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RESUMEN Objetivo: este artículo explora el debate de ideas políticas entre los periódicos de la Corte de Río de Janeiro, en el contexto de las negociaciones de paz entre la Argentina, el Imperio del Brasil y el Paraguay, en 1872. Metodologia: mediante la indagación de las columnas del Jornal de Commercio, A Reforma y A República, así como de la observación de las negociaciones externas y las disputas internas, el trabajo trata de comprender, en toda su complejidad, los episodios diplomáticos de 1872. Originalidad: se trata de sucesos mencionados con poca profundidad en la bibliografia sobre las relaciones internacionales del Cono Sur. Conclusiones: el estudio de estos periódicos, en paralelo al análisis de eventos y personalidades, revela que los debates políticos de la prensa en la Corte se enfocaron principalmente en estrategias y métodos de la diplomacia imperial, como una manera de llevar al escenario externo las pujas de la política doméstica, sin cuestionar la legitimidad de la política exterior tradicional del Brasil frente a las rivalidades con las repúblicas del Río de la Plata. ABSTRACT Objective: This article explores the debate of political ideas among the newspapers of the Court of Rio de Janeiro, in the context of the peace negotiations between Argentina, the Empire of Brazil and Paraguay, in 1872. Methodology: By analyzing the columns of the Jornal de Commercio, A Reforma and A República, and observing the external negotiations and internal disputes, this paper seeks to understand the complex diplomatic episodes of 1872. Originality: This affair is yet to be explored in depth by literature on international relations of the Southern Cone. Conclusions: The study of these newspapers, in parallel to the analysis of events and certain individuals, reveals that the political debates of the press at the Court concentrated mainly on the strategies and methods of imperial diplomacy, as a way of bringing domestic policy proposals to the external stage, without questioning the legitimacy of Brazil's traditional foreign policy in the face of rivalries with the River Plate republics. RESUMO Objetivo: o objetivo do artigo é explorar o debate de ideias políticas entre os jornais da Corte do Rio de Janeiro, no contexto das negociações de paz entre a Argentina, o Império do Brasil e o Paraguai, em 1872. Metodologia: mediante a indagação das colunas do Jornal de Commercio, A Reforma e A República e a análise das negociações externas e as disputas internas, o trabalho trata de compreender, em toda a sua complexidade, os episódios diplomáticos de 1872. Originalidade: esses eventos têm sido mencionados, mas pouco aprofundados na bibliografia das relações internacionais do Cone Sul. Conclusões: o estudo dos jornais, de maneira sincrònica à análise dos eventos e das personalidades em jogo, revela que os debates políticos da imprensa na Corte se concentraram principalmente nas estratégias e nos métodos da diplomacia imperial, como uma maneira de levar ao cenário externo as propostas da política doméstica, sem questionar a legitimidade da política externa tradicional do Brasil frente às rivalidades com as repúblicas do Rio da Prata.

Military diplomacy incorporates measures adopted by a country to enhance its defence and security capabilities. States engage in military diplomacy to share intelligence, equipment, and resources necessary to safeguard their interests. This study examined trends of Kenya-Britain military diplomacy under four regimes. The focus was on the critical areas of military diplomacy, cooperation and assistance between Kenya and Britain, trends of trade in military equipment and the factors that have influenced military diplomacy and trade in military hardware and software between Kenya and Britain from 1963 to 2017. The study was based on two theories – interdependence liberalism and realism. The study used the historical research design to trace the nature of cooperation and momentous events influencing military diplomacy. Purposive sampling was used to arrive at a sample size of 70 derived from the target population comprising the military, ministry of foreign affairs, and experts in international relations. Field data were collected through oral interviews and Focused Group Discussions. Secondary data was sourced from conference papers, books and journals. Collected data were grouped, corroborated, and presented using content analysis. The study concludes that Kenya and Britain have engaged in military diplomacy for a long time. After Kenya attained independence from Britain, the latter immediately became instrumental in forming a military and laying necessary security and defence structures in her former colony. Britain, therefore, became Kenya's long-standing defence and security partner. Britain and Kenya signed several agreements to cement these relations that enabled the British Army to train in Kenya and conduct joint military exercises to offer military assistance to their Kenyan counterparts. Moreover, Britain supplied Kenya with military equipment and arms. But military cooperation between Kenya and Britain has shifted over the four regimes. Geopolitics and globalization have made Kenya open the doors of her militaries to more countries, especially in acquiring its military equipment. Consequently, volumes of trade imports in military equipment from Britain to Kenya have declined. This trend has been influenced by economic and political sanctions levelled on Kenya in the advent of multiparty democracy in the early 1990s and the look-east policy adopted by Kenya to cushion her from the stringent measures on funding from the West. As a result, China, Oman and Jordan are emerging as Kenya's new trade partners in military equipment. This notwithstanding, Kenya still enjoys close business ties with Britain in military circles. The recommendations point that Kenya should strengthen its military diplomacy with Britain to enhance its national security and access to military capacity. Further research needs to be done on emerging military capacity, especially in intelligence gathering and sharing.

Diplomacy has played a key role in conflicts since ancient times. Over time, the role of diplomatic agents has changed, to take on, gradually, greater importance especially in wartime. This article focuses on the activities of the Italian foreign service in World War II and on the role of diplomats during the civil war that followed the fall of Fascism and the subsequent armistice with the Allies. In this dramatic context, some diplomats confirmed their loyalty to the king, while others joined the new-born Italian Social Republic, a puppet state ruled by Mussolini under the protection of Nazi Germany. Somewhere, two Italian diplomatic representations coexisted shortly. A page in the history of diplomacy, unknown to wide audience, that this contribution aims to bring to light. The paper strives to draw conclusions on the implications and consequences of this 'diplomatic civil war' on post-war Italian foreign policy. info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion