31 results on '"Welty C"'
Search Results
2. Untreated Gleason Grade Progression on Serial Biopsies during Prostate Cancer Active Surveillance: Clinical Course and Pathological Outcomes
- Author
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Hussein, A. A., Welty, C. J., Ameli, N., Cowan, J. E., Leapman, M., Porten, S. P., Shinohara, K., and Carroll, P. R.
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Sweet Corn Sentinel Monitoring for Lepidopteran Field-Evolved Resistance to Bt Toxins
- Author
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Dively, G. P., Kuhar, Thomas P., Taylor, Sally V., Doughty, H. B., Holmstrom, K., Gilrein, D., Nault, B. A., Ingerson-Mahar, J., Whalen, J., Reisig, D., Frank, Daniel L., Fleischer, S. J., Owens, David, Welty, C., Reay-Jones, F. P. F., Porter, P., Smith, J. L., Saguez, J., Murray, S., Wallingford, A., Byker, H., Jensen, B., Burkness, E., Hutchison, W. D., and Hamby, K. A.
- Subjects
FALL ARMYWORM ,Canada ,insect resistance monitoring ,0703 Crop and Pasture Production ,Bacillus thuringiensis ,SPODOPTERA-FRUGIPERDA ,0608 Zoology ,NOCTUIDAE ,SUSCEPTIBILITY ,Moths ,Zea mays ,Insecticide Resistance ,Hemolysin Proteins ,BACILLUS-THURINGIENSIS ,Bacterial Proteins ,Animals ,sentinel sweet corn ,Pest Control, Biological ,Bt toxin ,INSECT RESISTANCE ,Bacillus thuringiensis Toxins ,TRANSGENIC CROPS ,fungi ,food and beverages ,HELICOVERPA-ZEA LEPIDOPTERA ,Plants, Genetically Modified ,EARWORM LEPIDOPTERA ,Endotoxins ,0501 Ecological Applications ,sense organs ,Life Sciences & Biomedicine ,Entomology ,MAIZE - Abstract
As part of an insect resistance management plan to preserve Bt transgenic technology, annual monitoring of target pests is mandated to detect susceptibility changes to Bt toxins. Currently Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) monitoring involves investigating unexpected injury in Bt crop fields and collecting larvae from non-Bt host plants for laboratory diet bioassays to determine mortality responses to diagnostic concentrations of Bt toxins. To date, this monitoring approach has not detected any significant change from the known range of baseline susceptibility to Bt toxins, yet practical field-evolved resistance in H. zea populations and numerous occurrences of unexpected injury occur in Bt crops. In this study, we implemented a network of 73 sentinel sweet corn trials, spanning 16 U.S. states and 4 Canadian provinces, for monitoring changes in H. zea susceptibility to Cry and Vip3A toxins by measuring differences in ear damage and larval infestations between isogenic pairs of non-Bt and Bt hybrids over three years. This approach can monitor susceptibility changes and regional differences in other ear-feeding lepidopteran pests. Temporal changes in the field efficacy of each toxin were evidenced by comparing our current results with earlier published studies, including baseline data for each Bt trait when first commercialized. Changes in amount of ear damage showed significant increases in H. zea resistance to Cry toxins and possibly lower susceptibility to Vip3a. Our findings demonstrate that the sentinel plot approach as an in-field screen can effectively monitor phenotypic resistance and document field-evolved resistance in target pest populations, improving resistance monitoring for Bt crops. Accepted version
- Published
- 2021
4. The Value of Urban Flood Modeling
- Author
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Rosenzweig, B. R., primary, Herreros Cantis, P., additional, Kim, Y., additional, Cohn, A., additional, Grove, K., additional, Brock, J., additional, Yesuf, J., additional, Mistry, P., additional, Welty, C., additional, McPhearson, T., additional, Sauer, J., additional, and Chang, H., additional
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Sweet Corn Sentinel Monitoring for Lepidopteran Field-Evolved Resistance to Bt Toxins
- Author
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Dively, G P, primary, Kuhar, T P, additional, Taylor, S, additional, Doughty, H B, additional, Holmstrom, K, additional, Gilrein, D, additional, Nault, B A, additional, Ingerson-Mahar, J, additional, Whalen, J, additional, Reisig, D, additional, Frank, Daniel L, additional, Fleischer, S J, additional, Owens, David, additional, Welty, C, additional, Reay-Jones, F P F, additional, Porter, P, additional, Smith, J L, additional, Saguez, J, additional, Murray, S, additional, Wallingford, A, additional, Byker, H, additional, Jensen, B, additional, Burkness, E, additional, Hutchison, W D, additional, and Hamby, K A, additional
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. CrowdTruth 2.0: Quality Metrics for Crowdsourcing with Disagreement
- Author
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Dumitrache, A., Oana Inel, Aroyo, L., Timmermans, B., Welty, C., Aroyo, Lora, and Dumitrache, Anca
- Subjects
Social and Information Networks (cs.SI) ,FOS: Computer and information sciences ,Computer Science - Human-Computer Interaction ,Computer Science - Social and Information Networks ,Human-Computer Interaction (cs.HC) - Abstract
Typically crowdsourcing-based approaches to gather annotated data use inter-annotator agreement as a measure of quality. However, in many domains, there is ambiguity in the data, as well as a multitude of perspectives of the information examples. In this paper, we present ongoing work into the CrowdTruth metrics, that capture and interpret inter-annotator disagreement in crowdsourcing. The CrowdTruth metrics model the inter-dependency between the three main components of a crowdsourcing system – worker, input data, and annotation. The goal of the metrics is to capture the degree of ambiguity in each of these three components. The metrics are available online at https://github.com/CrowdTruth/CrowdTruth-core.
- Published
- 2018
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7. Sweet Corn Sentinel Monitoring for Lepidopteran Field-Evolved Resistance to Bt Toxins.
- Author
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Dively, G P, Kuhar, T P, Taylor, S, Doughty, H B, Holmstrom, K, Gilrein, D, Nault, B A, Ingerson-Mahar, J, Whalen, J, Reisig, D, Frank, Daniel L, Fleischer, S J, Owens, David, Welty, C, Reay-Jones, F P F, Porter, P, Smith, J L, Saguez, J, Murray, S, and Wallingford, A
- Subjects
TOXINS ,HELIOTHIS zea ,SWEET corn ,HOST plants ,CANADIAN provinces ,FIELD crops - Abstract
As part of an insect resistance management plan to preserve Bt transgenic technology, annual monitoring of target pests is mandated to detect susceptibility changes to Bt toxins. Currently Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) monitoring involves investigating unexpected injury in Bt crop fields and collecting larvae from non-Bt host plants for laboratory diet bioassays to determine mortality responses to diagnostic concentrations of Bt toxins. To date, this monitoring approach has not detected any significant change from the known range of baseline susceptibility to Bt toxins, yet practical field-evolved resistance in H. zea populations and numerous occurrences of unexpected injury occur in Bt crops. In this study, we implemented a network of 73 sentinel sweet corn trials, spanning 16 U.S. states and 4 Canadian provinces, for monitoring changes in H. zea susceptibility to Cry and Vip3A toxins by measuring differences in ear damage and larval infestations between isogenic pairs of non-Bt and Bt hybrids over three years. This approach can monitor susceptibility changes and regional differences in other ear-feeding lepidopteran pests. Temporal changes in the field efficacy of each toxin were evidenced by comparing our current results with earlier published studies, including baseline data for each Bt trait when first commercialized. Changes in amount of ear damage showed significant increases in H. zea resistance to Cry toxins and possibly lower susceptibility to Vip3a. Our findings demonstrate that the sentinel plot approach as an in-field screen can effectively monitor phenotypic resistance and document field-evolved resistance in target pest populations, improving resistance monitoring for Bt crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Multi-State Trials of Bt Sweet Corn Varieties for Control of the Corn Earworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
- Author
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Shelton, A. M., Olmstead, D. L., Burkness, E. C., Hutchison, W. D., Dively, G., Welty, C., and Sparks, A. N.
