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The bromeliads are desirable vase plants because of the flowering bract and the usually large, bold, colored and exotic format of the leaves that forms a cistern. The main function of epiphytic bromeliads roots is the fixation on the substrate, while water and nutrients uptake are performed mainly by leaves. However, recent studies have shown that the roots of epiphytic bromeliads can also help in the absorption of water and nutrients, contributing to plant growth and development. The present study aimed to evaluate the importance of the root system in the mineral nutrition of an epiphytic ornamental bromeliad silver vase bromeliad (Aechmea fasciata) that occurs in Brazil. 80 plants were cultivated for 240 days in plastic pots (900 mL) containing composted pine bark and were subjected to 5 treatments with 50 mL of 0% (control), 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% Hoagland & Arnon (HA) nutrient solution, applied twice a week only onto the substrate. Biometric and biomass variables of root and shoots, as well as macro- and micronutrients content in silver vase bromeliad leaves were evaluated. Results showed that all biometric and biomass parameters increased with the application of increasing HA solution concentrations, while the nutritional content in leaves showed different responses, with increase in nitrogen and potassium, decrease in calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, copper, sulfur, iron and zinc. We conclude that silver vase bromeliad grows better when fertilized with 75% or 100% HA solution on the substrate. We emphasize that the roots of the epiphytic silver vase bromeliad are functional and plays important roles in its nutrition and growth. Resumo As bromélias são desejáveis como plantas de vaso devido as brácteas floridas e formato geralmente grande, colorido e exótico das folhas que formam uma cisterna. A principal função das raízes de bromélias epifíticas é a fixação no substrato, enquanto a captação de água e nutrientes é realizada principalmente pelas folhas. Porém, estudos recentes têm demonstrado que as raízes das bromélias epífitas também podem auxiliar na absorção de água e nutrientes, contribuindo para o crescimento e desenvolvimento das plantas. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a importância do sistema radicular na nutrição mineral da bromélia ornamental epifítica Aechmea fasciata que ocorre no Brasil. Oitenta plantas foram cultivadas por 240 dias em vasos plásticos (900 mL) contendo casca de pinus compostada e foram submetidas a 5 tratamentos com 50 mL de 0% (controle), 25%, 50%, 75% e 100% da solução nutritiva de Hoagland & Arnon (HA ), aplicada duas vezes por semana somente sobre o substrato. Foram avaliadas as variáveis biométricas e de biomassa da raiz e da parte aérea, bem como o teor de macro e micronutrientes nas folhas de A. fasciata. Os resultados mostraram que todos os parâmetros biométricos e de biomassa aumentaram com a aplicação de concentrações crescentes da solução de HA, enquanto o conteúdo nutricional nas folhas apresentou diferentes respostas, com aumento de nitrogênio e potássio, diminuição de cálcio, fósforo, magnésio, manganês, cobre, enxofre, ferro e zinco. Concluímos que A. fasciata cresce melhor quando fertilizada com solução de AH 75% ou 100% no substrato. Ressaltamos que as raízes da bromélia epifítica A. fasciata são funcionais e desempenham importante papel na sua nutrição e crescimento.

Bromeliads with water-impounding tanks uptake water and nutrients by the leaf-absorbing trichomes present on the leaf surface while the compact root system functions as for plant anchorage on other plants. However, recent studies showed a clear role of the bromeliad roots in nutrient absorption and subsequently improving plant growth. Accordingly, the present study aimed to compare the uptake and assimilation of inorganic and organic nitrogen by roots and leaf-absorbing trichomes of silver vase bromeliad (Aechmea fasciata). As treatments, plants were fertilized with 0, 15 or 30 mM nitrogen (N) as either urea or ammonium nitrate applied into the tank or on the substrate (roots). Dry biomass, number of leaves, macro and micronutrient contents in leaves, chlorophylls a, b, and total carotenoids were determined. In addition, gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence, and nitrogen efficiency indexes were analyzed. The results showed that ammonium nitrate is taken up either by leaf-absorbing trichomes and or by roots of silver vase bromeliad. Plants fertilized with ammonium nitrate had an increase in leaf nitrogen content with the increase of nitrogen concentrations on tank. However, these increases did not result in biomass accumulation or changes in the photosynthetic apparatus. Our results showed that the roots of silver vase bromeliad are more efficient for inorganic nitrogen.

The present study describes the floral morphology and evaluates pollen viability for the bromeliad Nidularium minutum Mez. during the flowering period 2018‒2019 through histochemistry and pollen ge...

