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2-Aminoacetophenone is an off-flavor that can result from tryptophan degradation via riboflavin-photosensitized reaction. This study investigates the impact of light exposure, provided by a UV-C source, oxygen concentrations and transition metals on the formation of 2-aminoacetophenone in model wine containing tryptophan and riboflavin. Irrespective of oxygen and transition metals, >85% of tryptophan were degraded via first-order kinetics to unknown product(s). However, longer light exposure and more oxygen caused 2-aminoacetophenone concentrations to increase. Transition metals decelerated the 2-aminoacetophenone formation and acetaldehyde was formed suggesting photo-Fenton reaction occurred as a competitive reaction. The degradation rate of riboflavin inclined with less oxygen and in the presence of transition metals due to the depletion of oxygen by photo-Fenton reaction. Oxygen plays an important role in the regeneration of riboflavin and therefore must be seen as an intensifier for light-induced 2-aminoacetophenone formation. This paper provides new insights into riboflavin-photosensitized reactions., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Daptomycin is a cyclic lipodepsipeptide antibiotic used to treat infections caused by Gram-positive pathogens, including multi-drug resistant strains such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE). The emergence of daptomycin-resistant bacterial strains has renewed interest in generating daptomycin analogs. Previous studies have shown that replacing the tryptophan of daptomycin with aromatic groups can generate analogs with enhanced potency. Additionally, we have demonstrated that aromatic prenyltransferases can attach diverse groups to the tryptophan of daptomycin. Here, we report the use of the prenyltransferase CdpNPT to derivatize the tryptophan of daptomycin with a library of benzylic and heterocyclic pyrophosphates. An analytical-scale study revealed that CdpNPT can transfer various aromatic groups onto daptomycin. Subsequent scaled-up and purified reactions indicated that the enzyme can attach aromatic groups to N1, C2, C5 and C6 positions of Trp1 of daptomycin. In vitro antibacterial activity assays using six of these purified compounds identified aromatic substituted daptomycin analogs show potency against both daptomycin-susceptible and resistant strains of Gram-positive bacteria. These findings suggest that installing aromatic groups on the Trp1 of daptomycin can lead to the generation of potent daptomycin analogs., (© 2024 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

The 91 kDa oligomeric ring-shaped ligand binding protein TRAP (trp RNA binding attenuation protein) regulates the expression of a series of genes involved in tryptophan (Trp) biosynthesis in bacilli. When cellular Trp levels rise, the free amino acid binds to sites buried in the interfaces between each of the 11 (or 12, depending on the species) protomers in the ring. Crystal structures of Trp-bound TRAP show the Trp ligands are sequestered from solvent by a pair of loops from adjacent protomers that bury the bound ligand via polar contacts to several threonine residues. Binding of the Trp ligands occurs cooperatively, such that successive binding events occur with higher apparent affinity but the structural basis for this cooperativity is poorly understood. We used solution methyl-TROSY NMR relaxation experiments focused on threonine and isoleucine sidechains, as well as magic angle spinning solid-state NMR 13 C- 13 C and 15 N- 13 C chemical shift correlation spectra on uniformly labeled samples recorded at 800 and 1200 MHz, to characterize the structure and dynamics of the protein. Methyl 13 C relaxation dispersion experiments on ligand-free apo TRAP revealed concerted exchange dynamics on the µs-ms time scale, consistent with transient sampling of conformations that could allow ligand binding. Cross-correlated relaxation experiments revealed widespread disorder on fast timescales. Chemical shifts for methyl-bearing side chains in apo- and Trp-bound TRAP revealed subtle changes in the distribution of sampled sidechain rotameric states. These observations reveal a pathway and mechanism for induced conformational changes to generate homotropic Trp-Trp binding cooperativity., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

L-tryptophan (L-Trp) is crucial for human metabolism, and its imbalance or deficiency can lead to certain diseases, such as insomnia, depression, and heart disease. Since the body cannot synthesize L-Trp and must obtain it from external sources, accurately monitoring L-Trp levels in food is essential. Herein, a nanocomposite film based on polyoxometalate (P 2 Mo 17 V), Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene, and chitosan (Cs) was developed through a green electrostatically mediated layer-by-layer self-assembly strategy for electrochemical detection of L-Trp. The composite film exhibits fast electron transfer and remarkable electrocatalytic performance for L-Trp with a wide linear range (0.1-103 μM), low limit of detection (0.08 μM, S/N = 3), good selectivity, reproducibility, and repeatability. In milk sample, the recoveries of L-Trp were from 95.78% and 104.31%. The P 2 Mo 17 V/Cs-Ti 3 C 2 T x electrochemical sensor not only provides exceptional recognition and detection capabilities for L-Trp but also shows significant potential for practical applications, particularly in food safety and quality control., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Lanthanide-based luminescent materials have gained huge attention due to their applications in optoelectronic devices, sensing, bio-imaging, anti-counterfeiting, and more. In this work, we report a luminescence-based sensor for the detection of tryptophan using orotic acid-capped Tb 3+ -doped CaSO 4 nanorods (NRs). Orotic acid (OA) was found to play a dual role as a capping agent to control the growth of the nanorods and as a sensitizer for Tb 3+ ions. The resulting nanorods exhibited excellent dispersibility and strong photoluminescence signals characteristic of Tb 3+ ions in the visible region. Nearly 10-fold enhancement in the emission intensity was noted through OA sensitization compared to direct excitation of Tb 3+ ions (acceptors). Interestingly, the strong emission intensity of the NRs reduced significantly with the addition of tryptophan. In contrast, hardly any change was noted with the addition of other amino acids and metal ions, suggesting greater selectivity for tryptophan. Moreover, there is barely any notable interference from other amino acids toward the detection of tryptophan. The limit of detection is found to be ∼0.61 μM. Finally, the sensing study was extended to biological samples to detect tryptophan present in blood plasma, urine, and saliva samples. The nanorods demonstrated high detection abilities, indicating the potential of the developed materials for biomedical applications.

