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• Non-zero I/(Ca + Mg) values were detected in Archean and Paleoproterozoic shallow marine carbonates. • The samples are from several locations and range in age from 2.93 to 2.31 Ga. • These non-zero values indicate the original localized presence of dissolved marine oxygen. Marine oxygenation during the Archean and Paleoproterozoic is poorly constrained. Iodine in carbonate is a possible oxygen indicator. We obtained molar ratios of iodine to calcium-magnesium [I/(Ca + Mg)] for 2.93–2.31 Ga from shallow marine Ca-carbonate (limestone, dolostone) platform sediments at several locations in the southern Superior Province in Canada and the USA. Maximum I/(Ca + Mg) ratios obtained are 0.13, 0.26, 0.05 and 0.22 μmol/mol, for 2.93, 2.86, 2.80 and 2.31 Ga samples, respectively. These non-zero carbonate I/(Ca + Mg) ratios indicate localized oxygen in Archean and Paleoproterozoic shallow marine environments. These data support an early origin for biological oxygen-production and, specifically, the idea that mid-late Archean oxygenation was sufficient to facilitate Ca-carbonate precipitation in shallow marine 'oxygen oases' adjacent to anoxic iron-rich seas [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Proterozoic evolution of Laurentia involved intermittent orogens and arc-related crustal growth along a modern-style convergent margin, termed the Great Proterozoic Accretionary Orogen (GPAO). The major lithotectonic provinces of the GPAO in the United States are exposed as telescoped equivalents within the thrust stack of the Grenville Province in Canada. We report zircon U Pb and Lu Hf isotope analyses for two orthogneisses and one quartzite from Archean and Paleoproterozoic domains in the gneiss belt of the SW Grenville Province, Canada. The data constrains Paleoproterozoic crustal growth and sedimentation for this part of the Laurentian margin. The orthogneisses have similar zircon U Pb and Lu Hf isotope systematics that reflect igneous reworking (ca. 1700–1660 Ma) of a Penokean aged (ca. 1.9 Ga) depleted mantle derived source, along with metamorphic reactivation at both ca. 1.45 Ga and during the Grenville Orogeny (1.2–1.0 Ga). The quartzite has a bimodal Paleoproterozoic (2.1–1.8 Ga) and Archean (> 2.5 Ga) detrital zircon age spectrum. The Paleoproterozoic detrital zircon grains have a wide range of Hf(t) compositions (εHf(t) = −12.5 to 10) reflecting co-eval interaction of Archean and depleted Paleoproterozoic sources, contrasted by a more restricted range for the Archean population (εHf(t) = −7 to 4). The new data support the presence of reworked ca. 1.9 Ga depleted mantle sources in the Paleoproterozoic Parautochthon, which extend further east than previously thought. They also identify correlations amongst detrital zircon age spectra and Hf isotope compositions in quartzites from different locations of the Archean Parautochthon. • Juvenile Penokean sources (∼1.9 Ga) extend into the SW Grenville Province. • Penokean (∼1.9 Ga) crust-mantle mixing recorded by detrital zircon Lu Hf isotopes. • Erosion and redeposition of sedimentary sinks can mask orogen detrital systematics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Late Archean granitic plutons in northeastern Superior Province have diverse sources. • Four granitic suites record transition from plume-dominated regime to plate tectonics. • The ∼2730–2700 Ma subduction-related plutonism is the major crustal growth event. • The transition between tectonic regimes occurred over a short time span of 30 My. • The transition was markedly diachronous across the Superior Province. The Superior Province in Canada represents an excellent natural laboratory to test various models of crustal growth and evaluate tectonic regimes during the late Archean. Here, we present new geochemical and geochronological data for ca. 2.8–2.7 Ga plutons intruding different lithotectonic units of the north-eastern part of the Superior Province that demonstrate a complex nature and evolution of magma sources in relation to a changing tectonic setting. Four distinct plutonic suites were newly identified: (1) sodic tonalite–diorite (TD) with a composition resembling low-pressure TTG-like melts, (2) sodic tonalite–granodiorite–diorite (TGD) with medium/high-pressure TTG-like signatures, (3) Mg–K-rich monzogranite to monzodiorite (sanukitoids; MMD), and (4) K-rich granodiorite–granite–monzogranite (GGM). These suites are interpreted as recording a temporal evolution from plume-assisted melting of lower mafic continental crust through melting of a subducted oceanic slab at different depths to large-scale re-melting of the previously formed and amalgamated crustal units. In this evolutionary scheme, the ∼2730–2700 Ma subduction-related plutonism is the most voluminous addition of the juvenile arc material and thus represents the most significant crustal growth event. Altogether, the above inferences and published data suggest that the late Archean plutonism in the Superior Province formed during a transitional regime from plume-dominated to plate-tectonic over a short time span between ∼2730 and ∼2700 Ma and that this transition was markedly diachronous across the Province. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]