A Mata Atlântica é um bioma constantemente ameaçado por perturbações antrópicas. A supressão da vegetação por obras rodoviárias ressalta a necessidade de projetos de conservação das espécies que nela ocorrem. O sucesso do resgate e realocação de plantas, como a palmeira Syagrus romanzoffiana pode contribuir para a conservação dessas espécies. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar o crescimento de mudas de S. romanzoffiana resgatadas de áreas de supressão da obra do Rodoanel Mário Covas - Trecho Norte e transplantadas em áreas naturais do Parque Estadual da Cantareira, São Paulo -SP. Foram obtidas medidas de altura, diâmetro do coleto, número de folhas e volume do torrão das mudas. O transplante foi realizado em três condições de luminosidade depois de separadas em três classes de volume de torrão e três classes de diâmetro do coleto. Foram avaliadas a porcentagem de sobrevivência, incremento em altura, diâmetro do coleto, número de folhas e pigmentos fotossintéticos após 4, 8 e 12 meses. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 3 x 3 x 3 (luminosidade x diâmetros do coleto x volumes do torrão) com três repetições de cinco plantas cada. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias comparadas entre si através do teste de Tukey (5%). A sobrevivência foi superior a 80% em todos os ambientes. Houve maior crescimento, principalmente quanto ao diâmetro do coleto, na clareira pequena. A quantificação de clorofila a, b e carotenoides mostrou maior teor para as plantas mantidas no sombreamento. Quanto à razão clorofila a/b, os resultados evidenciaram maiores valores nas plantas mantidas no sombreamento, com valores crescentes até os 12 meses. Pode-se concluir que S. romanzoffiana apresenta pouca restrição quanto ao ambiente de realocação, porém, com preferência às clareiras pequenas, sendo dispensável que sejam realocadas com torrão de porte grande.

O estudo objetivou avaliar o efeito de nitrogênio, fósforo e potássio no crescimento de I. purpurea. As plantas foram fertilizadas semanalmente com 50 mL de solução nutritiva modificada de Hoagland & Amon (1950): Nitrogênio com 0; 0,0888; 0,201; 0,6003 ou 1,801 g L-1 de nitrato de amônio; Fósforo com 0; 2,1; 5,5; 10,3 ou 13,5 mL L-1 de ácido fosfórico e Potássio com 0; 0,3728; 1,1183; 1,8638 ou 2,2065 g L-1 de cloreto de potássio. I. purpurea apresentaram alta demanda por N, que resultou em aumento da área foliar. A maior concentração de N promoveu investimento preferencial nas áreas fotossintéticas, confirmado pela relação folha/raiz. I. purpurea é responsiva a fertilização com fósforo, principalmente para promover o crescimento de caule e raízes. I. purpurea não respondeu à fertilização com K. Os resultados do estudo recomendam a fertilização com 0,2001 g L-1 de nitrato de amônio e 5,5 ml L-1 de ácido fosfórico no cultivo de I. purpurea.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the growth of atmospheric (tankless-bromeliad) and tank (tank-bromeliad) developmental stages of silver vase bromeliad (Aechmea fasciata) as a function of nutrition with different sources and concentrations of nitrogen. The experiment consisted of the fertilization of atmospheric and tank stages of silver vase bromeliad with 50 mL of Hoagland and Arnon n. 1 (1950) solution, supplemented with 0, 15, 30 or 45 mM N of urea, ammonium nitrate or glutamine as nitrogen sources. After 210 days of experimentation, tank and atmospheric stages of silver vase bromeliad did not show significant differences for the variables plant height, rosette and stem diameter, leaf and total fresh mass, and root, leaf and total dry matter masses. Both stages have grown better with 15 mM N of ammonium nitrate and urea, while 45 mM of all N sources were deleterious. Glutamine in the tank occasioned the presence of a film and dark spots lowing the ornamental quality. The agronomic nitrogen use efficiency showed that tank stage use N more efficiently, when fertilized with inorganic form, while atmospheric stage is indifferent for N source.