The emergence of drug resistance in cancer cells eventually causing relapse is a serious threat that demands new advances. Upregulation of the ATP-dependent binding cassette (ABC) transporters, such as ABCB1, significantly contributes to the emergence of drug resistance in cancer. Despite more than 30 years of therapeutic discovery, and several generations of inhibitors against P-gp, the search for effective agents that minimize toxicity to human cells, while maintaining efflux pump inhibition is still underway. Leads derived from natural product scaffolds are well-known to be effective in various therapeutic approaches. Inspired by the biosynthetic pathway to Nocardioazine A, a marine alkaloid known to inhibit the P-gp efflux pump in cancer cells, we devised a regioselective pathway to create structurally unique indole-C3-benzyl cyclo-L-Trp-L-Trp diketopiperazines (DKPs). Using bat cells as a model to derive effective ABCB1 inhibitors for targeting human P-gp efflux pumps, we have recently identified exo-C3-N-Dbn-Trp2 (13) as a lead ABCB1 inhibitor. This C3-benzylated lead inhibited ABCB1 better than Verapamil. [21] Additionally, C3-N-Dbn-Trp2 restored chemotherapy sensitivity in drug-resistant human cancer cells and had no adverse effect on cell proliferation in cell cultures. For a clearer structure-activity relationship, we developed a broader screen to test C3-functionalized pyrroloindolines as ABCB1 inhibitors and observed that C3-benzylation is outperforming respective isoprenylated derivatives. Results arising from the molecular docking studies indicate that the interactions at the access tunnel between ABCB1 and the inhibitor result in a powerful predictor for the efficacy of the inhibitor. Based on fluorescence-based assays, we conclude that the most efficacious inhibitor is the p-cyano-derived exo-C3-N-Dbn-Trp2 (33 a), closely followed by the p-nitro substituted analogue. By combining assay results with molecular docking studies, we further correlate that the predictions based on the inhibitor interactions at the access tunnel provide clues about the design of improved ABCB1 inhibitors. As it has been well documented that ABCB1 itself is powerfully engaged in multi-drug resistance, this work lays the foundation for the design of a new class of inhibitors based on the endogenous amino acid-derived cyclo-L-Trp-L-Trp DKP scaffold., (© 2024 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Food proteins may be modified during processing and storage through reactions with reducing sugars (Maillard reaction, glycation) or by reactive oxygen species (protein oxidation). Little is known about particular reactions at the interface of glycation and oxidation. In the present study, the glycated amino acid pyrraline (6-(2-formyl-5-hydroxymethyl-1-pyrrolyl)-l-norleucine) and the proteinogenic amino acids tyrosine and tryptophan were subjected to different types of oxidation. The stability of the amino acids was assessed by HPLC with UV detection, whereas oxidation products were assigned by HPLC with triple quadrupole or time-of-flight mass spectrometric detection. Conditions that lead to oxidation of aromatic proteinogenic amino acids can also lead to oxidation of pyrraline. Pyrraline was particularly unstable in the presence of permanganate, hypochlorite, and under hydroxyl radical-generating conditions (iron, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, ascorbic acid). Evidence obtained by high-resolution mass spectrometry revealed the oxidation of pyrraline to 6-(2,5-diformyl-1-pyrrolyl)-l-norleucine, 6-(2-carboxy-5-hydroxymethyl-1-pyrrolyl)-l-norleucine, 6-(2-formyl-5-carboxy-1-pyrrolyl)-l-norleucine, and 6-(2,5-dicarboxy-1-pyrrolyl)-l-norleucine in the presence of potassium permanganate. The latter product was isolated by semipreparative HPLC and characterized by NMR. Under hydroxyl radical-generating conditions, pyrraline is hydroxylated at the ring under formation of 6-(2-formyl-4-hydroxy-5-hydroxymethyl-1-pyrrolyl)-l-norleucine or 6-(2-formyl-3-hydroxy-5-hydroxymethyl-1-pyrrolyl)-l-norleucine. This study shows that the so-called "advanced glycation end products" are no end products of the Maillard reaction, but may undergo further chemical degradation reactions.

Tryptophan not only serves as a fundamental building block for protein synthesis but also acts as a metabolic precursor for a diverse array of high-value chemicals. Although a few tryptophan-responsive biosensors are currently available, there is a growing interest in developing high-performance biosensors. In this study, we create a miniature toolkit of tryptophan biosensors based upon the leader regulatory region of the tnaCAB operon, which is responsible for tryptophan catabolism in Escherichia coli . Four variants are generated by engineering the tnaC leader sequence, which encodes a leader peptide composed of 24 amino acid residues. Subsequently, the performance of both the natural tnaC sequence and its engineered variants is assessed in a reporter strain based on the MazEF toxin-antitoxin system. The results demonstrate that two engineered variants exhibit increased sensitivity to low levels of tryptophan. Moreover, the engineered biosensors are further optimized by replacing the native promoter of tnaC with a phage-derived constitutive promoter. Intriguingly, the engineered biosensors can be reconstructed for extended application in Pseudomonas putida , a robust microbial chassis for metabolic engineering. In summary, our study expands the toolkit of tryptophan biosensors that can be broadly used for the bioproduction of many other high-value tryptophan-derived products.

The chiral recognition and separation of enantiomers are of great importance for biological research and the pharmaceutical industry. Preparing homochiral materials with adjustable size and chiral binding sites is beneficial for achieving an efficient chiral recognition performance. Here, a homochiral covalent organic framework membrane modified with β-cyclodextrin (CD-COF) was constructed, which was subsequently utilized as an electrochemical sensor for the enantioselective sensing of tryptophan (Trp) molecules. The preferential adsorption of l-Trp over d-Trp at the β-CD sites can enhance the surface charge density and hydrophilicity of the CD-COF membrane, resulting in an increased transmembrane ionic current. Trp enantiomers with concentrations down to 0.28 nM can be effectively discriminated. The l-/d-Trp recognition selectivity increases with the Trp concentration and reaches a value of 19.2 at 1 mM. The selective adsorption of l-Trp to the CD-COF membrane will also hinder its transport, resulting in a l-/d-Trp permeation selectivity of 15.3. This study offers a new strategy to construct homochiral porous membranes and achieve efficient chiral sensing and separation.

Carbohydrate-protein interactions play fundamental roles in numerous aspects of biological activities, and the search for new carbohydrate (CHO)-binding proteins (CBPs) has long been a research focus. In this study, through the analysis of CBP structures, we identified significant enrichment of aromatic residues in CHO-binding regions. We further summarized the structural features of these aromatic rings within the CHO-stacking region, namely "exposing" and "proximity" features, and developed a screening algorithm that can identify CHO-stacking Trp (tryptophan) residues based on these two features. Our Trp screening algorithm can achieve high accuracy in both CBP (specificity score 0.93) and CBS (Carbohydrate binding site, precision score 0.77) prediction using experimentally determined protein structures. We also applied our screening algorithm on AlphaGO pan-species predicted models and observed significant enrichment of carbohydrate-related functions in predicted CBP candidates across different species. Moreover, through carbohydrate arrays, we experimentally verified the CHO-binding ability of four candidate proteins, which further confirms the robustness of the algorithm. This study provides another perspective on proteome-wide CBP and CBS prediction. Our results not only help to reveal the structural mechanism of CHO-binding, but also provide a pan-species CBP dataset for future CHO-protein interaction exploration., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: not applicable., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is a monomeric heme enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative cleavage of tryptophan (L-Trp) to form N-formyl-kynurenine. Similar to other heme proteins, IDO only binds to O 2 when the heme iron is ferrous (Fe II ), thereby rendering the enzyme active. Thus, ascorbate (Asc, a reducing agent) and methylene blue (MB, an electron carrier) are commonly added to in vitro IDO assay systems. However, Asc and MB have been recently reported to significantly impact the measurement of the enzymatic parameters of vertebrate IDO. Aspergillus fumigatus is a filamentous fungus and the most common cause of invasive aspergillosis; it has three IDO genes (IDOα, IDOβ, and IDOγ). The Fe II -O 2 IDOs of A. fumigatus, particularly Fe II -O 2 IDOγ, have relatively long half-lives in their autoxidation; however, the autoxidation was accelerated by Asc. Similar to vertebrate IDOs, Asc acted as a competitive (or mixed-competitive) inhibitor of the IDOs of A. fumigatus. A positive correlation (in the order of IDOγ > IDOβ > IDOα) was observed between the inhibitory sensitivity of the IDOs to Asc and the facilitation of their autoxidation by Asc. The Fe II -O 2 IDO can repeat the dioxygenase reaction as long as it reacts with L-Trp; however, substrate-free Fe II -O 2 IDO is converted into inactive Fe III -IDO by autoxidation. Thus, L-Trp (which keeps the IDO active) competes with Asc (which inactivates IDO by accelerating autoxidation). This is probably why Asc, which is structurally quite different from L-Trp, appears to function as a competitive (or mixed-competitive) inhibitor of IDOs., (© 2024 Federation of European Biochemical Societies.)

