage of goal obtained indicated that training was effective across participants and behaviors for teaching SLP students in the assessment of sonographic tongue shape for remediation of speech sound errors. Differences were found between undergraduate and graduate SLP students in the accuracy of assessment of sonographic tongue section configuration. Conclusions: The study establishes preliminary effectiveness of UVB training for SLP students. Although results demonstrate the effectiveness, special considerations should be applied when training graduate and undergraduate students in implementation of UVB training in order to accommodate knowledge and clinical experience differences between graduate and undergraduate students.

Simulation is a valid pedagogical tool used to teach students, observe student clinical skills, and to assess clinical competencies. During the COVID-19 pandemic, a lack of medical speech-language pathology placements required graduate programs to re-examine clinical training. Simulation has proven useful in providing an alternative and safe learning modality. Standardized patients, which are one simulation modality, provide increased standardization and higher fidelity than medical manikins. This is particularly true in the context of both student learning and demonstration of clinical communication skills (CCS) within a simulated learning environment where the simulated patient can interact authentically with the student clinician. CCS are important because they can lead to better treatment outcomes and strengthen the therapeutic alliance. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the evidence for a CCS training in the context of a speaking valve trial with a standardized tracheostomy patient. Results showed that students are demonstrating emerging skills or have already developed CCS in this context. Student questionnaire ratings suggest that this simulation was helpful to their learning as it provided a safe environment for them to practice valuable clinical skills. Simulation appears to be a viable modality to use when training CSD students to improve their CCS.

Research shows that prerequisite courses prepare students for participation in more challenging coursework and more advanced future learning. Despite being a field that heavily relies on research evidence to inform clinical decisions as part of evidence-based practice, many undergraduate Communication Sciences and Disorder (CSD) programs do not include prerequisite undergraduate coursework dedicated to research methods. The purpose of the present study was to explore speech-language pathology and audiology graduate students' experiences with and opinions about critical appraisal of research articles. A total of 201 graduate students from institutions nationwide completed an online survey with questions related to exposure to research appraisal, use of an appraisal tool, and perspectives on the importance of research appraisal and confidence in appraisal skills. Results indicated that nearly one-third of the respondents did not learn or could not remember learning about article appraisal in their undergraduate CSD programs, though almost all survey respondents reported that they had learned about article appraisal in their graduate classes. Over half of the students used an article appraisal tool to bolster their learning of article critiques, almost all of whom found it helpful. Most of the respondents recognized the importance of article appraisal knowledge prior to graduate school but suggested that many of their undergraduate instructors did not place importance on the skill. Respondents' confidence in their article appraisal skills ranged from "least confident" to "most confident". This study supports early and ongoing practice with article appraisal, which will provide these future clinicians with the confidence to communicate their knowledge and understanding when making evidence-informed clinical decisions. Additionally, instructors who teach article appraisal may consider using a hands-on appraisal tool since almost all students with experience using them believe they are helpful.

Parasitic infections are declining in Japan, resulting in fewer hours of parasitology instruction in medical laboratory science and medical schools. However, there are growing concerns that the parasite identification skills of medical laboratory technologists and the diagnostic skills of physicians may be compromised as a result. Effective teaching methods are required to improve the identification of parasites in pre-graduate education. We therefore adopted a new teaching method: the blended learning method, in 2018. This method combined the e-learning and jigsaw methods, which had already been implemented separately in 2017. This study aimed to evaluate the pedagogical effectiveness of this blended learning approach compared to that of 2017 in teaching parasitology practice to students enrolled in the Department of Medical Laboratory Science. The results show that the median score for the practical test was 83.3 points for the blended learning lessons, which was not significantly different from the scores for jigsaw or e-learning lessons. However, blended learning had the lowest percentage of failures on the practical test, at 10.7%. Additionally, the microscopic image test results indicate a significant memory retention effect. From the questionnaire results, 94.7% of the students were satisfied with their practice. In conclusion, the blended learning did not significantly improve parasite identification skills, but it may reduce the number of failures, suggesting a knowledge retention effect and a high level of satisfaction with this practice.

