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The motility pattern of the reticulo-rumen is a key factor affecting feed intake, rumen digesta residence time, and rumen fermentation. However, it is difficult to study reticulo-ruminal motility using general methods owing to the complexity of the reticulo-ruminal structure. Thus, we aimed to develop a technique to demonstrate the reticulo-ruminal motility pattern in static goats. Six Xiangdong black goats (half bucks and half does, body weight 29.5 ± 1.0 kg) were used as model specimens. Reticulo-ruminal motility videos were obtained using medical barium meal imaging technology. Videos were then analyzed using image annotation and the centroid method. The results showed that reticulo-ruminal motility was divided into primary (stages I, II, III, and IV) and secondary contraction, and the movements of ruminal digesta depended on reticulo-ruminal motility. Our results indicated common motility between the ruminal dorsal sac and ruminal dorsal blind sac. We observed that stages I (3.92 vs. 3.21 s) (P < 0.01), II (4.81 vs. 4.23 s) (P < 0.01), and III (5.65 vs. 5.15 s) (P < 0.05); interval (53.79 vs. 50.95 s); secondary contraction time (10.5 vs. 10 s); and were longer, whereas stage IV appeared to be shorter in the bucks than in the does (7.83 vs. 14.67 s) (P < 0.01). The feasibility of using barium meal imaging technology for assessing reticulo-ruminal and digesta motility was verified in our study. We determined the duration of each stage of reticulo-ruminal motility and collected data on the duration and interval of each stage of ruminal motility in goats. This research provides new insights for the study of gastrointestinal motility and lays a solid foundation for the study of artificial rumen.

Background and objectiveBleeding following endoscopic variceal ligation (EVL) may occur as a result of numerous factors, including a diameter of esophageal varices (EV) that is too large to be completely ligated. The present study aimed to develop an artificial intelligence-based endoscopic virtual ruler (EVR) to measure the diameter of EV with a view to finding more suitable cases for EVL.MethodsThe present study was a multicenter retrospective study that included a total of 1,062 EVLs in 727 patients with liver cirrhosis with EV, who underwent EVL from April 2016 to March 2023. Patients were divided into early rebleeding (n = 80) and non-rebleeding groups (n = 982) according to whether postoperative bleeding occurred at 6 weeks. The characteristics of patient baseline data, the status of rebleeding at 6 weeks after surgery and the survival status at 6 weeks after rebleeding were analyzed.ResultsThe early rebleeding rate following 1,062 EVL procedures was 7.5%, and the mortality rate at 6 weeks after bleeding was 16.5%. Results of the one-way binary logistic regression analysis demonstrated that the risk factors for early rebleeding following EVL included: high TB (P = 0.009), low Alb (P = 0.001), high PT (P = 0.004), PVT (P = 0.026), HCC (P = 0.018), high Child-Pugh score (P < 0.001), Child-Pugh grade C(P < 0.001), high MELD score(P = 0.004), Japanese variceal grade F3 (P < 0.001), diameter of EV (P < 0.001), and number of ligature rings (P = 0.029). Results of the multifactorial binary logistic regression analysis demonstrated that Child-Pugh grade C (P = 0.007), Japanese variceal grade F3 (P = 0.009), and diameter of EV (P < 0.001) may exhibit potential in predicting early rebleeding following EVL. ROC analysis demonstrated that the area under curve (AUC) for EV diameter was 0.848, and the AUC for Japanese variceal grade was 0.635, which was statistically significant (P < 0.001). Thus, results of the present study demonstrated that EV diameter was more optimal in predicting early rebleeding following EVL than Japanese variceal grade criteria. The cut-off value of EV diameter was calculated to be 1.35 cm (sensitivity, 70.0%; specificity, 89.2%).ConclusionIf the diameter of EV is ≥1.4 cm, there may be a high risk of early rebleeding following EVL surgery; thus, we recommend caution with EVL.

Abstract Background The cultivation of bananas encounters substantial obstacles, particularly due to the detrimental effects of cold stress on their growth and productivity. A potential remedy that has gained attention is the utilization of ethyl mesylate (EMS)-induced mutagenesis technology, which enables the creation of a genetically varied group of banana mutants. This complex procedure entails subjecting the mutants to further stress screening utilizing L-Hyp in order to identify those exhibiting improved resistance to cold. This study conducted a comprehensive optimization of the screening conditions for EMS mutagenesis and L-Hyp, resulting in the identification of the mutant cm784, which exhibited remarkable cold resistance. Subsequent investigations further elucidated the physiological and transcriptomic responses of cm784 to low-temperature stress. Results EMS mutagenesis had a substantial effect on banana seedlings, resulting in modifications in shoot and root traits, wherein a majority of seedlings exhibited delayed differentiation and limited elongation. Notably, mutant leaves displayed altered biomass composition, with starch content exhibiting the most pronounced variation. The application of L-Hyp pressure selection aided in the identification of cold-resistant mutants among seedling-lethal phenotypes. The mutant cm784 demonstrated enhanced cold resistance, as evidenced by improved survival rates and reduced symptoms of chilling injury. Physiological analyses demonstrated heightened activities of antioxidant enzymes and increased proline production in cm784 when subjected to cold stress. Transcriptome analysis unveiled 946 genes that were differentially expressed in cm784, with a notable enrichment in categories related to ‘Carbohydrate transport and metabolism’ and ‘Secondary metabolites biosynthesis, transport, and catabolism’. Conclusion The present findings provide insights into the molecular mechanisms that contribute to the heightened cold resistance observed in banana mutants. These mechanisms encompass enhanced carbohydrate metabolism and secondary metabolite biosynthesis, thereby emphasizing the adaptive strategies employed to mitigate the detrimental effects induced by cold stress.

Abstract Glaucoma is a complex neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the progressive loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGC) and optic nerve axons, leading to irreversible visual impairment. Despite its clinical significance, the underlying mechanisms of glaucoma pathogenesis remain poorly understood. In this study, we aimed to unravel the multifaceted nature of glaucoma by investigating the interaction between T cells and retinas. By utilizing clinical samples, murine glaucoma models, and T cell transfer models, we made several key findings. Firstly, we observed that CD4+ T cells from glaucoma patients displayed enhanced activation and a bias towards T helper (Th) 1 responses, which correlated with visual impairment. Secondly, we identified the infiltration of Th1 cells into the retina, where they targeted RGC and integrated into the pro-inflammatory glial network, contributing to progressive RGC loss. Thirdly, we discovered that circulating Th1 cells upregulated vascular cell adhesion protein 1 (VCAM-1) on retinal microvessels, facilitating their entry into the neural retina. Lastly, we found that Th1 cells underwent functional reprogramming before reaching the retina, acquiring a phenotype associated with lymphocyte migration and neurodegenerative diseases. Our study provides novel insights into the role of peripheral CD4+ T cells in glaucoma pathogenesis, shedding light on the mechanisms underlying their infiltration into the retina and offering potential avenues for innovative therapeutic interventions in this sight-threatening disease. Graphical Abstract