The paper considers the possibility of implementing a quantum entanglement distribution in the cell microtubule. It has been shown that a quantum entanglement distribution proposed in the paper determines the process of quantum state teleportation through microtubule tryptophan chain. The work shows that the system of tryptophans in a microtubule essentially is a quantum network that consists of: spatially spaced nodes - tryptophans, quantum communication channels connecting tryptophans and qubits transmitted through these communication channels. The connection between the process of quantum teleportation in living nature and its classical analogue is discussed. The quantum protocol established in the work determines the possible principle of quantum information transmission in biosystems and also in the similar nanostructures., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Sergey Eh. Shirmovsky reports a relationship with Far Eastern Federal University that includes: non-financial support., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

N-Succinyl amino acids (N-Suc-AAs) are garnering attention for their potential as taste-active compounds. The intricate variety of N-Suc-AAs presented considerable challenges in identifying those with taste-active properties. Consequently, we employed structure-based virtual screening to pinpoint taste-active N-Suc-AAs, revealing N-succinyl-L-tryptophan (ST) as a compound with high affinity for different taste receptors. Following this discovery, ST was synthesized through an enzymatic process, achieving a yield of 40.2%, with its structure verified via NMR spectroscopy. Sensory evaluation alongside electronic tongue assessments indicated that ST at a concentration of 1 mg/L significantly enhances umami, kokumi, and saltiness intensities, while concurrently mitigating bitterness from various bitter compounds, whilst itself remaining tasteless. Additionally, time-intensity (TI) results elucidated a marked augmentation in umami duration and a notable diminution in bitterness duration for solutions imbued with 1 mg/L ST. Molecular docking study suggested ST interacted with diverse taste receptors as an agonist or antagonist, primarily through hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions. This study marked the inaugural report on the enzymatic synthesis of ST and its efficacy in improving taste characteristics, underscoring the importance of ST in improving sensory qualities of food products and fostering innovation within the seasoning industry., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) are of great interest for their wide applications in biomedical applications, such as bioimaging, antitumoral therapies, regenerative medicine, and drug delivery. The work aimed to obtain biocompatible magnetite nanoparticles coated with amino acids of the general formula Fe 3 O 4 @AA (AA = L-tryptophan, L-serine, L-proline and L-cysteine) for potential therapeutic application in anticancer drug delivery. The obtained materials were characterised using XRD, FTIR, DLS analysis, SEM, thermogravimetry (TG), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and UV-vis spectroscopy. The photocatalytic, cytotoxic and antimicrobial activity tests of the obtained materials were carried out. The choice of amino acid determines the properties of the material and its future use, for example, Fe 3 O 4 @Cys supports radical production, which may increase the efficiency of catalytic degradation, while tryptophan captures radicals, which may be an advantage in several biomedical applications. Fe 3 O 4 @Trp exhibited good antimicrobial activity (MBEC and MIC) against E. coli ATCC 25922, P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853 and C. albicans ATCC 10231 while Fe 3 O 4 @Pro exhibited the best results against S. aureus ATCC 25923., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Metal binding to β-sheets occurs in many metalloproteins and is also implicated in the pathology of Alzheimer's disease. De novo designed metallo-β-sheets have been pursued as models and mimics of these proteins. However, no crystal structures of canonical β-sheet metallopeptides have yet been obtained, in stark contrast to many examples for ɑ-helical metallopeptides, leading to a poor understanding for their chemistry. To address this, we have engineered tryptophan zippers, stable 12-residue β-sheet peptides, to bind Cu(II) ions and obtained crystal structures through single crystal X-ray diffraction (SC-XRD). We find that metal binding triggers several unexpected supramolecular assemblies that demonstrate the range of higher-order structures available to metallo-β-sheets. Overall, these findings underscore the importance of crystallography in elucidating the rich structural landscape of metallo-β-sheet peptides., (© 2024 The Author(s). Chemistry - A European Journal published by Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

We have developed a high yielding synthesis of indolizine and directly elaborated the molecule into three optically active indolizinylalanine regioisomers. The protocols exploit metal catalyzed coupling of indolizinyl-halides with organozinc reagents derived from carbamoylated iodoalanine esters. The scalable protocols provide products in a form amenable to solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS). When incorporated into peptides, the indolizine heterocycle is more basic and markedly less nucleophilic than tryptophan. Its protonated vinylpyridinium form is deeply colored in solution while the neutral heterocycle is highly fluorescent. The fluorescence quantum yield of indolizine exceeds that of indole and aza-indoles in water, suggesting that indolizinylalanines could be powerful optical probes of protein structure and dynamics, functioning as true tryptophan isosteres.

Thioflavin T (ThT) is widely employed as a fluorogenic marker for amyloid formation. ThT fluorescence is utilized to detect amyloid fibrils as well as to follow aggregation kinetics. Here, we make a unique case to demonstrate that site-specific tryptophan-induced fluorescence quenching of ThT bound to the α-synuclein amyloid can define the central amyloid core. We show that distance-dependent quenching of amyloid-bound ThT by site-specifically incorporated tryptophan maps the proximal and distal locations of the polypeptide chain within amyloid fibrils. Our studies indicate that tryptophan-induced fluorescence quenching is dominated by the static quenching mechanism. Our findings underscore the utility of site-specific amino acid-based quenching of ThT fluorescence to characterize the core architecture of amyloid derived from a wide range of proteins.

Genetic Code Expansion technology offers significant potential in incorporating noncanonical amino acids into proteins at precise locations, allowing for the modulation of protein structures and functions. However, this technology is often limited by the need for costly and challenging-to-synthesize external noncanonical amino acid sources. In this study, we address this limitation by developing autonomous cells capable of biosynthesizing halogenated tryptophan derivatives and introducing them into proteins using Genetic Code Expansion technology. By utilizing inexpensive halide salts and different halogenases, we successfully achieve the selective biosynthesis of 6-chloro-tryptophan, 7-chloro-tryptophan, 6-bromo-tryptophan, and 7-bromo-tryptophan. These derivatives are introduced at specific positions with corresponding bioorthogonal aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase/tRNA pairs in response to the amber codon. Following optimization, we demonstrate the robust expression of proteins containing halogenated tryptophan residues in cells with the ability to biosynthesize these tryptophan derivatives. This study establishes a versatile platform for engineering proteins with various halogenated tryptophans., (© 2024 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Plastic-degrading enzymes, particularly poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) hydrolases, have garnered significant attention in recent years as potential eco-friendly solutions for recycling plastic waste. However, understanding of their PET-degrading activity and influencing factors remains incomplete, impeding the development of uniform approaches for enhancing PET hydrolases for industrial applications. A key aspect of PET hydrolase engineering is optimizing the PET-hydrolysis reaction by lowering the associated free energy barrier. However, inconsistent findings have complicated these efforts. Therefore, our goal is to elucidate various aspects of enzymatic PET degradation by means of quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) reaction simulations and analysis, focusing on the initial reaction step, acylation, in two thermophilic PET hydrolases, LCC and PES-H1, along with their highly active variants, LCC IG and PES-H1 FY . Our findings highlight the impact of semiempirical QM methods on proton transfer energies, affecting the distinction between a two-step reaction involving a metastable tetrahedral intermediate and a one-step reaction. Moreover, we uncovered a concerted conformational change involving the orientation of the PET benzene ring, altering its interaction with the side-chain of the "wobbling" tryptophan from T-stacking to parallel π-π interactions, a phenomenon overlooked in prior research. Our study thus enhances the understanding of the acylation mechanism of PET hydrolases, in particular by characterizing it for the first time for the promising PES-H1 FY using QM/MM simulations. It also provides insights into selecting a suitable QM method and a reaction coordinate, valuable for future studies on PET degradation processes.