Although there is a growing body of research that suggests the mental health of graduate students differs from that of their undergraduate counterparts, studies examining international students at the graduate level are scarce. This study therefore compares mental health diagnoses, challenges and stressors experienced, and use of mental health support, of international and non-international students who identified as being graduate/professional students. Data from the 2019 Canadian National College Health Assessment were used to compare the international graduate students (n = 1,876) to their non-international peers (n = 4,809). Significant differences were found on prevalence of conditions, certain specific challenges that are experienced, and help-seeking behaviours. Overall, international and non-international students may experience similar challenges, but international students are less likely to seek support. The findings suggest a need for graduate advisors and student affairs professionals to recognize the unique experiences of international graduate students particularly with their help-seeking behaviours.

The aim of this study, which was carried out according to the life story/narrative research design, which is one of the qualitative research methods, is to examine the life story of a mother living with a child with an additional disability. In this context, a 5-year-old child with deficiencies such as hearing loss, autism and ADHD and his mother were included in the study. The research data consists of semi-structured interviews, observations, and document analysis. The collected data were analyzed with the inductive analysis method. As a result of the analysis, four main themes and ten sub-themes were reached. It was found that the mother had problems in the diagnosis process of the child, in the use of hearing aids, placement in appropriate educational environments, familial support and social support services. Based on these problems, it is necessary to make updates in planning legal regulations and related legislation.

The informed consent process is integral to medical procedures, including skin biopsies, which are the definitive method for diagnosing challenging skin lesions. Educational videos are recognized for effective delivery of information for informed consent. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of an informed consent process using educational videos to improve patient understanding and reduce preprocedural anxiety. This multicenter, randomized controlled study was conducted during December 2021-June 2023. Participants were randomly assigned to either the video or verbal group in a 1:1 ratio. They completed knowledge and anxiety questionnaires before and after biopsy. The final analysis included 54 participants (verbal group: n=28; video group: n=26) with a mean age of 51.9 years (standard deviation [SD] 18.1), and a balanced gender distribution. Post-intervention knowledge scores (median 10.0; IQR 8.0-10.0) significantly increased compared to pre-intervention scores (median 6.0; IQR 4.0-9.0), p<0.001. Post-intervention Spielberger state-trait anxiety inventory (STAI) scores (median 5.0; interquartile range, IQR 5.0-6.0) significantly decreased compared to pre-intervention scores (median 7.0; IQR 5.0-10.0), p<0.001. Knowledge scores increased more in the video group (median, 2.5; IQR 1.0-5.0) than in the verbal group (median, 1.5; IQR 0.0-4.0), p=0.217. There was no significant difference in STAI score changes between the video group (median 1.0, IQR 0.0-4.0) and the verbal group (median 1.0, IQR 0.0-3.0), p=0.824. Despite statistical insignificance, educational videos exhibited greater effectiveness in enhancing comprehension and demonstrated comparable efficacy in reducing anxiety compared to conventional intervention.

The aim of the study was to describe the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of Juvenile Arthritis Functional Assessment Report (JAFAR) in children/adolescents with Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA). Sixty-nine children/adolescents with JIA were included in the study. JAFAR(TR)-Child and Parent forms were applied to the patients with JIA and to their parents for test retest at one-week intervals, the patients did not receive additional treatment and his/her pharmacological treatment did not change for that week. Test-retest reliability was evaluated by intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), and internal consistency reliability of multi-item subscales was evaluated by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Correlations between JAFAR(TR)-Child and Parent with the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory 3.0. Module Arthritis (PedsQL), the Childhood Health Assessment Questionnaire (CHAQ), and the Juvenile Arthritis Disease Activity Score (JADAS) were evaluated to determine construct validity. The ICC value for the test/retest reliability of JAFAR(TR)-Child was 0.963 and of JAFAR(TR)-Parent was 0.576. JAFAR(TR)-Child total score had low to moderate correlations with PedsQL Child (r=-0.34; p=0.004), CHAQ (r=0.40; p=0.001), and JADAS total score (r=0.42; p=0.000). JAFAR(TR)-Parent total score had moderate to high correlations with PedsQL Parent (r=-0.55; p=0.000), CHAQ (r=0.72; p=0.000) and JADAS total score (r=0.53; p=0.000). The Turkish version of JAFAR was found to be clinically valid and reliable in JIA.

