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Background: Maple is an important ornamental plant in China. With the increasing use of maple trees in landscaping, a symptom of shoot dieback has been observed in Henan province, China., Results: In this study, 28 Diaporthe isolates were obtained from symptomatic shoots of maple trees between 2020 and 2023. Phylogenetic analyses based on five loci (ITS, TEF, CAL, HIS and TUB) coupled with morphology of 12 representative isolates identified three known species (D. eres, D. pescicola and D. spinosa) and one new species, namely D. pseudoacerina sp. nov. Koch's postulates confirmed that all these species were pathogenic. Additionally, D. pseudoacerina was able to infect China wingnut (Pterocarya stenoptera), pear (Pyrus sp.), and black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia). This study marks the first report of Diaporthe spinosa and D. pescicola pathogens infecting maple trees., Conclusions: These findings enhance the existing knowledge of the taxonomy and host diversity of Diaporthe species as, while also providing valuable information for managing of maple shoot dieback in Henan Province, China., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

The diversity of endophytes and their ecological relationships with the endangered conifer Araucaria angustifolia (a critically endangered species) are unrevealed. This study aimed to characterize the diversity of endophytic fungi associated with A. angustifolia. To this end, we analyzed 90 fragments from five individuals collected from a mixed localized fragment in Guarapuava-PR, Brazil. The total DNA of 61 morphotypes was extracted and the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) region was amplified and sequenced. The sequence analysis allowed the identification of 37 genera belonging to the phylum Ascomycota and the classes Eurotiomycetes, Dothideomycetes, and Sordariomycetes, divided into 11 orders and 13 families. Most of the isolated fungi belonged to the Sordariomycetes class (40%) and to the Xylaria genus (14%), while Eurotiomycetes was the minority class within the community. Our results reveal the high endophytic richness supporting the life cycle of A. angustifolia and reinforce the necessity for the conservation of this conifer, as many genetic resources can be lost owing to its irrational exploration.

Botryosphaeriaceae species are the major causal agents of walnut dieback worldwide, along with Diaporthe species. Botryosphaeria dothidea and Neofusicoccum parvum are the only two Botryosphaeriaceae species associated with this recently emergent disease in France, and little is known about their diversity, structure, origin and dispersion in French walnut orchards. A total of 381 isolates of both species were genetically typed using a sequence-based microsatellite genotyping (SSR-seq) method. This analysis revealed a low genetic diversity and a high clonality of these populations, in agreement with their clonal mode of reproduction. The genetic similarity among populations, regardless of the tissue type and the presence of symptoms, supports the hypothesis that these pathogens can move between fruits and twigs and display latent pathogen lifestyles. Contrasting genetic patterns between N. parvum populations from Californian and Spanish walnut orchards and the French ones suggested no conclusive evidence for pathogen transmission from infected materials. The high genetic similarity with French vineyards populations suggested instead putative transmission between these hosts, which was also observed with B. dothidea populations. Overall, this study provides critical insight into the epidemiology of two important pathogens involved in the emerging dieback of French walnut orchards, including their distribution, potential to mate, putative origin and disease pathways., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: Phylogeographic studies have gained prominence in linking past geological events to the distribution patterns of biodiversity, primarily in mountainous regions. However, such studies often focus on plant taxa, neglecting the intricate biogeographical patterns of microbes, particularly soil microbial communities. This article explores the spatial distribution of the nematode-trapping fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora, a widespread microorganism, in a tectonically active region at the southeastern edge of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. By analysing the genetic variation of this fungus alongside the historical structure of major river watersheds, we sought to uncover potential connections between the two. Our study involved sampling 149 strains from 116 sites across six major watersheds in the region., Results: The resulting haplotype network revealed five distinct clusters, each corresponding closely to a specific watershed. These clusters exhibited high haplotype diversity and low nucleotide diversity, supporting the notion of watershed-based segregation. Further analysis of haplotypes shared across watersheds provided evidence for three proposed past river connections. In particular, we found numerous shared haplotypes between the Yangtze and Mekong basins, as well as between the Yangtze and the Red basins. Evidence for a Irrawaddy-Salween-Red and a Yangtze-Pearl-Red river connections were also portrayed in our mapping exercise., Conclusions: These findings emphasize the crucial role of historical geomorphological events in shaping the biogeography of microbial biodiversity, alongside contemporary biotic and abiotic factors. Watershed perimeters emerged as effective predictors of such patterns, suggesting their suitability as analytical units for regional-scale studies. Our study also demonstrates the potential of microorganisms and phylogeographic approaches to complement traditional geological analyses, providing a more comprehensive understanding of past landscape structure and its evolution., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Field peas are grown by smallholder farmers in Ethiopia for food, fodder, income, and soil fertility. However, leaf diseases such as ascochyta blight, powdery mildew, and leaf spots affect the quantity and quality of this crop as well as crop growth. Experts use visual observation to detect field pea disease. However, this approach is expensive, labor-intensive, and imprecise. Therefore, in this study, we presented a transfer learning approach for the automatic diagnosis of field pea leaf diseases. We classified three field pea leaf diseases: Ascochyta blight, leaf spot, and powdery mildew. A softmax classifier was used to classify the diseases. A total of 1600 images of both healthy and diseased leaves were used to train, validate, and test the pretrained models. According to the experimental results, DenseNet121 achieved 99.73% training accuracy, 99.16% validation accuracy, and 98.33% testing accuracy after 100 epochs. we expect that this research work will offer various benefits for farmers and farm experts. It reduced the cost and time needed for the detection and classification of field pea leaf disease. Thus, a fast, automated, less costly, and accurate detection method is necessary to overcome the detection problem., Competing Interests: NO authors have competing interests, (Copyright: © 2024 Girmaw, Muluneh. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

Black apples are the result of late-stage microbial decomposition after falling to the ground. This phenomenon is highly comparable from year to year, with the filamentous fungus Monilinia fructigena most commonly being the first invader, followed by Penicillium expansum . Motivated by the fact that only little chemistry has been reported from apple microbiomes, we set out to investigate the chemical diversity and potential ecological roles of secondary metabolites (SMs) in a total of 38 black apples. Metabolomics analyses were conducted on either whole apples or small excisions of fungal biomass derived from black apples. Annotation of fungal SMs in black apple extracts was aided by the cultivation of 15 recently isolated fungal strains on 9 different substrates in a One Strain Many Compounds (OSMAC) approach, leading to the identification of 3,319 unique chemical features. Only 6.4% were attributable to known compounds based on analysis of high-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (HPLC-HRMS/MS) data using spectral library matching tools. Of the 1,606 features detected in the black apple extracts, 32% could be assigned as fungal-derived, due to their presence in the OSMAC-based training data set. Notably, the detection of several antifungal compounds indicates the importance of such compounds for the invasion of and control of other microbial competitors on apples. In conclusion, the diversity and abundance of microbial SMs on black apples were found to be much higher than that typically observed for other environmental microbiomes. Detection of SMs known to be produced by the six fungal species tested also highlights a succession of fungal growth following the initial invader M. fructigena .IMPORTANCEMicrobial secondary metabolites constitute a significant reservoir of biologically potent and clinically valuable chemical scaffolds. However, their usefulness is hampered by rapidly developing resistance, resulting in reduced profitability of such research endeavors. Hence, the ecological role of such microbial secondary metabolites must be considered to understand how best to utilize such compounds as chemotherapeutics. Here, we explore an under-investigated environmental microbiome in the case of black apples; a veritable "low-hanging fruit," with relatively high abundances and diversity of microbially produced secondary metabolites. Using both a targeted and untargeted metabolomics approach, the interplay between metabolites, other microbes, and the apple host itself was investigated. This study highlights the surprisingly low incidence of known secondary metabolites in such a system, highlighting the need to study the functionality of secondary metabolites in microbial interactions and complex microbiomes., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Background: Lichens, traditionally considered as a simple partnership primarily between mycobiont and photobiont, are, in reality, complex holobionts comprised of a multitude of microorganisms. Lichen mycobiome represents fungal community residing within lichen thalli. While it is acknowledged that factors like the host lichen species and environmental conditions influence the structure of the lichen mycobiome, the existing research remains insufficient. To investigate which factor, host genus or location, has a greater impact on the lichen mycobiome, we conducted a comparative analysis of mycobiomes within Parmelia and Peltigera collected from both Turkey and South Korea, using high-throughput sequencing based on internal transcribed spacer region amplification., Results: Overall, the lichen mycobiome was dominated by Capnodiales (Dothideomycetes), regardless of host or location. At the order level, the taxonomic composition was not significantly different according to lichen genus host or geographical distance. Hierarchical clustering of the top 100 abundant ASVs did not clearly indicate whether the lichen mycobiome was more influenced by host genus or location. Analyses of community similarity and partitioning variables revealed that the structure of the lichen mycobiome is more significantly influenced by location than by host genus. When analyzing the core mycobiome by host genus, the Peltigera mycobiome contained more ASV members than the Parmelia mycobiome. These two core mycobiomes also share common fungal strains, including basidiomycete yeast. Additionally, we used chi-squared tests to identify host genus-specialists and location-specialists., Conclusions: By comparing lichen mycobiomes of the same genera across different countries, our study advances our comprehension of these microbial communities. Our study elucidates that, although host species play a contributory role, geographic distance exerts a more pronounced impact on the structure of lichen mycobiome. We have made foundational contributions to understanding the lichen mycobiome occupying ecologically crucial niches. We anticipate that broader global-scale investigations into the fungal community structures will provide more detailed insights into fungal residents within lichens., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: Rhizosphere and endophytic fungi play important roles in plant health and crop productivity. However, their community dynamics during the continuous cropping of Knoxia valerianoides have rarely been reported. K. valerianoides is a perennial herb of the family Rubiaceae and has been used in herbal medicines for ages. Here, we used high-throughput sequencing technology Illumina MiSeq to study the structural and functional dynamics of the rhizosphere and endophytic fungi of K. valerianoides., Results: The findings indicate that continuous planting has led to an increase in the richness and diversity of rhizosphere fungi, while concomitantly resulting in a decrease in the richness and diversity of root fungi. The diversity of endophytic fungal communities in roots was lower than that of the rhizosphere fungi. Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were the dominant phyla detected during the continuous cropping of K. valerianoides. In addition, we found that root rot directly affected the structure and diversity of fungal communities in the rhizosphere and the roots of K. valerianoides. Consequently, both the rhizosphere and endophyte fungal communities of root rot-infected plants showed higher richness than the healthy plants. The relative abundance of Fusarium in two and three years old root rot-infected plants was significantly higher than the control, indicating that continuous planting negatively affected the health of K. valerianoides plants. Decision Curve Analysis showed that soil pH, organic matter (OM), available K, total K, soil sucrase (S&#95;SC), soil catalase (S&#95;CAT), and soil cellulase (S&#95;CL) were significantly related (p < 0.05) to the fungal community dynamics., Conclusions: The diversity of fungal species in the rhizosphere and root of K. valerianoides was reported for the first time. The fungal diversity of rhizosphere soil was higher than that of root endophytic fungi. The fungal diversity of root rot plants was higher than that of healthy plants. Soil pH, OM, available K, total K, S&#95;CAT, S&#95;SC, and S&#95;CL were significantly related to the fungal diversity. The occurrence of root rot had an effect on the community structure and diversity of rhizosphere and root endophytic fungi., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