The study focuses on the green synthesis of Ag@Ag 2 O nanostructures using Padina algae extract and functionalizing them with L-tryptophan to enhance their properties as a colorimetric sensor for simultaneous detection of ultra-trace levels of thiamin and riboflavin. The nanostructures are characterized using techniques like XRD, FESEM, FTIR, TEM, AFM, and DLS to understand their morphology, structure, and interactions with target molecules. FESEM analysis revealed the hierarchical flower-like Ag@Ag 2 O nanostructures. The TEM image shows the formation of core-shell nanostructures. Also, DLS analysis and surface zeta potential spectra illustrated the aggregated nature of fabricated nanocomposites in the presence of vitamins. The study is the first to report simultaneous determination of thiamin and riboflavin using a colorimetric sensor based on Ag@Ag 2 O-L-Try nanocomposites using partial leas square (PLS). The dynamic range of thiamin and riboflavin was achieved in 0.1 mol L - 1 acetate buffer pH 4 and the ratio Ag@Ag 2 O: L-try 1:1. The Ag@Ag 2 O-L-Try sensor exhibited two linear ranges of 0.1- 1.0 and 3-350 µMol L - 1 for riboflavin and a linear range 3.0-60 µMol L - 1 for thiamin. Also, low detection limit of 1.92 µMol L - 1 and 0.048 µMol L - 1 was obtained for riboflavin and thiamin, respectively. The results indicated that the success of the method depends on the selective and sensitive colorimetric assay of the sensor along with the simultaneous determination by the PLS algorithm. Hence, the proposed technique can be used for the accurate and precise determination of vitamins in different pharmaceutical syrup and tablet samples., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Chiral analysis with simple devices is of great importance for analytical chemistry. Based on the photothermal (PT) effect, a simple chiral sensor with a portable laser device as the light source and a thermometer as the detection tool was developed for the chiral recognition of tryptophan (Trp) isomers and the sensitive sensing of one isomer (L-Trp). Gold nanorods (GNRs), which have outstanding photo-thermal conversion ability due to their localized surface plasma resonance (LSPR) effect, are used as PT reagents, and biomacromolecules bovine serum albumin (BSA) are used as natural chiral sources, and thus, GNRs@BSA was obtained through Au-S bonds. The resultant GNRs@BSA displays higher affinity toward L-Trp than D-Trp owing to the inherent chirality of BSA. Under the irradiation of near-infrared (NIR) light, the temperature of GNRs@BSA//L-Trp is greatly lower than that of GNRs@BSA//D-Trp due to its greatly decreased thermal conductivity, and thus chiral discrimination of Trp isomers can be achieved. In addition, the developed PT effect-based chiral sensor can be used for sensitive detection of L-Trp, and the linear range and limit of detection (LOD) are 1 μM-10 mM and 0.43 μM, respectively., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

γ-Hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) analogs are small molecules that bind competitively to a specific cavity in the oligomeric CaMKIIα hub domain. Binding affects conformation and stability of the hub domain, which may explain the neuroprotective action of some of these compounds. Here, we describe molecular details of interaction of the larger-type GHB analog 2-(6-(4-chlorophenyl)imidazo[1,2-b]pyridazine-2-yl)acetic acid (PIPA). Like smaller-type analogs, PIPA binding to the CaMKIIα hub domain promoted thermal stability. PIPA additionally modulated CaMKIIα activity under sub-maximal CaM concentrations and ultimately led to reduced substrate phosphorylation. A high-resolution X-ray crystal structure of a stabilized CaMKIIα (6x mutant) hub construct revealed details of the binding mode of PIPA, which involved outward placement of tryptophan 403 (Trp403), a central residue in a flexible loop close to the upper hub cavity. Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) solution structures and mass photometry of the CaMKIIα wild-type hub domain in the presence of PIPA revealed a high degree of ordered self-association (stacks of CaMKIIα hub domains). This stacking neither occurred with the smaller compound 3-hydroxycyclopent-1-enecarboxylic acid (HOCPCA), nor when Trp403 was replaced with leucine (W403L). Additionally, CaMKIIα W403L hub was stabilized to a larger extent by PIPA compared to CaMKIIα hub wild type, indicating that loop flexibility is important for holoenzyme stability. Thus, we propose that ligand-induced outward placement of Trp403 by PIPA, which promotes an unforeseen mechanism of hub domain stacking, may be involved in the observed reduction in CaMKIIα kinase activity. Altogether, this sheds new light on allosteric regulation of CaMKIIα activity via the hub domain., (© 2024 The Author(s). Protein Science published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of The Protein Society.)

An unprecedented spiro-C-glycoside adduct, heteryunine A (1), along with two uncommon alkaloids featuring a 2,3-diketopiperazine skeleton, heterpyrazines A (2) and B (3), were discovered in the roots of Heterosmilax yunnanensis. The detailed spectroscopic analysis helped to clarify the planar structures of these compounds. Compound 1, containing 7 chiral centers, features a catechin fused with a spiroketal and connects with a tryptophan derivative by a CC bond. Its complex absolute configuration was elucidated by rotating frame overhauser enhancement spectroscopy (ROESY), specific rotation, and the 13 C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculation. The possible biosynthetic routes for 1 were deduced. Compounds 1 and 2 showed significant antifibrotic effects and further research revealed that they inhibited the activation, migration and proliferation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) through suppressing the activity of Ras homolog family member A (RhoA)., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

A spindle-like Cu-based framework (Cu-Trp, Trp = L-Tryptophan) nanocrystal with ammonia-responsiveness was fabricated via simple aqueous solution approach, and it was subsequently explored as a functional compatibilizer of carboxymethyl starch/polyvinyl alcohol (CMS/PVA) blend toward constructing high-performance intelligent packaging films. The results showed that incorporation of Cu-Trp nanocrystal into CMS/PVA blend resulted in significant promotions regarding to the compatibility, mechanical strength (42.92 MPa), UV-blocking (with UV transmittance of only 2.4%), and water vapor barrier effectiveness of the blend film. Besides, the constructed CMS/PVA/Cu-Trp nanocomposite film exhibited superb long-term color stability, favorable antibacterial capacity (over 98.0%) toward both E. coli and S. aureus bacteria, as well as color change ability under ammonia environment. Importantly, the application trial confirmed that the CMS/PVA/Cu-Trp nanocomposite film is capable of visually monitoring shrimp spoilage during storage. These results implied that the CMS/PVA/Cu-Trp nanocomposite film holds tremendous potential as an intelligent active packaging material., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Adsorption of essential amino acid, Tryptophan (Tryp) on synthesized gibbsite nanoparticles and their applications in eliminating of antibiotic ciprofloxacin (CFX) and bacteria Escherichia coli (E. coli) in aqueous solution. Nano-gibbsite which was successfully fabricated, was characterized by XRD, TEM-SAED, FT-IR, SEM-EDX and zeta potential measurements. The selected parameters for Tryp adsorption on nano-gibbsite to form biomaterial, Tryp/gibbsite were pH 11, gibbsite dosage 20 mg/mL and 1400 mg/L Tryp. The optimum conditions for CFX removal using Tryp/gibbsite were adsorption time 60 min, pH 5, and 20 mg/mL Tryp/gibbsite dosage. The CFX removal significantly raised from 63 to 90% when using Tryp/gibbsite. The Freundlich and pseudo-second-order models achieved the best fits for CFX adsorption isotherm and kinetic on Tryp/gibbsite, respectively. The amount of CFX increased with increasing ionic strength, suggesting that both electrostatic and non-electrostatic interactions were important. After four reused time, CFX removal was greater than 66%, demonstrating that Tryp/gibbsite is reusable with high performance in removing CFX. The application in bacterial activity in term of E. coli reached greater than 98% that was the best material for bacteria inactivation. The present study reveals that Tryp/gibbsite is an excellent bio-material for removing CFX and E. coli., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

N-lauroyl-L-tryptophan (LT), which has the strongest potential flavor-presenting activity, was skillfully screened from numerous N-Lau-AAs docked to different taste receptors by molecular simulation techniques. Subsequently, LT was synthesized employing food-grade commercial enzymes and structurally characterized, the optimized yields of LT could reach 69.08%, 76.16%, and 50.40%, respectively. Sensory and E-tongue evaluations showed that LT at 1 mg/L significantly benefited the performance of different taste sensations and exhibited different bitter taste masking effects: L-Ile (68.42%), L-Trp (68.18%), D-salicylic acid (48.48%) and quinine (35.00%). The molecular docking results illustrated that LT had a high affinity for various taste receptors, dominated by hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions. This work provided a rare systematic elucidation of the potential and mechanism of enzymatically synthesized LT in enhancing taste properties. It provides novel insights into the directions and strategies for the excavation and innovation of flavor enhancers and food flavors., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Semen traces are considered important pieces of evidence in forensic investigations, especially those involving sexsual offenses. Recently, our research group developed a fluorescence-based technique to accurately determine the age of semen traces. However, the specific compounds resonsible for the fluoresescent behaviour of ageing semens remain unknown. As such, in this exploratory study, the aim is to identify the components associated with the fluorescent behavior of ageing semen traces. In this investigation semen stains and various biofluorophores commonly found in body fluids were left to aged for 0, 2, 4, 7, 14 and 21 days. Subsequently, thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) mass spectrometry were performed to identify the biofluorophores present in semen. Several contributors to the autofluorescence could be identified in semen stain, these include tryptophan, kynurenine, kynurenic acid, and norharman. The study sheds light on the., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is a powerful technique primarily due to its high sensitivity and signal-enhancing properties, which enable the identification of unique vibrational fingerprints. These fingerprints can be used for the diagnosis and monitoring of diseases such as cancer. It is crucial to selectively identify cancer biomarkers for early diagnosis. A correlation has been established between the reduction in the concentration of specific amino acids and the stage of the disease, particularly tryptophan (TPP) and tyrosine (TRS) in individuals diagnosed with prostate cancer. In this work, we present a strategy to analyze TPP and TRS amino acids using molecularly imprinted polymer nanoparticles (nanoMIPs), which selectively detect target molecules in a SERS sensor. NanoMIPs are synthesized using the solid-phase molecular imprinting method with TPP and TRS as templates. These are then immobilized on a SERS substrate with gold nanoparticles to measure samples prepared from tryptophan and tyrosine in phosphate-buffered saline. The detection and quantification limits of the designed sensor are 7.13 μM and 23.75 μM for TPP, and 22.11 μM and 73.72 μM for TRS, respectively. Our study lays the groundwork for future investigations utilizing nanoMIPs in SERS assessments of TPP and TRS as potential biomarkers for prostate cancer detection., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Effective sedative drugs are in great demand due to increasing incidence of nervous disorders. The present work was aimed to develop a novel sublingual sedative drug based on glycine and L-tryptophan amino acids. Carbopol and different hydroxypropyl methylcellulose species were alternatively tested as mucoadhesive agents intended to prolong tryptophan sublingual release time. A model lipid medium of fully hydrated L-α-dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine was used for optimal mucoadhesive agents selection. Simultaneous processes of drug release and diffusion in lipid medium were first investigated involving both experimental and theoretical approaches. Individual substances, their selected combinations as well as different drug formulations were consecutively examined. Application of kinetic differential scanning calorimetry method allowed us to reveal a number of specific drug-excipient effects. Lactose was found to essentially facilitate tryptophan release and provide its ability to get into the bloodstream simultaneously with glycine, which is necessary to achieve glycine-tryptophan synergism. Introduction of a mucoadhesive agent into the formulation was shown to change kinetics of drug-membrane interactions variously depending on viscosity grade. Among the mucoadhesive agents, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose species K4M and E4M were shown to further accelerate drug release, therefore they were selected as optimal. Thus, effectiveness of the novel sedative drug was provided by including some excipients, such as lactose and the selected mucoadhesive agent species. A dynamic mathematical model was developed properly describing release and diffusion in lipid medium of various drug substances. Our study clearly showed applicability of a lipid medium to meet challenges such as drug-excipient interactions and optimization of drug formulations., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

The human palate can discern multiple tastes; however, it predominantly perceives five fundamental flavors: sweetness, saltiness, sourness, bitterness, and umami. Sweetness is primarily mediated through the sweet taste receptor, a membrane-bound heterodimeric structure comprising T1R2-T1R3. However, unraveling the structural and mechanistic intricacies of the sweet taste receptor has proven challenging. This study aimed to address this knowledge gap by expressing an extracellular N-terminal domain encompassing the cysteine-rich domain of human hT1R3 (hT1R3-TMD) in Escherichia coli . The expressed protein was obtained as inclusion bodies, purified by metal affinity chromatography, and refolded using the dilution-refolding method. Through rigorous analysis, we confirmed the successful refolding of hT1R3-TMD and elucidated its structural characteristics using circular dichroism spectroscopy. Notably, the refolded protein was found to exist as either a monomer or a dimer, depending on its concentration. A tryptophan fluorescence quenching assay revealed that the dissociation constants for sucrose, sucralose, and brazzein were >9500 μM, 2380 μM and 14.3 μM, respectively. Our findings highlight the utility of this E. coli expression system for producing functional hT1R3-TMD for investigations and demonstrate the efficacy of the tryptophan fluorescence quenching assay in revealing complex interactions between sweet taste receptors and various sweeteners.

Enveloped viruses enter the host cell by fusing at the cell membrane or entering the cell via endocytosis and fusing at the endosome. Conventional inhibitors target the viral fusion protein to inactivate it for inducing fusion. These target-specific vis-à-vis virus-specific inhibitors fail to display their inhibitory efficacy against emerging and remerging viral infections. This necessitates the need to develop broad-spectrum entry inhibitors that are effective irrespective of the virus. Using a broad range of targeting techniques, the fusion inhibitors can modify the physical characteristics of the viral membrane, making it less prone to fusion. We have previously shown that two tryptophan-aspartic acid (WD)-containing hydrophobic peptides, TG-23 and GG-21, from coronin 1, a phagosomal protein, inhibit membrane fusion by modulating membrane organization and dynamics. In the present work, we designed two WD-containing hydrophilic peptides, QG-22 and AG-22, using coronin 1 as a template and evaluated their fusion inhibitory efficacies in the absence and presence of membrane cholesterol. Our results demonstrate that QG-22 and AG-22 inhibit membrane fusion irrespective of the concentration of membrane cholesterol. Our measurements of depth-dependent membrane organization and dynamics reveal that they impede fusion by enhancing the acyl chain order. Overall, our results validate the hypothesis of designing fusion inhibitors by modulating the membrane's physical properties. In addition, it demonstrates that chain hydrophobicity might not be a critical determinant for the development of peptide-based fusion inhibitors.

In miso, due to the substantial presence of genistein, flazin is often overlapped and masked by genistein in HPLC analysis. Flazin in the miso extracts could be resolved with genistein through medium-pressure liquid chromatography run under a nonacidified methanol-water system and subsequently fractionated by semipreparative HPLC and identified by NMR spectroscopic analysis. As referenced, flazin was detected in all 11 locally marketed miso products, with contents ranging from 3.5 to 124.8 μg/g. In lab-made miso fermented at 28 and 37 °C for 8 weeks, flazin formed faster at 37 °C than at 28 °C. Based on the time-dependent HPLC chromatographic changes of the miso extracts during fermentation, the presence of tryptophan-derived ß-carboline intermediates was deduced. Tryptophan was then supplemented for miso fermentation, and four peak substances were targeted for isolation by sophisticated approaches. Four ß-carbolines were purified and instrumentally identified, i.e., P1: 1-(1,3,4,5-tetrahydroxypentyl)-9 H - pyrido[3,4- b ]indole, P2 (diastereomer of P1): 1-(1*,3,4,5-tetrahydroxypentyl)- 9 H -pyrido[3,4- b ]indole, and Miso 101: 1-(1,3,4,5-tetrahydroxypentyl)-9 H - pyrido[3,4- b ]indole 3-carboxylic acid, and Miso 111 (diastereomer of Miso 101): 1-(1*,3,4,5-tetrahydroxypentyl)-9 H -pyrido[3,4- b ]indole 3-carboxylic acid. Each of the purified β-carbolines along with tryptophan and flazin exhibited varied ABTS ·+ scavenging and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activities.

Indole alkaloids are privileged secondary metabolites, and their production may be achieved by the microbial biotransformation of tryptophan analogues. By feeding 1-methyl-L-tryptophan (1-MT) into the culture of endophytic Nigrospora chinensis GGY-3, six novel ( 1 - 6 ) and seven known indole alkaloids ( 7 - 13 ) were generated. Their structures were elucidated by means of NMR spectroscopy, experimental electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectra, and X-ray crystallography analysis. A Friedel-Crafts reaction was proposed as the key reaction responsible for the formation of the new compounds. Racemates 4 and 6 were separated into isomers by chiral HPLC, with their absolute configurations determined by X-ray and ECD calculation. Compounds 3 , 4 , and 8 display good herbicidal activity against dicotyledon weed Eclipta prostrata , of which 4 and 8 exhibited 88.50% and 100% inhibition rates on the radicle at 200 μg/mL, respectively, a similar effect compared to the positive control penoxsulam.

The oxidation of proteins and, in particular, of tryptophan (Trp) residues leads to chemical modifications that can affect the structure and function. The oxidative damage to proteins in photochemical processes is relevant in the skin and eyes and is related to a series of pathologies triggered by exposure to electromagnetic radiation. In this work, we studied the photosensitized formation of N -formylkynurenine (NFKyn) from Trp in different reaction systems. We used two substrates: free Trp and a peptide of nine amino acid residues, with Trp being the only oxidizable residue. Two different photosensitizers were employed: Rose Bengal (RB) and pterin (Ptr). The former is a typical type II photosensitizer [acts by producing singlet oxygen ( 1 O 2 )]. Ptr is the parent compound of oxidized or aromatic pterins, natural photosensitizers that accumulate in human skin under certain pathological conditions and act mainly through type I mechanisms (generation of radicals). Experimental data were collected in steady photolysis, and the irradiated solutions were analyzed by chromatography (HPLC). Results indicate that the reaction of Trp with 1 O 2 initiates the process leading to NFKyn, but different competitive pathways take place depending on the photosensitizer and the substrate. In Ptr-photosensitization, a type I mechanism is involved in secondary reactions accelerating the formation of NFKyn when free Trp is the substrate.

Tryptophan is an essential amino acid deficient in cereals, especially maize. However, maize ( Zea mays L.) is the main source of protein in some developing countries in Africa and Latin America. In general, the nutritional profile of cereals is poor, because they are deficient in essential amino acids such as tryptophan and lysine due to a relatively higher proportion of alcohol-soluble proteins. Quality protein maize (QPM) has been developed through genetic manipulation for the nutritional enrichment of maize to address these problems. Nevertheless, methods for protein, lysine and tryptophan are time-consuming and require relatively large amounts of samples. Therefore, we have advanced here a simple, cheap, fast, reliable and robust procedure for the determination of protein and tryptophan in the same biuret supernatant, which can also be used for chemical characterization of other cereals. Samples of 50 mg maize ground to pass through a 0.1 mm screen were sonicated for 5 min. in eppendorf vials with 1.5 mL of a biuret reagent each. After centrifugation and protein determination by biuret, 0.2 mL of supernatant was treated with 0.8 mL of a tryptophan reagent. Both total protein and tryptophan can be determined in microplates at 560 nm to speed up the measurements. The main advantage of the new micro-method is the rapid estimation of the nutrient quality of maize samples by a single weighing of a small amount of valuable plant materials.

Reactive N-hydroxy-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane (ABNOH) linked 2'-deoxyuridine 5'-O-mono- and triphosphates were synthesized through a CuAAC reaction of ABNOH-PEG 4 -N 3 with 5-ethynyl-dUMP or -dUTP. The modified triphosphate was used as substrate for enzymatic synthesis of modified DNA probes with KOD XL DNA polymerase. The keto-ABNO radical reacted with tryptophan (Trp) and Trp-containing peptides to form a stable tricyclic fused hexahydropyrrolo-indole conjugates. Similarly modified ABNOH-linked nucleotides reacted with Trp-containing peptides to form a stable conjugate in the presence but surprisingly even in the absence of NaNO 2 (presumably through activation by O 2 ). The reactive ABNOH-modified DNA probe was used for bioconjugations and crosslinking with Trp-containing peptides or proteins., (© 2024 The Authors. Chemistry - A European Journal published by Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

A 5-day test duration makes BOD 5 measurement unsatisfactory and hinders the development of a quick technique. Protein-like fluorescence peaks show a strong correlation between the BOD characteristics and the fluorescence intensities. For identifying and measuring BOD in surface water, a simultaneous absorbance-transmittance and fluorescence excitation-emission matrices (A-TEEM) method combined with PARAFAC (parallel factor) and PLS (partial least squares) analyses was developed using a tyrosine and tryptophan (tyr-trpt) mix as a surrogate analyte for BOD. The use of a surrogate analyte was decided upon due to lack of fluorescent BOD standards. Tyr-trpt mix standard solutions were added to surface water samples to prepare calibration and validation samples. PARAFAC analysis of excitation-emission matrices detected the tyr-trpt mix in surface water. PLS modelling demonstrated significant linearity (R 2  = 0.991) between the predicted and measured tyr-trypt mix concentrations, and accuracy and robustness were all acceptable per the ICH Q2 (R2) and ASTM multivariate calibration/validation procedures guidelines. Based on a suitable and workable surrogate analyte method, these results imply that BOD can be detected and quantified using the A-TEEM-PARAFAC-PLS method. Very positive comparability between tyr-trypt mix concentrations was found, suggesting that tyr-trypt mix might eventually take the place of a BOD-based sampling protocol. Overall, this approach offers a novel tool that can be quickly applied in water treatment plant settings and is a step in supporting the trend toward rapid BOD determination in waters. Further studies should demonstrate the wide application of the method using real wastewater samples from various water treatment facilities., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to The Japan Society for Analytical Chemistry.)

The effectiveness of ozonation, one of the techniques known for destroying organic contaminants from wastewater, depends on the composition of the wastewater matrix. The required ozone (O 3 ) dose is determined based on the target compounds during ozonation. Hydroxyl radicals are quantified using a probe compound. The para-chlorobenzoic acid (pCBA) is typically used as a probe compound to measure hydroxyl radicals. However, real-time measurement is impossible, as the analysis process consumes time and resources. This study aimed to evaluate the spectroscopic characteristics of various organic substances in wastewater ozonation through fluorescence excitation-emission matrix and parallel factor analysis. The study also demonstrated that real-time analyzable tryptophan-like fluorescence (TLF) can be used as a hydroxyl radical index. Importantly, the correlation between para-chlorobenzoic acid and TLF was derived, and the results showed a high correlation (R 2  = 0.91), confirming the reliability of our findings. Seven trace organic compounds, classified based on their reactivity with O 3 and hydroxyl radicals, were selected as target compounds and treated with O 3 . The TLF index was used as a model factor for the removal rate of the target compounds. The experimental and model values matched when the O 3 dose was below 1.0 g O 3 /g DOC (RMSE: 0.0445-0.0895)., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

It is a fluorescence-based study to examine the interaction between L-tryptophan and a selection of aldehydes, namely furfural (furan-2-carbaldehyde), 3-hydroxybenzaldehyde, salicylaldehyde (2-hydroxybenzaldehyde), 3-nitrobenzaldehyde, and 4-bromobenzaldehyde. The investigation took place in an aqueous environment, revealing that all five aldehydes induced quenching of the fluorescence intensity of L-tryptophan. By employing the Stern-Volmer equation to describe the quenching process, we constructed Stern-Volmer plots and derived Stern-Volmer constants. These constants (K SV ) ranged from 2.87 × 10 4  mol L - 1 to 5.75 × 10 4  mol L - 1 . Notably, the values of the Stern-Volmer constants varied among the different aldehydes, with the following order: 3-hydroxybenzaldehyde(3-HBA) > 4-bromobenzaldehyde (4-BBA) > 3-nitrobenzaldehyde > furan-2-carbaldehyde > salicylaldehyde. Consequently, our findings highlighted 3-hydroxybenzaldehyde as the most potent quencher, while 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde displayed the least sensitivity to quenching. Additionally, we determined the detection and quantification limits for the investigated aldehydes, resulting in ranges of 3.87 × 10 - 12 to 8.25 × 10 - 6 and 1.29 × 10 - 11 to 2.75 × 10 - 5 , respectively. This research paves the way for the development of novel fluorescence probe-based sensors and offers valuable techniques for analyzing aldehydes within environmental and biological samples., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Microorganisms are known to be a promising source of biopigments because they are easy to obtain, can be produced on a commercial scale, and are environmentally friendly. Therefore, the aim of this work was to characterize a brown pigment (BP) produced by HM053 in NFbHPN-lactate medium. The BP was extracted from the pellet (BPP) or supernatant (BPS), in the presence (BPPTrp, BPSTrp) or absence (BPPw, BPSw) of tryptophan (Trp). The UV-vis results were similar among all BP samples and compared with commercial melanin used as a standard, and the maximum absorption was observed around 200-220 nm. FTIR spectra showed that BP and commercial melanin had slight differences, with a small band between 3000-2840 cm - 1 , related to C-H in the CH 2 and CH 3 aliphatic groups, which is not observed in the commercial melanin. Between BPP and BPS showed a different structure with bands in the region 1230-1070 cm - 1 related to groups C-O. The thermogravimetric curves for BPSw and BPSTrp showed similar behavior, with 4 stages of mass loss. The similarity between BPPw and BPPTrp with 2 stages of mass loss was also observed. Scanning electron microscopy results showed morphological differences between BPP and BPS, where BPP had a physical structure more homogeneous and a regular flat surface, while the BPS physical structure did not seem homogeneous and the surface was uneven with some spherical structures as commercial melanin., (© 2024. The Author(s) under exclusive licence to Sociedade Brasileira de Microbiologia.)

In NMR spectroscopy of biomolecular systems, the use of fluorine-19 probes benefits from a clean background and high sensitivity. Therefore, 19 F-labeling procedures are of wide-spread interest. Here, we use 5-fluoroindole as a precursor for cost-effective residue-specific introduction of 5-fluorotryptophan (5F-Trp) into G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) expressed in Pichia pastoris. The method was successfully implemented with the neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1R). The 19 F-NMR spectra of 5F-Trp-labeled NK1R showed one well-separated high field-shifted resonance, which was assigned by mutational studies to the "toggle switch tryptophan". Residue-selective labeling thus enables site-specific investigations of this functionally important residue. The method described here is inexpensive, requires minimal genetic manipulation and can be expected to be applicable for yeast expression of GPCRs at large., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.)

A potential source of novel biomarkers for mTBI is the kynurenine pathway (KP), a metabolic pathway of tryptophan (Trp), that is up-regulated by neuroinflammation and stress. Considering that metabolites of the KP (kynurenines) are implicated in various neuropsychiatric diseases, exploration of this pathway could potentially bridge the gap between physiological and psychological factors in the recovery process after mTBI. This study, therefore, set out to characterize the KP after mTBI and to examine associations with long-term outcome. Patients were prospectively recruited at the emergency department (ED), and blood samples were obtained in the acute phase (<24 h; N = 256) and at 1-month follow-up (N = 146). A comparison group of healthy controls (HC; N = 32) was studied at both timepoints. Trp, kynurenines, and interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10 were quantified in plasma. Clinical outcome was measured at six months post-injury. Trp, xanthurenic acid (XA), and picolinic acid (PA) were significantly reduced in patients with mTBI relative to HC, corrected for age and sex. For Trp (d = -0.57 vs. d = -0.29) and XA (d = -0.98 vs. d = -0.32), larger effects sizes were observed during the acute phase compared to one-month follow-up, while for PA (d = -0.49 vs. d = -0.52) effect sizes remained consistent. Findings for other kynurenines (e.g., kynurenine, kynurenic acid, and quinolinic acid) were non-significant after correction for multiple testing. Within the mTBI group, lower acute Trp levels were significantly related to incomplete functional recovery and higher depression scores at 6 months post-injury. No significant relationships were found for Trp, XA, and PA with IL-6 or IL-10 concentrations. In conclusion, our findings indicate that perturbations of the plasma KP in the hyperacute phase of mTBI and 1 month later are limited to the precursor Trp, and glutamate system modulating kynurenines XA and PA. Correlations between acute reductions of Trp and unfavorable outcomes may suggest a potential substrate for pharmacological intervention., (© 2024 The Author(s). Journal of Neurochemistry published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of International Society for Neurochemistry.)

Tryptophan (Trp) metabolism plays a vital role in cancer immunity. Indoleamine 2.3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1), is a crucial enzyme in the metabolic pathway by which Trp is degraded to kynurenine (Kyn). IDO1-mediated Trp metabolites can inhibit tumor immunity and facilitate immune evasion by cancer cells; thus, targeting IDO1 is a potential tumor immunotherapy strategy. Recently, numerous IDO1 inhibitors have been introduced into clinical trials as immunotherapeutic agents for cancer treatment. However, drawbacks such as low oral bioavailability, slow onset of action, and high toxicity are associated with these drugs. With the continuous development of nanotechnology, medicine is gradually entering an era of precision healthcare. Nanodrugs carried by inorganic, lipid, and polymer nanoparticles (NPs) have shown great potential for tumor therapy, providing new ways to overcome tumor diversity and improve therapeutic efficacy. Compared to traditional drugs, nanomedicines offer numerous significant advantages, including a prolonged half-life, low toxicity, targeted delivery, and responsive release. Moreover, based on the physicochemical properties of these nanomaterials (eg, photothermal, ultrasonic response, and chemocatalytic properties), various combination therapeutic strategies have been developed to synergize the effects of IDO1 inhibitors and enhance their anticancer efficacy. This review is an overview of the mechanism by which the Trp-IDO1-Kyn pathway acts in tumor immune escape. The classification of IDO1 inhibitors, their clinical applications, and barriers for translational development are discussed, the use of IDO1 inhibitor-based nanodrug delivery systems as combination therapy strategies is summarized, and the issues faced in their clinical application are elucidated. We expect that this review will provide guidance for the development of IDO1 inhibitor-based nanoparticle nanomedicines that can overcome the limitations of current treatments, improve the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy, and lead to new breakthroughs in the field of cancer immunotherapy., Competing Interests: The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work., (© 2024 Jiang et al.)

Human tryptophan dioxygenase (TDO) and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) are two important targets in cancer immunotherapy. Extensive research has led to a large number of potent IDO inhibitors; in addition, 52 structures of IDO in complex with inhibitors with a wide array of chemical scaffolds have been documented. In contrast, progress in the development of TDO inhibitors has been limited. Only four structures of TDO in complex with competitive inhibitors that compete with the substrate L-tryptophan for binding to the active site have been reported to date. Here we systematically evaluated the structures of TDO in complex with competitive inhibitors with three types of pharmacophores, imidazo-isoindole, indole-tetrazole, and indole-benzotriazole. The comparative assessment of the protein-inhibitor interactions sheds new light into the structure-based design of enzyme-selective inhibitors.

