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Opsiphanes Doubleday, [1849] (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae: Brassolini) is an exclusively Neotropical genus, occurring from Argentina to Mexico. Until the present study, Opsiphanes was considered to contain 14 species, 60 subspecies, and 38 synonyms. The considerable phenotypic variation of species and subspecies of the genus has affected the taxonomy of the group by causing the proliferation of several names that have been proposed to represent their diversity, taxa that have often not been adequately described and/or delimited. The present study analyzed information on the immature stages and morphology, with molecular data and distribution data, in order to provide revised taxonomic hypotheses for Opsiphanes species and subspecies. These analyses of approximately 5,500 specimens and all species known for the genus made it possible to define two groups: “cassiae” and “quiteria”. The “quiteria” group was subdivided into seven subgroups: “boisduvallii”, “camena”, “zelotes”, “sallei”, “quiteria”, “fabricii”, and “invirae”. The statuses of three species and two subespecies are reinstated: Opsiphanes badius Stichel, 1902 stat. rest., Opsiphanes quirinus Godman & Salvin, 1881 stat. rest., Opsiphanes merianae Stichel, 1902 stat. rest., Opsiphanes bogotanus castaneus Stichel, 1904 stat. rest. and Opsiphanes badius cauca Röber, 1906 stat. rest. Six subspecies are here treated as species: Opsiphanes mexicana Bristow, 1991 stat. nov., Opsiphanes zelus Stichel, 1908 stat. nov., Opsiphanes farrago Stichel, 1904 stat. nov., Opsiphanes barkeri Bristow, 1991 stat. nov., Opsiphanes caliensis Bristow, 1991 stat. nov., and Opsiphanes cuspidatus Stichel, 1904 stat. nov. One subjective synonym is treated as a valid subspecies: Opsiphanes invirae pernambucoensis Bristow, 1991 stat. rev. One species is treated as a subspecies: Opsiphanes cassiae tamarindi C. Felder & R. Felder, 1861 stat. nov. Eight new statuses are proposed: Opsiphanes cassiae incolumis Stichel, 1904 stat. nov., Opsiphanes cassiae tamarindi C. Felder & R. Felder, 1861 stat. nov., Opsiphanes badius angostura Bristow, 1979 stat. nov., Opsiphanes fabricii camposi Bristow, 1991 stat. nov., Opsiphanes fabricii numatius Fruhstorfer, 1912 stat. nov., Opsiphanes merianae notanda Stichel, 1904 stat. nov., Opsiphanes periphetes Fruhstorfer, 1912 stat. nov., and Opsiphanes cuspidatus relucens Fruhstorfer, 1907 stat. nov. Seven subjective synonyms are reinstated: Opsiphanes crameri C. Felder & R. Felder, 1862 syn. rest. of Opsiphanes cassiae cassiae (Linnaeus, 1758); Opsiphanes tamarindi latifascia Rothschild, 1916 syn. rest. of Opsiphanes cassiae incolumis Stichel, 1904 stat. nov.; Opsiphanes erebus Röber, 1927 syn. rest. of Opsiphanes quiteria quirinalis Staudinger, 1887; Opsiphanes cassina aequatorialis Stichel, 1902 syn. rest., Opsiphanes invirae pseudophilon Fruhstorfer, 1907 syn. rest., Opsiphanes invirae remoliatus Fruhstorfer, 1907 syn. rest., and Opsiphanes invirae agasthenes Fruhstorfer, 1907 syn. rest. of Opsiphanes invirae invirae (Hübner, [1808]). Twenty-five new synonyms are proposed: Pavonia Godart [1824] syn. nov. of Bia Hübner, [1819]; Opsiphanes bogotanus phrataphernes Fruhstorfer, 1912 syn. nov., and Opsiphanes bogotanus blandini Bristow, 1991 syn. nov. of Opsiphanes bogotanus bogotanus Distant, 1875; Opsiphanes cassiae alajuela Bristow, 1991 syn. nov. of Opsiphanes bogotanus castaneus Stichel, 1904 stat. rest.; Opsiphanes cassiae rubigatus Stichel, 1904 syn. nov., Opsiphanes cassiae strophios Fruhstorfer, 1907 syn. nov., and Opsiphanes tamarindi xiphos Fruhstorfer, 1907 syn. nov. of Opsiphanes cassiae cassiae (Linnaeus, 1758); Opsiphanes tamarindi corrosus Stichel, 1904 syn. nov., and Opsiphanes tamarindi kleisthenes Fruhstorfer, 1912 syn. nov. of Opsiphanes cassiae tamarindi C. Felder & R. Felder, 1861 stat. nov.; Opsiphanes mutatus parodizi Bristow, 1991 syn. nov. of Opsiphanes farrago Stichel, 1904 stat. nov.; Opsiphanes sallei kennerleyi Bristow, 1991 syn. nov. of Opsiphanes sallei colombiana Bristow, 1991; Opsiphanes quiteria talamancensis Bristow, 1991 syn. nov. of Opsiphanes quirinus Godman & Salvin, 1881 stat. rest.; Opsiphanes quiteria quaestor Stichel, 1902 syn. nov., Opsiphanes quiteria bolivianus Stichel, 1902 syn. nov., and Opsiphanes quiteria cardenasi Bristow, 1991 syn. nov. of Opsiphanes quiteria quiteria (Stoll, 1780); Opsiphanes quiteria phylas Fruhstorfer, 1912 syn. nov. of Opsiphanes quiteria quirinalis Staudinger, 1887; Opsiphanes cassina chiriquensis Stichel, 1902 syn. nov. of Opsiphanes fabricii fabricii (Boisduval, 1870); Opsiphanes cassina milesi Bristow, 1991 syn. nov. of Opsiphanes merianae notanda Stichel, 1904 stat. nov.; Opsiphanes cassina aucotti Bristow, 1991 syn. nov. of Opsiphanes periphetes Fruhstorfer, 1912 stat. nov.; Opsiphanes cassina C. Felder & R. Felder, 1862 syn. nov., Opsiphanes invirae intermedius Stichel, 1902 syn. nov., Opsiphanes invirae amplificatus Stichel, 1904 syn. nov., Opsiphanes sticheli Röber, 1906 syn. nov., Opsiphanes invirae roraimaensis Bristow, 1991 syn. nov., and Opsiphanes invirae sieberti Bristow, 1991 syn. nov. of Opsiphanes invirae invirae (Hübner, [1808]). To ensure unambiguous identification of names, nine neotypes were designated for: Opsiphanes bogotanus Distant, 1875, Opsiphanes aurivillii Röber, 1906, Papilio glycerie Fabricius, 1787, Opsiphanes zelotes zelus Stichel, 1908, Opsiphanes badius var. cauca Röber, 1906, Opsiphanes erebus Röber, 1927, Potamis invirae Hübner, [1808], Opsiphanes sticheli Röber, 1906, and Opsiphanes invirae ledon Fruhstorfer, 1912; and nine lectotypes for: Opsiphanes bogotanus phrataphernes Fruhstorfer, 1912, Opsiphanes tamarindi cherocles Fruhstorfer, 1912, Caligo tamarindi Boisduval, 1870, Opsiphanes sallei nicandrus Fruhstorfer, 1912, Opsiphanes quiteria augeias Fruhstorfer, 1912, Opsiphanes quirinus Godman & Salvin, 1881, Opsiphanes quiteria var. meridionalis Staudinger, 1887, Opsiphanes quiteria oresbios Fruhstorfer, 1912, and Opsiphanes quiteria phylas Fruhstorfer, 1912, . The present taxonomic scheme proposed for Opsiphanes includes 23 species, 23 subspecies, and 69 synonyms.

Neste livro nós reunimos informações sobre adultos e imaturos de borboletas ocorrentes no município de Joaçaba, localizado no meio-oeste de Santa Catarina. As espécies registradas aqui se distribuem também por grande parte da Floresta Atlântica, outras ainda adentrando biomas como o Cerrado e a Amazônia. Esta obra contém 2.273 imagens correspondentes a 447 espécies. Destas, há imagens de 446 espécies preparadas com as asas esticadas, 178 espécies registradas no ambiente natural e 89 espécies com imagens dos imaturos. Adicionalmente, há informações a respeito dos meses de ocorrência, de alguns hábitos e caracterização morfológica dos adultos e imaturos, além do registro de plantas hospedeiras. Desta forma, associando imagens desses belíssimos insetos à descrição de hábitos e demais características das espécies, nós objetivamos auxiliar na divulgação de informações científicas também ao público leigo, buscando atrair uma maior parcela da sociedade ao conhecimento da grande diversidade de insetos neotropicais.

Piovesan, Mônica, Casagrande, Mirna Martins, Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik (2023): MÔNICA PIOVESAN, MIRNA MARTINS CASAGRANDE & OLAF HERMANN HENDRIK MIELKE (2022) Systematics of Opsiphanes Doubleday, [1849] (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae, Brassolini): an integrative approach. Zootaxa, 5216 (1), 1-278. Zootaxa 5256 (6): 594-594, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5256.6.6

Opsiphanes sallei Doubleday, [1849] (Figs 95–106) Diagnosis. Opsiphanes sallei differs from Opsiphanes farrago stat. nov. in having the DFW with a strongly angled oblique band on M 3 -CuA 1 (Fig. 95a). Molecular analyses recovered Opsiphanes sallei as closely related to Opsiphanes farrago stat. nov. (Fig. 2) (genetic distance 2.9-3.1%). Male genitalia. Tegumen in dorsal view with anterior margin with concavity in the median region and almost the same width as the posterior margin; anterior projection of saccus in lateral view twice as long as dorsal arms of saccus, in ventral view with a dilated anterior region (Fig. 100). Female genitalia. Lamella antevaginalis membranous medially and sclerotized laterally; lamella postvaginalis as a triangular plate that tapers gradually in the distal portion, rounded medially, nearly the same size as the ostium; ostium with weaker sclerotization than lamella ante and postvaginalis (Fig. 101). Variation. Opsiphanes sallei colombiana and Opsiphanes sallei nicandrus vary in the following characters: DFW, size of the patches that form the oblique band; when small, these patches form a discontinuous band. DHW, the width of submarginal band. VHW, the size of the eyespot between Sc+R 1 and M 1, and the width of its darkbrown ring; and the size and shape of the eyespot between M 3 and CuA 2 (Figs 96–99)., Published as part of Piovesan, Mônica, Casagrande, Mirna Martins & Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik, 2022, Systematics of Opsiphanes Doubleday, [1849] (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae, Brassolini): an integrative approach, pp. 1-278 in Zootaxa 5216 (1) on page 114, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5216.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7403532

Opsiphanes bogotanus Distant, 1875 (Figs 4–19) Diagnosis. Opsiphanes bogotanus differs from Opsiphanes cassiae, a closely related species, in having the VHW with a rounded eyespot between Sc+R 1 and M 1 that usually reaches or exceeds M 1, and a dark-brown band extends from the base of the wing to this eyespot. It differs from Opsiphanes mexicana stat. nov., another closely related species, in having the DFW oblique band with an uneven distal margin, and the portion of this band on CuA 2 -2A is generally narrower (Fig. 4a). Molecular analyses recovered Opsiphanes bogotanus as closely related to Opsiphanes cassiae and Opsiphanes mexicana stat. nov. (Fig. 2) (genetic distance 1.6–2.7% and 1.5–1.7%, respectively). Male genitalia. Tegumen in dorsal view with the anterior margin wider than the posterior; anterior projection of saccus in lateral view twice as long as dorsal arms of saccus, in ventral view with a dilated anterior region; valva in dorsal view with convergingly curved posterior portions (Fig. 11). Female genitalia. Lamella antevaginalis membranous medially and sclerotized laterally; lamella postvaginalis rounded medially, with this portion the same size as the ostium; ostium with weaker sclerotization than lamella ante and postvaginalis (Fig. 12). Variation. Subspecies vary in the following characters: DFW, the length, width and color of the oblique band. DHW, the marginal band faint to absent in males, and well marked in females. HW, the crenulation of the outer margin. VFW, the width and color of the oblique band, in females, the portion of this band on CuA 2 -2A tends to be more yellowish; and the EIII submarginal line may or may not reach CuA 2. VHW, the size of the eyespot between Sc+R 1 and M 1, and the width of its dark-brown ring; and the shape of the eyespot between M 3 and CuA 2 (Figs 4–10)., Published as part of Piovesan, Mônica, Casagrande, Mirna Martins & Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik, 2022, Systematics of Opsiphanes Doubleday, [1849] (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae, Brassolini): an integrative approach, pp. 1-278 in Zootaxa 5216 (1) on pages 18-19, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5216.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7403532

