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A new type of large area sensor for infrared imaging bolometers has been developed. It replaces the thin and fragile free-standing metal foils, which typically have been used, with a multi-layer coated sapphire (or diamond) substrate. Sapphire is transparent to mid-infrared wavelengths, is robust against transients, and can be thick enough to even be the vacuum window. The primary radiation absorber is still a thin deposited metal layer, but now it is partially insulated from the supporting sapphire substrate by a black (carbon-based) layer, which also acts as a blackbody remitter. Test results indicate 6× more noise equivalent power density (estimated NEPD = 23 W/m2 at 5 ms camera exposure time, foil temperature decay time 60 ms) for a 2 μm gold-coated sapphire disk compared to estimated NEP = 4 W/m2 at 1.8 ms exposure time, with foil decay time 420 ms, for a nominal 2.5 μm thick platinum-free-standing foil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Estuaries are essential habitats for recreational and commercial fish that are shaped by both natural and anthropogenic processes. In Louisiana a combination of climate change and planned coastal restoration actions is predicted to increase freshwater introduction to coastal estuaries. As such there is a need to quantify the relationships between estuarine fish ecology and salinity to aid in predicting how species will respond to shifts in salinity. We investigated the relative abundance and dietary niches of adult (24.5 ± 5.4 cm standard length) spotted seatrout Cynoscion nebulosus across varying salinity regimes (oligohaline, mesohaline, and polyhaline) within Barataria Bay, Louisiana, using a combination of net sampling and gut content and stable isotopes analysis. We found that the relative abundance of C. nebulosus was lowest at the oligohaline site, translating to approximately five fewer fish captured for every single psu decrease in a site's average annual salinity. In contrast, we found that diets and, to a lesser extent, isotopic niches had a high degree of overlap across sites with differing salinity regimes. Fish and penaeid shrimp were the most common and important prey taxa recovered from guts at all sites. The small isotopic differences found among sites were likely due to spatial variation in hydrogeochemical baselines, and the observed isotopic overlap provides support for the idea that C. nebulosus move between adjacent salinity regimes and forage throughout Barataria Bay. Our results contribute to a greater understanding of the salinity preference and trophic ecology of C. nebulosus that can aid in predicting their responses to future salinity and habitat changes within Barataria Bay associated with predicted climate change and planned coastal restoration actions., (© 2024 Fisheries Society of the British Isles.)

Predation is a dominant structuring force in ecological communities. In aquatic environments, predation on bivalves has long been an important focal interaction for ecological study because bivalves have central roles as ecosystem engineers, basal components of food webs, and commercial commodities. Studies of bivalves are common, not only because of bivalves' central roles, but also due to the relative ease of studying predatory effects on this taxonomic group. To understand patterns in the interactions of bivalves and their predators we synthesised data from 52 years of peer-reviewed studies on bivalve predation. Using a systematic search, we compiled 1334 studies from 75 countries, comprising 61 bivalve families (N = 2259), dominated by Mytilidae (29% of bivalves), Veneridae (14%), Ostreidae (8%), Unionidae (7%), and Dreissenidae and Tellinidae (6% each). A total of 2036 predators were studied, with crustaceans the most studied predator group (34% of predators), followed by fishes (24%), molluscs (17%), echinoderms (10%) and birds (6%). The majority of studies (86%) were conducted in marine systems, in part driven by the high commercial value of marine bivalves. Studies in freshwater ecosystems were dominated by non-native bivalves and non-native predator species, which probably reflects the important role of biological invasions affecting freshwater biodiversity. In fact, while 81% of the studied marine bivalve species were native, only 50% of the freshwater species were native to the system. In terms of approach, most studies used predation trials, visual analysis of digested contents and exclusion experiments to assess the effects of predation. These studies reflect that many factors influence bivalve predation depending on the species studied, including (i) species traits (e.g. behaviour, morphology, defence mechanisms), (ii) other biotic interactions (e.g. presence of competitors, parasites or diseases), and (iii) environmental context (e.g. temperature, current velocity, beach exposure, habitat complexity). There is a lack of research on the effects of bivalve predation at the population and community and ecosystem levels (only 7% and 0.5% of studies respectively examined impacts at these levels). At the population level, the available studies demonstrate that predation can decrease bivalve density through consumption or the reduction of recruitment. At the community and ecosystem level, predation can trigger effects that cascade through trophic levels or effects that alter the ecological functions bivalves perform. Given the conservation and commercial importance of many bivalve species, studies of predation should be pursued in the context of global change, particularly climate change, acidification and biological invasions., (© 2024 Cambridge Philosophical Society.)