This study aimed to identify the reality of diagnosing learning disabilities among students with hearing impairments from the point of view of their teachers. The descriptive survey method was used. The study sample included (152) male and female teachers from deaf schools in Saudi Arabia. The results of the study showed that the level of reality of diagnosing learning disabilities among students with hearing impairments from their teachers' point of view was moderate, and no statistically significant differences were attributable to the gender variable. Statistically, significant differences were attributed to the occupation variable in favor of the teacher of deaf students, the differences in the diagnostic methods used in favor of the specialist diagnosing deaf and hard-of-hearing students, and the differences in the diagnostic scales used were in favor of the teacher of deaf students. and found no differences due to years of experience. There were statistically significant differences in the reality of diagnosing learning disabilities among students with hearing impairment due to the educational qualification in favor of a Bachelor's in Special Education, but there were no differences attributable to the educational qualification variable. and statistically significant differences in the reality of diagnosing learning disabilities among students with hearing impairments attributable to the type of institution to which the teacher belongs, in favor of teachers affiliated with a public school or institute, and no differences in (the reality of diagnosing learning disabilities among deaf and hard-of-hearing students, and the diagnostic measures used) due to the type of institution to which he belongs. The study recommends training teachers to use multiple scales for diagnosing learning disabilities in categories of hearing impairment and conducting studies related to diagnosing deaf people with learning disabilities.

Person-centered approaches to measurement are needed to more fully reach the goals of person-centered practice. Keyform maps, derived from Rasch analysis and principles of person-centered measurement, are thought to be an important tool for translating person-centered measurement into clinical practice. The purpose of this study was to understand the impact of keyform map use in a variety of learning activities embedded across multiple courses in an entry-level occupational therapy curriculum. This paper includes a description of 3 keyform map learning activities and corresponding results. The effects of keyform maps as a signature instructional strategy within entry-level occupational therapy education and implications for future studies are also discussed.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is defined as a lifetime developmental disorder usually identified by social interaction impairment, communication deficits, and repetitive behavior. The cases of children detected with ASD are rising globally, including Malaysia. Parents, as the prime caregiver to these children, face numerous challenges due to what is entailed in taking care of their children. This paper describes a case study where we examined the views and experience of three mothers, each of whom has an ASD child. Data were gathered through face-to-face semi-structured interviews, after which they were transcribed and analyzed using the thematic analysis method. The mothers narrated that the challenges they encountered include the difficulty they had in initially accepting their child's diagnosis; labelling and discrimination; phase-based temporal challenges; endless physical, emotional, and mental sacrifices; finding the strength and patience to deal with the situation; academic vs. non-academic struggles, as well as their own coping mechanisms. This paper concludes with the need to provide support for parents-especially mothers-to enable them to overcome their challenges and focus on the development of their autistic children.

Dyslexia is a common learning difficulty. A The purpose of this study is to explore the experiences of young people with dyslexia in secondary school in a Norwegian context and provide insight that might be used to support the students. The research question for the study is as follows: What experiences do dyslectic students have in secondary school regarding their dyslexia? A phenomenological approach was adopted to explore dyslectic students' experiences. Purposive sampling was used to identify 4 young people who met the chosen criteria. The data-gathering tool was individual semi-structured interviews. The data were analysed through a thematic step-by-step analysis process. Four themes with several subthemes concerning the experiences of young people diagnosed with dyslexia emerged. Theme 1: Personal coping strategies related to schoolwork. Theme 2: Foreign language torment. Theme 3: Emotional impact. Theme 4: Struggling with educational support. A main finding of this study is the significance of teacher competence for students with dyslexia. The study has identified the need for teachers to understand the students' learning difficulty, provide alternative tasks and have competence in how to use software teaching aids to support pupils with dyslexia.