Opsiphanes cuspidatus relucens Fruhstorfer, 1907 stat. nov. (Figs 216, 218) Opsiphanes invirae relucens Fruhstorfer, IV-1907. Int. ent. Ztschr. 1 (5): 30; nom. nud. (ICZN, Art. 12.1—no description).— Fruhstorfer, V-1907. Stett. ent. Ztg. 68 (1): 130, 139; 1 male [holotype], San Pedro Sula, [Cortés], Honduras, Erich Wittkugel leg., collection Fruhstorfer.— Stichel, 1908. Berl. ent. Ztschr. 52 (3): 163.— Stichel, 1909. Das Tierreich 25: 85, 88.— Fruhstorfer, 1912, in Seitz. Gross-Schmett. Erde 5, p. 301, 304.— Stichel, 1932. Lep. Cat. 51, p. 45.— Blandin, 1977. Publ. Lab. Zool. l‘École norm. sup., Paris, 9: 169; biogeogr.— D’Abrera, 1987. Butt. Neotrop. Reg. 3, p. 412.— Bristow, 1991. Zool. Jour. Linn. Soc. 101 (3): 258, 261, figs 22b (male d, v), 23d (female d, v).— Casagrande, 2004. Brassolini, in Lamas (ed.) Checklist: Part 4A, Hesperioidea-Papilionoidea, in Heppner (ed.). Atlas Neotrop. Lep. 5A, p. 204.—J. Miller et al., 2012. Insecta Mundi 205: 57.— Vargas-Fernández et al., 2008. Nymph. Mexico 2, p. 63, 186, pl. 20, figs 1, 2 (male d, v), 3 (female d). Taxonomic history. Vargas-Fernández et al. (2008) illustrated the male and female of Opsiphanes cuspidatus relucens stat. nov. Type material. Opsiphanes invirae relucens Fruhstorfer, 1907 was described based on a male [holotype] from San Pedro Sula, [Cortés], Honduras, collected by Erich Wittkugel and deposited in the Fruhstorfer collection. The male [holotype] is deposited at the NHMUK, with the following labels: / Type/ Holotype / Honduras San Pedro Sula ex coll. Fruhstorfer / invirae relucens Fruhst / Fruhstorfer Coll. B.M. 1937-285./. Diagnosis. Male: Opsiphanes cuspidatus relucens stat. nov. differs from Opsiphanes cuspidatus cuspidatus stat. nov. in having the DFW oblique band, twice the width of the DHW submarginal band (Fig. 218). Comments. Stichel (1908) stated that Opsiphanes cuspidatus relucens stat. nov., described with characters applicable to both Opsiphanes cuspidatus cuspidatus stat. nov. and for Opsiphanes invirae invirae, would remain valid, as he had no comparative material for analysis. The situation is repeated in this study, and therefore, Opsiphanes cuspidatus relucens stat. nov., remains valid, but based only on the width of the DFW and VFW bands and the geographic distribution of the male [holotype] (Fig. 218). Natural history. Unknown. Geographic distribution. Mexico (Chiapas) (Vargas-Fernández et al. 2008); Honduras ([Cortés]) (Fig. 216). Temporal distribution. Unknown. Etymology. Name probably based on the color of the DFW oblique band, described by Fruhstorfer (1907a). Specimens examined. [Holotypus] (Fig. 218)., Published as part of Piovesan, Mônica, Casagrande, Mirna Martins & Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik, 2022, Systematics of Opsiphanes Doubleday, [1849] (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae, Brassolini): an integrative approach, pp. 1-278 in Zootaxa 5216 (1) on pages 233-234, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5216.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7403532, {"references":["Stichel, H. (1908) Brassoliden - Studien. Berliner entomologische Zeitschrift, 52 (3), 160 - 179. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / mmnd. 47919071006","Stichel, H. (1909) Brassolidae. Das Tierreich, 25, i - xiv + 1 - 244.","Fruhstorfer, H. (1912) Brassolidae. In: Seitz, A. (Ed.), The Macrolepidoptera of the World (Gross-Schmett. Erde). Fritz Lehmann Verlag, Stuttgart, pp. 285 - 332.","Stichel, H. (1932) Brassolidae. Lepidopterorum Catalogus, 51, 1 - 115. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 124190","Blandin, P. (1977) La distribution geographique des Brassolinae (Lepidoptera, Satyridae). faits et problemes. Publications du Laboratoire de Zoologie de l'Ecole normale superieure, Paris, 9, 161 - 218.","D'Abrera, B. L. (1987) Butterflies of the Neotropical Region. Part III. Brassolidae, Acraeidae & Nymphalidae (partim). Hill House, Victoria, 385 pp.","Bristow, C. R. (1991) A revision of the brassoline genus Opsiphanes (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 101 (3), 203 - 293. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1991. tb 00282. x","Casagrande, M. M. (2004) Tribe Brassolini. In: Lamas, G. (Ed.), Checklist: Part 4 A, Hesperioidea - Papilionoidea. In: Heppner, J. B. (Ed.), Atlas Neotroprical Lepidoptera 5 A. Association for Tropical Lepidoptera, Scientific Publishers, Gainesville, Florida, pp. 201 - 204.","Vargas-Fernandez, I., Llorente-Bousquets, J. E., Luis-Martinez, A. & Pozo, M. del C. (2008) Nymphalidae de Mexico II (Libytheinae, Morphinae y Charaxinae): Distribucion geografica e ilustracion. Universidad Nacional autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City, 226 pp.","Fruhstorfer, H. (1907 a) Verzeichnis der von Herrn Dr. Theodor Koch-Grunberg am oberen Waupes 1903 - 1905 gesammelten Rhopaloceren mit Besprechung verwandter Arten. Stettiner entomologische Zeitung, 68 (1), 117 - 164."]}

Opsiphanes quiteria (Stoll, 1780) (Figs 134–161) Diagnosis. The male of Opsiphanes quiteria has the DFW with an oblique whitish, yellow, or orange band, at least twice the width of the DFW oblique band of Opsiphanes badius stat. rest., a closely related species, this band also has a regular distal margin, and the CuA 2 -2A portion is usually wider in Opsiphanes quiteria than in Opsiphanes quirinus stat. rest., another closely related species (Fig. 134a). The female of Opsiphanes quiteria quirinalis is similar to females of Opsiphanes badius stat. rest. and Opsiphanes quirinus stat. rest. in having the DFW with an oblique whitish band, but differs from them in having the DHW without a rusty red color in the postdiscal region, between M 2 and CuA 2 (Fig. 145a). Females of Opsiphanes quiteria quiteria and Opsiphanes quiteria meridionalis have the DFW with an oblique yellow band (Fig. 138a), distinguishing them from females of Opsiphanes badius stat. rest. and Opsiphanes quirinus stat. rest. Molecular analyses recovered Opsiphanes quiteria as closely related to Opsiphanes badius stat. rest. and Opsiphanes quirinus stat. rest. (Fig. 2) (genetic distance 1.9–2.5% and 1.4–2.1%, respectively). Male genitalia. Tegumen in dorsal view with anterior margin with a small concavity in the median region and anterior margin wider than the posterior margin; anterior projection of saccus in lateral view almost twice as long as dorsal arms of saccus (Fig. 146). Female genitalia. Lamella antevaginalis membranous medially and sclerotized laterally; lamella postvaginalis as a W-shaped plate; ostium membranous (Fig. 147). Variation. Subspecies vary in the following characters: DHW, with or without a yellow spot of variable length near the distal margin of the humeral cell. VFW, EIII submarginal line exceeds or not CuA 1. VHW, the size of the eyespot between Sc+R 1 and M 1, and the width of its dark-brown ring; size and shape of the eyespot between M 3 and CuA 2; the postdiscal region with or without small light-brown spots between M 1 and CuA 1; and the zigzag EIII submarginal line not always evident (Figs 134–145). Comments. Opsiphanes quiteria is sympatric with Opsiphanes invirae and differs in having the HW with a crenulated outer margin; DHW, near the distal margin of the humeral cell, usually with a yellow spot of variable length, and VHW with a marbled pattern., Published as part of Piovesan, Mônica, Casagrande, Mirna Martins & Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik, 2022, Systematics of Opsiphanes Doubleday, [1849] (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae, Brassolini): an integrative approach, pp. 1-278 in Zootaxa 5216 (1) on page 149, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5216.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7403532