Microorganisms are crucial elements of terrestrial ecosystems, which play significant roles in improving soil physicochemical properties, providing plant growth nutrients, degrading toxic and harmful chemicals, and biogeochemical cycling. Variations in the types and quantities of root exudates among different plants greatly alter soil physicochemical properties and result in variations in the diversity, structure, and function of soil microorganisms. Not much is understood about the differences of soil fungi and archaea communities for different plant communities in coastal wetlands, and their response mechanisms to environmental changes. In this study, fungal and archaea communities in soils of Suaeda salsa, Phragmites australis, and Spartina alterniflora in the intertidal habitat of coastal wetlands were selected for research. Soil fungi and archaea were analyzed for diversity, community structure, and function using high throughput ITS and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The study revealed significant differences in fungi and archaea's diversity and community structure in the rhizosphere soil of three plant communities. At the same time, there is no significant difference in the functional groups. SOM, TP, AP, MC, EC and SOM, TN, TP, AP, MC, EC are the primary environmental determinants affecting changes in soil fungal and archaeal communities, respectively. Variations in the diversity, community structure, and ecological functions of fungi and archaea can be used as indicators characterizing the impact of external disturbances on the soil environment, providing a theoretical foundation for the effective utilization of soil microbial resources, thereby achieving the goal of environmental protection and health promotion., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.)

The Arctic is the fastest warming biome on the planet, and environmental changes are having striking effects on freshwater ecosystems that may impact the regional carbon cycle. The metabolic state of Arctic lakes is often considered net heterotrophic, due to an assumed supply of allochthonous organic matter that supports ecosystem respiration and carbon mineralization in excess of rates of primary production. However, lake metabolic patterns vary according to regional climatic characteristics, hydrological connectivity, organic matter sources and intrinsic lake properties, and the metabolism of most Arctic lakes is unknown. We sampled 35 waterbodies along a connectivity gradient from headwater to downstream lakes, on southern Victoria Island, Nunavut, in an area characterized by low precipitation, organic-poor soils, and high evaporation rates. We evaluated whether lakes were net autotrophic or heterotrophic during the open water period using an oxygen isotopic mass balance approach. Most of the waterbodies were autotrophic and sites of net organic matter production or close to metabolic equilibrium. Autotrophy was associated with higher benthic primary production, as compared to its pelagic counterpart, due to the high irradiance reaching the bottom and efficient internal carbon and nutrient cycling. Highly connected midstream and downstream lakes showed efficient organic matter cycling, as evidenced by the strong coupling between gross primary production (GPP) and ecosystem respiration, while decoupling was observed in some headwater lakes with significantly higher GPP. The shallow nature of lakes in the flat, arid region of southern Victoria Island supports net autotrophy in most lakes during the open water season. Ongoing climate changes that lengthen the ice-free irradiance period and increase rates of nutrient evapoconcentration may further promote net autotrophy, with uncertain long-term effects for lake functioning., (© 2024 The Authors. Global Change Biology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Globally, oyster reef restoration is one of the most widely applied coastal restoration interventions. While reefs are focal points of processes tightly linked to the carbonate system such as shell formation and respiration, how these processes alter reef carbonate chemistry relative to the surrounding seawater is unclear. Moreover, coastal systems are increasingly impacted by coastal acidification, which may affect reef carbonate chemistry. Here, we characterized the growth of multiple constructed reefs as well as summer variations in pH and carbonate chemistry of reef-influenced seawater (in the middle of reefs) and ambient seawater (at locations ~50 m outside of reefs) to determine how reef chemistry was altered by the reef community and, in turn, impacts resident oysters. High frequency monitoring across three subtidal constructed reefs revealed reductions of daily mean and minimum pH (by 0.05-0.07 and 0.07-0.12 units, respectively) in seawater overlying reefs relative to ambient seawater (p < .0001). The proportion of pH measurements below 7.5, a threshold shown to negatively impact post-larval oysters, were 1.8×-5.2× higher in reef seawater relative to ambient seawater. Most reef seawater samples (83%) were reduced in total alkalinity relative to ambient seawater samples, suggesting community calcification was a key driver of modified carbonate chemistry. The