ObjectiveTo explore the relationship between plasma lactoferrin (Lf) and glaucoma, assessing the clinical utility of Lf in glaucoma.MethodsA cross-sectional study involved 161 glaucoma patients and 115 healthy controls, with a follow-up of 14 subjects after approximately 2 years. Plasma Lf markers were quantified using ELISA, comparing levels between glaucoma patients and healthy controls, and analyzing plasma Lf across different glaucoma severity grades.ResultsGlaucoma patients had significantly elevated plasma Lf levels compared to healthy controls (p

Abstract Vascular calcification (VC) is highly correlated with cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality, but anti-VC treatment remains an area to be tackled due to the ill-defined molecular mechanisms. Regardless of the type of VC, it does not depend on a single cell but involves multi-cells/organs to form a complex cellular communication network through the vascular microenvironment to participate in the occurrence and development of VC. Therefore, focusing only on the direct effect of pathological factors on vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) tends to overlook the combined effect of other cells and VSMCs, including VSMCs-VSMCs, ECs-VMSCs, Macrophages-VSMCs, etc. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a collective term for tiny vesicles with a membrane structure that are actively secreted by cells, and almost all cells secrete EVs. EVs docked on the surface of receptor cells can directly mediate signal transduction or transfer their contents into the cell to elicit a functional response from the receptor cells. They have been proven to participate in the VC process and have also shown attractive therapeutic prospects. Based on the advantages of EVs and the ability to be detected in body fluids, they may become a novel therapeutic agent, drug delivery vehicle, diagnostic and prognostic biomarker, and potential therapeutic target in the future. This review focuses on the new insight into VC molecular mechanisms from the perspective of crosstalk, summarizes how multi-cells/organs interactions communicate via EVs to regulate VC and the emerging potential of EVs as therapeutic methods in VC. We also summarize preclinical experiments on crosstalk-based and the current state of clinical studies on VC-related measures.

Objective To analyze the distribution of unexpected antibodies in tumor patients retrospectively and explore the clinical significance. Methods Unexpected antibody screening was performed on inpatients with blood preparation and blood transfusion in our hospital from January 2004 to December 2022, with 1 176 cases tested positive, and the types of unexpected antibodies and distribution characteristics were statistically analyzed. Results Unexpected antibodies were screened in 1 176 cases, with the positive rate at 1.05% (1 176/111 483). The unexpected antibodies were mainly anti-E 16.33%(192/1 176), anti-M 7.99% (94/1 176), anti-Mur 5.70% (67/1 176) and anti-Lea 4.76% (56/1 176). Among the 1 176 cases, gastrointestinal tumors accounted for 27.99% (329/1 176), gynecological tumors accounted for 24.84% (292/1 176), respiratory tumors accounted for 16.67% (196/1 176) . Conclusion The influencing factors of unexpected antibodies in tumor patients were disease type, blood transfusion history and blood type. Therefore, it is necessary for clinical departments to carry out unexpected antibody screening and perform Rh blood type matched transfusion for tumor patients to avoid alloantibody production.

Abstract In endemic areas, EBV DNA is used to guide diagnosis, detect recurrence and distant metastasis of NPC. Until now, the importance of EBV DNA in the prediction of NPC has received little attention in non-endemic regions. To explore the prognostic value of EBV DNA alone or in combination with PNI in NPC patients from a non-endemic area of China. In this retrospective study, 493 NPC patients were enrolled. Clinical pathologic data, pre-treatment plasma EBV DNA, and laboratory tests were all performed. A standard anticancer treatment was prescribed, and follow up data were collected. EBV DNA was found to be positively related to clinical stage (r = 0.357, P 262.7 copies/ml group was 88% and 65.3%, respectively (P 0.05). This novel combination biomarker was a promising biomarker for predicting NPC survival and may one day guide treatment option.

IntroductionExcessive intake of lactate caused by improper use of silage in animal husbandry has adverse effects on rumen fermentation, such as rumen acidosis. The speed of absorption and metabolism of D-lactate in rumen epithelial cells was slower than that of L-lactate, making D-lactate more prone to accumulate and induce rumen acidosis. Therefore, this study was conducted to explore the effects of dietary D-lactate levels on rumen fermentation of beef cattle and its mechanism in an in vitro system.MethodsThis experiment was adopted in single-factor random trial design, with 5 days for adaptation and 3 days for sample collection. Three treatments (n = 8/treatment) were used: (1) D-LA (0.3%), basal fermentation substrate with 0.3% (dry matter, DM basis) D-lactate; (2) D-LA (0.75%), basal fermentation substrate with 0.75% (DM basis) D-lactate; and (3) D-LA (1.2%), basal fermentation substrate with 1.2% (DM basis) D-lactate.ResultsWith the dietary D-lactate levels increased, the daily production of total gas, hydrogen and methane, as well as the ruminal concentrations of acetate, propionate, butyrate, isobutyrate, valerate, isovalerate, total volatile fatty acid and D-lactate increased (p 0.05). NK4A214_group, Ruminococcus_gauvreauii_group, Eubacterium_oxidoreducens_group, Escherichia-Shigella, Marvinbryantia and Entodinium were enriched in D-LA (1.2%) group (p

More than 50 years have passed since the first article on destination image was published, and this body of research is still one of the most popular topics in tourism studies. However, limited research has focused on recent advancements and emerging trends in destination image research. Therefore, there is a pressing need for a comprehensive and up-to-date review to evaluate its progress, identify key features, and explore future research possibilities. Employing a meta-analysis methodology, this study scrutinized 178 articles from 11 esteemed academic journals published between January 2012 and April 2023. The analysis encompasses various aspects, including the publication trends, journal distribution, productive authors, research topics and research methods. Furthermore, this study introduces the concept of “e-WOM image,” which offers a profound understanding of the intricate associations among various topics within the domain of destination image research. The exploration of “e-WOM image” as a potential research field holds promise for advancing the field of destination image research in the coming years.

The beef cattle industry in China has advanced remarkably since its reform and opening up; consequently, China has become the world’s third-largest beef cattle producer. China is also one of the countries with the most substantial research input and output in the field of beef cattle feed and nutrition. The progress and innovation by China in the research field of beef cattle feed and nutrition have undoubtedly promoted the development of the domestic beef cattle industry. This review summarizes recent advances in feed resource development, nutrient requirements, and nutritional regulation of beef cattle in China. Limitations in current research and perspectives on future work are also discussed.

