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The rapid development of the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) and its application across various sectors has led to increased interconnectivity and data sharing between devices and sensors. While this has brought convenience to users, it has also raised concerns about information security, including data security and identity authentication. IIoT devices are particularly vulnerable to attacks due to their lack of robust key management systems, efficient authentication processes, high fault tolerance, and other issues. To address these challenges, technologies such as blockchain and the formal analysis of security protocols can be utilized. And blockchain-based Industrial Internet of Things (BIIoT) is the new direction. These technologies leverage the strengths of cryptography and logical reasoning to provide secure data communication and ensure reliable identity authentication and verification, thereby becoming a crucial support for maintaining the security of the Industrial Internet. In this paper, based on the theory of the strand space attack model, we improved the Fiber Channel Password Authentication Protocol (FACP) security protocol in the network environment based on symmetric cryptography and asymmetric cryptography. Specifically, in view of the problem that the challenge value cannot reach a consensus under the symmetric cryptography system, and the subject identity cannot reach a consensus under the asymmetric cryptography system, an improved protocol is designed and implemented to meet the authentication requirements, and the corresponding attack examples are shown. Finally, the effectiveness and security of the protocol were verified by simulating different networking environments. The improved protocol has shown an increase in efficiency compared with the original protocol across three different network configurations. There was a 6.43% increase in efficiency when centralized devices were connected to centralized devices, a 5.81% increase in efficiency when centralized devices were connected to distributed devices, and a 6.32% increase in efficiency when distributed devices were connected to distributed devices. Experimental results show that this protocol can enhance the security and efficiency of communication between devices and between devices and nodes (servers, disks) in commonly used Ethernet passive optical network (EPON) environments without affecting the identity authentication function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a world where digitization is rapidly advancing, the security and privacy of intra-domain communication within organizations are of critical concern. The imperative to secure communication channels among physical systems has led to the deployment of various security approaches aimed at fortifying networking protocols. However, these approaches have typically been designed to secure protocols individually, lacking a holistic perspective on the broader challenge of intra-domain communication security. This omission raises fundamental concerns about the safety and integrity of intra-domain environments, where all communication occurs within a single domain. As a result, this paper introduces HSM4SSL, a comprehensive solution designed to address the evolving challenges of secure data transmission in intra-domain environments. By leveraging hardware security modules (HSMs), HSM4SSL aims to utilize the Secure Socket Layer (SSL) protocol within intra-domain environments to ensure data confidentiality, authentication, and integrity. In addition, solutions proposed by academic researchers and in the industry have not addressed the issue in a holistic and integrative manner, as they only apply to specific types of environments or servers and do not utilize all cryptographic operations for robust security. Thus, HSM4SSL bridges this gap by offering a unified and comprehensive solution that includes certificate management, key management practices, and various security services. HSM4SSL comprises three layers to provide a standardized interaction between software applications and HSMs. A performance evaluation was conducted comparing HSM4SSL with a benchmark tool for cryptographic operations. The results indicate that HSM4SSL achieved 33% higher requests per second (RPS) compared to OpenSSL, along with a 13% lower latency rate. Additionally, HSM4SSL efficiently utilizes CPU and network resources, outperforming OpenSSL in various aspects. These findings highlight the effectiveness and reliability of HSM4SSL in providing secure communication within intra-domain environments, thus addressing the pressing need for enhanced security mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the contemporary era, Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) have emerged as a vital technology in intelligent transportation systems, substantially enhancing the overall travel experience by providing advanced services to vehicles while ensuring driver safety. Despite the notable improvements, the inherent complexity of VANETs presents persistent security challenges, encompassing issues such as privacy preservation for vehicles, message authentication, and constraints in computational power and network bandwidth. Various authentication protocols have been designed for VANETs. However, many of these protocols exhibit significant vulnerabilities, rendering them insecure and unreliable in the face of diverse security threats, such as denial of service, replay, forgery, and impersonation attacks. Moreover, some existing schemes encounter limitations, including high computational complexity and the introduction of additional communication overhead and computational costs. To tackle these concerns, we designed a lightweight and secure identity authentication protocol based on elliptic curve