net metabolic influence of the reef community resulted in reductions of CaCO 3 saturation state in 78% of discrete samples, and juvenile oysters placed on reefs exhibited slower shell growth (p < .05) compared to oysters placed outside of reefs. While differences in survival were not detected, reef oysters may benefit from enhanced survival or recruitment at the cost of slowed growth rates. Nevertheless, subtidal restored reef communities modified seawater carbonate chemistry in ways that likely increased oyster vulnerability to acidification, suggesting that carbonate chemistry dynamics warrant consideration when determining site suitability for oyster restoration, particularly under continued climate change., (© 2023 The Authors. Global Change Biology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Purpose: This study investigated relationships within and between perceptual, acoustic, and kinematic measures in speakers with and without dysarthria due to Parkinson's disease (PD) across different clarity conditions. Additionally, the study assessed the predictive capabilities of selected acoustic and kinematic measures for intelligibility and articulatory precision ratings. Method: Forty participants, comprising 22 with PD and 18 controls, read three phrases aloud using conversational, less clear, and more clear speaking conditions. Acoustic measures and their theoretical kinematic parallel measures (i.e., acoustic and kinematic distance and vowel space area [VSA]; second formant frequency [F2] slope and kinematic speed) were obtained from the diphthong /a/ and selected vowels in the sentences. A total of 368 listeners from crowdsourcing provided ratings for intelligibility and articulatory precision. The research questions were examined using correlations and linear mixed-effects models. Results: Intelligibility and articulatory precision ratings were highly correlated across all speakers. Acoustic and kinematic distance, as well as F2 slope and kinematic speed, showed moderately positive correlations. In contrast, acoustic and kinematic VSA exhibited no correlation. Among all measures, acoustic VSA and kinematic distance were robust predictors of both intelligibility and articulatory precision ratings, but they were stronger predictors of articulatory precision. Conclusions: The findings highlight the importance of measurement selection when examining cross-domain relationships. Additionally, they support the use of behavioral modifications aimed at eliciting larger articulatory gestures to improve intelligibility in individuals with dysarthria due to PD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In approximately one decade, global temperatures will likely exceed a warming level that a United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change report considers a "red alert for humanity". We propose exploring tidal flat diatoms to address climate change challenges. Tidal flats are extensive coastal ecosystems crucial to the provisioning and regulation of aquatic environments. Diatoms contribute to tidal flat biomass production and account for 20% of global primary productivity and 40% of annual marine biomass production, making them crucial for nutrient cycling and sediment stabilization. Potential CO2 removal from Korean tidal flats by diatoms is estimated to be 598,457–683,171 t CO2 equivalents (CO2e) annually, with the economic value of blue carbon (BC) resulting from diatom activity being approximately US$ 17.95–20.50 million. Dissemination of this potential could incentivize coastal wetland protection and climate change mitigation measures. The global estimated CO2e removal potential of tidal flat diatoms is 40,957,346–46,754,961 t CO2e, representing 0.11–0.13% of the annual global greenhouse gas emissions, even though tidal flats cover 0.0025% of the Earth's surface and diatoms represent less than 0.5% (by weight) of all photosynthetic plants. Researchers should combine ecology and economics to develop standardized approaches for carbon input monitoring and quantification. Further, spatiotemporal analyses of environmental threats to tidal flat diatoms are necessary for conserving their biodiversity and function as a critical BC source. Land-based cultivation for large-scale biomass production and biorefinery processes can contribute to a greener, more prosperous future for humanity and the marine ecosystems upon which we rely. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anxiety is a psychiatric non-motor symptom of Parkinson's that can appear in the prodromal period, prior to significant loss of midbrain dopamine neurons and motor symptoms. Parkinson's-related anxiety affects females more than males, despite the greater prevalence of Parkinson's in males. How stress, anxiety and Parkinson's are related and the basis for a sex-specific impact of stress in Parkinson's are not clear. We addressed this using young adult male and female mice carrying a G2019S knockin mutation of leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (Lrrk2G2019S) and Lrrk2WT control mice. In humans, LRRK2G2019S significantly elevates the risk of late-onset Parkinson's. To assess within-sex differences between Lrrk2G2019S and control mice in stress-induced