Plant relocation resulting from vegetation removal is an important conservation strategy. This work aimed to investigate the simultaneous relocation of the bromeliads Aechmea distichantha Lem. and Wittrockia cyathiformis (Vell.) Leme in epiphytic and terricolous form. These bromeliads were rescued from deforested areas due to the construction of a highway. Both were fixed onto tree trunks or pitchforks or in the soil in a Montane Dense Ombrophilous Forest area of Parque da Estadual Cantareira, São Paulo State, Brazil. After one year A. distichantha maintained 100% survival rate, when transplanted in terricolous and 83.33 % in epiphytic form, while W. cyathiformis was 60% for both relocation forms. We concluded that both bromeliad species could be simultaneously relocated as epiphytes or terricolous. Direct relocation to the ground guarantees practicality, as it is difficult to find trees with forks located at small heights from the ground in which the manual fixing of the plant could be done without equipment. RESUMO A realocação de plantas resultante da remoção da vegetação é uma importante estratégia de conservação. Este trabalho objetivou investigar a realocação simultânea das bromélias Aechmea distichantha Lem. e Wittrockia cyathiformis (Vell.) Leme na forma epífita e terrícola, resgatadas de áreas desmatadas devido à construção de uma rodovia. Ambas foram fixadas em troncos de árvores ou forquilhas ou transplantadas para o solo em uma área de Floresta Ombrófila Densa Montana do Parque Estadual da Cantareira, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Após um ano, A. distichantha manteve 100% de sobrevida, quando transplantada na forma terrícola e 83,33% na forma epífita, enquanto W. cyathiformis foi de 60% para ambas as formas de realocação. Concluímos que ambas as espécies de bromélias podem ser realocadas simultaneamente como epífitas ou terrícolas. A realocação direta ao solo garante praticidade, pois é difícil encontrar árvores com forquilhas localizadas a pequenas alturas do solo em que a fixação manual da planta possa ser feita sem equipamentos.

Soil pollution by heavy metals is a worldwide environmental concern. Owing to their proximity to sources of anthropogenic emission, urban forest fragments are highly affected by the excessive input of heavy metals into the soil. Thus, this study aimed to assess the physiological and biochemical responses of two native Brazilian Atlantic Forest tree species, Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi (pioneer species) and Eugenia uniflora L. (non-pioneer species), when cultivated in soils contaminated with Cu. Plants were cultivated in soils of an urban forest fragment contaminated with 0 (control), 60, 120, 180 or 240 mg Cu kg−1 soil. Growth variables, Cu content in plant tissues, translocation index, bioaccumulation factor, pigment contents, leaf gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence were all measured to assess physiological alterations resulting from Cu stress, while enzymatic (superoxide dismutase) and nonenzymatic (ascorbic acid and glutathione) antioxidants were quantified to assess the biochemical responses of the species. Both species presented high uptake and accumulation of Cu in roots with low translocation rates to shoots; however, S. terebinthifolia showed higher Cu restriction in roots than E. uniflora. S. terebinthifolia and E. uniflora showed distinct responses in growth and leaf gas exchange. Neither enzymatic contents nor oxidative reduction showed any difference between the species. The restriction of Cu in roots appears to be the principal protective mechanism against Cu phytotoxicity, preventing negative effects on the physiological and biochemical status of the species. S. terebinthifolia shows potential as a Cu phytostabilizer.

The construction of highways causes several impacts on the environment, including, the suppression of vegetation, which can lead to reduced biodiversity. One mitigating measure involves reallocating plant to protected areas and orchids might be important for this use. An example could be the terricolous orchid Sauroglossum nitidum. In an attempt to optimize the survival of S. nitidum following reallocation, the aim of this study was to investigate whether the fertilization can increase the survival of this orchid. For this, five lots with ten plants per lot were randomly separated, with five plants submitted to soluble fertilization with NPK 10-52-10 (1 g.L-1), spraying each plant with 1 mL of the fertilizer, and the other five sprayed with the same volume of distilled water. This treatment was repeated fortnightly for two months before reallocation. The plants were relocated in September 2015 and monitored monthly until November 2016. Overall orchid survival was 92%. Additionally, flowering was observed to be significantly higher in fertilized plants. In conclusion, reallocation of S. nitidum with previous NPK fertilization is recommended.

Context Soil pollution by heavy metals is a worldwide environmental concern. Owing to their proximity to anthropogenic emission sources, urban forest fragments are highly affected by the excessive input of heavy metals into the soil.Objectives This study aimed to assess the physiological and biochemical responses of two native Brazilian Atlantic Forest Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi (pioneer species) and Eugenia uniflora L. (non-pioneer species), when cultivated in soils contaminated with Cu. Methods Plants were cultivated in soils of an urban forest fragment contaminated with 0 (control), 60, 120, 180 or 240 mg Cu kg-1 soil. Growth variables, Cu content in plant tissues, translocation index, bioaccumulation factor, pigment contents, leaf gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence were all measured to assess physiological alterations resulting from copper stress, while the enzymatic (superoxide dismutase) and nonenzymatic (ascorbic acid and glutathione) antioxidants were quantified to assess the biochemical responses of the species. Results Both species presented high uptake and accumulation of Cu in roots with low translocation rates to shoots; however, S. terebinthifolia showed higher Cu restriction in roots than E. uniflora. S. terebinthifolia and E. uniflora showed distinct responses in growth and leaf gas exchange. The species showed neither difference in enzymatic contents nor oxidative reduction. Conclusion The restriction of copper in roots appears to be the principal protective mechanism against copper phytotoxicity, preventing negative effects on the physiological and biochemical status of the species. S. terebinthifolia shows potential as a Cu phytostabilizer, while the E. uniflora has potential as a Cu phytoextractor.