A 3-year-old patient in India experiencing headaches and seizures was diagnosed with a fungal infection, initially misidentified as Cladophialophora bantiana. Follow-up sequencing identified the isolate to be Fonsecaea monophora fungus. This case demonstrates the use of molecular methods for the correct identification of F. monophora, an agent of fungal brain abscess.

Members of the family Trichomeriaceae, belonging to the Chaetothyriales order and the Ascomycota phylum, are known for their capability to inhabit hostile environments characterized by extreme temperatures, oligotrophic conditions, drought, or presence of toxic compounds. The genus Knufia encompasses many polyextremophilic species. In this report, the genomic and morphological features of the strain FJI-L2-BK-P2 presented, which was isolated from the Mars 2020 mission spacecraft assembly facility located at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California. The identification is based on sequence alignment for marker genes, multi-locus sequence analysis, and whole genome sequence phylogeny. The morphological features were studied using a diverse range of microscopic techniques (bright field, phase contrast, differential interference contrast and scanning electron microscopy). The phylogenetic marker genes of the strain FJI-L2-BK-P2 exhibited highest similarities with type strain of Knufia obscura (CBS 148926 T ) that was isolated from the gas tank of a car in Italy. To validate the species identity, whole genomes of both strains (FJI-L2-BK-P2 and CBS 148926 T ) were sequenced, annotated, and strain FJI-L2-BK-P2 was confirmed as K. obscura. The morphological analysis and description of the genomic characteristics of K. obscura FJI-L2-BK-P2 may contribute to refining the taxonomy of Knufia species. Key morphological features are reported in this K. obscura strain, resembling microsclerotia and chlamydospore-like propagules. These features known to be characteristic features in black fungi which could potentially facilitate their adaptation to harsh environments., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Morchella spongiola is a highly prized mushroom for its delicious flavor and medical value and is one of the most flourishing, representative, and dominant macrofungi in the Qilian Mountains of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau subkingdoms (QTPs). However, the understanding of M. spongiola remains largely unknown, and its taxonomy is ambiguous. In this study, we redescribed a unique species of M. spongiola, i.e., micromorphology, molecular data, genomics, and comparative genomics, and the historical biogeography of M. spongiola were estimated for 182 single-copy homologous genes. A high-quality chromosome-level reference genome of M. spongiola M12-10 was obtained by combining PacBio HiFi data and Illumina sequencing technologies; it was approximately 57.1 Mb (contig N50 of 18.14 Mb) and contained 9775 protein-coding genes. Comparative genome analysis revealed considerable conservation and unique characteristics between M. spongiola M12-10 and 32 other Morchella species. Molecular phylogenetic analysis indicated that M. spongiola M12-10 is similar to the M. prava/Mes-7 present in sandy soil near rivers, differentiating from black morels ~ 43.06 Mya (million years ago), and diverged from M. parva/Mes-7 at approximately 12.85 Mya (in the Miocene epoch), which is closely related to the geological activities in the QTPs (in the Neogene). Therefore, M. spongiola is a unique species rather than a synonym of M. vulgaris/Mes-5, which has a distinctive grey-brown sponge-like ascomata. This genome of M. spongiola M12-10 is the first published genome sequence of the species in the genus Morchella from the QTPs, which could aid future studies on functional gene identification, germplasm resource management, and molecular breeding efforts, as well as evolutionary studies on the Morchella taxon in the QTPs., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: Cobweb disease is a fungal disease that commonly affects the cultivation and production of edible mushrooms, leading to serious yield and economic losses. It is considered a major fungal disease in the realm of edible mushrooms. The symptoms of cobweb disease were found during the cultivation of Lyophyllum decastes. This study aimed to identify the causative pathogen of cobweb disease and evaluate effective fungicides, providing valuable insights for field control and management of L. decastes cobweb disease., Results: The causal agent of cobweb disease was isolated from samples infected and identified as Cladobotryum mycophilum based on morphological and cultural characteristics, as well as multi-locus phylogeny analysis (ITS, RPB1, RPB2, and TEF1-α). Pathogenicity tests further confirmed