Opsiphanes badius Stichel, 1902 stat. rest. (Figs 107–122) Diagnosis. Opsiphanes badius stat. rest. differs from Opsiphanes quirinus stat. rest. and Opsiphanes quiteria, the closest related species, in having the DFW with a narrower and uneven oblique band, visibly interrupted on CuA 2 - 2A, a character evident in males. No significant differences were found between females of Opsiphanes badius stat. rest. and Opsiphanes quirinus stat. rest., except in genetic distance and geographic distribution. The female of Opsiphanes badius stat. rest. is also similar to the female of Opsiphanes quiteria quirinalis in the DFW whitish oblique band, but differs from Opsiphanes quiteria quirinalis in the DHW rusty red color in the postdiscal region, between M 2 and CuA 2 (Figs 107a, 108a). Molecular analyses recovered Opsiphanes badius stat. rest. as closely related to Opsiphanes quirinus stat. rest. and Opsiphanes quiteria (Fig. 2) (genetic distance 1.6–2.4% and 1.9–2.5%, respectively). Male genitalia. Tegumen in dorsal view with anterior margin slightly rounded, wider than the posterior margin; anterior projection of saccus in lateral view almost twice as long as dorsal arms of saccus (Fig. 115). Female genitalia. Lamella antevaginalis membranous medially and sclerotized laterally; lamella postvaginalis hexagonal, practically the same size as the ostium; ostium with weaker sclerotization than lamella ante and postvaginalis; corpus bursae with two dense parallel signa (Fig. 116). Variation. Subspecies vary in the following characters: DFW, the width, length, and color of the oblique band. VFW, the EIII submarginal line may or may not reach CuA 2. VHW, size of the eyespot between Sc+R 1 and M 1, and the width of its dark-brown ring; postdiscal region with or without small light-brown spots between M 1 and CuA 1 (Figs 107–114)., Published as part of Piovesan, Mônica, Casagrande, Mirna Martins & Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik, 2022, Systematics of Opsiphanes Doubleday, [1849] (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae, Brassolini): an integrative approach, pp. 1-278 in Zootaxa 5216 (1) on page 125, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5216.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7403532, {"references":["Stichel, H. (1902) Aufteilung der Gattung Opsiphanes Westw., Beschreibung neuer Brassoliden und synonymische Notizen. Berliner entomologische Zeitschrift, 46, 487 - 524."]}

Opsiphanes cassiae (Linnaeus, 1758) (Figs 20–53) Diagnosis. Opsiphanes cassiae differs from Opsiphanes bogotanus and Opsiphanes mexicana stat. nov., the closest related species, in having the VHW with a smaller eyespot between Sc+R 1 and M 1, usually not reaching M 1, and in the absence of a dark-brown band extending from the base of the wing to this eyespot (Fig. 20a). Molecular analyses recovered Opsiphanes cassiae as closely related to Opsiphanes bogotanus and Opsiphanes mexicana stat. nov. (Fig. 2) (genetic distance 1.6–2.7% and 2.0–2.5%, respectively). Male genitalia. Tegumen in dorsal view with the anterior and posterior margins of equal width; anterior projection of saccus in lateral view less than twice as long as dorsal arms of saccus (Fig. 28). Female genitalia. Lamella antevaginalis membranous medially and sclerotized laterally; lamella postvaginalis pointed antero-medially and rounded postero-medially; ostium membranous (Fig. 29). Variation. Subspecies vary in the following characters: DFW, the width, length, and color of the oblique band; the discal cell may or may not have a small yellow spot. DHW, the marginal band ranges from faint to absent. HW, the crenulation of the outer margin; the anal region varies from rounded to slightly pointed. VFW, the width and color of the oblique band; EIII submarginal line extends or not to CuA 2. VHW, the size and shape of the eyespot between Sc+R 1 and M 1, and the width of its dark-brown ring; and the size and shape of the eyespot between M 3 and CuA 2 (Figs 20–27)., Published as part of Piovesan, Mônica, Casagrande, Mirna Martins & Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik, 2022, Systematics of Opsiphanes Doubleday, [1849] (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae, Brassolini): an integrative approach, pp. 1-278 in Zootaxa 5216 (1) on pages 34-35, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5216.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7403532, {"references":["Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synomymis, locis. 10 th Edition. Laurentius Salvius, Holmiae, 823 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 542"]}

Opsiphanes caliensis Bristow, 1991 stat. nov. (Figs 165–168) Opsiphanes cassina subsp.; D’Abrera, 1987 (Bristow Ms). Butt. Neotrop. Reg. 3, p. 417 (fig. male d); Colombia. Opsiphanes cassina caliensis Bristow, 1991. Zool. Jour. Linn. Soc. 101 (3): 270, 284, fig. 27h (male d, v); holotype male, 7- IV-1971, Cali, [Valle del Cauca], Colombia, 1,000 m; NHMUK.— Casagrande, 2004. Brassolini, in Lamas (ed.) Checklist: Part 4A, Hesperioidea-Papilionoidea, in Heppner (ed.). Atlas Neotrop. Lep. 5A, p. 204. Taxonomic history. Opsiphanes caliensis Bristow, 1991 stat. nov. is cited in reviews, catalogs, and checklists, with no taxonomic modifications since its description until this study. Type material. Opsiphanes cassina caliensis Bristow, 1991 was described based on the holotype male from Cali, [Valle del Cauca], Colombia, illustrated by D’Abrera (1987) and Bristow (1991), deposited at the NHMUK, with the following labels: / HOLOTYPE CR.B/ Colombia, [Valle del Cauca], Cali, 1000 m., 7-Apr-1971./ Purch ex CPJ Samson BM 1974-414./ O. cassina caliensis Bristow / (Fig. 168). Diagnosis. The male of Opsiphanes caliensis stat. nov. is distinguished from other species of the “ fabricii subgroup” in having the DFW with the oblique band angled on M 2 -M 3, interrupted on CuA 1, without bordering the discal cell on M 3 -CuA 1. HW with smooth outer margin; DHW with a narrow submarginal band, practically imperceptible in the anal region (Fig. 165). Opsiphanes caliensis stat. nov. is sympatric with Opsiphanes periphetes stat. nov., and these are indistinguishable in ventral view, but besides the other distinguishing characters, the aedeagus of Opsiphanes caliensis stat. nov. in dorsal view lacks sclerotization in the anterior region and the spines are concentrated from the median to the distal region (Fig. 166). Whereas, in the same structures and view, Opsiphanes periphetes stat. nov. has the anterior region sclerotized and the spines concentrated in the median region (Fig. 209). Female: Unknown. Male genitalia. Tegumen in dorsal view with anterior margin straight and about the same width as the posterior margin; anterior projection of saccus in lateral view more than twice as long as dorsal arms of saccus; valva in dorsal view with convergingly curved posterior portions (Fig. 166). Female genitalia. Not examined. Variation. FW, length: male: 38–41 mm (n=4). DFW, the width of the band inside the discal cell, and the anterior margin of this band may have V-shaped indents, while the posterior margin may be straight or concave in the median region; and the width of the oblique band. DHW, the width of the submarginal band (Fig. 165). Natural history. Unknown. Geographic distribution. Colombia (Valle del Cauca, Boyacá) (Fig. 167). Temporal distribution. April, July. Etymology. Reference to the city of Cali, Colombia, the location of the holotype. Specimens examined. Photos of the holotypus of Opsiphanes caliensis Bristow, 1991 stat. nov., and the following specimens: COLOMBIA: Valle del Cauca — Cali, 1,000 m, 21-IX-1978, 1 male, DZ 41.603 (DZUP), 1,000 m, 29-VI-1962, 1 male, ex-coll. H. Ebert, DZ 41.604 (DZUP); Calima, VII-1989, 2 males, L. Kassarov leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1107071, 1107072. Boyacá — Muzo, 1 male, L. Kassarov leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1107073 (MGCL), 9-IV-1984, 1 male, USNMENT01590090 (USNM)., Published as part of Piovesan, Mônica, Casagrande, Mirna Martins & Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik, 2022, Systematics of Opsiphanes Doubleday, [1849] (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae, Brassolini): an integrative approach, pp. 1-278 in Zootaxa 5216 (1) on pages 180-183, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5216.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7403532, {"references":["Bristow, C. R. (1991) A revision of the brassoline genus Opsiphanes (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 101 (3), 203 - 293. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1991. tb 00282. x","D'Abrera, B. L. (1987) Butterflies of the Neotropical Region. Part III. Brassolidae, Acraeidae & Nymphalidae (partim). Hill House, Victoria, 385 pp.","Casagrande, M. M. (2004) Tribe Brassolini. In: Lamas, G. (Ed.), Checklist: Part 4 A, Hesperioidea - Papilionoidea. In: Heppner, J. B. (Ed.), Atlas Neotroprical Lepidoptera 5 A. Association for Tropical Lepidoptera, Scientific Publishers, Gainesville, Florida, pp. 201 - 204."]}