cryptography with the objective of furnishing an effective and secure data transmission mechanism across a public communication channel for the Internet of Vehicles. In addition, we introduce Physically Unclonable Functions (PUFs) to ensure physical layer security during the communication process. A detailed security analysis demonstrates that the proposed protocol is resilient against various attacks. Through a comparative analysis with existing relevant protocols, in scenarios with a high density of vehicles, the algorithm demonstrates significantly lower computational costs and communication overhead than the related protocols, indicating that the proposed protocol is lightweight and efficient. Consequently, the empirical findings indicate that our protocol surpasses others in terms of reliability, user convenience, and practicality for ensuring secure data transmission within VANETs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vehicle Ad-hoc network (VANET) can provide technical support and solutions for the construction of intelligent and efficient transportation systems, and the routing protocol directly affects the efficiency of VANET. The rapid movement of nodes and uneven density distribution affect the routing stability and data transmission efficiency in VANET. To improve the local optimality and routing loops of the path-aware greedy perimeter stateless routing protocol (PA-GPSR) in urban sparse networks, a weight-based path-aware greedy perimeter stateless routing protocol (W-PAGPSR) is proposed. The protocol is divided into two stages. Firstly, in the routing establishment stage, the node distance, reliable node density, cumulative communication duration, and node movement direction are integrated to indicate the communication reliability of the node, and the next hop node is selected using the weight greedy forwarding strategy to achieve reliable transmission of data packets. Secondly, in the routing maintenance stage, based on the data packet delivery angle and reliable node density, the next hop node is selected for forwarding using the weight perimeter forwarding strategy to achieve routing repair. The simulation results show that compared to the greedy peripheral stateless routing protocol (GPSR), for the maximum distance–minimum angle greedy peripheral stateless routing (MM-GPSR) and PA-GPSR protocols, the packet loss rate of the protocol is reduced by an average of 24.47%, 25.02%, and 14.12%, respectively; the average end-to-end delay is reduced by an average of 48.34%, 79.96%, and 21.45%, respectively; and the network throughput is increased by an average of 47.68%, 58.39%, and 20.33%, respectively. This protocol improves network throughput while reducing the average end-to-end delay and packet loss rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stimulated by the increase in user demands and the development of intelligent driving, the automotive industry is pursuing high-bandwidth techniques, low-cost network deployment and deterministic data transmission. Time-sensitive networking (TSN) based on Ethernet provides a possible solution to these targets, which is arousing extensive attention from both academia and industry. We review TSN-related academic research papers published by major academic publishers and analyze research trends in TSN. This paper provides an up-to-date comprehensive survey of TSN-related standards, from the perspective of the physical layer, data link layer, network layer and protocol test. Then we classify intelligent driving products with TSN characteristics. With the consideration of more of the latest specified TSN protocols, we further analyze the minimum complete set of specifications and give the corresponding demo setup for the realization of TSN on automobiles. Open issues to be solved and trends of TSN are identified and analyzed, followed by possible solutions. Therefore, this paper can be an investigating basis and reference of TSN, especially for the TSN on automotive applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information-Centric Networking (ICN) essentially supports multipath transmission. However, current multipath schemes in ICN either necessitate major network infrastructure updates or necessitate specific network settings for terminal devices. To solve these problems, we propose MPTS-ICN, a multipath transmission system for ICN that realizes end-to-end multipath transmission. Taking the ICN architecture based on the standalone name resolution approach as a basis, MPTS-ICN is easier to implement and deploy than other ICN multipath schemes. Moreover, we have extended the original network layer protocol to support multipath data transmission in ICN. To set up concurrent transmission multipath efficiently, we propose a heuristic algorithm for the selection of multipath service nodes. Extensive experimental comparisons with existing data transmission methods show that in bandwidth-constrained scenarios, MPTS-ICN outperforms the best-route method by 83.6% and the ECMP method by 79.7% in average flow completion time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Underwater Internet-of-Things (UIoT) is an extension of Internet-of-Things technology in underwater. The underwater acoustic network with WiFi architecture (UW-WiFi), as a specific deployment of UIoT, has been proved to be a promising technique for wide-ranging marine applications. However, due to the unique features of underwater acoustic channel, such as long and variable propagation delay, low available bandwidth and high bit error rate, conventional medium access control (MAC) protocols designed for terrestrial WiFi networks need an overhaul to work efficiently for UW-WiFi networks. In consideration of the aforementioned channel features, different demands of nodes to occupy channel resources and the reliability of data transmission, a time sequence-based