C. mycophilum as the responsible pathogen for this condition. Among the selected fungicides, Prochloraz-manganese chloride complex, Trifloxystrobin, tebuconazole, and Difenoconazole exhibited significant inhibitory effects on the pathogen's mycelium, with EC50 values of 0.076 µg/mL, 0.173 µg/mL, and 0.364 µg/mL, respectively. These fungicides can serve as references for future field control of cobweb disease in L. decastes., Conclusion: This study is the first report of C. mycophilum as the causing agent of cobweb disease in L. decastes in China. Notably, Prochloraz-manganese chloride complex demonstrated the strongest inhibitory efficacy against C. mycophilum., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Dynamic transposition of transposable elements (TEs) in fungal pathogens has significant impact on genome stability, gene expression, and virulence to the host. In Magnaporthe oryzae , genome plasticity resulting from TE insertion is a major driving force leading to the rapid evolution and diversification of this fungus. Despite their importance in M. oryzae population evolution and divergence, our understanding of TEs in this context remains limited. Here, we conducted a genome-wide analysis of TE transposition dynamics in the 11 most abundant TE families in M. oryzae populations. Our results show that these TEs have specifically expanded in recently isolated M. oryzae rice populations, with the presence/absence polymorphism of TE insertions highly concordant with population divergence on Geng/ Japonica and Xian/ Indica rice cultivars. Notably, the genes targeted by clade-specific TEs showed clade-specific expression patterns and are involved in the pathogenic process, suggesting a transcriptional regulation of TEs on targeted genes. Our study provides a comprehensive analysis of TEs in M. oryzae populations and demonstrates a crucial role of recent TE bursts in adaptive evolution and diversification of the M. oryzae rice-infecting lineage., Importance: Magnaporthe oryzae is the causal agent of the destructive blast disease, which caused massive loss of yield annually worldwide. The fungus diverged into distinct clades during adaptation toward the two rice subspecies, Xian/ Indica and Geng/ Japonica . Although the role of TEs in the adaptive evolution was well established, mechanisms underlying how TEs promote the population divergence of M. oryzae remain largely unknown. In this study, we reported that TEs shape the population divergence of M. oryzae by differentially regulating gene expression between Xian/ Indica -infecting and Geng/ Japonica -infecting populations. Our results revealed a TE insertion-mediated gene expression adaption that led to the divergence of M. oryzae population infecting different rice subspecies., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

The genetic architecture of mating-type loci in lichen-forming fungi has been characterized in very few taxa. Despite the limited data, and in contrast to all other major fungal lineages, arrangements that have both mating-type alleles in a single haploid genome have been hypothesized to be absent from the largest lineage of lichen-forming fungi, the Lecanoromycetes. We report the discovery of both mating-type alleles from the haploid genomes of three species within this group. Our results demonstrate that Lecanoromycetes are not an outlier among Ascomycetes., (Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution 2024.)

Most species of Dothiora are known from the dead parts of various host plants as saprobic fungi in terrestrial habitats occurring in tropical and temperate regions. In the present study, samples of Dothiora were collected from dead twigs and branches of Capparis spinosa , Rhaponticum repens , and an unknown angiosperm plant from the Tashkent and Jizzakh regions of Uzbekistan. Multi-gene phylogenetic analyses based on a combined ITS, LSU, SSU, TEF1 , and TUB2 sequence data revealed their taxonomic positions within the Dothideaceae. Three new species of Dothiora , namely, Dothiora capparis , Dothiora rhapontici , and Dothiora uzbekistanica were proposed by molecular and morphological data. Likewise, the phylogenetic relationship and morphology of Dothiora are discussed. In addition, we provide a list of accepted Dothiora species, including host information, distribution, morphology descriptions, and availability of sequence data, to enhance the current knowledge of the diversity within Dothiora ., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. The author SH declared that they were an editorial board member of Frontiers, at the time of submission. This had no impact on the peer review process and the final decision., (Copyright © 2024 Senwanna, Hongsanan, Khuna, Kumla, Yarasheva, Gafforov, Abdurazakov and Suwannarach.)