This study was conducted to assess the physicochemical characteristics of urban forest soil contaminated by copper and the dynamics of macro- and micronutrients uptake by Schinus terebinthifolia and Eugenia uniflora seedlings. The seedlings received 0 (control), 60, 120, 180 or 240 mg Cu kg-1 soil applied to urban forest soil within São Paulo City, Brazil. Our results showed that K was reduced in Cu-contaminated soil used for S. terebinthifolia cultivation and that organic matter was higher in Cu- contaminated soil used for E. uniflora cultivation. Other physicochemical properties of soil remained unaltered. S. terebinthifolia presented nutritional imbalances in N, K and Mg on leaves, while E. uniflora presented nutritional imbalances in K on leaves and in S on roots. It can be concluded that copper contamination can negatively affect chemical and nutritional characteristics of urban forest soil, as well as the nutritional dynamics of S. terebinthifolia and E. uniflora.

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-12T02:45:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-01-01 Sewage sludge is a residual pollutant product from the treatment of urban effluent and must be adequately processed before final disposal in order to avoid environmental contamination. The use of sewage sludge in agricultural and forestry areas can improve the physical, chemical and biological properties of soil; it can also be a source of nutrients, increasing crop productivity. Accordingly, this study aimed to evaluate the growth and development of hybrid Eucalyptus urograndis (Eucalyptus grandis x E. urophylla) seedlings cultivated in soil with different doses of sewage sludge. To accomplish this, hybrid E. urograndis seedlings were cultivated for 120 days in pots containing soil (dystrophic Red-Yellow Latosol-LVA) with different doses of sewage sludge (0, 30, 60 or 90 Mg ha-1). The experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design consisting of four treatments, three replications with four plants per replication, totaling 48 plants. Biometric, biomass and physiological variables (chlorophyll, gaseous exchange, stomatal conductance and transpiration); in addition to macro-and micronutrient contents in leaves and soils of each treatment were evaluated. The treatments with sewage sludge were statistically superior to control treatment for all variables. Therefore, we recommend the application of 60 Mg ha-1 sewage sludge for the growth of hybrid Eucalyptus urograndis seedlings. Conversely, 90 Mg ha-1 sewage sludge inhibited hybrid E. urograndis root growth. Moreover, the use of sewage sludge as organic fertilizer in tropical soils is a viable and sustainable alternative for Eucalyptus cultivation. Instituto de Botânica, Av. Miguel Stefano Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP), Av. Universitária Instituto Agronômico de Campinas, Avenida Luiz Pereira dos Santos Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP), Av. Universitária

This study aimed to evaluate the accumulation and distribution of copper (Cu) in the pioneer tree Schinus terebinthifolius R. (aroeira) and non-pioneer tree Eugenia uniflora L. (pitanga) submitted to different concentrations of copper. The plants received 40 mL of Hoagland & Arnon (1950) n. 1 nutrient solution modified with 0.00032, 0.0032, 0.032 and 0.32 mM Cu2+ applied to the soil. We analyzed biomass, biometry and Cu contents in plants and the concentration of Cu in soil. Cu concentration in the soil contaminated with 0.32 mM Cu2+ was higher than other treatments. Neither species showed characteristics of plant phytotoxicity. However, the two species did exhibit different physiological responses to Cu; S. terebinthifolius accumulated the metal only in roots, while E. uniflora accumulated Cu in roots and leaves. The highest Cu concentration in soil was observed in the treatment with 0.32 mM Cu2+. Outstanding to foliar accumulation, E. uniflora could be used for biomonitoring.