dynamic on-demand assignment (SDDA) MAC protocol for UW-WiFi networks is proposed in this paper. In SDDA, the collision-free scheduling is integrated with the reservation mechanism, aiming to address the issue of various access requirements of diverse task nodes on channel resources in the UW-WiFi network system. The designed protocol employs propagation delays and the amount of data to be sent by terminal nodes to achieve non-conflict transmissions of control packets and on-demand scheduling of data packets. Additionally, the scheme does not require extra overhead for time synchronization. Comparison simulations demonstrate that SDDA provides considerable benefits in terms of channel utilization, end-to-end delay and packet delivery ratio. At last, the SDDA protocol is implemented and a UW-WiFi network system is set up in the marine environment. The ocean field experiment results agree well with the simulated ones and also verify that the proposed protocol achieve conflict-free on-demand scheduling, fairness among terminal nodes at different ranges and the practicability in actual environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a MAC protocol for ad hoc networks using In-band Full-duplex (IBFD) wireless communications, which are named as AdHoc-FDMAC. To utilize IBFD communications in ad hoc networks, this protocol modifies a number of control frames in the IEEE 802.11 Distributed Coordination Function (DCF) MAC standard. Here, the detailed time sequences for all types of IBFD communications are shown for the data transmission and routing. In this paper, the probability and throughput equations for IBFD communications in different situations have been derived. The performance of the proposed AdHoc-FDMAC has been analysed in terms of probability, throughput, and routing time. The Maximum throughput of AdHoc-FDMAC has been found to be 48.34 Mbps, and it is compared with a recently published ad hoc MAC as well as with the conventional HD MAC. The AdHoc-FDMAC outperforms the recently published ad hoc MAC and conventional HD MAC by 16.80% and 66.50% throughput gain, respectively. AdHoc-FDMAC incorporates the existing Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol, but this AODV routing is utilized here using IBFD communications. This paper also compares the routing time of the IBFD-based AODV with the conventional AODV. The result shows that the IBFD-based AODV requires 33.33% less routing time than that of the conventional AODV for 3-hop distance between the transmitter and receiver. This paper suggests that the AdHoc-FDMAC protocol provides much more throughput in ad hoc networks by utilizing IBFD communications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since several Internet of Things (IoT) applications have been widely deployed on unstable wireless networks, such as the Delay Tolerant Network (DTN), data communication efficiency in DTN remains a challenge for IoT applications. Vehicular Delay Tolerant Network (VDTN) has become one of DTN's potential applications, in which the network experiences connectivity interruption due to the lack of an end-to-end relay route. VDTNs focus on node cooperation to achieve this goal. As a result, it is essential to ensure that almost all network nodes adopt the protocol to preserve network performance. This is a challenging task since nodes may diverge from the basic protocol to optimize their effectiveness. This article presents an Efficient Monitoring System (EMS) to detect and respond to just selfish nodes to minimize their entire network and data communication efficacy. The scheme is based on a network-wide cooperative sharing of node reputation. It is also necessary to increase overall network efficiency by tracking selfish nodes. The NS-2 simulator is used to run this experimental setup. Simulation results indicate that the proposed scheme performs better in terms of probability of package delivery, package delivery delay, energy consumption, and amount of packet drops. For 80% selfish nodes in the network, the packet delivery of EMS is 37% and 31% better than SOS and IPS. Similarly, the average delivery delay of EMS is 22% and 18% lower than SOS and IPS when 80% selfish nodes are incorporated in the network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are considerably used for various environmental sensing applications. The architecture and internal specifications of WSNs have been chosen based on the requirements of particular applications. On this basis, WSNs consist of resource (energy and memory)-limited wireless sensor nodes. WSNs initiate data communication from source to destination via physical layer management principles, channel slot scheduling principles (time division multiple access), wireless medium access control (WMAC) protocols, wireless routing protocols and application protocols. In this environment, the development of WMAC principles, routing protocols and channel allotment schemes play crucial roles in network communication phases. Consequently, these layering functions consume more energy at each sensor node, which leads to minimal network lifetime. Even though the channel management schemes, medium control protocols and routing protocols are functionally suitable, the excessive energy consumption affects the overall network performance. In this situation, energy optimization algorithms are advised to minimize the resource wastage of WSNs during regular operations (medium control and routing process). Many research works struggle to identify the optimal energy-efficient load balancing strategies to improve WSN functions. With this in mind, the proposed article has conducted a detailed literature review and notable experimental comparisons on energy-efficient MAC protocols, channel scheduling policies and energy-efficient routing protocols. To an extent, the detailed analysis over these