Families play a critical role in supporting their children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and in advocating for their health and educational needs. However, many families around the world experience social, emotional, and financial difficulties, as well as challenges navigating various systems in search for the services and supports their children require. Colombia has made some recent strides in supporting the needs of families of children with ASD, but there is still concern among families that their children are not receiving adequate services. Thus, we were interested in learning more about what it was like to parent a child with ASD in Colombia. In particular, we focused on investigating the families' perceptions, experiences, and aspirations for their child with ASD by conducting focus group interviews. Four primary themes emerged from these interviews with Colombian parents, which included the impact of the disability diagnosis on the family, the systemic and societal challenges they faced, the strengths they saw in their child, and their future aspirations and expectations for their child. Implications for developing culturally responsive parent education programs are discussed.

Background: Sleep plays an integral role in a child's physical and neuropsychological development. Children with sleep disorders are at risk of developing inattention, hyperactivity, and learning difficulties, challenges that impact them, their families, their classmates, and their communities. There is a paucity of pediatric sleep medicine providers equipped to partner with families in identifying and addressing sleep disorders. Additional barriers to accessing this specialized care include geographic proximity, parental ability to take time off from work, and hesitance for a child to miss valuable learning time at school. During the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, our pediatric sleep department transitioned from largely in-person care to a predominantly virtual platform and collected data to monitor the impact of this transition. In this study, we share several key trends that emerged which may have broad implications on how pediatric sleep medicine providers can better support school-aged children with sleep challenges. Methods: We performed a chart review of all scheduled pediatric sleep medicine visits from June 2019 to June 2021, a time frame that included the pandemic-driven overnight transition from in-person to virtual clinic visits. The STEM framework was developed by pediatric telehealth experts to provide a unified approach to assessing the impact of telehealth programs. We applied this framework to the collected data to gauge the impact on the four major domains highlighted in STEM: health outcomes, healthcare delivery, individual experience (patient and provider), and program implementation. Results: The data demonstrated an increased proportion of completed visits and a decreased proportion of canceled/no-show visits when care was provided virtually. Patients accessing virtual care were doing so from greater distances than those who had in-person visits. The school-aged (5-12 years) cohort utilizing telehealth had notable differences in past medical history, with significantly more Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder. They also presented with significantly more insomnia and behavioral sleep difficulties. Discussion: Sleep disorders are common, and school-aged children have much to gain from sleep optimization. However, pediatric sleep care can be challenging to access. Geographic distance and time away from school and work preclude many families from formal sleep consultations. Telehealth allows high-quality pediatric sleep care to be offered in an easily accessible format to those near and far, resulting in clinics running more efficiently and school-aged children, who need it most, to receive the tools they need to sleep soundly. With a convenient click, families are better able to fit virtual sleep consultations into their day, without the stress of travel or the waiting room. They complete more scheduled visits, allowing pediatric sleep medicine departments to deliver care more efficiently. The low-pressure virtual platform also permits families to seek care for behavioral sleep issues. While our department's transition to predominantly virtual care occurred amidst a pandemic, with many confounding factors limiting the interpretation of the data we collected, the trends seen are very promising.

Despite intensive study in the fields of neuroscience, psychology, genetics, and education, simple truths about dyslexia have been slow to emerge, with some early results not holding up to further scientific scrutiny. Research conducted with and applied to adult learners is especially thin, as intensive scientific scrutiny has increasingly focused on children and developing readers. This article reviews some of the established findings about dyslexia, its diagnosis, and instructional implications for adult learners. It also reviews the emerging debate among researchers about the social value of dyslexia as a diagnosed condition, given the social impact on attitudes and services provided to learners of all ages. Finally, John Sabatini considers the changing nature of reading literacy in light of emerging technologies and research methods of how dyslexia is researched and understood.