- Subjects
fungi ,food and beverages - Abstract
Field tests in 2010-2011 were performed in New York, Minnesota, Maryland, Ohio, and Georgia to compare Bt sweet corn lines expressing Cry1A.105 + Cry2Ab2 and Cry1Ab with their non-Bt isolines, with and without the use of foliar insecticides. The primary insect pest in all locations during the trial years was Heliocoverpa zea (Boddie), which is becoming the most serious insect pest of sweet corn in the United States. At harvest, the ears were measured for marketability according to fresh market and processing standards. For fresh market and processing, least squares regression showed significant effects of protein expression, state, and insecticide frequency. There was a significant effect of year for fresh market but not for processing. The model also showed significant effects of H. zea per ear by protein expression. Sweet corn containing two genes (Cry1A.105 + Cry2Ab2) and a single gene (Cry1Ab) provided high marketability, and both Bt varieties significantly outperformed the traditional non-Bt isolines in nearly all cases regardless of insecticide application frequency. For pest suppression of H. zea, plants expressing Bt proteins consistently performed better than non-Bt isoline plants, even those sprayed at conventional insecticide frequencies. Where comparisons in the same state were made between Cry1A.105 + Cry2Ab2 and Cry1Ab plants for fresh market, the product expressing Cry1A.105 + Cry2Ab2 provided better protection and resulted in less variability in control. Overall, these results indicate Cry1A.105 + Cry2Ab2 and Cry1Ab plants are suitable for fresh market and processing corn production across a diversity of growing regions and years. Our results demonstrate that Bt sweet corn has the potential to significantly reduce the use of conventional insecticides against lepidopteran pests and, in turn, reduce occupational and environmental risks that arise from intensive insecticide use
- Published
- 2017
9. CrowdTruth measures for language ambiguity the case of medical relation extraction
- Author
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Anca Dumitrache, Aroyo, L. M., Welty, C. A., Business Web and Media, Network Institute, and Intelligent Information Systems
- Subjects
SDG 16 - Peace ,SDG 16 - Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions ,Justice and Strong Institutions - Abstract
A widespread use of linked data for information extraction is distant supervision, in which relation tuples from a data source are found in sentences in a text corpus, and those sentences are treated as training data for relation extraction systems. Distant supervision is a cheap way to acquire training data, but that data can be quite noisy, which limits the performance of a system trained with it. Human annotators can be used to clean the data, but in some domains, such as medical NLP, it is widely believed that only medical experts can do this reliably. We have been investigating the use of crowdsourcing as an affordable alternative to using experts to clean noisy data, and have found that with the proper analysis, crowds can rival and even out-perform the precision and recall of experts, at a much lower cost. We have further found that the crowd, by virtue of its diversity, can help us find evidence of ambiguous sen-tences that are difficult to classify, and we have hypothesized that such sentences are likely just as difficult for machines to classify. In this pa-per we outline CrowdTruth, a previously presented method for scoring ambiguous sentences that suggests that existing modes of truth are in-adequate, and we present for the first time a set of weighted metrics for evaluating the performance of experts, the crowd, and a trained classiffier in light of ambiguity. We show that our theory of truth and our metrics are a more powerful way to evaluate NLP performance over traditional unweighted metrics like precision and recall, because they allow us to ac-count for the rather obvious fact that some sentences express the target relations more clearly than others.
- Published
- 2015
10. Deployment of RDFa, Microdata, and Microformats on the Web – A Quantitative Analysis
- Author
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Bizer, C., Eckert, K., Meusel, R., Mühleisen, Hannes, Schuhmacher, M., Völker, Johanna, Alani, H., Kagal, L., Fokue, A., Groth, P., Biermann, C., Parreira, J.X., Noy, N.F., Welty, C., Janowicz, K., and Database Architectures
- Subjects
World Wide Web ,Information extraction ,Markup language ,Computer science ,Software deployment ,Microdata (HTML) ,Web science ,RDFa ,computer.file_format ,computer.software_genre ,Web crawler ,computer ,Semantic Web - Abstract
More and more websites embed structured data describing for instance products, reviews, blog posts, people, organizations, events, and cooking recipes into their HTML pages using markup standards such as Microformats, Microdata and RDFa. This development has accelerated in the last two years as major Web companies, such as Google, Facebook, Yahoo!, and Microsoft, have started to use the embedded data within their applications. In this paper, we analyze the adoption of RDFa, Microdata, and Microformats across the Web. Our study is based on a large public Web crawl dating from early 2012 and consisting of 3 billion HTML pages which originate from over 40 million websites. The analysis reveals the deployment of the different markup standards, the main topical areas of the published data as well as the different vocabularies that are used within each topical area to represent data. What distinguishes our work from earlier studies, published by the large Web companies, is that the analyzed crawl as well as the extracted data are publicly available. This allows our findings to be verified and to be used as starting points for further domain-specific investigations as well as for focused information extraction endeavors.
- Published
- 2014
11. Attraction of the Invasive Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) to Traps Baited with Semiochemical Stimuli Across the United States
- Author
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Leskey, T. C., primary, Agnello, A., additional, Bergh, J. C., additional, Dively, G. P., additional, Hamilton, G. C., additional, Jentsch, P., additional, Khrimian, A., additional, Krawczyk, G., additional, Kuhar, T. P., additional, Lee, D.-H., additional, Morrison, W. R., additional, Polk, D. F., additional, Rodriguez-Saona, C., additional, Shearer, P. W., additional, Short, B. D., additional, Shrewsbury, P. M., additional, Walgenbach, J. F., additional, Weber, D. C., additional, Welty, C., additional, Whalen, J., additional, Wiman, N., additional, and Zaman, F., additional
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. Digital Immersion − case studies in virtual reality
- Author
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Welty Christopher and Setiawan Arief
- Subjects
Social Sciences - Abstract
Digital tools have transformed the ways we generate designs, pushing the boundaries in formal explorations, as well as the ways we represent them. In this vein, the impacts of the digital revolution affect both design practice and design education. We would like to investigate these impacts on our teaching of design studios, focusing on the virtual reality. Our premise is that the use of first-person immersion in a virtual environment is a means for experiencing space. We are interested in ways in which the abilities of virtual reality to simulate ranges of sensorial information could inform design processes. This paper will report in our research in our teaching that speculated about the values and application of these techniques. This paper aims to discuss our learning processes and experiences as well as to reflect on possibilities of digital means effective design pedagogy.