This study was conducted to compare the effects of rumen-protected (RP-Leu) and unprotected L-leucine (RU-Leu) on the fermentation parameters, bacterial composition, and amino acid metabolism in vitro rumen batch incubation. The 5.00 g RP-Leu or RU-Leu products were incubated in situ in the rumen of four beef cattle (Bos taurus) and removed after 0, 2, 4, 6, 12, 16, and 24 h to determine the rumen protection rate. In in vitro incubation, both RP-Leu and RU-Leu were supplemented 1.5 mmol/bottle (L-leucine HCl), and incubated after 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 16 h to measure gas production (GP), nutrient degradability, fermentation parameters, bacterial composition, and amino acids metabolism. Results from both in vitro and in situ experiments confirmed that the rumen protection rate was greater (p

Accurate location of characteristic points in wearable ECG signals may be a challenge due to the high noise. Taking the time sequence of waveforms and missing waveforms into account, we design a location regression network ECG_SCRNet, combined with the sequential constraints to accurately identify characteristic points of wearable ECGs. We add a classification head to determine whether there is a P-wave or a T-wave missing. This architecture ensures that the network considers both the time sequence of physiological waveform and class information to improve the accuracy in locating characteristic points. The proposed ECG_SCRNet was evaluated on a wearable dataset and the LUDB, achieving highly accurate results compared to other state-of-the-art methods. On the wearable dataset, the average Sen, PPV and F1 score are 97.13%, 99.96%, and 99.51%. On the LUDB, the average Sen, PPV and F1 score are 96.86%, 99.83%, and 98.97%. These results demonstrate that the proposed ECG_SCRNet has good flexibility and reliability when applied to signal characteristic point detection, and it is a reliable method for analyzing ECG signals in real time.

This study selects Chinese A-share listed enterprises from 2010 to 2020 as the research sample, constructs a Difference-in-differences model to analyze the Shanghai-Hong Kong stock connect and Shenzhen-Hong Kong stock connect policy on enterprise green innovation. The transmission channels are tested, and the heterogeneity of this impact is further explored. It is found that the Shanghai-Hong Kong stock connect and Shenzhen-Hong Kong stock connect policy has significantly improved the total level, quality and quantity of enterprise green innovation, and the effect on the total level and quality is greater than the quantity. The Shanghai-Hong Kong stock connect and Shenzhen-Hong Kong stock connect policy can effectively alleviate the financing constraints faced by enterprises, improve the information environment of enterprises, and thus improve their green innovation. There is heterogeneity in the nature of property rights, corporate social responsibility, industry monopoly and regional marketization in the promotion of enterprise green innovation by the Shanghai-Hong Kong stock connect and Shenzhen-Hong Kong stock connect policy. First published online 21 July 2023

The purpose of this study is to reveal the effects of different particle sizes of rice straw on the rumen protozoa count, nutrient disappearance rate, rumen fermentation, and microbial community in a rumen simulation technique (RUSITEC) system. In this experiment, a single-factor random trial design was adopted. According to the different particle sizes of rice straw, there were three treatments with three replies in each treatment. Three kinds of goat total mixed ration (TMR), with the same nutrients were used to carry out a 10 days in vitro fermentation experiment using the rumen simulation system developed by Hunan Agricultural University, including 6 days the pretrial period and 4 days formal period. This study found that the organic matter disappearance rate, concentrations of total volatile fatty acids (VFAs), acetate, propionate, and iso-butyrate were greatest in the 4 mm group (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences in the alpha diversity, among the three groups (p > 0.05). The relative abundance of Treponema and Ruminococcus of the 2 mm group increased; the relative abundance of Butyrivibrio and Prevotella in samples increased in the 4 mm group. In addition, the results of correlation analysis showed that Prevotella and Ruminococcus was positively correlated with butyrate, ammonia-N, dOM and d ADF (p < 0.05) and negatively correlated with valerate (p < 0.05); Oscillospira was positively correlated with valerate (p < 0.01) and negatively correlated with propionate, butyrate, ammonia-N, dOM and dADF (p < 0.05). The present results imply that compared to the other groups, rice straw particle size of 4 mm may improve the disappearance rate of nutrients and promote the production of volatile fatty acids by regulating ruminal microorganisms.

Highlights 1. Effects of different operating conditions on CH4 emission. 2. The competitive relationship between electricigens and methanogens was analysed. 3. The morphology and content of C element in different phases were discussed. 4. The bacterial population structure under different conditions was analysed. 5. The mechanism of CH4 emission from CW–MFC was described in detail.

IntroductionRumen motility is a key element that influences ruminant nutrition, whereas little is known about the effects of rumen contraction duration on rumen fermentation and ruminal microbiome. We previously reported that proper rotation speed of a rumen simulation technique (RUSITEC) system enhanced rumen fermentation and microbial protein (MCP) production. In the present study, different contraction durations and intervals were simulated by setting different stirring times and intervals of the stirrers in a RUSITEC system. The objective of this trial was to evaluate the influences of stirring time on rumen fermentation characteristics, nutrient degradation, and ruminal bacterial microbiota in vitro.MethodsThis experiment was performed in a 3 × 3 Latin square design, with each experimental period comprising 4 d for adjustment and 3 d for sample collection. Three stirring time treatments were set: the constant stir (CS), the intermittent stir 1 (each stir for 5 min with an interval of 2 min, IS1), and the intermittent stir 2 (each stir for 4 min with an interval of 3 min, IS2).ResultsThe total volatile fatty acid (TVFA) concentration, valerate molar proportion, ammonia nitrogen level, MCP density, protozoa count, disappearance rates of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber, emissions of total gas and methane, and the richness index Chao 1 for the bacterial community were higher (p

Accurately grasping the distribution and area of cotton for agricultural irrigation scheduling, intensive and efficient management of water resources, and yield estimation in arid and semiarid regions is of great significance. In this paper, taking the Xinjiang Shihezi oasis agriculture region as the study area, extracting the spectroscopic characterization (R, G, B, panchromatic), texture feature (entropy, mean, variance, contrast, homogeneity, angular second moment, correlation, and dissimilarity) and characteristics of vegetation index (normalized difference vegetation index/NDVI, ratio vegetation index/DVI, difference vegetation index/RVI) in the cotton flowering period before and after based on GF-6 image data, four models such as the random forests (RF) and deep learning approach (U-Net, DeepLabV3+ network, Deeplabv3+ model based on attention mechanism) were used to identify cotton and to compare their accuracies. The results show that the deep learning model is better than that of the random forest model. In all the deep learning models with three kinds of feature sets, the recognition accuracy and credibility of the DeepLabV3+ model based on the attention mechanism are the highest, the overall recognition accuracy of cotton is 98.23%, and the kappa coefficient is 96.11. Using the same Deeplabv3+ model based on an attention mechanism with different input feature sets (all features and only spectroscopic characterization), the identification accuracy of the former is much higher than that of the latter. GF-6 satellite image data in the field of crop type recognition has great application potential and prospects.