This article defines the term twice-exceptional as being gifted (highly able) and having challenges with learning or physical disabilities. The focus is on understanding these children, who are brilliant in one way but at the same time in some situations are at risk. The biggest challenges they face are misunderstanding and misdiagnosis. This article will assist those involved in the life and education of twice-exceptional children to help light the way towards better understanding them, focusing on their strengths and supporting them individually to change their life in an optimal direction. One million of our nation's most promising, innovative thinkers--children who learn differently, not "deficiently"--constitute a neglected national resource.

Clinical simulations, in a variety of forms, is a viable educational tool, allowing CSD students to acquire professional competencies and skills. Simucase is a computer-based simulation program designed for this objective. The goal of this study was to determine what elements of simulation engagement predicted success on a student's overall ability to make the correct recommendation for patient care, and what those predictors can tell us about how students navigate computer-based simulations. The data set used for this study comprised 149 graduate students in communication sciences and disorders (CSD) programs who completed a computer-based assessment simulation for a patient with aphasia. To determine which areas of the simulation predicted student success, a logistic regression was performed to determine which of the 12 types of decision points offered predictive data for making the correct final recommendation. The 12 types of decisions used comprised case history, collaborator, assessment, and diagnosis sections with reflective, acceptable, and rejected options in each. Results indicate that student patterns of case engagement can predict overall case success. The overall model was significant and individual predictors were significantly responsible for predicting which students would choose the correct outcome at the end of the case. This study revealed that students who engage in more careful navigation of preliminary assessment steps such as case history and collaborators were more likely to reach the correct recommendation at the end of the case. This finding has implications for the implementation of computer-based simulations for clinical education.

This study sought to determine if speech-language pathology graduate students found peer-to-peer teaching and experiential learning beneficial in learning how to assess the cranial nerves. Graduate students in a motor speech disorders course completed an in-class cranial nerve examination in which they either portrayed clinicians or patients. Student groups utilized a reflective practice approach by teaching their peers how to assess the cranial nerves. Intensive practice sessions were offered almost daily for two weeks prior to the exam. Thirty-seven students completed an online survey about their knowledge and confidence in assessing cranial nerves and identifying diagnoses before starting the training for the exam; 36 participants completed the same survey post-exam training. Students reported feeling more confident and less anxious in evaluating the cranial nerves, assessing damages, and identifying diagnoses. This preliminary study indicates peer-to-peer teaching could be an effective strategy for learning how to evaluate cranial nerves.

There have historically been a variety of diagnostic terms used to describe children with unexplained language disorders. Recently there has been some consensus around the use of the term developmental language disorder (DLD) however, students, in particular graduate students, need to be aware of the various terms that have historically been used so that they are able to successfully employ evidencebased practice (EBP). The current study used a Problem Based Learning (PBL) approach, based on a teaching module recently published by the authors (see Victorino & Magaldi, 2019), to teach students enrolled in a graduate program in Communication Sciences and Disorders (CSD) about the evolving terminology used to describe children with unexplained language disorders. Students' confidence in their understanding of the concepts surrounding the variety of terms used and confidence to seek evidence relating to children with unexplained language disorders was measured. Quantitative findings indicated increased student confidence after the PBL exercises on all areas measured, with the largest gains related to the nature of unexplained language disorders in children, and their ability to employ EBP. Qualitative findings also suggested the PBL exercises impacted students thinking about EBP. Implications for educators in CSD programs are discussed.

The onset of the COVID-19 global pandemic presented a unique global crisis that institutions of higher education were forced to engage with simultaneously. In this study, we provide insight into the use of websites by institutions in the United States (U.S.) during the pandemic. The sample for this study included public flagship universities within the U.S. and their institutional webpages focused on COVID-19 between January 2020 and April 2020. Guided by chaos theory (CT), we utilized a quantitative thematic analysis that involved the coding of institutional websites and public communications to develop a unique dataset capturing the information that institutions provided on campus websites (e.g., institutional decisions, timing of those decisions, public communications, and informational website structure). Findings indicated that all institutions in our sample engaged in moving to online instruction, implementing work-from-home policies, and canceling face-to-face events. In addition, we found variance in the accessibility and utility of websites.