wireless network operations helps to understand the benefits and limitations of recent research works. In the experimental section of this article, eight existing techniques are evaluated under energy optimization strategies (WMAC, channel allocation, sleep/wake protocols, integrated routing and WMAC policies, balanced routing and cooperative routing). The proposed review and the classified technical observations collected from notable recent works have been recognized as crucial contributions. The results infer the suggestions for feasible WSN communication strategies with optimal channel management policies and routing policies. Notably, the simulation results show that cross-layer or multi-layer energy optimization policies perform better than homogeneous energy optimization models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to apply wireless sensor networks to mechanical vibration monitoring, the author proposes a wireless network topology with multiple data collection points for mechanical vibration monitoring. This structure reduces the transmission load of the data collection point, increases the data transmission rate of the network, balances the energy dissipation in the network, and utilizes the general wireless sensor network hardware platform. The network transmission protocol and related auxiliary mechanisms are designed and implemented, and a wireless vibration monitoring test platform is constructed. The transmission performance of the network structure with multiple data collection points is evaluated through the actual test. The experimental results show that by using the wireless sensor network topology with multiple data collection points, it can meet the requirements of continuous transmission of vibration data obtained by 1 kHz sampling. Conclusion. The system performance of the wireless sensor network based on this network structure has been improved under the condition of general hardware, and the network structure of multiple data collection points shows good performance in the process of high-speed data transmission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Link quality prediction is a fundamental component of the wireless network protocols and is essential for routing protocols in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Effective link quality prediction can select high-quality links for communication and improve the reliability of data transmission. In order to improve the accuracy of the link quality prediction model and reduce the model complexity, the link quality prediction model based on the light gradient boosting machine (LightGBM-LQP) is proposed in this paper. Specifically, agglomerative hierarchical clustering and manual division are combined to grade the link quality and obtain the labels of samples. Then, light gradient boosting machine (LightGBM) classification algorithm and Focal Loss are used to estimate the link quality grades. In order to reduce the impact of data imbalance, Borderline-SMOTE is employed to oversample the minority link quality samples. Finally, LightGBM-LQP predicts link quality grade at the next moment with historical link quality information. The experimental results on data collected from a real-world WSNs show that the proposed model has better prediction accuracy and shorter predicting time compared to related models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A large amount of data would be generated during the process of microseismic monitoring, and data transmission with the cable has some shortcomings such as poor anti-interference, time-consuming, laborious, high cost, and low construction efficiency. On the other hand, the influence of signal diffraction and the multipath effect will greatly cut down the energy of the signal during the wireless transmission in the complex mountainous area. The wireless transmission system based on Wi-Fi is designed in this paper, which includes the base station and data transceiver. The maximum distance and transmission rate at point-to-point communication of the base station are up to 1000 m and 150 Mbps, respectively, and it provides the communication backbone line for the network. The data transceiver adopts the network protocol based on Ad Hoc, and the transmission distance is up to 200 m at the condition of complex topography and lush mountains. We have applied the system to in-site microseismic monitoring with 28 geophones of the coalbed methane fracturing in South Chongqing. It achieved a good performance with a transmission rate of 1.2 Mbps, a time delay of 1.95 ms, and a signal strength of up to −52.3 dBm for real-time data transmission in the field. The results show that the system has the advantages of low BER, fast transmission speed, long communication distance, and stable and safety hardware and has a great value for more applications of microseismicity in complex topography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As one of the main data transport protocols of delay/disruption-tolerant networking (DTN), Licklider transmission protocol (LTP) is designed to provide reliable data delivery in an interplanetary Internet environment characterized by frequent and lengthy link disruptions and extremely long signal propagation delays. Some studies have been done on the performance of LTP in cislunar and Mars communications. However, to date the effect of link disruption on LTP for Mars communications has received little attention. In this paper, an analytical framework is presented for the effect of link disruption on reliable data delivery and performance of LTP in Mars communications. The analysis focuses on how various link disruptions affect the number of transmission attempts, the consequent round-trip time (RTT) of data exchange, and the resulting goodput performance of LTP for reliable data block delivery in Mars communications. The