The current study determined the effects of dietary cation-anion difference (DCAD) on milk performance, total apparent digestibility, and blood parameters in lactating cows subject to heat stress. Eight Chinese Holstein cows (22.04±2.38 kg of milk/d, 512±76 kg of body weight, 219±20 d in milk) at the late stage of lactation were allocated to group 1 or 2. We used a randomized complete block design with a 2x2 factorial arrangement. The experiment consisted of two periods. Each period lasted 21 days, including the first 14 days for adaptation to the diet and the following seven days for trail. During period 1, group 1 fed with DCAD at 216 mEq/kg dry matter (the basal diet=CON) and group 2 fed 398 mEq/kg dry matter (high DCAD). During period 2, group 1 diet (the basal diet = CON) was swapped group 2 diet (high DCAD). The high DCAD had no significant effects on the respiratory frequency, rectal temperature, blood pH value, the acid-base balance, milk yield, milk composition, and feed intake (P>0.05). However, the high DCAD was associated with lower somatic cell count (SCC) in milk (P=0.04) and lower immune cell counts in blood, which was conducive to the improvement of milk quality. The apparent digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, energy, neutral detergent fiber, and ethyl extract was greater in the high DCAD group (P

The present trial was performed to reveal the regulatory effects of L-theanine on the levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) endotoxin within different biofluids, as well as relevant inflammatory responses of dairy cattle under heat stress conditions. Thirty lactating Chinese Holstein dairy cattle (189 ± 47 d in milk, and 2 ± 1 parities) were allocated in a completely randomized design to each of 3 dietary treatments: the control (CON, 0 g/d per cow L-theanine), the low L-theanine dosage treatment (LL, 16 g/d per cow L-theanine), and the high L-theanine dosage treatment (HL, 32 g/d per cow L-theanine). This trial consisted of 38 d (7 d for adaption and 31 d for data and sample collection), and sample collection for rumen liquid, blood plasma or serum, and milk were conducted on the d 27 and 38, respectively. Dairy cattle were constantly exposed to environmental heat stress during this experiment according to the recorded temperature-humidity index (THI). In the LL treatment, LPS concentration in rumen liquid was higher (P

High-quality alfalfa is an indispensable resource for animal husbandry and sustainable development. Its nutritional quality changes dramatically during its life cycle and, at present, no molecular mechanisms for nutrient metabolic variation in alfalfa leaves at different growth stages have been clearly reported. We have used correlation and network analyses of the alfalfa leaf metabolome, proteome, and transcriptome to explore chlorophyll, flavonoid, and amino acid content at two development stages: budding stage (BS) and full-bloom stage (FBS). A high correlation between the expression of biosynthetic genes and their metabolites revealed significant reductions in metabolite content as the plant matured from BS to FBS. l-Glutamate, the first molecule of chlorophyll biosynthesis, decreased, and the expression of HemA, which controls the transformation of glutamyl-tRNA to glutamate 1-semialdehyde, was down-regulated, leading to a reduction in leaf chlorophyll content. Flavonoids also decreased, driven at least in part by increased expression of the gene encoding CYP75B1: flavonoid 3′-monooxygenase, which catalyzes the hydroxylation of dihydroflavonols and flavonols, resulting in degradation of flavonoids. Expression of NITRILASE 2 (NIT2) and Methyltransferase B (metB), which regulate amino acid metabolism and influence the expression of genes of the glycolysis-TCA pathway, were down-regulated, causing amino acid content in alfalfa leaves to decrease at FBS. This study provides new insights into the complex regulatory network governing the content and decrease of chlorophyll, amino acids, flavonoids, and other nutrients in alfalfa leaves during maturation. These results further provide a theoretical basis for the generation of alfalfa varieties exhibiting higher nutritional quality, high-yield cultivation, and a timely harvest.

This study was conducted to evaluate the influences of supplementing tannic acid (TA) at different doses on the production performance, physiological and immunological characteristics, and rumen bacterial microbiome of cattle. Forty-eight Holstein bulls were randomly allocated to four dietary treatments: the control (CON, basal diet), the low-dose TA treatment [TAL, 0.3% dry matter (DM)], the mid-dose TA treatment (TAM, 0.9% DM), and the high-dose TA treatment (TAH, 2.7% DM). This trial consisted of 7 days for adaptation and 90 days for data and sample collection, and samples of blood and rumen fluid were collected on 37, 67, and 97 d, respectively. The average daily gain was unaffected (P > 0.05), whilst the ruminal NH3-N was significantly decreased (P < 0.01) by TA supplementation. The 0.3% TA addition lowered (P < 0.05) the levels of ruminal isobutyrate, valerate, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and tended to (P < 0.1) increase the gain to feed ratio. The digestibility of DM, organic matter (OM), and crude protein, and percentages of butyrate, isobutyrate, and valerate were lower (P < 0.05), while the acetate proportion and acetate to propionate ratio in both TAM and TAH were higher (P < 0.05) than the CON. Besides, the 0.9% TA inclusion lessened (P < 0.05) the concentrations of glucagon and TNF-α, but enhanced (P < 0.05) the interferon gamma (IFN-γ) level and Simpson index of ruminal bacteria. The 2.7% TA supplementation reduced (P < 0.05) the intake of DM and OM, and levels of malondialdehyde and thyroxine, while elevated (P < 0.05) the Shannon index of the rumen bacterial populations. Moreover, the relative abundances of the phyla Fibrobacteres and Lentisphaerae, the genera Fibrobacter and Bradyrhizobium, and the species Bradyrhizobium sp., Lachnospiraceae bacterium RM29, and Lachnospiraceae bacterium CG57 were highly significantly (q < 0.01) or significantly (q < 0.05) raised by adding 2.7% TA. Results suggested that the TA addition at 0.3% is more suitable for the cattle, based on the general comparison on the impacts of supplementing TA at different doses on all the measured parameters.

The present study was performed to evaluate the impacts of tannic acid (TA) supplementation at different levels on the growth performance, physiological, oxidative and immunological metrics, and ruminal microflora of Xiangdong black goats. Twenty-four goats were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments: the control (CON, basal diet), the low-dose TA group [TAL, 0.3 % of dry matter (DM)], the mid-dose TA group (TAM, 0.6 % of DM), and the high-dose TA group (TAH, 0.9 % of DM). Results showed that the growth performance was unaffected (P > 0.05) by adding TA, whilst the 0.3 % and 0.6 % TA supplementation significantly decreased (P < 0.05) the apparent digestibility of crude protein (CP) and ruminal NH3-N concentration, and raised (P < 0.05) the level of total volatile fatty acid (TVFA) in rumen. The increments of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), triglyceride (TG), cortisol (CORT), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and serumamyloid A (SAA), and decrements of globulin (GLB), immunoglobulin G (IgG), cholinesterase (CHE), glutathione reductase (GR), creatinine (CRE), growth hormone (GH), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC), and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) to different extents by TA addition were observed. Although the Alpha and Beta diversity of rumen bacterial community remained unchanged by supplementing TA, the relative abundance of the predominant genus Prevotella_1 was significantly enriched (P < 0.05) in TAL. It could hence be concluded that the TA supplementation in the present trial generally decreased CP digestion and caused oxidative stress and inflammatory response without influencing growth performance and ruminal microbiota diversity. More research is needed to explore the premium dosage and mechanisms of effects for TA addition in the diet of goats.