- Published
- 2019
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13. Wheat and Chaff – Practically Feasible Interactive Ontology Revision
- Author
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Nadeschda Nikitina, Sebastian Rudolph, Birte Glimm, Aroyo, L, Welty, C, Alani, H, Taylor, J, Bernstein, A, Kagal, L, Noy, N, and Blomqvist, E
- Subjects
Computer science ,business.industry ,Generalization ,Ontology (information science) ,computer.software_genre ,Automation ,Ranking ,Description logic ,Formal concept analysis ,Data mining ,Automated reasoning ,business ,computer ,Axiom - Abstract
When ontological knowledge is acquired automatically, quality control is essential. We consider the tightest possible approach - an exhaustive manual inspection of the acquired data. By using automated reasoning, we partially automate the process: after each expert decision, axioms that are entailed by the already approved statements are automatically approved, whereas axioms that would lead to an inconsistency are declined. Adequate axiom ranking strategies are essential in this setting to minimize the amount of expert decisions. In this paper, we present a generalization of the previously proposed ranking techniques which works well for arbitrary validity ratios - the proportion of valid statements within a dataset - whereas the previously described ranking functions were either tailored towards validity ratios of exactly 100% and 0% or were optimizing the worst case. The validity ratio - generally not known a priori - is continuously estimated over the course of the inspection process. We further employ partitioning techniques to significantly reduce the computational effort. We provide an implementation supporting all these optimizations as well as featuring a user front-end for successive axiom evaluation, thereby making our proposed strategy applicable to practical scenarios. This is witnessed by our evaluation showing that the novel parameterized ranking function almost achieves the maximum possible automation and that the computation time needed for each reasoning-based, automatic decision is reduced to less than one second on average for our test dataset of over 25,000 statements. © 2011 Springer-Verlag.
- Published
- 2016
14. Geospatial Variability of Fluorescent Dissolved Organic Matter in Urban Watersheds: Relationships with Land Cover and Wastewater Infrastructure.
- Author
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Batista-Andrade JA, Welty C, Iglesias Vega D, McClain A, and Blaney L
- Subjects
- Environmental Monitoring methods, Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis, Fluorescence, Wastewater chemistry
- Abstract
We investigated the fluorescent dissolved organic matter (FDOM) composition in two watersheds with variable land cover and wastewater infrastructure, including sanitary sewers and septic systems. A four-component parallel factor analysis model was constructed from 295 excitation-emission matrices recorded for stream samples to examine relationships between FDOM and geospatial parameters. The contributions of humic acid- and fulvic acid-like fluorescence components (e.g., C1, C2, C3) were fairly consistent across a 12 month period for the 27 sampling sites. In contrast, the protein-like fluorescence component (C4) and a related ratiometric wastewater indicator (C4/C3) exhibited high variability in urban tributaries, suggesting that some sites were impacted by leaking sewer infrastructure. Principal component analysis indicated that urban areas clustered with impervious surfaces and sanitary sewer density, and cross-covariance analysis identified strong positive correlations between C4, impervious surfaces, and sanitary sewer density at short lag distances. The presence of wastewater was confirmed by detection of sucralose (up to 1,660 ng L
-1 ) and caffeine (up to 1,740 ng L-1 ). Our findings not only highlight the potential for C4 to serve as an indicator of nearby, compromised sanitary sewer infrastructure, but also suggest that geospatial data can be used to predict areas vulnerable to wastewater contamination.- Published
- 2024
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- View/download PDF
15. Methodological Studies of the Mechanism of Anion Insertion in Nanometer-Sized Carbon Micropores.
- Author
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Welty C, Taylor EE, Posey S, Vailati P, Kravchyk KV, Kovalenko MV, and Stadie NP
- Abstract
Dual-ion hybrid capacitors (DIHCs) are a promising class of electrochemical energy storage devices intermediate between batteries and supercapacitors, exhibiting both high energy and power density, and generalizable across wide chemistries beyond lithium. In this study, a model carbon framework material with a periodic structure containing exclusively 1.2 nm width pores, zeolite-templated carbon (ZTC), was investigated as the positive electrode for the storage of a range of anions relevant to DIHC chemistries. Screening experiments were carried out across 21 electrolyte compositions within a common stable potential window of 3.0-4.0 V vs. Li/Li
+ to determine trends in capacity as a function of anion and solvent properties. To achieve fast rate capability, a binary solvent balancing a high dielectric constant with a low viscosity and small molecular size was used; optimized full-cells based on LiPF6 in binary electrolyte exhibited 146 Wh kg-1 and >4000 W kg-1 energy and power densities, respectively., (© 2022 The Authors. ChemSusChem published by Wiley-VCH GmbH.)- Published
- 2023
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16. Evaluating invasion risk and population dynamics of the brown marmorated stink bug across the contiguous United States.
- Author
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Illán JG, Zhu G, Walgenbach JF, Acebes-Doria A, Agnello AM, Alston DG, Andrews H, Beers EH, Bergh JC, Bessin RT, Blaauw BR, Buntin GD, Burkness EC, Cullum JP, Daane KM, Fann LE, Fisher J, Girod P, Gut LJ, Hamilton GC, Hepler JR, Hilton R, Hoelmer KA, Hutchison WD, Jentsch PJ, Joseph SV, Kennedy GG, Krawczyk G, Kuhar TP, Lee JC, Leskey TC, Marshal AT, Milnes JM, Nielsen AL, Patel DK, Peterson HD, Reisig DD, Rijal JP, Sial AA, Spears LR, Stahl JM, Tatman KM, Taylor SV, Tillman G, Toews MD, Villanueva RT, Welty C, Wiman NG, Wilson JK, Zalom FG, and Crowder DW
- Subjects
- Animals, Climate Change, Introduced Species, Population Dynamics, United States, Ecosystem, Heteroptera
- Abstract
Background: Invasive species threaten the productivity and stability of natural and managed ecosystems. Predicting the spread of invaders, which can aid in early mitigation efforts, is a major challenge, especially in the face of climate change. While ecological niche models are effective tools to assess habitat suitability for invaders, such models have rarely been created for invasive pest species with rapidly expanding ranges. Here, we leveraged a national monitoring effort from 543 sites over 3 years to assess factors mediating the occurrence and abundance of brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB, Halyomorpha halys), an invasive insect pest that has readily established throughout much of the United States., Results: We used maximum entropy models to estimate the suitable habitat of BMSB under several climate scenarios, and generalized boosted models to assess environmental factors that regulated BMSB abundance. Our models captured BMSB distribution and abundance with high accuracy, and predicted a 70% increase in suitable habitat under future climate scenarios. However, environmental factors that mediated the geographical distribution of BMSB were different from those driving abundance. While BMSB occurrence was most affected by winter precipitation and proximity to populated areas, BMSB abundance was influenced most strongly by evapotranspiration and solar photoperiod., Conclusion: Our results suggest that linking models of establishment (occurrence) and population dynamics (abundance) offers a more effective way to forecast the spread and impact of BMSB and other invasive species than simply occurrence-based models, allowing for targeted mitigation efforts. Implications of distribution shifts under climate change are discussed. © 2022 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry., (© 2022 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.)