Learning disability (LD) is a developmental and neurobiological disorder frequently witnessed in childhood, resulting from the impairment of one or more academic skills such as reading, writing, speaking, and mathematical reasoning. Although the most common group among individuals with special needs is individuals with a diagnosis of LD, the national literature includes a limited number of studies conducted with the families of the students in this group. The present study aims to explore the difficulties experienced by students diagnosed with LD in their education lives based on their parents' views. The study is a descriptive study employing the qualitative research design. The study group consisted of parents (six mothers, two fathers) selected using the criterion sampling method, one of the purposive sampling methods. As a data collection tool, a semi-structured interview form was developed by the authors and administered to the families of children with LD to explore their children's education and their problems. The interviews were conducted face-to-face by the first author. The analysis of the generated data was conducted using the inductive approach. Based on the study results, four main themes, 10 sub-themes related to main themes, and 32 categories related to the sub-themes were formed. The findings revealed that parents faced problems regarding their children's school life and teachers, and this negatively affected their family life. Among the parents' views on the diagnosis process, who made the first diagnosis and the effects of this process on family life came to the fore. In addition, it was revealed that after the diagnosis, the educational life of the children was adversely affected and there were different situations regarding the educational life of the children with LD compared to the children with normal development. Furthermore, the participants emphasized their expectations regarding their family life and the educational life of their children. The study findings were discussed based on the literature and recommendations were made for future studies.

Bringing real-life cases to the educational environment and presenting them to students is one of the main goals of psychology. However, this is unfortunately not as easy as it is said, both ethically and practically. Since the educational materials to be offered to students on this subject are insufficient, academics and lecturers recommend that their students read case studies in psychopathology lessons or watch videos depicting certain disorders. While the use of films in both national and international literature in psychology and psychological counselling theories and practices is increasing, it is thought-provoking that there is no similar interest/attempt in reading literary works. Despite the (not)reading rates, the using literary works in students' education is overshadowed by films constitutes the main motivation of this study using literary works in students' education is overshadowed by films, which constitutes this study's main motivation. In this sense, the main purpose of the research is to provide an example of how literary works can be used in psychopathology teaching. Accordingly, Jean-Louis Fournier's book entitled "My daddy never killed anybody" was examined in terms of both causal factors and DSM criteria by using document analysis, which is one of the qualitative research methods, to delineate "alcohol use disorder. Accordingly, Jean-Louis Fournier's book named "My daddy never killed anybody" was examined in terms of both causal factors and DSM criteria by using document analysis, which is one of the qualitative research methods, to delineate "alcohol use disorder". In conclusion, it is thought that analysing literary works in terms of psychopathology and actively discussing them in front of a class will make the teaching process more creative and permanent.

The addition of disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD) to the fifth edition of the "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders" ("DSM-5") was a controversial decision in 2013 and one that continues to the present. Researchers have found that DMDD exhibits both poor interrater reliability and discriminant validity from other common childhood-onset disorders, most notably oppositional defiant disorder (ODD). Research also indicates that DMDD might be better conceptualized as a component of ODD, and consistent with such a conceptualization, experts have recommended that effective treatments for ODD be applied to youth who fit the diagnostic pattern of DMDD. The purpose of this article is to help readers understand the problematic diagnostic validity associated with DMDD and to present recommended treatment strategies for working with youth who fit this challenging symptom profile.