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), a gas transmitter found in eukaryotic organisms, plays an essential role in several physiological processes. H2S is one of the three primary biological gas transmission signaling mediators, along with nitric oxide and carbon monoxide. Several animal and in vitro experiments have indicated that H2S can prevent coronary endothelial mesenchymal transition, reduce the expression of endothelial cell adhesion molecules, and stabilize intravascular plaques, suggesting its potential role in the treatment of atherosclerosis (AS). H2S donors are compounds that can release H2S under certain circumstances. Development of highly targeted H2S donors is a key imperative as these can allow for in-depth evaluation of the anti-atherosclerotic effects of exogenous H2S. More importantly, identification of an optimal H2S donor is critical for the creation of H2S anti-atherosclerotic prodrugs. In this review, we discuss a wide range of H2S donors with anti-AS potential along with their respective transport pathways and design-related limitations. We also discuss the utilization of nano-synthetic technologies to manufacture H2S donors. This innovative and effective design example sheds new light on the production of highly targeted H2S donors.

Climate change has a significant impact on forest ecosystems worldwide, but it is unclear whether forest responses to climate fluctuations are homogeneous across regions. In this study, we investigated the impact of climatic fluctuations on forest growth in a complex terrain, in Anhui Province of China, using Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) data from the Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), while considering the impact of terrain characteristics and forest types. Our regional-scale analysis found that the forest response to climatic drivers in Anhui Province is not homogeneous, with only 69% of the forest area driven by temperature (TEM), while 11% is precipitation (PRE) driven and 20% is solar radiation (SWD) driven. We also found with random forest models that terrain traits (elevation and slope) contributed significantly (29.47% and 27.96%) to the spatial heterogeneity of forest response to climatic drivers, with higher elevation associated with a stronger positive correlation between the EVI and temperature (p < 0.001), a weaker positive correlation between the EVI with precipitation (p < 0.001), and a stronger negative correlation between the EVI with solar radiation (p < 0.01), while forest type contributed the least (4.21%). Our results also imply that in a warmer and dryer climate, some forest patches may switch from TEM driven to PRE driven, which could lead to a decrease in forest productivity, instead of an increase as predicted by existing climate models. These results highlight the heterogeneous response of forests within close vicinity to climate fluctuations in a complex terrain, which has important implications for climate-related risk assessments and local forest management.

This experiment was performed to reveal the metabolic responses of dairy cows to the replacement of soybean meal (SBM) with fermented soybean meal (FSBM). Twenty-four lactating Chinese Holstein dairy cattle were assigned to either the SBM group [the basal total mixed ration (TMR) diet containing 5.77% SBM] or the FSBM group (the experimental TMR diet containing 5.55% FSBM), in a completely randomized design. The entire period of this trial consisted of 14 days for the adjustment and 40 days for data and sample collection, and sampling for rumen liquid, blood, milk, and urine was conducted on the 34th and 54th day, respectively. When SBM was completely replaced by FSBM, the levels of several medium-chain FA in milk (i.e., C13:0, C14:1, and C16:0) rose significantly (p < 0.05), while the concentrations of a few milk long-chain FA (i.e., C17:0, C18:0, C18:1n9c, and C20:0) declined significantly (p < 0.05). Besides, the densities of urea nitrogen and lactic acid were significantly (p < 0.05) higher, while the glucose concentration was significantly (p < 0.05) lower in the blood of the FSBM-fed cows than in the SBM-fed cows. Based on the metabolomics analysis simultaneously targeting the rumen liquid, plasma, milk, and urine, it was noticed that substituting FSBM for SBM altered the metabolic profiles of all the four biofluids. According to the identified significantly different metabolites, 3 and 2 amino acid-relevant metabolic pathways were identified as the significantly different pathways between the two treatments in the rumen fluid and urine, respectively. Furthermore, glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism, valine, leucine, and isoleucine biosynthesis, and cysteine and methionine metabolism were the three key integrated different pathways identified in this study. Results mainly implied that the FSBM replacement could enhance nitrogen utilization and possibly influence the inflammatory reactions and antioxidative functions of dairy cattle. The differential metabolites and relevant pathways discovered in this experiment could serve as biomarkers for the alterations in protein feed and nitrogen utilization efficiency of dairy cows, and further investigations are needed to elucidate the definite roles and correlations of the differential metabolites and pathways.

This paper studies the event-triggered fault-tolerant control problem of nonlinear multi-agent systems. The goal is to ensure the stability of event-based sampling multi-agent systems when the actuator faults occurs. The neural networks approximate property is used to approximate unknown ideal control parameters, which can reduce the exact requirements of control parameters. Based on the states information of neighboring agents, a distributed fault-tolerant consensus controller is designed for the leaderless multi-agent systems. Moreover, an event-triggered mechanism with special definition of event-triggered error is applied to reduce the amount of communications. In addition, the Zeno behaviour is avoided. By using Lyapunov stability theory, it is proved that all signals are bounded in the closed-loop systems. Finally, a numerical simulation result is presented to prove the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DbCM) is a prevalent disease, characterized by contractile dysfunction and left ventricular hypertrophy. Patients with DbCM have high morbidity and mortality worldwide. Recent studies have identified that pyroptosis, a kind of cell death, could be induced by hyperglycemia involved in the formation of DbCM. This review summarizes the regulatory mechanisms of pyroptosis in DbCM, including NOD-like receptor3, AIM2 inflammasome, long non-coding RNAs, microRNAs, circular RNA, autophagy, and some drugs.

This paper intends to clarify that the spatial and temporal evolutionary patterns of regional vegetation and their relationship with climate form a premise of ecological conservation and environmental governance, and play an important role in maintaining regional ecosystem balance and promoting sustainable development. Based on measured data collected from NDVI remote sensing products and meteorological stations, NDVI variation in Anhui Province from 2001 to 2019 was determined through trend analysis and measurement methods involving coefficient of variation and Hurst index; in addition, the response to climatic factors was also explored. It was concluded that, firstly, in terms of spatiotemporal analysis, the interannual variation of NDVI in Anhui Province showed an increasing trend with a rate of 0.024/10 a, while the monthly variation showed a weak bimodal pattern, with the highest value in August and the lowest value in January. Furthermore, NDVI in Anhui Province showed significant spatial heterogeneity, with high values concentrated in mountainous regions in southern Anhui and Dabie Mountain region, and low values concentrated in the hilly areas of Jianghuai and areas along the Yangtze River. At the same time, the overall spatial variation of NDVI showed an increasing trend, and the areas with extremely significant and significant improvement in vegetation coverage accounted for 54.69% of the total area of Anhui Province. Secondly, in terms of the analysis on variation characteristics, the variation of NDVI in Anhui Province was generally stable, with an average CV coefficient of variation of 0.089, which, however, was quite different in different regions; meanwhile, the future trend of NDVI variation in the study areas was mostly in a random manner. Thirdly, the response of NDVI in Anhui Province to climatic factors showed significant spatial heterogeneity. NDVI was found to be positively correlated with precipitation and negatively correlated with temperature; in general, the impact of precipitation on NDVI was greater than that of temperature. In the 19 years studied, NDVI in Anhui Province showed an increasing trend; and climate, topography and human activities led to heterogeneous spatial distribution of vegetation. Therefore, in the future, the evolutionary trend of vegetation will be relatively random, and NDVI will be more greatly affected by temperature, than by precipitation.

Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic heavy metal and worldwide environmental pollutant which seriously threatens human health and ecosystems. It is easy to be adsorbed and deposited in organisms, exerting adverse effects on various organs including the brain. In a very recent study, making full use of a zebrafish model in both high-throughput behavioral tracking and live neuroimaging, we explored the potential developmental neurotoxicity of Cd2+ at environmentally relevant levels and identified multiple connections between Cd2+ exposure and neurodevelopmental disorders as well as microglia-mediated neuroinflammation, whereas the underlying neurotoxic mechanisms remained unclear. The canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway plays crucial roles in many biological processes including neurodevelopment, cell survival, and cell cycle regulation, as well as microglial activation, thereby potentially presenting one of the key targets of Cd2+ neurotoxicity. Therefore, in this follow-up study, we investigated the implication of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in Cd2+-induced developmental disorders and neuroinflammation and revealed that environmental Cd2+ exposure significantly affected the expression of key factors in the zebrafish Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. In addition, pharmacological intervention of this pathway via TWS119, which can increase the protein level of β-catenin and act as a classical activator of the Wnt signaling pathway, could significantly repress the Cd2+-induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, thereby attenuating the inhibitory effects of Cd2+ on the early development, behavior, and activity, as well as neurodevelopment of zebrafish larvae to a certain degree. Furthermore, activation and proliferation of microglia, as well as the altered expression profiles of genes associated with neuroimmune homeostasis triggered by Cd2+ exposure could also be significantly alleviated by the activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Thus, this study provided novel insights into the cellular and molecular mechanisms of Cd2+ toxicity on the vertebrate central nervous system (CNS), which might be helpful in developing pharmacotherapies to mitigate the neurological disorders resulting from exposure to Cd2+ and many other environmental heavy metals.

Cloud and snow identification in remote sensing images is critical for snow mapping and snow hydrology research. Aimed at the problem that the semantic segmentation model is prone to producing blurred boundaries, slicing traces and isolated small patches for cloud and snow identification in high-resolution remote sensing images, the feasibility of combining DeepLab v3+ and conditional random field (CRF) models for cloud and snow identification based on GF-1 WFV images is studied. For GF-1 WFV images, the model training and testing experiments under the conditions of different sample numbers, sample sizes and loss functions are compared. The results show that, firstly, when the number of samples is 10,000, the sample size is 256 × 256, and the loss function is the Focal function, the model accuracy is the optimal and the Mean Intersection over Union (MIoU) and the Mean Pixel Accuracy (MPA) reach 0.816 and 0.918, respectively. Secondly, after post-processing with the CRF model, the MIoU and the MPA are improved to 0.836 and 0.941, respectively, compared with those without post-processing. Moreover, the misclassifications such as blurred boundaries, slicing traces and isolated small patches are significantly reduced, which indicates that the combination of the DeepLab v3+ and CRF models has high accuracy and strong feasibility for cloud and snow identification in high-resolution remote sensing images. The conclusions can provide a reference for high-resolution snow mapping and hydrology applications using deep learning models.

This study was conducted to examine the influences of replacing soybean meal (SBM) with fermented soybean meal (FSBM) in the diet of lactating Holstein cattle on rumen fermentation and ruminal bacterial microbiome. Twenty-four lactating Chinese Holstein dairy cattle were assigned to each of the two treatments in a completely randomized design: the SBM group [the basal total mixed ration (TMR) diet containing 5.77% SBM] and the FSBM group (the experimental TMR diet containing 5.55% FSBM). This trial lasted for 54 days (14 days for adjustment and 40 days for data and sample collection), and samples of rumen liquid were collected on 34 d and 54 d, respectively. The results showed that replacing SBM with FSBM significantly increased the molar percentages of propionate (P < 0.01) and valerate (P < 0.05), but reduced the total volatile fatty acid (TVFA) concentration (P < 0.05), butyrate molar proportion (P < 0.05), and the acetate to propionate ratio (P < 0.01). The copy numbers of total bacteria (P < 0.05), Fibrobacter succinogenes (P < 0.01), Selenomonas ruminantium (P < 0.01), and Prevotella spp. (P < 0.05) in the FSBM group were greater, while the density of Prevotella ruminicola (P < 0.05) was lower than those in the SBM treatment. Additionally, Succiniclasticum ruminis and Saccharofermentans acetigenes were significantly enriched (P < 0.05) in the rumen fluid of FSBM-fed cows, despite the fact that there was no remarkable difference in the Alpha diversity indexes, structure and KEGG pathway abundances of the bacterial community across the two treatments. It could hence be concluded that the substitution of FSBM for SBM modulated rumen fermentation and rumen bacterial microbiota in lactating Holstein dairy cows. Further research is required to elucidate the relevant mechanisms of FSBM, and provide more insights into the application of FSBM in dairy cattle.

PurposePrevious studies have rarely attempted to test the confounding factors that may affect learning outcomes of the flipped classroom. The purpose of this study was to assess how flipped classrooms affect the acquisition of knowledge in clinical dental education based on multilevel factor analysis.MethodThe authors conducted a 3-year (2017, 2018, and 2019) randomized controlled trial in a series of introductory prosthodontics courses in dental education. A total of 137 participants were randomly assigned to flipped classroom (n = 70, 51%) or lecture (n = 67, 49%) formats. The flipped group was instructed to self-learn knowledge-based content through online preparation materials, including videos and text, while the lecture group was given text only. Both groups were provided with the same study content and opportunities for different styles of learning. The session attendance rate and number of times the materials were accessed were monitored. Individual and team readiness assurance tests (IRAT/TRAT) were conducted to evaluate knowledge acquisition. A multilevel linear regression analysis was conducted on both instructional styles (flipped vs. lecture) as an intervention factor, and confounding factors that could affect the outcomes were implemented.ResultsThe average number of online accesses was 2.5 times per session in the flipped group and 1.2 in the lecture group, with a significant difference (p < .05). The average IRAT score was significantly higher in the flipped than in the lecture group (effect size [ES] 0.58, p < .001). The number of online accesses was significantly and positively correlated with IRAT scores (0.6 [0.4, 0.8]). The instructional style was significantly and positively correlated with TRAT scores (coefficient [95% confidence interval]: 4.6 [2.0, 7.3]), but it was not correlated with IRAT (4.3 [-0.45, 9.0]).ConclusionsThe flipped classroom was more effective than the lecture format regarding knowledge acquisition; however, the decisive factor was not the instructional style but the number of individual learning occasions. The employment of the flipped classroom was the decisive factor for team-based learning outcomes.

This paper presents a filterless sensorless control scheme with an optimized time sequence based on high-frequency (HF) square-wave voltage injection for a five-phase interior permanent magnet machine (IPMSM) drive. To avoid the utilization of low-pass filters (LPFs) in signal processing, an effective method without filters is proposed in this paper. Moreover, the cross-coupling magnetic saturation is analyzed and the online position error compensation is applied based on the offline measurements and finite-element analysis (FEA). Besides, compared with the conventional time sequence of senseorless control, the proposed optimized time sequence can eliminate the additional position estimation error caused by the time delay in digital implementation. Numerical simulations and experiments with a 2-kW five-phase IPMSM are carried out. The results verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed sensorless control scheme with an optimized time sequence adopted by the IPMSM drives.