analytical framework is validated by means of realistic data block transmission experiments using a PC-based experimental infrastructure, and it can be used to predict the performance of LTP over a deep-space vehicle communication channel in presence of link disruption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Filtered Smith predictors are well established for controlling linear plants with constant time delays. Apart from this classical application scenario, they are also employed within networked control loops, where the measurements are sent in separate packets over transmission channels that are subject to time-varying delays. Consequently, classical tools for the stability analysis, e.g., for time delay systems, have to be extended to facilitate an explicit consideration of network-induced effects such as packet skipping and disordering of sent packets. The present paper illustrates that the time-varying delays and, particularly important, the packetized character of the transmissions have to be explicitly taken into account for the stability analysis. Three network protocols, which use different packet selection and hold mechanisms, are considered to state criteria for the robust stability of the networked feedback loops with filtered Smith predictors. They are based on the small gain theorem and allow a computationally inexpensive way to check stability for the case with uncertain plant models and bounded time-varying packet delays in the communication channels. • Filtered Smith predictor for packet-based networked systems. • Communication network with bounded and time-varying packet delays. • Three different network protocols (different packet skipping and hold mechanisms). • Easy-to-use stability analysis for uncertain plants and time-varying packet delays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Liu, Y.; Xu, Y.; Zhang, K., and Feng, Y., 2019. Hardware design of marine buoy data communication terminal based on the 1st generation Beidou navigation positioning system. In: Guido-Aldana, P.A. and Mulahasan, S. (eds.), Advances in Water Resources and Exploration. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 93, pp. 639–645. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. Aiming at the actual situation of marine buoy data monitoring and the problems of poor anti-interference performance, low fault tolerance coefficient and high energy consumption in current communication system, the hardware design of marine buoy data communication terminal based on the 1st generation Beidou navigation positioning system is proposed. Based on the marine buoy system, the overall structure of communication terminal is designed. The main components of the hardware are Beidou communication module and wireless network communication module, and the auxiliary parts are antenna and power supply module. The long-distance part uses the inherent data transmission mode of Beidou navigation system to communicate, while the short-range part uses the radio network communication protocol to complete the data transmission. There are two UART interfaces in the hardware, one is connected with the auxiliary cabin, which is responsible for receiving the related data of the auxiliary cabin, including azimuth, attitude and pressure sensing, and the other UART interface is connected with the Beidou communication module, which is responsible for receiving positioning and navigation data and transmitting remote data. The experimental results show that the design has high signal-to-noise ratio, strong fault-tolerant performance, high positioning accuracy and communication success rate, low energy consumption and perfect performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lightweight sensors gain rapid growth for the development of emerging technologies due to multi aspects. Recently, many applications are integrating with the cloud services for storage and processing a large amount of observing data, however, the transitory and time-dependent environment needs valuable performance. Also, reliable and error-free data transmission is an important factor for green systems. Moreover, most of the proposed green networks may be exposed to unspecified events due to the broadcast nature of the unreserved medium. This research paper presents a secured mobile sensor network based protocol for smart data gathering with cloud services (S-SDC), which aims to attain information distribution in dynamic networks using mobile sensors with minimum loss and power consumption. Also, it ensures network availability and consistency for the collected data with the cloud corporations and increases authoritative routing. The simulation results and their analysis are proven the significant performance of the proposed protocol. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IEEE 802.15.7 Visible Light Communication (VLC) networks suffer from performance degradation caused by the hidden device collisions due to the directional transmission with narrow beamwidth. One of the solutions for mitigating the hidden device collisions is to employ a full-duplex transmission technique. As a side effect of the full-duplex transmission in the VLC networks, however, the data-packet discard due to the retransmission limitation occurs frequently in the networks. This paper proposes an improved backoff scheme and its performance analysis to suppress the packet discard. The proposed backoff scheme increases the Backoff Exponent (BE) and the Number of Backoff stage (NB) in IEEE 802.15.7 only when the data packet transmission fails. To evaluate the system performance theoretically, this paper also provides the Markov-chain model for channel access with the proposed scheme. The performance evaluations through simulation and theoretical analysis show the effectiveness of the proposed scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]