Mental health organizations that serve youth are under pressure to adopt measurement-based care (MBC), defined as the continuous collection of client-report data used to support clinical decision making as part of standard care. However, few frameworks exist to help leadership ascertain how to select an MBC approach for a clinical setting. This paper seeks to define how an MBC approach can display clinical utility to provide such a framework. Broadly, we define clinical utility as evidence that an MBC approach assists stakeholders in fulfilling clinical goals related to care quality (i.e., improve client clinician alliance and clinical outcomes) at the client (i.e., youth and caregiver), clinician, supervisor, and administrator levels. More specifically, our definition of clinical utility is divided into two categories relevant to the usability and usefulness of an MBC approach for a specific setting: (a) implementability (i.e., evidence indicating ease of use in a clinical setting) and (b) usefulness in aiding clinical activities (i.e., evidence indicating the potential to improve communication and make clinical activities related to care quality easier or more effective). These categories provide valuable information about how easy an MBC approach is to use and the potential benefits that the MBC data will confer. To detail how we arrived at this definition, we review prior definitions of clinical utility, discuss how previous definitions inform our definition of clinical utility for MBC, and provide examples of how the concept of clinical utility can be applied to MBC. We finish with a discussion of future research directions.

This paper argues why children with Mathematical Learning Disabilities (MLD) do not form a unitary group. Instead, they should be regarded as individuals with unique profiles of strengths and weaknesses that explain their mathematical difficulties. To build this argument, we shortly recapitulate the research on MLD, which has mainly been focused on characterizing the group of children with MLD--as compared to control groups. However, these general characteristics are not applicable to all children with MLD. Furthermore, attempts to define separate, relevant subgroups merely failed. Based on some recent studies, we show how individual profiles of strengths and weaknesses might help in understanding the specific mathematical difficulties of a child. We propose a new multidimensional framework of MLD, in which both strengths and weaknesses are recognized. We argue that both research and practice are in need of further research that takes individual differences into account.

Music is a unique form of verbal stimuli (Reynolds & Hayes, "The Psychological Record," 67(3), 413-421, 2017) and the literature has indicated some success in using procedures involving the frame of coordination or stimulus equivalence to teach early piano skills to learners with and without autism spectrum disorder (ASD; Hill et al., "Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis," 53(1), 188-208, 2020). However, these studies only targeted narrow skills rather than a complete repertoire. Also, whether such teaching procedure is effective for young children with ASD at different ages, with different needs, and with common accompanied diagnosis, is unknown. The current study (a) explored the possibility of applying relational frame theory (RFT; Hayes, Barnes-Holmes, & Roche, 2001) in piano program development that aims to teach a complete early piano repertoire, and (b) confirmed the effectiveness of an adjusted teaching procedure using the frame of coordination on teaching early piano skills to six young children on the autism spectrum. A multiple probe across participants design was used. After direct training of two relations (AC & AE), post-instructional tests were conducted on eight relations. The results showed that with remedial training, five out of six participants demonstrated mutual entailment, combinatorial entailment, and transformation of stimulus function in these relations. All participants could read and play the song on keyboard without extra training. The study provided practical guidance on applying the procedure to these young learners. Implications of RFT in piano curriculum development were also discussed.

The birth of a child is the beginning of a woman's motherhood. It is genuinely illuminated in her raising and rearing responsibilities. This study explores the understanding and experiences of Mansaka mothers about autism before and after diagnosis. This qualitative phenomenological inquiry employed face-to-face semi-structured interviews with five Mansaka mothers in the countryside of Maragusan having a child diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Colaizzi's method was applied to analyze the data through transcribing, coding, and theming. The result of the study revealed that mothers have personal observations about their children's behavior and share their rearing issues, retrospection, and standpoint of their children's condition before diagnosis. It was highlighted in the result that parents had different reactions, realizations, and responses about their children's condition after the diagnosis. The implication of the study infers development of sustainable inclusive practices and reviews of policy.