anxiety-like behaviors in young adulthood, we used a within-subject design whereby Lrrk2G2019S and Lrrk2WT control mice underwent tests of anxiety-like behaviors before (baseline) and following a 28 day (d) variable stress paradigm. There were no differences in behavioral measures between genotypes in males or females at baseline, indicating that the mutation alone does not produce anxiety-like responses. Following chronic stress, male Lrrk2G2019S mice were affected similarly to male wildtypes except for novelty-suppressed feeding, where stress had no impact on Lrrk2G2019S mice while significantly increasing latency to feed in Lrrk2WT control mice. Female Lrrk2G2019S mice were impacted by chronic stress similarly to wildtype females across all behavioral measures. Subsequent post-stress analyses compared cFos immunolabeling-based cellular activity patterns across several stress-relevant brain regions. The density of cFos-activated neurons across brain regions in both male and female Lrrk2G2019S mice was generally lower compared to stressed Lrrk2WT mice, except for the nucleus accumbens of male Lrrk2G2019S mice, where cFos-labeled cell density was significantly higher than all other groups. Together, these data suggest that the Lrrk2G2019S mutation differentially impacts anxiety-like behavioral responses to chronic stress in males and females that may reflect sex-specific adaptations observed in circuit activation patterns in some, but not all stress-related brain regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microbial acetate metabolism is an important part of marine carbon cycling. We present a comprehensive study to constrain microbial acetate metabolism and its regulation in surface seawater of the northwest Pacific Ocean. We found that acetate oxidation (rate constant k: 0.016–0.506 day−1) accounted for 77.6%–99.4% of the total microbial acetate uptake, suggesting that acetate was predominantly used as a microbial energy source. Acetate also served as a significant biomass carbon source, as reflected by the elevated contribution of acetate assimilation to bacterial carbon production. Acetate turnover was largely influenced by water mass mixing and nutrient conditions. Atmospheric deposition was a source of acetate in surface water and this process can also impact the microbial acetate uptake. Microbial utilization of acetate could account for up to 25.9% of the bacterial carbon demand, suggesting the significant role of acetate metabolism in microbial carbon cycling in the open ocean. Plain Language Summary: Acetate is a key metabolic intermediate during the mineralization of organic matter and microbial acetate metabolism plays a crucial role in marine carbon cycling. However, the microbial metabolism of acetate and its environmental controls in pelagic waters remain poorly understood. We investigated biogeochemical cycling of acetate in the Kuroshio‐Oyashio extension region of northwest Pacific Ocean. Acetate concentrations in surface waters were generally low and atmospheric deposition was a source of acetate in the upper ocean. Acetate was used preferentially as a microbial energy source and the proportion of acetate devoted to bacterial growth or respiration largely depended on local nutrient conditions. Rapid biological turnover of acetate contributed significantly to bacterial carbon demand, exceeding the contributions of other compounds such as methanol. These results constrain the atmospheric sources and microbial sinks of marine acetate and reveal the ecological significance of microbial acetate metabolism in the open ocean. Key Points: Microbial uptake rates of acetate ranged from 1.7 to 495 nmol L−1 day−1 in surface waters of the northwest Pacific OceanAcetate is used preferentially as a microbial energy source rather than as a biomass carbon sourceMicrobial acetate metabolism is influenced by water mass mixing and atmospheric deposition [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The avian vampire fly is an invasive species on the Galapagos Islands, where its hematophagous larvae utilize nestling birds as hosts. It poses a serious threat to populations and species of Darwin finches and other avian species. Prior studies suggest that the avian vampire fly larvae develop more rapidly in nests of small tree finches compared to sympatric green warbler finch nests. Here we investigate factors that may differentially influence larval growth in the two host species, including nest microclimate and nestling diet. We collected nest base temperature and humidity data as proxies for nest microclimate. As indicators of dietary composition and quality, we measured stable isotope δ13C and δ15N composition of nestling blood, used the C:N ratios as an indicator of relative protein content, and assessed the amino acid composition of the blood. The hematophagous larvae living off nestling blood were analyzed for the same parameters except amino acid composition. The effect of nest base humidity on nest base temperature significantly depended on bird species: at low humidity levels nest base temperature was higher in the small tree finch, and declined in both species as nest base humidity increased, which suggests higher stable heat capacity of small tree