- Published
- 2022
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- View/download PDF
17. Characterization of roof runoff microbial quality in four U.S. cities with varying climate and land use characteristics.
- Author
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Alja'fari J, Sharvelle S, Brinkman NE, Jahne M, Keely S, Wheaton EA, Garland J, Welty C, Sukop MC, and Meixner T
- Subjects
- Humans, Water Microbiology, Escherichia coli, Cities, Rain, Enterococcus, Water, Cryptosporidiosis, Cryptosporidium, Giardia lamblia genetics
- Abstract
Roof runoff has the potential to serve as an important local water source in regions with growing populations and limited water supply. Given the scarcity of guidance regulating the use of roof runoff, a need exists to characterize the microbial quality of roof runoff. The objective of this 2-year research effort was to examine roof runoff microbial quality in four U.S. cities: Fort Collins, CO; Tucson, AZ; Baltimore, MD; and Miami, FL. Seven participants, i.e., homeowners and schools, were recruited in each city to collect roof runoff samples across 13 precipitation events. Sample collection was done as part of a citizen science approach. The presence and concentrations of indicator organisms and potentially human-infectious pathogens in roof runoff were determined using culture methods and digital droplet polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR), respectively. The analyzed pathogens included Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp., Giardia duodenalis, and Cryptosporidium parvum. Several factors were evaluated to study their influence on the presence of potentially human-infectious pathogens including the physicochemical characteristics (total suspended solids, volatile suspended solids, total dissolved solids, chemical oxygen demand, and turbidity) of roof runoff, concentrations of indicator organisms, presence/absence of trees, storm properties (rainfall depth and antecedent dry period), percent of impervious cover surrounding each sampling location, seasonality, and geographical location. E. coli and enterococci were detected in 73.4% and 96.2% of the analyzed samples, respectively. Concentrations of both E. coli and enterococci ranged from <0 log
10 to >3.38 log10 MPN/100 mL. Salmonella spp. invA, Campylobacter spp. ceuE, and G. duodenalis β - giardin gene targets were detected in 8.9%, 2.5%, and 5.1% of the analyzed samples, respectively. Campylobacter spp. mapA and C. parvum 18S rRNA gene targets were not detected in any of the analyzed samples. The detection of Salmonella spp. invA was influenced by the geographical location of the sampling site (Chi-square p-value < 0.001) as well as the number of antecedent dry days prior to a rain event (p-value = 0.002, negative correlation). The antecedent dry period was negatively correlated with the occurrence of Campylobacter spp. ceuE as well (p-value = 0.07). On the other hand, the presence of G. duodenalis β-giardin in roof runoff was positively correlated with rainfall depth (p-value = 0.05). While physicochemical parameters and impervious area were not found to be correlated with the presence/absence of potentially human-infectious pathogens, significant correlations were found between meteorological parameters and the presence/absence of potentially human-infectious pathogens. Additionally, a weak, yet significant positive correlation, was found only between the concentrations of E. coli and those of Giardia duodenalis β-giardin. This dataset represents the largest-scale study to date of enteric pathogens in U.S. roof runoff collections and will inform treatment targets for different non-potable end uses for roof runoff. However, the dataset is limited by the low percent detection of bacterial and protozoan pathogens, an issue that is likely to persist challenging the characterization of roof runoff microbial quality given sampling limitations related to the volume and number of samples., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)- Published
- 2022
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18. Pest population dynamics are related to a continental overwintering gradient.
- Author
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Lawton D, Huseth AS, Kennedy GG, Morey AC, Hutchison WD, Reisig DD, Dorman SJ, Dillard D, Venette RC, Groves RL, Adamczyk JJ, Barbosa Dos Santos I, Baute T, Brown S, Burkness E, Dean A, Dively GP, Doughty HB, Fleischer SJ, Green J, Greene JK, Hamilton K, Hodgson E, Hunt T, Kerns D, Leonard BR, Malone S, Musser F, Owens D, Palumbo JC, Paula-Moraes S, Peterson JA, Ramirez R, Rondon SI, Schilder TL, Seaman A, Spears L, Stewart SD, Taylor S, Towles T, Welty C, Whalen J, Wright R, and Zuefle M
- Subjects
- Animals, Population Dynamics, Temperature, Climate Change, Moths, Seasons
- Abstract
Overwintering success is an important determinant of arthropod populations that must be considered as climate change continues to influence the spatiotemporal population dynamics of agricultural pests. Using a long-term monitoring database and biologically relevant overwintering zones, we modeled the annual and seasonal population dynamics of a common pest, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), based on three overwintering suitability zones throughout North America using four decades of soil temperatures: the southern range (able to persist through winter), transitional zone (uncertain overwintering survivorship), and northern limits (unable to survive winter). Our model indicates H. zea population dynamics are hierarchically structured with continental-level effects that are partitioned into three geographic zones. Seasonal populations were initially detected in the southern range, where they experienced multiple large population peaks. All three zones experienced a final peak between late July (southern range) and mid-August to mid-September (transitional zone and northern limits). The southern range expanded by 3% since 1981 and is projected to increase by twofold by 2099 but the areas of other zones are expected to decrease in the future. These changes suggest larger populations may persist at higher latitudes in the future due to reduced low-temperature lethal events during winter. Because H. zea is a highly migratory pest, predicting when populations accumulate in one region can inform synchronous or lagged population development in other regions. We show the value of combining long-term datasets, remotely sensed data, and laboratory findings to inform forecasting of insect pests.
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. Addressing Label Sparsity With Class-Level Common Sense for Google Maps.