Pestalotioid fungi have been frequently studied with respect to their morphology, molecular phylogeny, and pathogenicity. Monochaetia is a pestalotioid genus that is morphologically characterized by 5-celled conidia with single apical and basal appendages. In the present study, fungal isolates were obtained from diseased leaves of Fagaceae hosts in China in 2016 to 2021 and identified based on morphology and phylogenetic analyses of the 5.8S nuclear ribosomal DNA gene with the two flanking internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions, the nuclear ribosomal large subunit (LSU) region, the translation elongation factor 1-α ( tef1 ) gene, and the β-tubulin ( tub2 ) gene. As a result, five new species are proposed here, namely, Monochaetia hanzhongensis, Monochaetia lithocarpi, Monochaetia lithocarpicola, Monochaetia quercicola, and Monochaetia shaanxiensis. In addition, pathogenicity tests for these five species and Monochaetia castaneae from Castanea mollissima were conducted with detached leaves of Chinese chestnut. Results demonstrated that only M. castaneae successfully infected the host C. mollissima and caused brown lesions. IMPORTANCE Monochaetia is a pestalotioid genus, with members that are commonly known as leaf pathogens or saprobes; some strains were isolated from air, in which case their natural substrate is so far unknown. Fagaceae represents an ecologically and economically important plant family that is widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere, including an important tree crop species, Castanea mollissima, which is widely cultivated in China. In the present study, diseased leaves of Fagaceae in China were investigated, and five new Monochaetia species were introduced based on morphology and phylogeny of combined ITS, LSU, tef1 , and tub2 loci. Additionally, six species of Monochaetia were inoculated onto healthy leaves of the crop host Castanea mollissima to test their pathogenicity. The present study provides significant data on the species diversity, taxonomy, and host range of Monochaetia and enhances our understanding of leaf diseases of Fagaceae hosts., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

We show that obligate lignicoles in lichenized Micarea are predominately asexual whereas most facultative lignicoles reproduce sexually. Our phylogenetic analyses (ITS, mtSSU, Mcm7) together with ancestral state reconstruction show that the shift in reproduction mode has evolved independently several times within the group and that facultative and obligate lignicoles are sister species. The analyses support the assumption that the ancestor of these species was a facultative lignicole. We hypothezise that a shift in substrate requirement from bark to wood leads to differentiation in reproduction mode and becomes a driver of speciation. This is the first example of lichenized fungi where reproduction mode is connected to substrate requirement. This is also the first example where such an association is demonstrated to spark lichen speciation. Our main hypothesis is that obligate species on dead wood need to colonize new suitable substrata relatively fast and asexual reproduction is more effective a strategy for successful colonization., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved process in eukaryotes, which is regulated by autophagy-related genes (ATGs). Arthrobotrys oligospora is a representative species of nematode-trapping (NT) fungi that can produce special traps for nematode predation. To elucidate the biological roles of autophagy in NT fungi, we characterized an orthologous Atg protein, AoAtg5, in A. oligospora. We found that AoATG5 deletion causes a significant reduction in vegetative growth and conidiation, and that the transcript levels of several sporulation-related genes were significantly downregulated during sporulation stage. In addition, the cell nuclei were significantly reduced in the ΔAoATG5 mutant, and the transcripts of several genes involved in DNA biosynthesis, repair, and ligation were significantly upregulated. In ΔAoATG5 mutants, the autophagic process was significantly impaired, and trap formation and nematocidal activity were significantly decreased. Comparative transcriptome analysis results showed that AoAtg5 is involved in the regulation of multiple cellular processes, such as autophagy, nitrogen metabolism, DNA biosynthesis and repair, and vesicular transport. In summary, our results suggest that AoAtg5 is essential for autophagy and significantly contributes to vegetative growth, cell nucleus development, sporulation, trap formation, and pathogenicity in A. oligospora, thus providing a basis for future studies focusing on related mechanisms of autophagy in NT fungi., (© 2022. Science China Press and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Truffles represent the best known and most expensive edible mushroom. Known as Ascomycetes , they belong to the genus Tuber and live in symbiosis with plant host roots. Due to their extraordinary taste and smell, truffles are sold worldwide for high prices of up to 3000-5000 euros per kilogram ( Tuber magnatum &nbsp;PICO). Amongst black truffles, the species Tuber melanosporum &nbsp;VITTAD. is highly regarded for its organoleptic properties. Nonetheless, numerous different sorts of black truffle are offered at lower prices, including Tuber aestivum &nbsp;VITTAD., Tuber indicum and Tuber uncinatum , which represent the most frequently consumed types. Because truffles do not differ visually for inexperienced consumers, food fraud is likely to occur. In particular, for the highly prized Tuber melanosporum , which morphologically forms very similar fruiting bodies to those of Tuber indicum , there is a risk of fraud via imported truffles from Asia. In this study, 126 truffle samples belonging to the four mentioned species were investigated by four different NIR instruments, including three miniaturized devices-the Tellspec Enterprise Sensor, the VIAVI solutions MicroNIR 1700 and the Consumer Physics SCiO-working on different technical principles. Three different types of measurement techniques were applied for all instruments (outer shell, rotational device and fruiting body) in order to identify the best results for classification and quality assurance in a non-destructive manner. Results provided differentiation with an accuracy up to 100% for the expensive Tuber melanosporum from Tuber indicum . Classification between Tuber melanosporum , Tuber indicum , Tuber aestivum and Tuber uncinatum could also be achieved with success of 100%. In addition, quality monitoring including discrimination between fresh and frozen/thawed, and prediction of the approximate date of harvesting, was performed. Furthermore, feasibility studies according to the geographical origin of the truffle were attempted. The presented work compares the performance for prediction and quality monitoring of portable vs. benchtop NIR devices and applied measurement techniques in order to be able to present a suitable, accurate, fast, non-destructive and reliable method for consumers.