Opsiphanes merianae Stichel, 1902 stat. rest. (Figs 192–205) Diagnosis. Opsiphanes merianae stat. rest. and Opsiphanes fabricii are nearly indistinguishable based on their external morphology (Figs 192a, 193c), and are differentiated by their genitalia. While in the male of Opsiphanes merianae stat. rest. the anterior margin of the tegumen in dorsal view has a slight median concavity, in Opsiphanes fabricii the tegumen has an anteriorly projected margin. The female of Opsiphanes merianae stat. rest. has two parallel signa, while Opsiphanes fabricii has a C-shaped signum. Opsiphanes merianae stat. rest. is closely related to Opsiphanes fabricii, Opsiphanes jacobsorum, and Opsiphanes periphetes stat. nov. (genetic distance 1.2–1.9%, 1.2–1.6%, and 1.1–2.8%, respectively), and is not sympatric with any of them. Male genitalia. Tegumen in dorsal view with anterior margin with a slight concavity in the median region and as wide as the posterior margin; anterior projection of saccus in lateral view twice as long as dorsal arms of saccus; fultura inferior wider in the median portion (Fig. 199). Female genitalia. Lamella antevaginalis membranous medially and sclerotized laterally; lamella postvaginalis rounded medially; ostium membranous; initial portion of the ductus bursae sclerotized; corpus bursae longer than the ductus bursae, bearing two parallel signa (Fig. 200). Variation. Subspecies vary in the following characters: DFW, the width of the band in the discal cell, and in the recesses of the anterior and posterior margins of this band; and the width and length of the oblique band. DHW, near the distal margin of the humeral cell, with or without a spot of variable length that sometimes reaches and merges with the submarginal band. VFW, the width and length of the oblique band. VHW, the size and shape of the eyespot between Sc+R 1 and M 1, and the width of its dark-brown ring; the size and shape of the eyespot between M 3 and CuA 2; zigzag EIII submarginal line is not always evident (Figs 192–198)., Published as part of Piovesan, Mônica, Casagrande, Mirna Martins & Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik, 2022, Systematics of Opsiphanes Doubleday, [1849] (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae, Brassolini): an integrative approach, pp. 1-278 in Zootaxa 5216 (1) on page 209, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5216.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7403532, {"references":["Stichel, H. (1902) Aufteilung der Gattung Opsiphanes Westw., Beschreibung neuer Brassoliden und synonymische Notizen. Berliner entomologische Zeitschrift, 46, 487 - 524."]}