- Author
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Welty C, Aroyo L, Korn F, McCarthy SM, and Zhao S
- Abstract
Successful knowledge graphs (KGs) solved the historical knowledge acquisition bottleneck by supplanting the previous expert focus with a simple, crowd-friendly one: KG nodes represent popular people, places, organizations, etc., and the graph arcs represent common sense relations like affiliations, locations, etc. Techniques for more general, categorical, KG curation do not seem to have made the same transition: the KG research community is still largely focused on logic-based methods that belie the common-sense characteristics of successful KGs. In this paper, we propose a simple yet novel three-tier crowd approach to acquiring class-level attributes that represent broad common sense associations between categories, and can be used with the classic knowledge-base default & override technique, to address the early label sparsity problem faced by machine learning systems for problems that lack data for training. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our acquisition and reasoning approach on a pair of very real industrial-scale problems: how to augment an existing KG of places and offerings (e.g. stores and products, restaurants and dishes) with associations between them indicating the availability of the offerings at those places. Label sparsity is a general problem, and not specific to these use cases, that prevents modern AI and machine learning techniques from applying to many applications for which labeled data is not readily available. As a result, the study of how to acquire the knowledge and data needed for AI to work is as much a problem today as it was in the 1970s and 80s during the advent of expert systems. Our approach was a critical part of enabling a worldwide local search capability on Google Maps, with which users can find products and dishes that are available in most places on earth., Competing Interests: All authors were employed by Google Research., (Copyright © 2022 Welty, Aroyo, Korn, McCarthy and Zhao.)
- Published
- 2022
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20. Evaluation of the Cancer of Bladder Risk Assessment (COBRA) Score in the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) Bladder Cancer Cohort.
- Author
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Chappidi MR, Welty C, Choi W, Meng MV, and Porten SP
- Subjects
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Cystectomy, Databases, Genetic, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Kaplan-Meier Estimate, Male, Molecular Typing, Proportional Hazards Models, Risk Assessment methods, Survival Rate, Urinary Bladder Neoplasms therapy, Nomograms, Urinary Bladder Neoplasms genetics, Urinary Bladder Neoplasms pathology
- Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the Cancer of the Bladder Risk Assessment (COBRA) score in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) bladder cancer cohort. Second, to investigate the utility of the COBRA score within each bladder cancer molecular subtype following radical cystectomy (RC) and determine if it can help identify candidates for adjuvant therapies and clinical trials., Methods: Among the TCGA bladder cancer cohort (n = 412), RC pathology reports were reviewed to calculate COBRA scores. Kaplan-Meier survival curves along with univariable and multivariable Cox proportional hazard models were used to determine the clinical utility of the COBRA score to predict overall survival (OS) within the overall cohort and within each molecular subtype (if n>30 within subtype)., Results: In the analytic cohort (n = 273) there was a median follow-up of 18 months. Higher COBRA score was associated with significant increased risk of death in both univariable (HR = 1.52 per point [PP] 95% CI [1.32, 1.75)] and multivariable models (HR = 1.54 PP 95% CI [1.32, 1.79]). This remained true in multivariable models stratified by molecular subtype for basal (HR = 1.37 PP 95% CI [1.07, 1.74]), luminal infiltrated (HR = 1.70 PP 95% CI [1.10, 2.64]), and luminal papillary (HR = 1.62 PP 95% CI [1.28, 2.06]) tumors., Conclusion: Our findings validate the COBRA score in the TCGA bladder cancer cohort. This suggests the COBRA score can be used in conjunction with molecular subtyping information to help guide clinical decision-making following RC to improve risk stratification and allow for earlier identification of candidates for adjuvant therapies and clinical trials., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2021
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21. Baseline Toxicity of the Insecticides Bifenthrin and Thiamethoxam on Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) Collected From the Eastern United States.
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Alford A, Kuhar TP, Hamilton GC, Jentsch P, Krawczyk G, Walgenbach JF, and Welty C
- Subjects
- Animals, Thiamethoxam, United States, Heteroptera, Insecticides, Pyrethrins
- Abstract
Brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Stål), is an invasive species in the United States that attacks a wide variety of agricultural commodities including fruits, vegetables, agronomic crops, and ornamental plants. Populations of H. halys adults were collected from four and six states in 2017 and 2018, respectively, and tested using topical applications to establish baseline levels of susceptibility to two commonly used insecticides, bifenthrin and thiamethoxam. A Probit-estimated (95% fiducial limits) LD50 and LD99 of 2.64 g AI/L (1.2-3.84 g AI/L) and 84.96 g AI/L (35.76-716.16 g AI/L) for bifenthrin, and a LD50 and LD99 of 0.05 g AI/liter (1.14E-5-0.27 g AI/L) and 150.11 g AI/L (27.35-761,867 g AI/L) for thiamethoxam, respectively. These baseline levels can be used for future insecticide resistance monitoring in H. halys., (© The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Entomological Society of America. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)
- Published
- 2020
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22. Season-Long Monitoring of the Brown Marmorated Stink Bug (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) Throughout the United States Using Commercially Available Traps and Lures.
- Author
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Acebes-Doria AL, Agnello AM, Alston DG, Andrews H, Beers EH, Bergh JC, Bessin R, Blaauw BR, Buntin GD, Burkness EC, Chen S, Cottrell TE, Daane KM, Fann LE, Fleischer SJ, Guédot C, Gut LJ, Hamilton GC, Hilton R, Hoelmer KA, Hutchison WD, Jentsch P, Krawczyk G, Kuhar TP, Lee JC, Milnes JM, Nielsen AL, Patel DK, Short BD, Sial AA, Spears LR, Tatman K, Toews MD, Walgenbach JD, Welty C, Wiman NG, Van Zoeren J, and Leskey TC
- Subjects
- Animals, Nymph, Pheromones, Population Density, Seasons, United States, Heteroptera
- Abstract
Reliable monitoring of the invasive Halyomorpha halys abundance, phenology and geographic distribution is critical for its management. Halyomorpha halys adult and nymphal captures on clear sticky traps and in black pyramid traps were compared in 18 states across the Great Lakes, Mid-Atlantic, Southeast, Pacific Northwest and Western regions of the United States. Traps were baited with commercial lures containing the H. halys pheromone and synergist, and deployed at field sites bordering agricultural or urban locations with H. halys host plants. Nymphal and adult captures in pyramid traps were greater than those on sticky traps, but captures were positively correlated between the two trap types within each region and during the early-, mid- and late season across all sites. Sites were further classified as having a low, moderate or high relative H. halys density and again showed positive correlations between captures for the two trap types for nymphs and adults. Among regions, the greatest adult captures were recorded in the Southeast and Mid-Atlantic on pyramid and sticky traps, respectively, with lowest captures recorded in the West. Nymphal captures, while lower than adult captures, were greatest in the Southeast and lowest in the West. Nymphal and adult captures were, generally, greatest during July-August and September-October, respectively. Trapping data were compared with available phenological models showing comparable population peaks at most locations. Results demonstrated that sticky traps offer a simpler alternative to pyramid traps, but both can be reliable tools to monitor H. halys in different geographical locations with varying population densities throughout the season., (© The Author(s) 2019. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Entomological Society of America. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)
- Published
- 2020
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23. Atmospheric Deposition of Coal-Related Pollutants in the Pacific Northwest of the United States from 1950 to 2016.