True truffle ( Tuber spp.) is one group of ascomycetes with great economic importance. During the last 30 years, numerous fine-scale population genetics studies were conducted on different truffle species, aiming to answer several key questions regarding their life cycles; these questions are important for their cultivation. It is now evident that truffles are heterothallic, but with a prevalent haploid lifestyle. Strains forming ectomycorrhizas and germinating ascospores act as maternal and paternal partners respectively. At the same time, a number of large-scale studies were carried out, highlighting the influences of the last glaciation and river isolations on the genetic structure of truffles. A retreat to southern refugia during glaciation, and a northward expansion post glaciation, were revealed in all studied European truffles. The Mediterranean Sea, acting as a barrier, has led to the existence of several refugia in different peninsulas for a single species. Similarly, large rivers in southwestern China act as physical barriers to gene flow for truffles in this region. Further studies can pay special attention to population genetics of species with a wide distribution range, such as T. himalayense , and the correlation between truffle genetic structure and the community composition of truffle-associated bacteria.

Quantitative resistance is considered more durable than qualitative resistance as it does not involve major resistance genes that can be easily overcome by pathogen populations, but rather a combination of genes with a lower individual effect. This durability means that quantitative resistance could be an interesting tool for breeding crops that would not systematically require phytosanitary products. Quantitative resistance has yet to reveal all of its intricacies. Here, we delve into the case of the wheat/Septoria tritici blotch (STB) pathosystem. Using a population resulting from a cross between French cultivar Renan, generally resistant to STB, and Chinese Spring, a cultivar susceptible to the disease, we built an ultra-dense genetic map that carries 148,820 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. Phenotyping the interaction was done with two different Zymoseptoria tritici strains with contrasted pathogenicities on Renan. A linkage analysis led to the detection of three quantitative trait loci (QTL) related to resistance in Renan. These QTL, on chromosomes 7B, 1D, and 5D, present with an interesting diversity as that on 7B was detected with both fungal strains, while those on 1D and 5D were strain-specific. The resistance on 7B was located in the region of Stb8 and the resistance on 1D colocalized with Stb19 . However, the resistance on 5D was new, so further designated Stb20q . Several wall-associated kinases (WAK), nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeats (NB-LRR) type, and kinase domain carrying genes were present in the QTL regions, and some of them were expressed during the infection. These results advocate for a role of Stb genes in quantitative resistance and for resistance in the wheat/STB pathosystem being as a whole quantitative and polygenic.