Opsiphanes zelotes Hewitson, 1873 (Figs 72–79) Opsiphanes zelotes Hewitson, 1873. Exot. Butt. 5, pl. Opsiphanes, figs 3, 4 ([male] d, v); text Villagomes, New Granada [Colombia]; collection W. C. Hewitson.—Kirby, 1877. Syn. Cat. Diurn. Lep., Suppl., p. 716.— Kirby, 1879. Cat. Coll. Diurn. Lep. Hewitson, p. 107.— Aurivillius, 1882. Kongl. Svenska Akad. Handl. 19 (5): 76.— Staudinger, 1887, in Staudinger & Schatz. Exot. Schmett. 1 (18), p. 213.— Stichel, 1902. Berl. ent. Ztschr. 46 (4): 511, 524.— Stichel, 1904, in Wytsman. Gen. Ins. 20, p. 19.— Röber, 1906. Soc. ent. 21 (4): 27.— Stichel, 1909. Das Tierreich 25: 53, 67.— Fruhstorfer, 1912, in Seitz. Gross-Schmett. Erde 5, p. 296.— Blandin, 1977. Publ. Lab. Zool. l‘École norm. sup., Paris, 9: 163, 177, 180, 216; biogeogr.— Austin et al., 2007. Bull. Allyn Mus. 150: 15, 17.— Chacón et al., 2012. Bull. Allyn Mus. 166: 2, 9, fig. 27 (phylogenetic tree).—Shirai et al., 2017. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 110 (2): 147, 155, fig. 5 (phylogenetic tree); phylog.— Matos-Maraví et al. 2021, Biol. Jour. Linn. Soc. 133 (3): 711, fig. 2 (phylogenetic tree); phylog. Opsiphanes zalates [sic]; Stichel, 1908. Berl. ent. Ztschr. 52 (3): 175. Opsiphanes zelotes zelotes; Stichel, 1909. Das Tierreich 25: 67.— Stichel, 1932. Lep. Cat. 51, p. 36; syn.: zelys.— D’Abrera, 1987. Butt. Neotrop. Reg. 3, p. 412.— Bristow, 1991. Zool. Jour. Linn. Soc. 101 (3): 283, fig. 32b (male d, v).— Casagrande, 2004. Brassolini, in Lamas (ed.) Checklist: Part 4A, Hesperioidea-Papilionoidea, in Heppner (ed.). Atlas Neotrop. Lep. 5A, p. 204; syn.: zalates.—J. Miller et al., 2006. 100 Caterpillars, p. 134, fig. 11 (larva, male d); biol., host plant.— Checa et al., 2010. Trop. Lep. Res. 20 (1): 14, fig. 1 (male d, v). Taxonomic history. Opsiphanes zelotes Hewitson, 1873 is cited in reviews, catalogs and checklists, with no taxonomic changes since its description. Bristow (1991) illustrated the male. Type material. Opsiphanes zelotes Hewitson, 1873 was described and illustrated based on an unknown number of males from Nova Granada [Colombia], Villagomes [leg.], and deposited in the W. C. Hewitson collection. Aurivillius (1882) and Stichel (1904) referred to figures 3 and 4 of the description by Hewitson (1873) as “fig. typicae” and “fig. typ.”, respectively. Bristow (1991) mentioned that the male holotype is deposited at the NHMUK, with the following labels: / Type/ B.M. Type No. Rh. 6218 Opsiphanes zelotes, ♂ Hew./ New Granada (Villagomez) Hewitson Coll. 79–69. Opsiphanes zelotes. Hew./. In fact, this specimen is not the holotype, since the original description does not mention the number of specimens. However, according to article 74.6 of the ICZN, this holotype should be interpreted as the lectotype designation. The following labels will also be attached: / LECTOTYPUS / Lectotypus Opsiphanes zelotes Hewitson, 1873, Bristow (1991); confirmed by Piovesan, Casagrande & O. Mielke det. 2022/ (Fig. 79). Diagnosis. Male: DFW with narrower oblique yellow band than in Opsiphanes zelus stat. nov., not exceeding CuA 2 (Fig. 72a). Female: DFW with a whitish or slightly yellowish oblique band, enlarged in nearly all its length, but tapering abruptly on CuA 2 -2A. DHW, between the costal margin and M 2, with the submarginal band indistinct (Fig. 74b). Male genitalia. Tegumen in dorsal view longer than the uncus, anterior margin with a slight concavity in the median region and wider than the posterior margin; anterior projection of saccus in lateral view twice as long as dorsal arms of saccus; valva in dorsal view, dilated from the anterior portion to the median portion and tapering toward the posterior portion; aedeagus with an antero-dorsal opening to the ejaculatory bulb (Fig. 76). Female genitalia. Lamella antevaginalis as a sclerotized arch; lamella postvaginalis joins the lamella antevaginalis, involving the opening of the ostium as a ring; ostium and the initial portion of the ductus bursae sclerotized (Fig. 77). Variation. FW length: male: 39–50 mm (n=6), female: 49–53 mm (n=5). DFW, the width, length, and color of the oblique band, and the spots that form the band may or may not be joined together; females may have a small whitish spot on the discal cell. DHW, the length and width of the patches that form the submarginal band of females. VHW, size and shape of eyespots between Sc+R 1 and M 1, and between M 3 and CuA 2 (Figs 72–75). Comments. It was possible to associate males and females of Opsiphanes zelotes through morphological and molecular analyses. The male of Opsiphanes zelotes is similar to the male of Opsiphanes zelus stat. nov., differing in having the DFW with a narrower oblique yellow band, not exceeding CuA 2, but Opsiphanes zelus stat. nov. has the DFW with a wider yellow oblique band, exceeding CuA2; in Opsiphanes zelotes the anterior projection of saccus in lateral view is twice as long as the dorsal arm of saccus; valva in dorsal view, dilated from the anterior to the median portion and tapering toward the posterior portion, while in Opsiphanes zelus stat. nov. the anterior projection of the saccus in lateral view is less than twice as long as the dorsal arm of the saccus; and the valva without a dilation from the anterior to the median portions. The female of Opsiphanes zelotes in dorsal view is similar to that of Opsiphanes bogotanus castaneus stat. rest., differing in the DHW submarginal band. Natural history. Miller et al. (2006) illustrated the larva of Opsiphanes zelotes and recorded the species in humid forests at moderate altitudes in Costa Rica, suggesting that it is rare. Checa et al. (2010) collected adults of the species in forest understory in Ecuador. Host plants: Arecaceae: Prestoea decurrens (H. Wendl. ex Burret) H. E. Moore, Desmoncus schippii Burret, Bactris hondurensis Standl. (J. Miller et al. 2006). Geographic distribution. Costa Rica (Guanacaste, Alajuela); Colombia (Cundinamarca); Ecuador (Esmeraldas) (Checa et al. 2010) (Fig. 78). Temporal distribution. February, March, July, October–December. Etymology. Unknown. Specimens examined. Photos of the lectotypus of Opsiphanes zelotes Hewitson, 1873, and the following specimens: COSTA RICA: Guanacaste — Área de Conservación Guanacaste, 10.9857, -85.4186, 655 m, 30-X-2015, 1 female, F. Quesada leg., USNMENT01590774 (USNM), (Ingas), 11.00311, -85.42041, 580 m, 7-XI-2012, 1 male, M. Ríos leg., USNMENT01590753 (USNM), (Puente Mena), 11.0456, -85.4574, 280 m, 14-XII-2014, 1 male, A. López leg., USNMENT01590820 (USNM), (Sendero Manguera), 10.9959, -85.3984, 470 m, 28-XII-2015, 1 female, D. Martínez leg., USNMENT01590803 (USNM), (Sendero Trichoptera), 10.9857, -85.4187, 655 m, 21- II-2015, 1 female, 19-XII-2015, 1 female, 31-XII-2015, 1 male, F. Quesada leg., USNMENT01590775, 01590802, 01590804 (USNM). Alajuela — Área de Conservación Guanacaste, (Quebrada Guarumo), 10.90445, -85.28412, 400 m, 16-VII-2002, 1 male, 1 female, F. Vargas leg., USNMENT01590754, 01590762 (USNM), (Finca San Gabriel), 10.87766, -85.39343, 645 m, 29-X-2004, 1 male, C. Cano leg., USNMENT01590757 (USNM), (Moga), 11.01227, -85.34929, 320 m, 9-VII-2008, 1 female, D. Briceño leg., USNMENT01590763 (USNM), (Sendero Perdido), 10.8794, -85.38607, 620 m, 14-III-2000, 1 male, gusaneros leg., USNMENT01590756 (USNM), (Sendero Venado), 10.89678, -85.27001, 420 m, 14-XI-2005, 1 male, J. Pérez leg., USNMENT01590758 (USNM), (Sendero Rincón), 10.8962, -85.27769, 430 m, 12-XI-2003, 1 female, J. Pérez leg., USNMENT01590760 (USNM), (Sendero Corredor), 10.87868, -85.38963, 620 m, 21-III-2006, 1 male, Y. Mendoza leg., USNMENT01590755 (USNM), 10.87868, -85.38963, 620 m, 13-XI-2003, 2 females, C. Cano leg., USNMENT01590759, 01590761 (USNM). COLOMBIA: Cundinamarca — Bogotá, 1 male, DZ 48.780 (DZUP)., Published as part of Piovesan, Mônica, Casagrande, Mirna Martins & Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik, 2022, Systematics of Opsiphanes Doubleday, [1849] (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae, Brassolini): an integrative approach, pp. 1-278 in Zootaxa 5216 (1) on pages 94-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5216.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7403532, {"references":["Hewitson, W. C. (1873) s. n. In: Illustrations of new species of exotic butterflies. 5 (86). John Van Voorst, London, pp. [11 - 12] + [45 - 46] + [61 - 62], pls. [6] + [24] + [33].","Kirby, W. F. (1879) Catalogue of the collection of diurnal Lepidoptera formed by the late William Chapman Hewitson of Oatlands, Walton-on-Thames; and bequeathed by him to the British Museum. John Van Voorst, London, 246 pp.","Aurivillius, P. O. C. (1882) Recensio critica Lepidopterorum Musei Ludovicae Ulricae quae descripsit Carolus a Linne. Kongliga svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar, 19 (5), 1 - 188. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 67730","Staudinger, O. (1887) I. Theil. Exotische Tagfalter in systematischer Reihenfolge mit Berucksichtigung neuer Arten. In: Staudinger, O. & Schatz, E. (Eds.), Exotische Schmetterlinge. G. Lowensohn, Furth, pp. 195 - 234. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 46867","Stichel, H. (1902) Aufteilung der Gattung Opsiphanes Westw., Beschreibung neuer Brassoliden und synonymische Notizen. Berliner entomologische Zeitschrift, 46, 487 - 524.","Stichel, H. (1904) Lepidoptera Rhopalocera, Fam. Nymphalidae, Subfam. Brassolinae. Genera Insectorum, 20, 1 - 48.","Rober, J. K. M. (1906) Neue Brassoliden. Societas entomologica, 21 (3), 18 - 21.","Stichel, H. (1909) Brassolidae. Das Tierreich, 25, i - xiv + 1 - 244.","Fruhstorfer, H. (1912) Brassolidae. In: Seitz, A. (Ed.), The Macrolepidoptera of the World (Gross-Schmett. Erde). Fritz Lehmann Verlag, Stuttgart, pp. 285 - 332.","Blandin, P. (1977) La distribution geographique des Brassolinae (Lepidoptera, Satyridae). faits et problemes. Publications du Laboratoire de Zoologie de l'Ecole normale superieure, Paris, 9, 161 - 218.","Austin, G. T., Warren, A. D., Penz, C. M., Llorente, J. E., Luis-Martinez, A. J. & Vargas-Fernandez, I. (2007) A new species of Opsiphanes Doubleday, [1849] from Western Mexico (Nymphalidae: Morphinae: Brassolini). Bulletin of the Allyn Museum, 150, 1 - 20.","Chacon, I. A., Montero-Ramirez, J., Janzen, D. H., Hallwachs, W., Blandin, P., Bristow, C. R. & Hajibabaei, M. (2012) A new species of Opsiphanes Doubleday, [1849] from Costa Rica (Nymphalidae: Morphinae: Brassolini), as revealed by its DNA barcodes and habitus. Bulletin of the Allyn Museum, 166, 1 - 15.","Matos-Maravi, P., Wahlberg, N., Freitas, A. V. L., DeVries, P., Antonelli, A. & Penz, C. M. (2021) Mesoamerica is a cradle and the Atlantic Forest is a museum of Neotropical butterfly diversity: insights from the evolution and biogeography of Brassolini (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 133 (3), 704 - 724. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / biolinnean / blab 034","Stichel, H. (1908) Brassoliden - Studien. Berliner entomologische Zeitschrift, 52 (3), 160 - 179. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / mmnd. 47919071006","Stichel, H. (1932) Brassolidae. Lepidopterorum Catalogus, 51, 1 - 115. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 124190","D'Abrera, B. L. (1987) Butterflies of the Neotropical Region. Part III. Brassolidae, Acraeidae & Nymphalidae (partim). Hill House, Victoria, 385 pp.","Bristow, C. R. (1991) A revision of the brassoline genus Opsiphanes (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 101 (3), 203 - 293. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1991. tb 00282. x","Casagrande, M. M. (2004) Tribe Brassolini. In: Lamas, G. (Ed.), Checklist: Part 4 A, Hesperioidea - Papilionoidea. In: Heppner, J. B. (Ed.), Atlas Neotroprical Lepidoptera 5 A. Association for Tropical Lepidoptera, Scientific Publishers, Gainesville, Florida, pp. 201 - 204.","Miller, J. C., Janzen, D. H. & Hallwachs, W. (2006) 100 caterpillars: portraits from the tropical forests of Costa Rica. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 264 pp.","Checa, M. F., Velasco, N. & Mogollon, H. F. (2010) New distributional records of nymphalid species (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) for the Choco region and Western Ecuador. Tropical Lepidoptera Research, 20 (1), 14 - 18."]}