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Sousa M, Benson B, Welty C, Price D, Thirkill R, Erickson W, Cummings M, and Dunnivant FM
- Subjects
- Ice Cover chemistry, Lead Radioisotopes, Mercury analysis, Washington, Air Pollutants analysis, Coal analysis, Environmental Monitoring methods, Geologic Sediments chemistry, Lakes chemistry, Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis
- Abstract
Coal-related elements are toxic and persistent pollutants that have spread globally since the industrial revolution, mainly from point-source emissions. A sediment core was collected from Deep Lake in northeastern Washington State (USA) by the Washington State Department of Ecology, with the aim of assessing recent changes in atmospheric deposition in the US Pacific Northwest. The core was divided into depth intervals and dated by lead-210. A sample from each cross section was digested and analyzed for toxic metals and metalloids using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Data show recent increases in the concentrations of arsenic, barium, selenium, and mercury. Comparison with 1993 US Geological Survey ice core data from the Upper Fremont Glacier in Wyoming (USA), Asian coal consumption data, and weather patterns suggests that pollutant inputs to Deep Lake sediments are the result of coal-burning activities in the Asia-Pacific region. Most notably, mercury deposition in Deep Lake has increased from approximately 20 ppb in 1996 to 9470 ppb in 2014 (an ~400-fold increase), and since 1993 when the ice core was analyzed. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:335-342. © 2019 SETAC., (© 2019 SETAC.)
- Published
- 2020
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24. Identification and Characterization of Circulating Tumor Cells in Men Who have Undergone Prostatectomy for Clinically Localized, High Risk Prostate Cancer.
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Friedlander TW, Welty C, Anantharaman A, Schonhoft JD, Jendrisak A, Lee J, Li P, Hough J, Stromlund A, Edwards M, Sangar S, Kobayashi Y, Simko J, Farrokhian N, Lindquist K, Greene S, Ontiveros P, Graf R, Rodriquez A, Suraneni M, Wang Y, Landers M, Carroll P, Cooperberg MR, Dittamore R, and Paris PL
- Subjects
- Aged, Biomarkers, Tumor blood, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Neoplasm Recurrence, Local diagnosis, Neoplasm Staging, Prognosis, Prostatic Neoplasms diagnosis, Prostatic Neoplasms surgery, Receptors, Androgen, Risk, Neoplasm Recurrence, Local pathology, Neoplastic Cells, Circulating metabolism, Prostatectomy, Prostatic Neoplasms pathology
- Abstract
Purpose: Approximately 15% of men with newly diagnosed prostate cancer have high risk features which increase the risk of recurrence and metastasis. Better predictive biomarkers could allow for earlier detection of biochemical recurrence and change surveillance and adjuvant treatment paradigms. Circulating tumor cells are thought to represent the earliest form of metastases. However, their role as biomarkers in men with high risk, localized prostate cancer is not well defined., Materials and Methods: Two to 5 months after prostatectomy we obtained blood samples from 37 patients with high risk, localized prostate cancer, defined as stage T3a or higher, Gleason score 8 or greater, or prostate specific antigen 20 ng/ml or greater. Circulating tumor cells were enumerated using a commercial platform. Matched tumor and single circulating tumor cell sequencing was performed., Results: Circulating tumor cells were detected in 30 of 37 samples (81.1%) with a median of 2.4 circulating tumor cells per ml (range 0 to 22.9). Patients with detectable circulating tumor cells showed a trend toward shorter recurrence time (p=0.12). All patients with biochemical recurrence had detectable circulating tumor cells. Androgen receptor over expression was detected in 7 of 37 patients (18.9%). Patients with biochemical recurrence had more circulating tumor cell copy number aberrations (p=0.027). Matched tumor tissue and single circulating tumor cell sequencing revealed heterogeneity., Conclusions: We noted a high incidence of circulating tumor cell detection after radical prostatectomy and shorter time to biochemical recurrence in men with a higher circulating tumor cell burden and more circulating tumor cell copy number aberrations. Genomic alterations consistent with established copy number aberrations in prostate cancer were detectable in circulating tumor cells but often discordant with cells analyzed in bulk from primary lesions. With further testing in appropriately powered cohorts early circulating tumor cell detection could be an informative biomarker to assist with adjuvant treatment decisions.
- Published
- 2019
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25. Rumen microbial responses to supplemental nitrate. II. Potential interactions with live yeast culture on the prokaryotic community and methanogenesis in continuous culture.
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Welty CM, Wenner BA, Wagner BK, Roman-Garcia Y, Plank JE, Meller RA, Gehman AM, and Firkins JL
- Subjects
- Animals, Cattle microbiology, Dietary Supplements, Female, Fermentation, Nitrates administration & dosage, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S metabolism, Rumen metabolism, Rumination, Digestive, Animal Feed, Cattle metabolism, Diet veterinary, Methane biosynthesis, Nitrates pharmacology, Rumen microbiology, Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolism
- Abstract
Nitrates have been fed to ruminants, including dairy cows, as an electron sink to mitigate CH
4 emissions. In the NO3 - reduction process, NO2 - can accumulate, which could directly inhibit methanogens and possibly other microbes in the rumen. Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast was hypothesized to decrease NO2 - through direct reduction or indirectly by stimulating the bacterium Selenomonas ruminantium, which is among the ruminal bacteria most well characterized to reduce both NO3 - and NO2 - . Ruminal fluid was incubated in continuous cultures fed diets without or with NaNO3 (1.5% of diet dry matter; i.e., 1.09% NO3 - ) and without or with live yeast culture (LYC) fed at a recommended 0.010 g/d (scaled from cattle to fermentor intakes) in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Treatments with LYC had increased NDF digestibility and acetate:propionate by increasing acetate molar proportion but tended to decrease total VFA production. The main effect of NO3 - increased acetate:propionate by increasing acetate molar proportion; NO3 - also decreased molar proportions of isobutyrate and butyrate. Both NO3 - and LYC shifted bacterial community composition (based on relative sequence abundance of 16S rRNA genes). An interaction occurred such that NO3 - decreased valerate molar proportion only when no LYC was added. Nitrate decreased daily CH4 emissions by 29%. However, treatment × time interactions were present for both CH4 and H2 emission from the headspace; CH4 was decreased by the main effect of NO3 - until 6 h postfeeding, but NO3 - and LYC decreased H2 emission up to 4 h postfeeding. As expected, NO3 - decreased methane emissions in continuous cultures; however, contrary to expectations, LYC did not attenuate NO2 - accumulation., (Copyright © 2019 American Dairy Science Association. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)- Published
- 2019
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26. Rumen microbial responses to supplemental nitrate. I. Yeast growth and protozoal chemotaxis in vitro as affected by nitrate and nitrite concentrations.