finch nests. The effect of age group based on the predicted onset of thermoregulation was marginally significant. Nest base temperatures were significantly higher in small tree finch nests during the predicted female brooding period before fully effective thermoregulation. Stable isotope δ13C levels were significantly higher in the blood of small tree finch nestlings compared to warbler finch nestlings, suggesting a difference in nestling food composition and source, while. δ15N levels were similar. The C:N ratios and amino acid composition of nestling blood were not significantly different between the two species, suggesting similar dietary quality. Thus, the faster development of larvae in small tree finch nests may be due to higher nest base temperatures during the early nestling phase rather than host blood quality parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sympatric species are expected to differ in resource use in order to avoid competition, leading to niche partitioning in natural communities. Invasive species can disrupt community structure, but these impacts are often difficult to measure. In this study, we used stable isotope analysis of carbon and nitrogen to investigate dietary niche partitioning of freshwater turtle assemblages at three sites in the Middle Rio Grande Basin of New Mexico. We sampled four turtle species common to the region, including Painted Turtles (Chrysemys picta), Spiny Softshells (Apalone spinifera), Common Snapping Turtles (Chelydra serpentina), and invasive Red-Eared Sliders (Trachemys scripta elegans). We found that species composition at the study site with the most anthropogenic influence, the Rio Grande Nature Center in the urban population center of Albuquerque, was dominated by invasive T. s. elegans, while study sites in more remote areas (Sevilleta and Bosque del Apache National Wildlife Refuges) primarily consisted of native species. Furthermore, we observed high overlap in niche space among turtle species at the Rio Grande Nature Center, but evidence consistent with niche partitioning at the other two sites. We found higher nitrogen levels in the more carnivorous A. spinifera and C. serpentina compared to other species. We also found evidence for an ontogenetic shift toward a less carnivorous diet in T. s. elegans. Our study provides valuable baseline information about understudied turtle assemblages within the Middle Rio Grande region and suggests there is potential for competition between invasive T. s. elegans and native turtle species in New Mexico. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the world continues to ponder issues of equity and diversity, U.S. public schools face an expanding demographic divide between teachers and students. While diverse groups of public school students show an increase in population, the teaching workforce in the U.S. remains overwhelmingly White. The purpose of this systematic review is to examine how preservice teachers (PST) are being prepared to be culturally responsive. A total of 26 studies published between 2006 and 2020 were reviewed. The results indicate that PSTs' learning experiences are varied and tend to be stand-alone approaches focused on changing the attitudes and beliefs of PSTs. Findings also bring to light the vagueness of terminology used in the research to define cultural groups of students, the conspicuous absence of studies related to LGBTQ+ populations, and the lack of study replications. Implications for future research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Northeast Greenland Shelf is a region currently considered to be an annual net sink of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere. Water from the Northeast Greenland Shelf is advected to the formation regions of North Atlantic Deep Water; therefore, any carbon stored in the region may be retained in the global oceans on the timescales of the thermohaline circulation. We present the most extensive study of carbon chemistry on the Northeast Greenland Shelf to date, made possible by opportunistic sampling due to a sudden decrease in the sea ice concentration in late-August and September 2017. These are the first full-depth measurements of total alkalinity and dissolved inorganic carbon at latitudes between 75 and 79° N, with additional data collected in the region of the Northeast Water Polynya and outside of Young Sound. We find that surface mixed-layer concentrations are variable and (for many stations) higher than the interpolated atmospheric concentration for the region during the sampling period. Below the surface mixed layer, CO2 concentrations increase linearly with decreasing apparent oxygen utilisation. The mixed layer deepens during the study period; this is associated with apparent changes in CO2 uptake. The Northeast Greenland Shelf is a hydrologically complex region with many processes influencing the carbonate system at smaller scales than our sampling density. The scatter in the dataset represents more than mere outliers, and the lack of relationship between the outliers and any measured variable indicates a strong influence of a currently undescribed (set of) variable(s) and/or process(es) at the sampled scales. These data were collected during a time