Verticillium dahliae is a widespread soilborne fungus that causes Verticillium wilt on numerous economically important plant species. In tomato, until now, three races have been characterized based on the response of differential cultivars to V. dahliae, but the genetic basis of race divergence in V. dahliae remains undetermined. To investigate the genetic basis of race divergence, we sequenced the genomes of two race 2 strains and four race 3 strains for comparative analyses with two known race 1 genomes. The genetic basis of race divergence was described by the pathogenicity-related genes among the three races, orthologue analyses, and genomic structural variations. Global comparative genomics showed that chromosomal rearrangements are not the only source of race divergence and that race 3 should be split into two genotypes based on orthologue clustering. Lineage-specific regions (LSRs), frequently observed between genomes of the three races, encode several predicted secreted proteins that potentially function as suppressors of immunity triggered by known effectors. These likely contribute to the virulence of the three races. Two genes in particular that can act as markers for race 2 and race 3 ( VdR2e and VdR3e , respectively) contribute to virulence on tomato, and the latter acts as an avirulence factor of race 3. We elucidated the genetic basis of race divergence through global comparative genomics and identified secreted proteins in LSRs that could potentially play critical roles in the differential virulence among the races in V. dahliae. IMPORTANCE Deciphering the gene-for-gene relationships during host-pathogen interactions is the basis of modern plant resistance breeding. In the Verticillium dahliae-tomato pathosystem, two races (races 1 and 2) and their corresponding avirulence ( Avr ) genes have been identified, but strains that lack these two Avr genes exist in nature. In this system, race 3 has been described, but the corresponding Avr gene has not been identified. We de novo -sequenced genomes of six strains and identified secreted proteins within the lineage-specific regions (LSRs) distributed among the genomes of the three races that could potentially function as manipulators of host immunity. One of the LSR genes, VdR3e , was confirmed as the Avr gene for race 3. The results indicate that differences in transcriptional regulation may contribute to race differentiation. This is the first study to describe these differences and elucidate roles of secreted proteins in LSRs that play roles in race differentiation.

Pleurostoma species are wood-inhabiting fungi and emerging opportunistic pathogens causing phaeohyphomycosis. In this study, we isolated a dematiaceous fungus, HKU44 T , from the subhepatic abscess pus and drain fluids of a liver transplant recipient with post-transplant biliary and hepatico-jejunostomy bypass strictures. Histology of the abscess wall biopsy showed abundant fungal hyphae. The patient survived after a second liver transplant and antifungal therapy. On SDA, HKU44 T grew initially as white powdery colonies which turned beige upon maturation. Hyphae were septate and hyaline. Phialides were monophialidic and laterally located, generally closely associated to a cluster of conidia which were usually reniform. Phylogenetic analyses showed that HKU44 T is most closely related to, but distinct from, Pleurostoma ootheca and Pleurostoma repens . These suggested that HKU44 T is a novel Pleurostoma species, for which the name Pleurostoma hongkongense sp. nov. is proposed. Antifungal susceptibility testing showed that Pleurostoma species possessed high MICs/MECs for fluconazole, 5-flucytosine and the echinocandins; whereas they exhibited a high strain-to-strain variability to the susceptibilities to the other triazoles. As for amphotericin B, ∼65% of the Pleurostoma strains had low MICs (≤1 µg/mL). DNA sequencing should be performed to accurately identify fungi with Pleurostoma/Phialophora -like morphologies, so is antifungal susceptibility testing for patients with Pleurostoma infections.

Suaeda australis, Phragmites australis, Suaeda maritima, Suaeda glauca Bunge, and Limonium tetragonum in the Seocheon salt marsh on the west coast of the Korean Penincula were sampled in order to identify the endophytes inhabiting the roots. A total of 128 endophytic fungal isolates belonging to 31 different genera were identified using the fungal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions and the 5.8S ribosomal RNA gene. Fusarium, Paraconiothyrium and Alternaria were the most commonly isolated genera in the plant root samples. Various diversity indicators were used to assess the diversity of the isolated fungi. Pure cultures containing each of the 128 endophytic fungi, respectively, were tested for the plant growth-promoting abilities of the fungus on Waito-C rice germinals. The culture filtrate of the isolate Lt-1-3-3 significantly increased the growth of shoots compared to the shoots treated with the control. Lt-1-3-3 culture filtrate was analyzed and showed the presence of gibberellins (GA 1 2.487 ng/ml, GA 3 2.592 ng/ml, GA 9 3.998, and GA 24 6.191 ng/ml). The culture filtrate from the Lt-1-3-3 fungal isolate produced greater amounts of GA 9 and GA 24 than the wild-type Gibberella fujikuroi , a fungus known to produce large amounts of gibberellins. By the molecular analysis, fungal isolate Lt-1-3-3 was identified as Gibberella intermedia, with 100% similarity.

An investigation of members of the soil keratinophilic fungi community in China resulted in the identification of one new monotypic genus, Zongqia , and 10 new species, 2 of which are affiliated with Solomyces , 1 with the new genus Zongqia , 4 with Pseudogymnoascus , and 3 with Scedosporium . These novel taxa form an independent lineage distinct from other species, based on morphological and multilocus phylogenetic analyses. Descriptions, illustrations, and notes are provided for each taxon. These new taxa of the soil keratinophilic fungi add to the increasing number of fungi known from China, and it is now evident that numerous novel taxa are waiting to be described. IMPORTANCE Keratinophilic fungi are a group that can degrade and utilize keratin-rich material. It is also because of this ability that many taxa can cause infections in animals or humans but remain poorly studied. In this study, we reported a novel genus and 10 novel species, 7 novel species belonging to the order Thelebolales and 3 to the genus Scedosporium , based on multilocus phylogenetic analyses combined with morphological characteristics. Our study significantly updates the taxonomy of Thelebolales and Scedosporium and enhances our understanding of this group of the keratin-degrading fungal community. The findings also encourage future studies on the artificially constructed keratin-degrading microbial consortia.