- Author
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Roman-Garcia Y, Wenner BA, Welty CM, Wagner BK, Plank JE, Meller RA, Waits SJ, Gehman AM, and Firkins JL
- Subjects
- Animals, Chemotaxis drug effects, Ciliophora metabolism, Dietary Supplements, Female, Glucose metabolism, Nitrites pharmacology, Rumen drug effects, Saccharomyces cerevisiae growth & development, Animal Feed, Cattle, Diet veterinary, Nitrates pharmacology, Rumen microbiology
- Abstract
Nitrates have been fed to ruminants, including dairy cows, as an electron sink to mitigate CH
4 emissions. In the NO3 - reduction process, NO2 - can accumulate, which could directly inhibit methanogens and some bacteria. However, little information is available on eukaryotic microbes in the rumen. Protozoa were hypothesized to enhance nitrate reductase but also have more circling swimming behavior, and the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae was hypothesized to lessen NO2 - accumulation. In the first experiment, a culture of S. cerevisiae strain 1026 was evaluated under 3 growth phases: aerobic, anoxic, or transition to anoxic culture. Each phase was evaluated with a control or 1 of 3 isonitrogenous doses, including NO3 - , NO2 - , or NH4 + replacing peptone in the medium. Gas head phase, NO3 - , or NH4 + did not influence culture growth, but increasing NO2 - concentration increasingly inhibited yeast growth. In experiment 2, rumen fluid was harvested and incubated for 3 h in 2 concentrations of NO3 - , NO2 - , or sodium nitroprusside before assessing chemotaxis of protozoa toward glucose or peptides. Increasing NO2 - concentration decreased chemotaxis by isotrichids toward glucose or peptides and decreased chemotaxis by entodiniomorphids but only toward peptides. Live yeast culture was inhibited dose-responsively by NO2 - and does not seem to be a viable mechanism to prevent NO2 - accumulation in the rumen, whereas a role for protozoal nitrate reductase and NO2 - influencing signal transduction requires further research., (Copyright © 2019 American Dairy Science Association. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)- Published
- 2019
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27. Validation of GEMCaP as a DNA Based Biomarker to Predict Prostate Cancer Recurrence after Radical Prostatectomy.
- Author
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Nguyen HG, Welty C, Lindquist K, Ngo V, Gilbert E, Bengtsson H, Magi-Galluzzi C, Jean-Gilles J, Yao J, Cooperberg M, Messing E, Klein EA, Carroll PR, and Paris PL
- Subjects
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Biomarkers, Tumor blood, Comparative Genomic Hybridization, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Neoplasm Recurrence, Local genetics, Neoplasm Recurrence, Local metabolism, Predictive Value of Tests, Prognosis, Prostate-Specific Antigen blood, Prostatic Neoplasms metabolism, Prostatic Neoplasms surgery, Retrospective Studies, Risk Assessment, DNA, Neoplasm genetics, Neoplasm Recurrence, Local diagnosis, Prostate pathology, Prostatectomy methods, Prostatic Neoplasms genetics
- Abstract
Purpose: We aimed to validate GEMCaP (Genomic Evaluators of Metastatic Cancer of the Prostate) as a novel copy number signature predictive of prostate cancer recurrence., Materials and Methods: We randomly selected patients who underwent radical prostatectomy at Cleveland Clinic or University of Rochester from 2000 to 2005. DNA isolated from the cancer region was extracted and subjected to high resolution array comparative genomic hybridization. A high GEMCaP score was defined as 20% or greater of genomic loci showing copy number gain or loss in a given tumor. Cox regression was used to evaluate associations between the GEMCaP score and the risk of biochemical recurrence., Results: We report results in 140 patients. Overall 38% of patients experienced recurrence with a median time to recurrence of 45 months. Based on the CAPRA-S (Cancer of the Prostate Risk Assessment Post-Surgical) score 39% of the patients were at low risk, 42% were at intermediate risk and 19% were at high risk. The GEMCaP score was high (20% or greater) in 31% of the cohort. A high GEMCaP score was associated with a higher risk of biochemical recurrence (HR 2.69, 95% CI 1.51-4.77) and it remained associated after adjusting for CAPRA-S score and age (HR 1.94, 95% CI 1.06-3.56). The C-index of GEMCaP alone was 0.64, which improved when combined with the CAPRA-S score and patient age (C-index = 0.75)., Conclusions: A high GEMCaP score was associated with biochemical recurrence in 2 external cohorts. This remained true after adjusting for clinical and pathological factors. The GEMCaP biomarker could be an efficient and effective clinical risk assessment tool to identify patients with prostate cancer for early adjuvant therapy., (Copyright © 2018 American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2018
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28. Influence of infrastructure on water quality and greenhouse gas dynamics in urban streams.
- Author
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Smith RM, Kaushal SS, Beaulieu JJ, Pennino MJ, and Welty C
- Abstract
Streams and rivers are significant sources of nitrous oxide (N
2 O), carbon dioxide (CO2 ), and methane (CH4 ) globally, and watershed management can alter greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from streams. We hypothesized that urban infrastructure significantly alters downstream water quality and contributes to variability in GHG saturation and emissions. We measured gas saturation and estimated emission rates in headwaters of two urban stream networks (Red Run and Dead Run) of the Baltimore Ecosystem Study Long-Term Ecological Research project. We identified four combinations of stormwater and sanitary infrastructure present in these watersheds, including: (1) stream burial, (2) inline stormwater wetlands, (3) riparian/floodplain preservation, and (4) septic systems. We selected two first order catchments in each of these categories and measured GHG concentrations, emissions, and dissolved inorganic and organic carbon (DIC and DOC) and nutrient concentrations biweekly for 1 year. From a water quality perspective, the DOC : NO3 - ratio of streamwater was significantly different across infrastructure categories. Multiple linear regressions including DOC : NO3 - and other variables (dissolved oxygen, DO; total dissolved nitrogen, TDN; and temperature) explained much of the statistical variation in nitrous oxide (N2 O, r2 = 0.78), carbon dioxide (CO2 , r2 = 0.78) and methane (CH4, r 2 = 0.50) saturation in stream water. We measured N2 O saturation ratios, which were among the highest reported in the literature for streams, ranging from 1.1 to 47 across all sites and dates. N2 O saturation ratios were highest in streams draining watersheds with septic systems and strongly correlated with TDN. The CO2 saturation ratio was highly correlated with the N2 O saturation ratio across all sites and dates, and the CO2 saturation ratio ranged from 1.1 to 73. CH4 was always supersaturated, with saturation ratios ranging from 3.0 to 2157. Longitudinal surveys extending form headwaters to third-order outlets of Red Run and Dead Run took place in spring and fall. Linear regressions of these data yielded significant negative relationships between each gas with increasing watershed size as well as consistent relationships between solutes (TDN or DOC, and DOC : TDN ratio) and gas saturation. Despite a decline in gas saturation between the headwaters and stream outlet, streams remained saturated with GHGs throughout the drainage network, suggesting that urban streams are continuous sources of CO2 , CH4 , and N2 O. Our results suggest that infrastructure decisions can have significant effects on downstream water quality and greenhouse gases, and watershed management strategies may need to consider coupled impacts on urban water and air quality., Competing Interests: Competing interests. The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.- Published
- 2017
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29. A Randomized Study of Intraoperative Autologous Retropubic Urethral Sling on Urinary Control after Robotic Assisted Radical Prostatectomy.