Metabolic syndrome is a disorder of energy use and storage, which is characterized by central obesity, dyslipidemia, and raised blood pressure and blood sugar levels. Maternal 25-hydroxyvitamin D deficiency is known to cause metabolic changes, chronic disease, and increased adiposity in adulthood. However, the underlying mechanism of induced metabolic syndrome (MetS) in the offspring in vitamin D deficient pregnant mothers remains unclear. We identified that maternal 25-hydroxyvitamin D deficiency enhances oxidative stress, which leads to the development of MetS in the mother and her offspring. Further, immunohistochemical, Western blotting, and qRT-PCR analyses revealed that maternal 25-hydroxyvitamin D deficiency inhibited the activation of the Nrf2/carbonyl reductase 1 (CBR1) pathway in maternal placenta, liver, and pancreas, as well as the offspring's liver and pancreas. Further analyses uncovered that application of 25-hydroxyvitamin D activated the Nrf2/CBR1 pathway, relieving the oxidative stress in BRL cells, suggesting that 25-hydroxyvitamin D regulates oxidative stress in offspring and induces the activation of the Nrf2/CBR1 pathway. Taken together, our study finds that maternal 25-hydroxyvitamin D deficiency is likely to result in offspring's MetS probably via abnormal nutrition transformation across placenta. Depression of the Nrf2/CBR1 pathway in both mothers and their offspring is one of the causes of oxidative stress leading to MetS. This study suggests that 25-hydroxyvitamin D treatment may relieve the offspring's MetS.

Both of astrocytes and electromagnetic induction are magnificent to modulate neuron firing by introducing feedback currents to membrane potential. An improved astro-neuron model considering both of the two factors is employed to investigate their different roles in modulation. The mixing mode, defined by combination of period bursting and depolarization blockage, characterizes the effect of astrocytes. Mixing mode and period bursting alternatively appear in parameter space with respect to the amplitude of feedback current on neuron from astrocyte modulation. However, magnetic flux obviously plays a role of neuron firing inhibition. It not only repels the mixing mode but also suppresses period bursting. The mixing mode becomes period bursting mode and even resting state when astrocytes are hyperexcitable. Abnormal activities of astrocytes are capable to induce depolarization blockage to compose the mixing mode together with bursting mode. But electromagnetic induction shows its strong ability of inhibition of neuron firing, which is also illustrated in the bifurcation diagram. Indeed, the combination of the two factors and appropriate choice of parameters show the great potential to control disorder of neuron firing like epilepsy.

The chlorophyll content of leaves is an important indicator of plant environmental stress, photosynthetic capacity, and is widely used to diagnose the growth and health status of vegetation. Traditional chlorophyll content inversion is based on the vegetation index under pure species, which rarely considers the impact of interspecific competition and species mixture on the inversion accuracy. To solve these limitations, the harmonic analysis (HA) and the Hilbert–Huang transform (HHT) were introduced to obtain the frequency index, which were combined with spectral index as the input parameters to estimate chlorophyll content based on the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) image. The research results indicated that: (1) Based on a comparison of the model accuracy for three different types of indices in the same period, the estimation accuracy of the pure spectral index was the lowest, followed by that of the frequency index, whereas the mixed index estimation effect was the best. (2) The estimation accuracy in November was lower than that in other months; the pure spectral index coefficient of determination (R2) was only 0.5208, and the root–mean–square error (RMSE) was 4.2144. The estimation effect in September was the best. The model R2 under the mixed index reached 0.8283, and the RMSE was 2.0907. (3) The canopy chlorophyll content (CCC) estimation under the frequency domain index was generally better than that of the pure spectral index, indicating that the frequency information was more sensitive to subtle differences in the spectrum of mixed vegetation. These research results show that the combination of spectral and frequency information can effectively improve the mapping accuracy of the chlorophyll content, and provid a theoretical basis and technology for monitoring the chlorophyll content of mixed vegetation in wetlands.

Abstract Background Lipoprotein(a) [LP(a)] is implicated as a common and independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. The therapeutic options currently available for reducing plasma LP(a) concentrations are limited. Diallyl disulphide (DADS), the main component of garlic, regulates lipid metabolism in hepatocytes and adipocytes through ERK1/2 signalling. This study aimed to assess the effect of DADS on apolipoprotein(a) [apo(a)] in HepG2 cells. We also determined the effects of DADS on apo(a) expression and secretion in HepG2 cells as well as the underlying mechanisms. Methods We examined the role of DADS on apo(a) expression in HepG2 cells by treating cell with different concentrations of DADS (10, 20, 40 and 80 μg/mL) for 24 h or treating cells with 40 μg/mL DADS for 0, 6, 12, 24 and 48 h. Then we used quantitative real-time PCR to analysis apo(a) mRNA levels, used Western blot to analysis apo(a) protein levels and used enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to test apo(a) secreted levels. To farther determined the role of DADS, we applied Transfection of small interfering RNA to knockdown ELK-1levels and applied PD98059, a specific inhibitor of ERK1/2, to block ERK1/2 signal. Results The results show DADS inhibited apo(a) at both the mRNA and protein levels in HepG2 cells in a dose-dependent manner. DADS-mediated inhibition of apoa(a) expression in HepG2 cells was attenuated when the cells were cultured in medium containing PD98059 (ERK1/2 inhibitor) or were transfected with siRNAs against MEK1 or ELK-1. Overexpression of apo(a) yielded similar results. Conclusions This study reveals that DADS can downregulate apo(a) expression in a dose-dependent manner via the MEK-ERK12-ELK-1 pathway.

Abstract This study was performed to investigate the initial colonization of metabolically active methanogens and subsequent changes in four fractions: the rumen solid-phase (RS), liquid-phase (RL), protozoa-associated (RP), and epithelium-associated (RE) from 1 to 60 d after birth, and manipulate methanogen community by early weaning on 40 d and supplementing rhubarb from 40 to 60 d in black goats. The RNA-based real-time quantitative PCR and 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing were employed to indicate the metabolically active methanogens. Results showed that active methanogens colonized in RL and RE on 1 d after birth. RP and RE contained the highest and lowest density of methanogens, respectively. Methanobrevibacter, Candidatus Methanomethylophilus, and Methanosphaera were the top three genera. The methanogen communities before weaning differed from those post weaning and the structure of the methanogen community in RE was distinct from those in the other three fractions. The discrepancies in the distribution of methanogens across four fractions, and various fluctuations in abundances among four fractions according to age were observed. The addition of rhubarb significantly (P

The introduction of excess PbI2 into CH3NH3PbI3 precursors has been reported to boost the efficiency of CH3NH3PbI3 solar cell. It was assumed that the excess PbI2 helped to reduce the defect density in CH3NH3PbI3 solar cell. In this work, by adding non-equimolar PbI2 into CH3NH3PbI3 precursor solution, PbI2-rich CH3NH3PbI3 solar cells have been fabricated. The efficiency of CH3NH3PbI3 solar cell was significantly improved from 14.14% to 16.80%. Results obtained from scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) indicate that the excess PbI2 does not affect the morphological and crystal properties of CH3NH3PbI3 thin film. Based on time-resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) measurement, it was found that the carrier lifetime of PbI2-rich perovskite thin film was significantly increased. Lower defect density was observed in PbI2-rich CH3NH3PbI3 solar cell by admittance spectroscopy (AS) characterization, indicating PbI2 can suppress the formation of defects in CH3NH3PbI3 solar cells.