Background: A successful immune response against tumors depends on various cellular processes. Hence, there is an urgent need to construct a proficient nanoplatform for immunotherapy that can concurrently regulate the activities of various cells participating in the immune process. We have developed zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) formula, with good pH sensitivity, which is conducive to the release of drugs in the tumor site (acidic environment) and significantly improves immunotherapy. This is achieved through the coordinated action of different therapeutic agents, such as the photothermal agent polydopamine (PDA), the chemodrug camptothecin (CPT), and the immunomodulator 1-methyl-D-tryptophan (1-MT)., Materials and Methods: In this study, we evaluated the antitumor effect of PDA/(CPT + 1-MT) @ZIF-8 (PCMZ) nanoparticles (NPs) in vitro and in vivo and investigated the molecular mechanism of PCMZ NPs in tumor suppression via photothermal-chemo-immunotherapy., Results: MTT and Annexin V-FITC/PI double staining apoptosis test showed that PCMZ NPs could induce apoptosis of 4T1 cell, and PCMZ NPs could cause 4T1 cell necrosis under 808 nm laser irradiation. The objective is to establish a unilateral breast cancer model in mice and investigate the effect of PCMZ NPs on tumor growth and tumor suppression in tumor bearing mice. The results showed that PCMZ NPs showed good heating effect in vivo and effectively inhibited tumor growth under 808 nm laser irradiation. In addition, PCMZ NPs could induce the immunogenic death of tumor cells, promote the maturation of DCs, inhibit IDO pathway, and finally differentiate T cells into cytotoxic T cells and helper T cells, so as to effectively activate the anti-tumor immune response., Conclusion: The PCMZ NPs, possessing good photothermal conversion capabilities due to join of PDA, effectively overcome two main challenges in immunotherapy: insufficient stimulation of the immune response and evasion of the immune system. This provides a robust platform against invasive cancer and recurrent tumors., Competing Interests: The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work., (© 2024 Su et al.)

Viscosin is a membrane-permeabilizing, cyclic lipopeptide (CLiP) produced by Pseudomonas species. Here, we have studied four synthetic analogs (L1W, V4W, L5W, and L7W), each with one leucine (Leu; L) or valine residue exchanged for tryptophan (Trp; W) by means of time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy of Trp. To this end, we recorded the average fluorescence lifetime, rotational correlation time and limiting anisotropy, dipolar relaxation time and limiting extent of relaxation, rate constant of acrylamide quenching, effect of H 2 O-D 2 O exchange, and time-resolved half-width of the spectrum in the absence and presence of POPC (1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) liposomes. Structure, localization, and hydration of the peptides were described by molecular dynamics simulations. The combination of the parameters provides a good description of the molecular environments of the Trp positions and the behavior of viscosin as a whole. Of particular value for characterizing the impact of viscosin on the membrane is the dipolar relaxation of Trp4 in V4W, which is deeply embedded in the hydrophobic core. The limiting relaxation level represents the membrane perturbation-unlike typical membrane probes-at the site of the perturbant. Fractions of Trp4 relax at different rates; the one not in contact with water upon excitation relaxes via recruitment of a water molecule on the 10-ns timescale. This rate is sensitive to the concerted membrane perturbation by more than one lipopeptide, which appears at high lipopeptide concentration and is assumed a prerequisite for the final formation of a membrane-permeabilizing defect. Trp7 relaxes primarily with respect to neighboring Ser residues. Trp5 flips between a membrane-inserted and surface-exposed orientation., Competing Interests: Declaration of interests The authors declare no competing interests., (Copyright © 2024 Biophysical Society. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

This Concept short review offers an insightful analysis of pivotal research papers and explores the key synthetic ideas behind the intersection of two realms in peptide chemistry: using tryptophan and Petasis multicomponent reactions for macrocyclisation and labelling of peptides. The recently published tryptophan-mediated Petasis reaction (TMPR) concept represents a critical junction between these two worlds, highlighting how combining such methodologies leads to more effective and versatile synthetic strategies, setting a potentially new direction for future research in the field of peptide-drug conjugates., (© 2024 The Authors. ChemMedChem published by Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Tryptophan(Trp) is being explored as a potential biomarker for various diseases associated with decreased tryptophan levels; however, metabolomic methods are expensive and time-consuming and require extensive sample analysis, making them urgently needed for trace detection. To exploit the properties of Ti 3 C 2 MXenes a rational porous methyl orange (MO)-delaminated Ti 3 C 2 MXene was prepared via a facile mixing process for the electrocatalytic oxidation of Trp. The hollow-like 3D structure with a more open structure and the synergistic effect of MO and conductive Ti 3 C 2 MXene enhanced its electrochemical catalytic capability toward Trp biosensing. More importantly, MO can stabilize Ti 3 C 2 MXene nanosheets through noncovalent π-π interactions and hydrogen bonding. Compared with covalent attachment, these non-covalent interactions preserve the electronic conductivity of the Ti 3 C 2 MXene nanosheets. Finally, the addition of MO-derived nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) atoms to Ti 3 C 2 MXene enhanced the electronegativity and improved its affinity for specific molecules, resulting in high-performance electrocatalytic activity. The proposed biosensor exhibited a wide linear response in concentration ranges of 0.01-0.3 µM and 0.5-120 µM, with a low detection limit of 15 nM for tryptophan detection, and high anti-interference ability in complex media of human urine and egg white matrices. The exceptional abilities of the MO/Ti 3 C 2 nanocatalyst make it a promising electrode material for the detection of important biomolecules., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature.)

L-Tryptophan (L-Trp) is essential for the human body and can only be obtained externally. It is important to develop a method to efficiently detect L-Trp in food. In this work, ionic liquid (IL) modified poly(3,4-ethylendioxythiophene)/ Titanium carbide (PEDOT/Ti 3 C 2 T X ) was used as a substrate material to improve detection sensitivity. Molecular imprinted polymers (MIP) film for specific recognition of L-Trp was fabricated on the surface of modified electrodes using electrochemical polymerization. The monitoring results showed that the molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensors (MIECS) exhibited good linearity ranges (10 -6 - 0.1 μM and 0.1-100 μM) with a low detection limit (LOD) of 2.09 × 10 -7  μM. In addition, the MIECS exhibited remarkable stability, reproducibility, and immunity to interference. A good recovery (93.54-99.59%) was demonstrated in the detection of milk. The sensor was expected to be developed as a highly selective and sensitive portable assay, and applied to the detection of L-Trp in food., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Assessing membrane protein stability is among the major challenges in protein science due to their inherent complexity, which complicates the application of conventional biophysical tools. In this work, sodium dodecyl sulfate-induced denaturation of AfCopA, a Cu(I)-transport ATPase from Archaeoglobus fulgidus, was explored using a combined model-free spectral phasor analysis and a model-dependent thermodynamic analysis. Decrease in tryptophan and 1-anilino-naphthalene-8-sulfonate fluorescence intensity, displacements in the spectral phasor space, and the loss of ATPase activity were reversibly induced by this detergent. Refolding from the SDS-induced denatured state yields an active enzyme that is functionally and spectroscopically indistinguishable from the native state of the protein. Phasor analysis of Trp spectra allowed us to identify two intermediate states in the SDS-induced denaturation of AfCopA, a result further supported by principal component analysis. In contrast, traditional thermodynamic analysis detected only one intermediate state, and including the second one led to overparameterization. Additionally, ANS fluorescence spectral analysis detected one more intermediate and a gradual change at the level of the hydrophobic transmembrane surface of the protein. Based on this evidence, a model for acquiring the native structure of AfCopA in a membrane-like environment is proposed., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)