Opsiphanes cuspidatus Stichel, 1904 stat. nov. (Figs 213–218) Diagnosis. Opsiphanes cuspidatus stat. nov. is distinguished from Opsiphanes invirae by the DFW without an isolated spot in the discal cell and by the oblique yellow band that may or may not reach 2A. Opsiphanes cuspidatus stat. nov. has the FW with a more acute apex than in Opsiphanes invirae (Fig. 213). Geographical distributions can also be used to separate the two species; while Opsiphanes cuspidatus stat. nov. subspecies are trans-Andean, Opsiphanes invirae subspecies are cis-Andean. Molecular analyses recovered Opsiphanes cuspidatus stat. nov. as closely related to Opsiphanes invirae (Fig. 2) (1.9–2.8% genetic distance). Male genitalia. Not examined. Female genitalia. Not examined. Comments. Opsiphanes cuspidatus stat. nov. is distinguished from Opsiphanes invirae by the DFW without an isolated spot in the discal cell and by the oblique yellow band that may or may not reach 2A. Geographical distributions can also be used to separate the two species; while Opsiphanes cuspidatus stat. nov. subspecies are transAndean, Opsiphanes invirae subspecies are cis-Andean. Molecular analyses recovered Opsiphanes cuspidatus stat. nov. as closely related to Opsiphanes invirae (Fig. 2) (1.9–2.8% genetic distance)., Published as part of Piovesan, Mônica, Casagrande, Mirna Martins & Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik, 2022, Systematics of Opsiphanes Doubleday, [1849] (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae, Brassolini): an integrative approach, pp. 1-278 in Zootaxa 5216 (1) on page 228, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5216.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7403532, {"references":["Stichel, H. (1904) Lepidoptera Rhopalocera, Fam. Nymphalidae, Subfam. Brassolinae. Genera Insectorum, 20, 1 - 48."]}

Opsiphanes fabricii (Boisduval, 1870) (Figs 169–186) Diagnosis. The male of Opsiphanes fabricii differs from the males of Opsiphanes jacobsorum and Opsiphanes periphetes stat. nov. in the DHW with a defined submarginal band extending to the anal region, usually as wide as the DFW oblique band, between CuA 1 and 2A. The female of Opsiphanes fabricii, on the other hand, differs from the female of Opsiphanes jacobsorum in the yellow DHW submarginal band, and from the female of Opsiphanes periphetes stat. nov. in the continuous DHW submarginal band between the veins, from the costal margin to, usually, M 2; the DHW submarginal band has the same width as the DFW oblique band (Figs 169a, 171a). Opsiphanes fabricii and Opsiphanes merianae stat. rest. are practically indistinguishable by the external morphology, and are differentiated by means of the genitalia. While the male of Opsiphanes fabricii has the tegumen in dorsal view with an anteriorly projected margin, in the male of Opsiphanes merianae stat. rest. the anterior margin of the tegumen has a slight median concavity. The female of Opsiphanes fabricii has a C-shaped signum while Opsiphanes merianae stat. rest. has two parallel signa. The geographical distribution can also be used to separate the two species; while Opsiphanes fabricii subspecies are trans-Andean, Opsiphanes merianae stat. rest. subspecies are cis-Andean. Opsiphanes fabricii is closely related to Opsiphanes jacobsorum, Opsiphanes merianae stat. rest. and Opsiphanes periphetes stat. nov. (genetic distance 0.9–1.2%, 1.2–1.9% and 1.0–1.7%, respectively). Male genitalia. Tegumen in dorsal view with anterior margin anteriorly projected, shorter than the uncus; anterior projection of saccus in lateral view twice as long as dorsal arms of saccus (Fig. 179). Female genitalia. Lamella antevaginalis membranous medially and sclerotized laterally; lamella postvaginalis rounded medially; ostium with weaker sclerotization than lamella ante and postvaginalis; corpus bursae longer than the ductus bursae, with C-shaped signum (Fig. 180). Variation. Subspecies vary in the following characters: DFW, the width of the band inside the discal cell, and in the recesses of the anterior and posterior margins of this band; the width and length of the oblique band; due to variations in the width of these bands, the bifurcated appearence is not always continuous. DHW, the width of the submarginal band. VHW, the zigzag submarginal line EIII is not always evident (Figs 169–178)., Published as part of Piovesan, Mônica, Casagrande, Mirna Martins & Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik, 2022, Systematics of Opsiphanes Doubleday, [1849] (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae, Brassolini): an integrative approach, pp. 1-278 in Zootaxa 5216 (1) on page 183, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5216.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7403532, {"references":["Boisduval, J. B. A. D. de (1870) Considerations sur des lepidopteres envoyes du Guatemala a M. de l'Orza. Oberthur et fils., Rennes, Paris, 101 pp."]}