Information on the effects of different yeast species on ruminal fermentation is limited. This experiment was conducted in a 3×4 factorial arrangement to explore and compare the effects of addition of three different live yeast species (Candida utilis 1314, Saccharomyces cerevisiae 1355, and Candida tropicalis 1254) at four doses (0, 0.25×107, 0.50×107, and 0.75×107 colony-forming unit [cfu]) on in vitro gas production kinetics, fiber degradation, methane production and ruminal fermentation characteristics of maize stover, and rice straw by mixed rumen microorganisms in dairy cows. The maximum gas production (Vf), dry matter disappearance (IVDMD), neutral detergent fiber disappearance (IVNDFD), and methane production in C. utilis group were less (p

Advances in high throughput, next generation sequencing technologies have allowed an in-depth examination of biological environments and phenomena, and are particularly useful for culture-independent microbial community studies. Recently the use of RNA for metatranscriptomic studies has been used to elucidate the role of active microbes in the environment. Extraction of RNA of appropriate quality is critical in these experiments and TRIzol reagent is often used for maintaining stability of RNA molecules during extraction. However, for studies using rumen content there is no consensus on (1) the amount of rumen digesta to use or (2) the amount of TRIzol reagent to be used in RNA extraction procedures. This study evaluated the effect of using various quantities of ground rumen digesta and of TRIzol reagent on the yield and quality of extracted RNA. It also investigated the possibility of using lower masses of solid-phase rumen digesta and lower amounts of TRIzol reagent than is used currently, for extraction of RNA for metatranscriptomic studies. We found that high quality RNA could be isolated from 2 g of ground rumen digesta sample, whilst using 0.6 g of ground matter for RNA extraction and using 3 mL (a 5:1 TRIzol : extraction mass ratio) of TRIzol reagent. This represents a significant savings in the cost of RNA isolation. These lower masses and volumes were then applied in the RNA-Seq analysis of solid-phase rumen samples obtained from 6 Angus X Hereford beef heifers which had been fed a high forage diet (comprised of barley straw in a forage-to-concentrate ratio of 70:30) for 102 days. A bioinformatics analysis pipeline was developed in-house that generated relative abundance values of archaea, protozoa, fungi and bacteria in the rumen and also allowed the extraction of individual rRNA variable regions that could be analyzed in downstream molecular ecology programs. The average relative abundances of rRNA transcripts of archaea, bacteria, protozoa and fungi in our samples were 1.4 ± 0.06, 44.16 ± 1.55, 35.38 ± 1.64, and 16.37 ± 0.65% respectively. This represents the first study to define the relative active contributions of these populations to the rumen ecosystem and is especially important in defining the role of the anaerobic fungi and protozoa.

Ten-eleven translocation-2 (TET2) protein is a DNA demethylase that regulates gene expression through DNA demethylation and also plays important roles in various diseases including atherosclerosis. Endothelial dysfunction represents an early key event in atherosclerotic disease. The cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE)/hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a key endogenous system with protective effects on endothelial functions. In this study, we examined how TET2 regulates oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL)-induced dysfunction of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and determined the role of the CSE/H2S system. Treatment with oxLDL resulted in downregulation of both TET2 expression and CSE/H2S system in HUVECs. TET2 was found to have protective effects on oxLDL-induced HUVEC dysfunction, which was confirmed with TET2 overexpression plasmid or TET2 shRNA plasmid. Moreover, TET2 was found to upregulate the CSE/H2S system and inhibit NF-κB activation, leading to decreased expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 and attenuated adhesion of THP-1 cells to oxLDL-activated HUVECs. The protective effect of TET2 was reduced by treatment with CSE siRNA. Further studies revealed that CSE promoter region contains a well-defined CpG island. We also showed that TET2 enhanced 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) level and promoted DNA demethylation of CSE gene promoter, leading to an increase in CSE expression. In conclusion, TET2 has protective effects on oxLDL-induced HUVEC dysfunction, likely through upregulating the CSE/H2S system by DNA demethylation of CSE gene promoter. TET2 may become a novel therapeutic target for endothelial dysfunction-associated vascular diseases.

In this work, cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) was modified by an ureido-pyrimidinone (UPy) system based on quadruple hydrogen bondings, and CNC-UPy was obtained. Then, this powder was added into polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and PVA/CNC-UPy composite membranes and hydrogels were prepared. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), polarizing optical microscopy (POM) and particle size distribution (PSD) were used to characterize CNC-UPy. From the FTIR results, the characteristic peaks of NCO group sat 2270 cm−1 disappeared, indicating the successful synthesis of CNC-UPy. XRD results showed that the modification by UPy may change the structure of CNC and its degree of crystallinity was increased. PSD analysis showed that the particle size of CNC was increased and its size distribution became narrower after modification by UPy groups. The structure and properties of the composite membranes and hydrogels were studied by differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) together with investigation of swelling, sustained release and self-healing performances. DSC curves depicted that the glass transition temperature, Tg, of different PVA membranes was increased with addition of different proportions of CNC-UPy. TGA data showed that the temperature of maximum weight loss rate was increased, which illustrated the enhanced thermal stability of PVA/CNC-UPy composites. Meanwhile, it was also revealed that the PVA/CNC-UPy composite hydrogels possess good self-healing and better sustained release behavior for the soil conditioner, fulvic acid (FA).

Although the traditional model predictive control (MPC) can theoretically provide AC current and circulating current control for modular multilevel converters (MMCs) in battery energy storage grid-connected systems, it suffers from stability problems due to the power quality of the power grid and model parameter mismatches. A two discrete-time disturbance observers (DOBs)-based MPC strategy is investigated in this paper to solve this problem. The first DOB is used to improve the AC current quality and the second enhances the stability of the circulating current control. The distortion and fluctuation of grid voltage and inductance parameter variation are considered as lump disturbances in the discrete modeling of a MMC. Based on the proposed method, the output prediction is compensated by disturbance estimation to correct the AC current and circulating current errors, which eventually achieve the expected tracking performance. Moreover, the DOBs have a quite low computational cost with minimum order and optimal performance properties. Since the designed DOBs work in parallel with the MPC, the control effect is improved greatly under harmonics, 3-phase unbalance, voltage sag, inductance parameter mismatches and power reversal conditions. Simulation results confirm the validity of the proposed scheme.