The objective of this work was to evaluate if nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) indexes can elucidate functional differences in nutrient uptake between the root system and tank of epiphytic bromeliads. The bromeliads Guzmania lingulata and Vriesea 'Harmony' received fertilizers in their tanks or through their roots using modified Hoagland & Arnon solution, with 0.00, 2.62, or 5.34 mmol L-1 nitrogen, as urea. After 90 days, nitrogen contents in leaves and plant biomass were evaluated, and NUE indexes were calculated. Guzmania lingulata and V. 'Harmony' fertilized in their tanks with 5.34 mmol L-1 had the highest averages of nitrogen uptake efficiency and recovery efficiency; those fertilized with 2.62 mmol L-1 through their roots showed the highest averages of NUE, nitrogen utilization efficiency, nitrogen physiological efficiency, and biomass conversion efficiency. The NUE indexes, besides being an effective tool to assess the nutritional status of ornamental bromeliads, reveal that the root system of epiphytic bromeliads is functional for nitrogen uptake and use. Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar se os índices de eficiência de uso do nitrogênio (EUN) podem elucidar diferenças funcionais na absorção de nutrientes entre o sistema radicular e o tanque de bromélias epifíticas. As bromélias Guzmania lingulata e Vriesea 'Harmony' receberam fertilizantes nos seus tanques ou pelas raízes com solução de Hoagland & Arnon modificada, com 0,00, 2,62 ou 5,34 mmol L-1 de nitrogênio na forma de ureia. Após 90 dias, o conteúdo de nitrogênio nas folhas e a biomassa das plantas foram avaliados, e os índices de EUN calculados. Guzmania lingulata e V. 'Harmony' adubadas no tanque com 5,34 mmol L-1 apresentaram maiores médias de eficiência de absorção de nitrogênio e de eficiência de recuperação; as adubadas nas raízes, com 2,62 mmol L-1, apresentaram as maiores médias de EUN, eficiência de utilização de nitrogênio, eficiência fisiológica de nitrogênio e índice de eficiência de conversão de biomassa. Os índices de EUN, além de serem importantes ferramentas para avaliação do status nutricional das bromélias, revelam que o sistema radicular das bromélias epífitas é funcional para absorção e utilização de nitrogênio.

The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S deficiencies on the growth, mineral contents of silver vase bromeliad [Aechmea fasciata (Lindley) Baker], a species native to Brazil. Plants were maintained on modified Hoagland & Arnon nutrient solution with omission of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sulfur (S) or complete solution (CS) totalizing seven treatments. Leaf nutrient contents of the treatments were analyzed to confirm the deficiencies. The first leaf deficiency symptoms appeared in cultivated plants from which nitrogen (N) was omitted. In fact, nitrogen was found to be the growth-limiting nutrient of silver vase bromeliad. Phosphorus-deficient plants had reddish leaves and showed necrosis in young leaves. K, Ca, Mg and S deficiency can only be determined by foliar analysis. The limiting nutrients to silver vase bromeliad growth were N > P = K > Ca = Mg > S in ascending order.

espanolRESUMEN El lodo residual es un residuo contaminante, proveniente del proceso de tratamiento de residuos urbanos. Su disposicion final puede tornarse un problema al ser descartado de manera incorrecta, generando graves problemas ambientales y salubres. Sin embargo, por poseer alto contenido de materia organica, macro e micronutrientes, puede ser aprovechado en plantaciones forestales como suplemento fertilizante o mejorador del suelo, siendo una alternativa interesante para su destino final y reciclaje. La silvicultura, se caracteriza por aportar materia prima para el desarrollo de diversos productos, teniendo como base los bosques plantados. En este contexto, el cultivo de eucalipto se destaca debido a la gran importancia para la economia brasilena, teniendo inclusive aumento expresivo en su plantacion en las ultimas decadas. Por lo tanto, debido a los problemas ambientales que pueden ser causados por la colocacion del lodo residual en el medio ambiente, este trabajo tiene como objetivo diagnosticar el estado del arte de la utilizacion del lodo residual en el cultivo de eucalipto. EnglishABSTRACT The residual sludge is a contaminating waste, coming from the urban waste treatment process. Its final disposal can become a problem when it is discarded incorrectly, generating serious environmental and health problems. However, it has a high content of organic matter, macro and micronutrients, and can be used in forest plantations as a fertilizer supplement or soil conditioner, being an interesting alternative to its final destination and recycling. Forestry is characterized by providing raw materials for the development of various products based on planted forests. In this context, the eucalyptus crop stands out due to the great importance for Brazilian economy, with an expressive increase in its plantation area in the last decades. Therefore, due to the environmental problems that can be caused by the deposit of residual sludge in the environment, this work aims to diagnose the state of the art of the use of residual sludge in the eucalyptus crop.

Made available in DSpace on 2019-10-04T12:15:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2019-04-01. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2019-10-09T18:33:30Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 S2447-536X2019000200126.pdf: 2987992 bytes, checksum: 991620a03d6d56b1d2602ea244a147c5 (MD5) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of calcium on growth and development of silver vase bromeliad (Aechmea fasciata). Plants were fertilized three times a week with nutrient solutions formulated with HA solution (Hoagland and Arnon, 1950) modified with 0.25, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10.0 or 12.5 mM Ca applied into the tank. After 90 days of experimentation, biometric and biomass measurements of root and shoot systems, and chemical analysis of leaves were assessed. The results showed that the concentration of 12.5 mM Ca in nutrient solution is recommended for silver vase bromeliad fertilization. Inst Bot IBt, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil UNESP, FEIS, Ilha Solteira, SP, Brazil Univ Sao Paulo, Inst Quim, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil UNESP, FEIS, Ilha Solteira, SP, Brazil CNPq: 455929/2014-9 CNPq: 306140/2012-8

Gas exchange and chlorophyll a fluorescence are widely used in physiological and ecological studies; however, few studies have used these techniques with ornamental plants. This study tested the potential contribution of gas exchange and chlorophyll a fluorescence to evaluate the water and nutrients uptake by the tank and root system of epiphyte bromeliad Guzmania lingulata. For this purpose, we conducted an experiment with different water regime and another with different concentrations of nitrogen. The experiments were: 1 - Watering: Control (application of water into Tank and Root), Tank (watering into Tank), Root (watering Root) and Drought (water suspension during the 90 days of experimentation) and 2 - Nitrogen: Plants fertilized with Hoagland and Arnon nutrient solution exclusively into Tank or Root with nitrogen concentrations of control and 2.62 or 5.34 mM N applied as urea. The Fv /Fm ratio allowed comparing the treatments between experiments, demonstrating that Root and Tank both have the capacity to maintain G. lingulata photosynthetic activity and growth, while Drought treatment (water suspension) was the limiting factor for energy conversion efficiency of PSII. However, gas exchange was more permissive as a parameter for comparing treatments in the nitrogen experiment, providing important information about the general aspects of the photosynthetic process in the watering experiment. Both gas exchange and chlorophyll a fluorescence can support the evaluation of G. lingulata physiological status and can be useful tools in ornamental horticultural studies.

RESUMO Com objetivo de introdução de epífitas em manejo de restauração florestal, foi avaliado o efeito da aplicação de bioestimulante no desenvolvimento de três espécies epífitas sob condição de arboreto. Plantas das espécies Vriesea carinata Wawra (Bromeliaceae), Oncidium flexuosum Sims (Orchidaceae) e Rhipsalis paradoxa (Salm-Dyck ex Pfeiff.) Salm-Dyck (Cactaceae) foram pulverizadas, com o bioestimulante Stimulate® nas concentrações de 0,0, 4,0, 8,0 e 12,0 mL L-1. Estacas de Chorisia speciosa foram utilizadas como suporte e substrato para a fixação das plantas. As variáveis analisadas foram: qualidade da fixação, número de folhas, brotos e raízes e, matéria seca da parte aérea e raízes. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso constituído de quatro tratamentos (concentrações do bioestimulante) com três repetições de cinco plantas, totalizando 15 plantas por tratamento, para cada espécie. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e regressão. Os tratamentos 4 e 8 mL L-1 de bioestimulante proporcionou aumento da produção de folhas e do diâmetro do caule de V. carinata, enquanto que as demais variáveis analisadas, nas três espécies, não apresentaram diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos. Nas condições do experimento, o bioestimulante não apresentou respostas significativas quanto ao crescimento, desenvolvimento do sistema radicular e à qualidade da fixação para as espécies estudadas; estimulando, no entanto, o crescimento da parte aérea de V. carinata e O. flexuosum. A facilidade de aplicação do bioestimulante, proporcionando o crescimento da parte aérea e o baixo custo do produto, possibilita a sua utilização no estímulo do crescimento de plantas epífitas a serem utilizadas na restauração florestal. ABSTRACT The present study evaluated the effect of biostimulant (Cytokinin as kinetin 0.009%, Gibberellic acid 0.005%, and Indole-3-butyric acid 0.005%) on the development of three epiphyte species aiming their introduction on forest restoration management. Concentrations of 0, 4, 8, and 12 mL L-1 of bioestimulant Stimulate® were applied by leaf spray on Vriesea carinata Wawra (Bromeliaceae), Oncidium flexuosum Sims (Orchidaceae), and Rhipsalis paradoxa (Salm-Dyck ex Pfeiff.) Salm-Dyck (Cactaceae). Branches of Chorisia speciosa were used as phorophyte to support the plants. The parameters quality of anchorage, number of leaves, shoots, and roots, and dry matter of the roots and shoots were analyzed. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with four treatments, three replications with five plants each, totalizing 15 plants per treatment for each species. Data were submitted to variance analysis and regression. The treatments 4 and 8 mL L-1 of biostimulant improved the number of leaves and plant diameter of V. carinata. The other parameters were not significant for the three species in all treatments evaluated. The bioestimulant on the experimental conditions had no significant responses on growth and development of roots and anchorage quality for the species, with stimulus of shoots growth on V. carinata and O. flexuosum. The growth stimulus of the shoot and the easy, fast, and low cost of the application of biostimulant, enable its use to optimize the transplanting of epiphytic plants for forest restoration.

O objetivo do trabalho foi estudar as alterações anatômicas na epiderme de folhas de bromélia ornamental (Aechmea blanchetiana) micropropagadas, durante o período de aclimatização, no qual ocorre grande perda de plantas, e o início da produção comercial em estufa. Realizou-se a análise, em microscopia fotônica, das características estruturais da epiderme abaxial de folhas da espécie, provenientes de mudas cultivadas in vitro, nas plantas aos 0, 7, 28, 49, 70 e 91 dias de aclimatização. Foram utilizadas as técnicas usuais no preparo do material para obtenção das lâminas semipermanentes de secções paradérmicas. A densidade estomática foi determinada na região mediana da folha. Os parâmetros estudados evidenciaram alterações anatômicas significativas nas primeiras semanas, sendo que a espessura das paredes celulares epidérmicas, a densidade dos estômatos, e a área e densidade das escamas apresentaram diminuição considerável nas primeiras semanas de aclimatização. A partir dos 49 dias, as folhas apresentaram características da planta adulta, possivelmente indicando o término do período de aclimatização. The aim of this experiment was to study the anatomical alterations in the foliar epidermis of micropropagated ornamental bromeliad (Aechmea blanchetiana), during the acclimatization period. Structural characteristics of the abaxial epidermis of leaves of seedlings in vitro cultured were analyzed under photonic microscopy. The analysis was undertaken in plants at 0, 7, 28, 49, 70 and 91 days of acclimatization. Usual techniques were employed to prepare the material to obtain the semi-permanent laminae of the paradermal sections. The stomatal density was determined in the leaf medium zone. The studied parameters showed significant anatomical alterations on the first weeks of acclimatization, when the epidermal cell wall thickness, the stomata density and scale area and density showed a considerable decrease compared to the in vitro plantlets. After 49 days the leaves presented characteristics of an adult plant, which probably indicates the end of the acclimatization period.

Rhipsalis paradoxa, Rhipsalis baccifera and Hatiora salicornioides are epiphytic cacti from the Atlantic Forest. They have a great ornamental potential due to the exotic characteristic of their joints (stems segments). The study aimed to evaluate the growth and development of roots and shoots as well as macronutrient and micronutrient contents in the joints of these species fertilized with different concentrations of urea as a nitrogen source. The study also analyzed the importance of the root system on nitrogen absorption. Plants were weekly irrigated with modified Hoagland & Arnon solutions with 0, 16.7, 33.3, 49.9 or 66.6 mM N applied as urea. After 180 days of cultivation, plants were separated into joints and roots for biometric and biomass measures, as well as macronutrient and micronutrient analysis of joints. The experimental design was randomized blocks, with five treatments, four blocks and five plants per plot, for each species. Data were submitted to analyses of variance and regression. R. baccifera showed the highest plant length and number of joints in 29.94 and 40.82 mM N, respectively, H. salicornioides showed the highest length and number of joints in 48.29 and 45.68 mM N respectively. For R. paradoxa, the highest length was in 66.6 mM N. The lowest values for plant length and number of joints were observed in the absence of N, for all species. High nitrogen concentrations in the solution increased the N concentration in joints of R. baccifera, R. paradoxa and H. salicornioides by 24, 19 and 13 g N/kg dry mass, respectively. The roots of epiphytic cacti, besides the function of fixing the plant on substrate (phorophyte), are functional for nutrient absorption, and the best results were obtained in 30.05 to 66.60 mM N in the nutrient solution. RESUMO Cactáceas epífitas da Mata Atlântica como Rhipsalis paradoxa, Rhipsalis baccifera e Hatiora salicornioides são utilizadas como plantas ornamentais devido à formação de densos aglomerados de seus artículos (segmentos do caule). O estudo visou avaliar o crescimento e desenvolvimento do sistema radicular e aéreo, e os teores de macro e micronutrientes nos artículos das espécies, submetidas a diferentes concentrações de ureia, bem como analisar a importância do sistema radicular na absorção de nitrogênio. As plantas foram irrigadas semanalmente com soluções modificadas de Hoagland & Arnon, contendo diferentes concentrações de ureia (0; 16,7; 33,3; 49,9 e 66,6 mM N). Após 180 dias de cultivo, as plantas foram separadas em artículos e raízes para as medidas de biometria e biomassa, além da análise de macro e micronutrientes dos artículos. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados com cinco tratamentos, quatro blocos e cinco plantas por parcela, para cada espécie. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e regressão. R. baccifera apresentou maior comprimento da planta na concentração de 29,94 mM N e maior número de artículos em 40,82 mM N e H. salicornioides apresentou maior comprimento em 48,29 mM N e maior número de artículos em 45,68 mM; enquanto que para R. paradoxa, os maiores comprimentos foram na dose 66,6 mM N. As espécies apresentaram os menores valores de comprimento e número de artículos na ausência de N. O aumento da concentração de N no meio de cultivo elevou os teores de N nos artículos em 24, 19 e 13 g N/kg de massa de matéria seca nas espécies R. baccifera, R. paradoxa e H. salicornioides, respectivamente. O estudo mostrou que as raízes das cactáceas epifíticas, além da função de fixação da planta ao substrato (forófito), são funcionais quanto à absorção de nutrientes e se recomenda a adubação de cactáceas epifíticas com 30,05 a 66,60 mM N na solução nutritiva.