Autistic individuals experience higher rates of psychiatric comorbidities than their peers. Camouflaging, the process through which individuals hide autistic traits, can be detrimental to mental health. This may be particularly true for autistic females, although research on sex differences in the relationship between camouflaging and mental health has focused on adults. The purpose of this study was to extend previous research on camouflaging and mental health through examining age, sex, autism diagnosis, and camouflaging as predictors of depression, anxiety, and stress levels in autistic and non-autistic adolescents. One hundred forty adolescents ages 13-18 years (62 non-autistic, 58 female) completed an online survey including measures of camouflaging, autistic traits, and internalizing symptoms. Hierarchical linear regression was used to examine age, sex, diagnosis, and camouflaging as predictors of internalizing symptoms. Findings suggest that level of camouflaging is an important predictor of depression, anxiety, and stress in autistic and non-autistic adolescents and that camouflaging may be particularly distressing for females, regardless of diagnosis. These findings inform our understanding of camouflaging and its consequences and point to future directions for support for autistic and non-autistic adolescents. Clinicians may consider interventions targeting social skills, self-acceptance, and self-esteem to reduce possible negative effects of camouflaging.

Cognitive load can be induced by both learning tasks and self-regulated learning (SRL) activities, which compete for limited working memory capacity. However, there is little research on the relationship between cognitive load and SRL. This study explored how cognitive load interplayed with SRL behaviors and their joint effects on task performance (i.e., diagnostic efficiency) in the context of clinical reasoning. Specifically, twenty-seven (N = 27) medical students diagnosed three virtual patient cases in BioWorld, a simulation-based learning environment to improve medical students' clinical reasoning skills. Students' SRL behaviors were automatically recorded in BioWorld log files as they accomplished the tasks. We employed text mining techniques to extract four linguistic features from students' concurrent think-aloud, i.e., "cognitive discrepancy," "insight," "causation," and "positive emotions," which were further used to represent students' cognitive load. The latent profile analysis was then performed to cluster students into high- and low-load group. We also conducted a path analysis to investigate the mediation roles of SRL behaviors in the relationship between cognitive load and diagnostic efficiency (task performance). The results revealed that cognitive load negatively affected diagnostic efficiency, mediated by the ratio of SRL behaviors in the self-reflection phase. This study provides theoretical and methodological insights regarding the measurement of cognitive load and its interplay with SRL. This study informs the design of effective interventions for managing cognitive load in SRL within intelligent tutoring systems.

The purpose of this study was to 1) help novice students scaffold problem-solving and engage safely in the deliberate practice of diagnostic reasoning and medical decision-making in real time; 2) assess how accurately students gather and apply data in medical reasoning and treatment during high-fidelity patient simulations (HFPSs); 3) identify students' scientific misconceptions related to the case; 4) promote student metacognitive processing, self-assessment, and self-efficacy; and 5) facilitate the explicit calibration of student confidence in deliberate reasoning with patient outcomes. In a mixed-method design, a metacognitive calibration self-assessing (MCC) survey tool was applied to HFPS (n = 80, 20 teams of 6 medical students) and semistructured interviews were conducted with faculty (n = 5). When scored by faculty with a rubric, the mean student accuracy ranged from 23% to 74%, whereas their self-assessment of confidence ranged from 71% to 86%. This result revealed overconfidence bias in novice students regarding the correctness of their wrong responses. The most common misconception identified was inverting cause and effect: metabolic acidosis was pointed to as the cause of the patient's problems rather than a consequence of untreated diabetes mellitus. The most common treatment error was overtreatment, with unnecessary added medication. Interviews with faculty suggested that the MCC tool improved the team process by slowing students down, requiring them to think through their answers, and that overall the tool improved their critical thinking. This study demonstrated the feasibility of using a metacognitive confidence calibration tool to assist novice students in learning safely to make deliberate diagnostic reasoning and decisions on patient care in real time during complex simulations while observing objectively their levels of psychological confidence against patient outcomes. New & Noteworthy: This study demonstrates the feasibility of a metacognitive confidence calibration tool (MCC) to assess and promote novices in the learning of diagnostic reasoning and treatment decisions on patient care in real time during high-fidelity patient simulations while comparing confidence and accuracy data and identifying students' scientific misconceptions. Results revealed the presence of overconfidence bias, overtreatment, and the misconception of metabolic acidosis as the cause of the patient's problems rather than a consequence of untreated diabetes mellitus.