Article published in the journal Tropical Lepidoptera Research.

Yphthimoides inornata (Hayward, 1962) stat. rev. (Figs 1–8) Euptychia inornata Hayward, 1962. Acta zool. lill. 18: 12, fig. 1 (male genitalia). Euptychia inornata was described based on the holotype male (Fig. 1) from Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, Biezanko leg., XI-1953 and the allotype female from Playadito, Corrientes, Argentina, Gibson leg., X-1953, both in Instituto Miguel Lillo [Fundación Miguel Lillo, Tucumán, Argentina]; the holotype genitalia was illustrated. Diagnosis. Yphthimoides inornata stat. rev. differs from its congeners in the following combination of characters: Male on the dorsal forewing with a dark brown triangular androconial patch from CuA 1 to the inner margin (Fig. 2A); male and female on dorsal hindwing with an eyespot in CuA 1 –CuA 2; on ventral forewing with an eyespot in M 1 –M 2; on ventral hindwing with eyespots in M 1 –M 2 and in CuA 1 –CuA 2, may have small ones in Rs–M 1 and in M 2 –M 3, varying in size (Fig. 2); ventral fore and hindwings without discal and postdiscal lines (Figs 2B, 2D). In the molecular analysis Y. inornata stat. rev. is closely related to Y. yphthima but without support (Fig. 8); the genetic distance between them ranged from 6% to 7% (Table 1). ......continued on the next page Asterisk (*) indicates sequences provided by this study. Immature stages. Egg (Fig. 5A). Oviposition. 27–II–2019. Duration 7 days. Diameter 1.1 mm. Spherical, cream, with thin ridges forming a pattern of irregular pentagonal and hexagonal cells. First instar (Figs 5B, 5C). Duration 9 days. Head capsule width 0.7 mm; head hypognathous, dark brown with crackled aspect, covered by dark setae with creamy tips, and with two short horns on vertex, lateral adfrontal sutures and epicranial suture bear small circular-shaped sclerotizations; stemma 3 larger than the other stemmata; ventral margin of labrum moderately notched; head horn 0.08 mm. Head chaetotaxy (Fig. 6). L1 and P setae blunt at their tips, the other setae acute at their tips. One pair of frontal setae (F1), between them one pair of frontal pores (Fa); two pairs of adfrontal setae (Af1, Af2), between them one pair of adfrontal pores (Afa); on clypeus two pairs of setae (C1, C2); three anterior pairs of setae (A1, A2, A3) and one pair of pores (Aa); three lateral setae (L1, L2, L3) (L2 and L3 are proposed here), L3 near S2 and one pair of pores (La); three stemmatal setae (S1, S2, S3), and one pair of pores (Sb); three substemmatal setae (Ss1, Ss2 and Ss3) and one pair of pores (Ssb); one pair of microgenal setae (Mg1) at the ventrolateral occipital margin and one pair pores (Mga); three pairs of posterior setae (P1, P2, P3 Freitas et al. 2012, Cosmo et al. 2014), and two pairs of pores (Pa, Pb), Pb between P1 and P2; three pairs of microdorsal setae (Md1, Md2, Md3) and one pair of pores (Mda) above Md1. Body length 4 mm; covered by cream setae, elongated, and clubbed at the tip; cream, with reddish brown longitudinal lines: the median-longitudinal line wider than subdorsal, supraspiracular and spiracular lines; a very short bifid ‘tail’ on the 10th abdominal segment. Second instar (Figs 5D, 5E). Duration 7 days. Head capsule width 1.03 mm; grayish brown with smaller setae than the first instar; head scoli 0.13 mm. Body length 6.6 mm; similar to the first instar but more grayish, with smaller setae, with the median-longitudinal line more evident and longer bifid ‘tail’. Third instar (Figs 5F, 5G). Duration 7 days. Head capsule width 1.48 mm; similar to the second instar but more brownish; with a cream subdorsal band from the head scoli tapering into the thorax and abdomen; head scoli 0.2 mm. Body length 11 mm similar to the second instar but more brownish, dorsally, between T1-T2 with a dark small spot; subdorsally, on T3 to A8, with dark small spot between each segment. Fourth instar (Figs 5H, 5I). Duration 8 days. Head capsule width 2 mm; head scoli 0.2 mm; similar to the third instar. Body length 18 mm, similar to the third instar. Fifth instar (Figs 5J, 5K). Duration 11 days. Head capsule width 3.6 mm; head scoli 0.3 mm; similar to the fourth instar, but the cream subdorsal band, with the same width from the head scoli to A10. Body length 38 mm, similar to the fourth instar. Pupa (Figs 6A–6C). Duration 13 days. Length 14 mm, integument smooth without ornamentation, ventrally lighter than dorsally; median dorsal line dark brown and more evident on the mesothorax, reddish brown from the metathorax to the cremaster. Head with elliptical eyes; triangular labrum with a dark brown spot; antenna and galea with the same length, ending on A4, and longer than mesothoracic leg. Thorax on the fore and mesothoracic legs with a dark brown spot each; alar theca with marked veins, ending in small black spots.Abdomen with several parallels longitudinal lines; A1 and A4 with two small dark spots each. Distribution and etology. Yphthimoides inornata stat. rev., based on the examined material, including the holotype and the allotype, has the following geographical distribution: Brazil: Paraná (Guarapuava), Santa Catarina (Curitibanos, Joaçaba, São Bento do Sul), Rio Grande do Sul (Carazinho, Pelotas), and Argentina: Corrientes (Playadito), flying between February–May, and September–November, suggesting a multivoltine species. Adults were found flying close to the ground, in open grassland areas near forest fragments, during the hottest hours of the day.

Piovesan, Mônica, Orlandin, Elton, Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik, Casagrande, Mirna Martins (2022): Revalidation of Yphthimoides inornata (Hayward, 1962) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae: Satyrini: Euptychiina) based on morphological and molecular data with description of the immature stages. Zootaxa 5116 (4): 550-562, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5116.4.4

Orlandin, Elton, Piovesan, Mônica, Carneiro, Eduardo (2019): Use of microhabitats affects butterfly assemblages in a rural landscape. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 59: 1-23, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2019.59.49, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2019.59.49