Plants of the ornamental bromeliad, Aechmea blanchetiana (Baker) L.B. Smith obtained from seeds germinated in vitro , were treated with spermidine (Spd) at various concentrations (0, 10, 50 and 250 μM) or in the presence of 1.07 mM α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) + 22.20 mM 6-benzyladenine (BA) or 0 mM NAA + 0 mM 6-BA for shoot induction and 0, 1.07 and 5.37 mM of NAA for root induction. The number of shoots, fresh and dry weight of shoots on shoot induction and fresh and dry weight of shoots and roots on root induction, and activity of peroxidases were evaluated. Polyamine Spd was not effective on shooting induction, rooting, mass accumulation of fresh and dry weight and had no influence on the activity of the enzyme peroxidase, and had a deleterious effect on dry matter accumulation in the treatment for shooting induction. Spd improved the qualitative and quantitative responses of in vitro rhizogenesis of A. blanchetiana as compared to the free polyamine medium. Peroxidase activity was higher in leaves of plants subjected to shoot induction, with 6-BA+NAA. The exogenous spermidine did not have effect on peroxidase activity. Keywords: Bromeliad, micropropagation, peroxidase activity, polyamine

The root anatomy of bromeliad Nidularium minutum Mez was studied and the efficiency of root system in contributing to the growth, development and mineral uptake of the species evaluated. To accomplish this analysis, four treatments were applied as follows: (i) control plants with 5 mL H2O on substrate and 5 mL H2O into tank; (ii) plants supplied with nutrients to the tank with 5 mL H2O on substrate and 5 mL Hoagland and Arnon solution into tank; (iii) plants supplied with nutrients to the roots with 5 mL HA on substrate and 5 mL H2O into tank; and (iv) plants supplied with nutrients to the tank and roots with 5 mL HA on substrate and 5 mL HA into tank. Biometric variables and biomass were measured. Contents of macro- and micronutrients were evaluated in leaves, and the anatomical structure of roots was analysed. Structurally, the roots possess multiseriate epidermis, termed velamen, which is typical in Orchidaceae and other families for taking up water and nutrients. Plants supplied with nutrients to the roots had higher values than control plants for fresh and dry mass of stems, leaves and total (leaves + stems + roots), besides being more efficient than plants supplied with nutrients to the tank for nitrogen uptake. These results indicate that root system of N. minutum is very efficient for nutrients uptake when compared with the tank contributing to plant growth and development, most likely assisted by the presence of velamen.

Costus arabicus L. (Costaceae) is a tropical species native from Brazil. The species has ornamental potential as garden and vase plant, and for flower and stem cutting. The aim of this study was to evaluate the seed germination of C. arabicus under different of light and temperature conditions. Seeds subjected to constant temperatures of 20, 25 and 30 °C under photoperiod of 12 h of light or dark. The parameters analyzed were percentage of germination and germination speed index (GSI). The highest germination percentage (70%) was under temperature of 30 °C, both in light or dark. The GSI showed that the germination rate increases as temperature increases, mainly on 30 °C. C. arabicus seeds germinated in the presence or absence of light, thus was considered neutral photoblastic and germination on light under 30 °C was more efficient for seed germination.