of radically low sea ice concentrations for the region and may be an indication of future conditions. As they indicate the potential of the region to act as a seasonal source of CO2 to the atmosphere, this may modify our current estimate of the region as a strong annual net sink that is relatively protected from the immediate influence of atmospheric warming and climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a globally widespread bacterial infection. Early diagnosis of this infection is vital for public and individual health. Prevalent diagnosis methods like the isotope 13C or 14C labelled urea breath test (UBT) are not convenient and may do harm to the human body. The use of cross-response gas sensor arrays (GSAs) is an alternative way for label-free detection of metabolite changes in exhaled breath (EB). However, conventional GSAs are complex to prepare, lack reliability, and fail to discriminate subtle changes in EB due to the use of numerous sensing elements and single dimensional signal. This work presents a dual-element multimodal GSA empowered with multimodal sensing signals including conductance (G), capacitance (C), and dissipation factor (DF) to improve the ability for gas recognition and H. pylori-infection diagnosis. Sensitized by poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA) and the metal–organic framework material NH2-UiO66, the dual-element graphene oxide (GO)-composite GSAs exhibited a high specific surface area and abundant adsorption sites, resulting in high sensitivity, repeatability, and fast response/recovery speed in all three signals. The multimodal sensing signals with rich sensing features allowed the GSA to detect various physicochemical properties of gas analytes, such as charge transfer and polarization ability, enhancing the sensing capabilities for gas discrimination. The dual-element GSA could differentiate different typical standard gases and non-dehumidified EB samples, demonstrating the advantages in EB analysis. In a case–control clinical study on 52 clinical EB samples, the diagnosis model based on the multimodal GSA achieved an accuracy of 94.1%, a sensitivity of 100%, and a specificity of 90.9% for diagnosing H. pylori infection, offering a promising strategy for developing an accurate, non-invasive and label-free method for disease diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurological condition that typically shows up with aging. It is characterized by generalized slowness of movement, resting tremor or stiffness, and bradykinesia. PD patients' brains mostly exhibit an increase in inflammatory mediators and microglial response. Nevertheless, a variety of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications (NSAIDS) offered neuroprotection in animal models and preclinical trials. Aim: The current systematic review and meta-analysis were designed to try to resolve the debate over the association of NSAID use with the development of PD because the results of several studies were somehow contradictory. Methods: An intense search was performed on Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science databases for articles relating the incidence of PD to the use of NSAIDs. Statistical analysis of the included studies was carried out using Review Manager version 5.4.1 by random effect model. The outcome was identified as the development of PD in patients who were on NSAIDs, ibuprofen only, aspirin only, and non-aspirin NSAIDs. This was analyzed using pooled analysis of odds ratio (OR) at a significance level of =0.05 and a confidence level of 95%. A statistically significant decreased risk of PD was observed in patients taking NSAIDs, Ibuprofen, and non-aspirin NSAIDs. Results: The ORs of PD occurrence in patients who took NSAIDs, Ibuprofen, and non-aspirin NSAIDs were 0.88 [95% CI (0.8-0.97), p = 0.01], 0.73 [95% CI (0.53-1), p = 0.05] and 0.85 [95% CI (0.75-0.97), p = 0.01]. Meanwhile, the risk of PD in patients who took aspirin was not statistically significant. Conclusion: In conclusion, Ibuprofen, non-aspirin NSAIDs, and other types of NSAIDs could be associated with a reduction in PD risk. However, there was no association between aspirin intake and the development of PD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coastal wetlands play an important role in the global water and biogeochemical cycles. Climate change makes it more difficult for these ecosystems to adapt to the fluctuation in sea levels and other environmental changes. Given the importance of eco-geomorphological processes for coastal wetland resilience, many eco-geomorphology models differing in complexity and numerical schemes have been developed in recent decades. However, their divergent estimates of the response of coastal wetlands to climate change indicate that substantial structural uncertainties exist in these models. To investigate the structural uncertainty of coastal wetland eco-geomorphology models, we developed a multi-algorithm model framework of eco-geomorphological processes, such as mineral accretion and organic matter accretion, within a single hydrodynamics model. The framework is designed to explore possible ways to represent coastal wetland eco-geomorphology in Earth system models and reduce the