The use of monoamine oxidases (MAOs) in amine oxidation is a great example of how biocatalysis can be applied in the agricultural or pharmaceutical industry and manufacturing of fine chemicals to make a shift from traditional chemical synthesis towards more sustainable green chemistry. This article reports the screening of fourteen Antarctic fungi strains for MAO activity and the discovery of a novel psychrozyme MAOP3 isolated from the Pseudogymnoascus sp. P3. The activity of the native enzyme was 1350 ± 10.5 U/L towards a primary ( n -butylamine) amine, and 1470 ± 10.6 U/L towards a secondary (6,6-dimethyl-3-azabicyclohexane) amine. MAO P3 has the potential for applications in biotransformations due to its wide substrate specificity (aliphatic and cyclic amines, pyrrolidine derivatives). The psychrozyme operates at an optimal temperature of 30 °C, retains 75% of activity at 20 °C, and is rather thermolabile, which is beneficial for a reduction in the overall costs of a bioprocess and offers a convenient way of heat inactivation. The reported biocatalyst is the first psychrophilic MAO; its unique biochemical properties, substrate specificity, and effectiveness predispose MAO P3 for use in environmentally friendly, low-emission biotransformations.

Pathogens cause significant challenges to global food security. On annual crops, pathogens must re-infect from environmental sources in every growing season. Fungal pathogens have evolved mixed reproductive strategies to cope with the distinct challenges of colonizing growing plants. However, how pathogen diversity evolves during growing seasons remains largely unknown. Here, we performed a deep hierarchical sampling in a single experimental wheat field infected by the major fungal pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici . We analysed whole genome sequences of 177 isolates collected from 12 distinct cultivars replicated in space at three time points of the growing season to maximize capture of genetic diversity. The field population was highly diverse with 37 SNPs per kilobase, a linkage disequilibrium decay within 200-700 bp and a high effective population size. Using experimental infections, we tested a subset of the collected isolates on the dominant cultivar planted in the field. However, we found no significant difference in virulence of isolates collected from the same cultivar compared to isolates collected on other cultivars. About 20 % of the isolate genotypes were grouped into 15 clonal groups. Pairs of clones were disproportionally found at short distances (<5 m), consistent with experimental estimates for per-generation dispersal distances performed in the same field. This confirms predominant leaf-to-leaf transmission during the growing season. Surprisingly, levels of clonality did not increase over time in the field although reproduction is thought to be exclusively asexual during the growing season. Our study shows that the pathogen establishes vast and stable gene pools in single fields. Monitoring short-term evolutionary changes in crop pathogens will inform more durable strategies to contain diseases.

In this study, we examined endophytic fungi in leaves of Mandevilla catimbauensis, an endemic plant species found in the Brazilian dry forest (Caatinga), and endophytic fungi's potential to produce L-asparaginase (L-ASNase). In total, 66 endophytes were isolated, and the leaf-fragment colonisation rate was 11.78%. Based on morphology, internal transcribed spacer (ITS), and partial large subunit (LSU) of ribosomal DNA sequencing, the endophytic fungi isolated belonged to six Ascomycota orders (Botryosphaeriales, Capnodiales, Diaporthales, Eurotiales, Marthamycetales, and Pleosporales). Phyllosticta species were the most frequent endophytes isolated (23 isolates [45.1%] from two species). The Shannon-Wiener and Fisher alpha index average values were 0.56 and 3.26, respectively. Twenty endophytes were randomly selected for the L-ASNase production test, of which fourteen isolates showed potential to produce the enzyme (0.48-2.22 U g -1 ), especially Phyllosticta catimbauensis URM 7672 (2.22 U g -1 ) and Cladosporium sp. G45 (2.11 U g -1 ). Phyllosticta catimbauensis URM 7672 was selected for the partial optimisation of L-ASNase production because of its ability to generate considerable amounts of enzyme. We obtained the highest L-ASNase activity (3.47 U g -1 ), representing an increase of 36.02% in enzymatic production, under the following experimental conditions: a pH of 4.2, 1.0% inoculum concentration, and 2.5% L-asparagine concentration. Our study showed that M. catimbauensis harbours an important diversity of endophytic fungi with biotechnological potential for L-ASNase production., (© 2021. Sociedade Brasileira de Microbiologia.)