- Author
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Nguyen HG, Punnen S, Cowan JE, Leapman M, Cary C, Welty C, Weinberg V, Cooperberg MR, Meng MV, Greene KL, Garcia M, and Carroll PR
- Subjects
- Aged, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Prostatectomy methods, Prostatic Neoplasms surgery, Recovery of Function, Robotic Surgical Procedures methods, Single-Blind Method, Survival Analysis, Transplantation, Autologous methods, Treatment Outcome, Urinary Incontinence, Stress etiology, Vas Deferens transplantation, Prostatectomy adverse effects, Robotic Surgical Procedures adverse effects, Suburethral Slings adverse effects, Urinary Incontinence, Stress surgery
- Abstract
Purpose: We evaluated whether placement of a retropubic urethral sling fashioned from autologous vas deferens during robotic assisted radical prostatectomy would improve recovery of continence., Materials and Methods: In a phase 2, single blind trial age stratified patients were randomized to undergo robotic assisted radical prostatectomy by multiple surgeons with or without sling placement. The outcomes were complete continence (0 urinary pads of any type) and near continence (0, an occasional or 1 pad per day) at 6 months, which was assessed by the Fisher exact test and logistic regression. The Kaplan-Meier method and the log rank test were used to evaluate time to continence. EPIC-UIN (Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite-Urinary Inventory) and I-PSS (International Prostate Symptom Score) 1, 3 and 6 months after catheter removal were evaluated by mixed models for repeated measures., Results: Of 203 patients who were recruited 95 and 100 were randomized to undergo sling and no sling placement, respectively, and completed postoperative interviews. Six months after surgery the proportions reporting complete and near continence (66% and 87%, respectively) and times to complete and near continence were similar in the groups. Younger age was associated with a higher likelihood of complete continence (OR 1.74 per decreasing 5-year interval, 95% CI 1.23-2.48, p <0.01) and near continence (OR 2.18 per decreasing 5-year interval, 95% CI 1.21-3.92, p <0.01) adjusting for clinical, urinary and surgical factors. Adjusted EPIC-UIN and I-PSS scores changed with time but did not differ between the groups. No serious adverse events were observed., Conclusions: This trial failed to demonstrate a benefit of autologous urethral sling placement at robotic assisted radical prostatectomy on early return of continence at 6 months. Continence was related to patient age in adjusted models., (Copyright © 2017 American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2017
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30. West Africa International Centers of Excellence for Malaria Research: Drug Resistance Patterns to Artemether-Lumefantrine in Senegal, Mali, and The Gambia.
- Author
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Dieye B, Affara M, Sangare L, Joof F, Ndiaye YD, Gomis JF, Ndiaye M, Mbaye A, Diakite M, Sy N, Mbengue B, Deme AB, Daniels R, Ahouidi AD, Dieye T, Abdullahi A, Doumbia S, Ndiaye JL, Diarra A, Ismaela A, Coulibaly M, Welty C, Ngwa AA, Shaffer J, D'Alessandro U, Volkman SK, Wirth DF, Krogstad DJ, Koita O, Nwakanma D, and Ndiaye D
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Amino Acid Sequence, Artemether, Child, Child, Preschool, Follow-Up Studies, Gambia, Genetic Loci, Humans, Lumefantrine, Mali, Membrane Transport Proteins genetics, Membrane Transport Proteins metabolism, Multidrug Resistance-Associated Proteins genetics, Multidrug Resistance-Associated Proteins metabolism, Mutation, Plasmodium falciparum genetics, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Protozoan Proteins genetics, Protozoan Proteins metabolism, Senegal, Young Adult, Antimalarials therapeutic use, Artemisinins therapeutic use, Drug Resistance genetics, Ethanolamines therapeutic use, Fluorenes therapeutic use, Malaria, Falciparum drug therapy, Plasmodium falciparum drug effects
- Abstract
In 2006, artemether-lumefantrine (AL) became the first-line treatment of uncomplicated malaria in Senegal, Mali, and the Gambia. To monitor its efficacy, between August 2011 and November 2014, children with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria were treated with AL and followed up for 42 days. A total of 463 subjects were enrolled in three sites (246 in Senegal, 97 in Mali, and 120 in Gambia). No early treatment failure was observed and malaria infection cleared in all patients by day 3. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-adjusted adequate clinical and parasitological response (ACPR) was 100% in Mali, and the Gambia, and 98.8% in Senegal. However, without PCR adjustment, ACPR was 89.4% overall; 91.5% in Mali, 98.8% in Senegal, and 64.3% in the Gambia (the lower value in the Gambia attributed to poor compliance of the full antimalarial course). However, pfmdr1 mutations were prevalent in Senegal and a decrease in parasite sensitivity to artesunate and lumefantrine (as measured by ex vivo drug assay) was observed at all sites. Recrudescent parasites did not show Kelch 13 (K13) mutations and AL remains highly efficacious in these west African sites., (© The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.)
- Published
- 2016
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31. Use of a Three-Dimensional Reactive Solute Transport Model for Evaluation of Bioreactor Placement in Stream Restoration.
- Author
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Cui Z, Welty C, Gold AJ, Groffman PM, Kaushal SS, and Miller AJ
- Subjects
- Nitrates, Rivers, Bioreactors, Denitrification, Groundwater
- Abstract
A three-dimensional groundwater flow and multispecies reactive transport model was used to strategically design placement of bioreactors in the subsurface to achieve maximum removal of nitrate along restored stream reaches. Two hypothetical stream restoration scenarios were evaluated over stream reaches of 40 and 94 m: a step-pool scenario and a channel re-meandering scenario. For the step-pool scenario, bioreactors were placed at locations where mass fluxes of groundwater and nitrate were highest. Bioreactors installed over 50% of the total channel length of a step-pool scenario (located to intercept maximum groundwater and nitrate mass flux) removed nitrate-N entering the channel at a rate of 36.5 kg N yr (100 g N d), achieving about 65% of the removal of a whole-length bioreactor. Bioreactor placement for the re-meandering scenario was designed using a criterion of either highest nitrate mass flux or highest groundwater flux, but not both, because they did not occur together. Bioreactors installed at maximum nitrate flux locations (53% of the total channel length) on the western bank removed nitrate-N entering the channel at 62.0 kg N yr (170 g N d), achieving 85% of nitrate-N removal of whole-length bioreactors for the re-meandering scenario. Bioreactors installed at maximum groundwater flux locations on the western bank along approximately 40% of the re-meandering channel achieved about 65% of nitrate removal of whole-length bioreactors. Placing bioreactors at maximum nitrate flux locations improved denitrification efficiency. Due to low groundwater velocities, bioreactor nitrate-N removal was found to be nitrate limited for all scenarios., (Copyright © by the American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science Society of America, Inc.)
- Published
- 2016
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