related uncertainties in global applications. We tested this model framework at three representative coastal wetland sites: two saltmarsh wetlands (Venice Lagoon and Plum Island Estuary) and a mangrove wetland (Hunter Estuary). Through the model-data comparison, we showed the importance of using a multi-algorithm ensemble approach for more robust predictions of the evolution of coastal wetlands. We also found that more observations of mineral and organic matter accretion at different elevations of coastal wetlands and evaluation of the coastal wetland models at different sites in diverse environments can help reduce the model uncertainty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This Review summarizes a range of analytical techniques that can be used to detect, quantify, and/or distinguish between isotopes of iodine (e.g., long-lived 129I, short-lived 131I, stable 127I). One reason this is of interest is that understanding potential radioiodine release from nuclear processes is crucial to prevent environmental contamination and to protect human health as it can incorporate into the thyroid leading to cancer. It is also of interest for evaluating iodine retention performances of next-generation iodine off-gas capture materials and long-term waste forms for immobilizing radioiodine for disposal in geologic repositories. Depending upon the form of iodine (e.g., molecules, elemental, and ionic) and the matter state (i.e., solid, liquid, and gaseous), the available options can vary. In addition, several other key parameters vary between the methods discussed herein, including the destructive vs nondestructive nature of the measurement process (including in situ vs ex situ measurement options), the analytical data collection times, and the amount of sample required for analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Upper Mississippi Basin, which includes Illinois, has highly fertile soils and experiences intensive agricultural practices. Although fertile, the soils do not drain well, resulting in the installation of tile-drainage systems. The practices of tile systems coupled with the application of nitrogen-rich fertilizers have led to the excessive export of nitrate from the agricultural fields into surface waters, contributing to eutrophication and the development of hypoxic zones in aquatic environments. Saturated riparian buffer zones (SRBs) have been proposed as a means to reduce the amount of nitrate discharged from tile-drained waters into streams. Previous works show a reduction in the nitrate as waters travel through an SRB, but in situ measurements of travel times are limited. Using the results from a 52-day tracer test, we developed a mathematical model combining endmember mixing of a tracer, chloride, and concentrations of nitrate as nitrogen (NO3-N) to determine the travel time of the tile waters in an SRB and to quantify the amount of NO3-N reduction occurring within an SRB. For the first 30 days, dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations indicated aerobic conditions within the waters of most of the SRB, which saw a concomitant increase in NO3-N concentrations along groundwater pathways. As DO concentrations decreased below 4.5 mg/L, NO3-N concentrations began to lower along the flow pathways, resulting in NO3-N reductions ranging from 23 to 97 percent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sympatric flatfish predators may partition their resources in coastal environments to reduce competition and maximise foraging efficiency. However, the degree of spatial and temporal consistency in their trophic ecology is not well understood because dietary studies tend to overlook the heterogeneity of consumed prey. Increasing the spatial and temporal scale of dietary analyses can thus help to resolve predator resource use. We applied a stomach content and multi-tissue (liver and muscle) stable isotope (δ 13 C, δ 15 N and δ 34 S) approach to investigate the feeding habits of two co-occurring flatfish predators, common dab (Limanda limanda) and European plaice (Pleuronectes platessa), across four bays on the Northumberland coast (UK) over short (hours), medium (days) and long (months) temporal scales. Stomach content analyses showed spatial consistencies in predator resource use, whereas stable isotope mixing models revealed considerable inter-bay diet variability. Stomach contents also indicated high dietary overlap between L. limanda and P. platessa, while the stable isotope data yielded low to moderate levels of overlap, with cases of complete niche separation. Furthermore, individual specialisation metrics indicated consistently low levels of specialisation among conspecifics over time. We document changes in resource partitioning in space and time, reflecting diet switching in response to local and temporal fluctuations of patchily distributed prey. This study highlights how trophic tracers integrated at multiple temporal and spatial scales (within tens of kilometres) provide a more integrative approach for assessing the trophic ecology of sympatric predators in dynamic environments., (© 2023 The Authors. Journal of Fish Biology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Fisheries Society of the British Isles.)

This survey of parents (N = 260) investigated children's access to library materials prior to (T1), during (T2), and predicted after (T3) the COVID-19 pandemic. Preferred formats and resources used to access reading materials were compared by demographic and other factors. Results demonstrate substantial changes in access to print books and ebooks during the pandemic and overall increase in access to audiobooks; supersubstantial change in access to print books from libraries and retailers during the pandemic; overall supersubstantial decrease in access to school library books; and substantial increase in access to print books purchased from retailers. Findings suggest that library closures and limited hours during the pandemic may transform children's preferred formats and resources used to access reading materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

White sharks (Carcharodon carcharias) play a crucial ecological role, shaping ecosystems through direct predation and risk effects. On the east coast of Australia, immature white sharks are broadly distributed, inhabiting a wide range of habitats and ecosystems from temperate Tasmania to tropical North Queensland. Using stable isotopes and fatty acids of muscle and plasma, we examined the diet and habitat use of 136 immature white sharks (152-388 cm total length) captured on SMART drumlines on the East Australian coast. This facilitated the temporal assessment of white shark trophic ecology from a few weeks to approximately a year. Biochemistry of muscle samples showed that white sharks predominantly feed on low trophic level prey from coastal environments. A seasonal shift in diet was evident, with the increasing proportions of essential fatty acids in muscle tissues during spring and summer suggesting a greater consumption of high-nutrition preys during those months compared to autumn and winter. By combining stable isotope and fatty acid analysis, we gain a comprehensive understanding of immature white shark diet in eastern Australia. Our results confirm that white sharks are generalist predators that exhibit seasonal shifts in their diet. Their high use of coastal habitats reinforces the importance of these areas for foraging, which is crucial for growth and development during this critical life stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coastal systems often depend on foundation species such as seagrasses that are supported by self-facilitation. Seagrass meadows, however, are threatened worldwide due to climate change and local human impact, disrupting self-facilitation leading to system instability. Florida Bay is a large seagrass dominated coastal ecosystem that suffered from multiple seagrass mortality events over the last half century driven by hypoxia, high water temperatures, hypersalinity, and high biological oxygen demand. These conditions reduce the amount of photosynthetically-derived oxygen in the plant causing sulphide intrusion into meristematic tissues. Using a bay-wide sampling design and long-term monitoring trends of seagrass condition, we investigated the current state of the meadows, sediment characteristics (e.g., organic matter, sulphide, nutrients) and discuss how climate stressors interact with plant and sediment oxygen dynamics. Our survey revealed that at sites where seagrass had been previously denuded by die-off, the dominant seagrass Thalassia testudinum had not recovered, while the pioneering seagrass Halodule wrightii recolonized the impacted areas. Organic matter and sulphide levels were higher at the impacted sites, apparently a persistent characteristic of the formerly dense T. testudinum meadows in central and western Florida Bay. These sediment conditions promote sulphide intrusion of T. testudinum belowground tissue under anoxic conditions. Plant oxidation initially buffers sulphide intrusion, but disruption of this oxidation mechanism due to changing environmental conditions results in widespread mortality and seagrass community collapse. Climate change cannot be fully mitigated by local management, however, attempts can be made to control critical salinity and oxygen levels by increasing freshwater input, reducing hypersalinity and aiming to keep the internal seagrass oxidation feedback intact. Our study shows that the Florida Bay seagrass ecosystem is still recovering four years post die-off and continues to be susceptible to future climate change and system degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Pelagic cephalopods play a key role in the Chinese food supply. The market value of seafood frequently fluctuates based on its geographical origin and species, making it imperative to trace the origin and distinguish forms to guarantee food quality and accurate information. Methods: In this study, we used biochemical tracers, including stable isotope analysis and fatty acid composition profiling, to trace the origin of purpleback flying squid (Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis) from the Indian Ocean and South China Sea. We measured the d13C and d15N values and fatty acid (FA) contents in samples from different forms of S. oualaniensis obtained from these two oceanic regions. We analyzed the feeding and nutritional differences among these populations and conducted discriminant analysis. Results and discussion: Significant regional and form differences were observed in both isotopic values and FA profiles in the muscle tissues of S. oualaniensis. Forms with larger sizes exhibited higher d13C and d15N values, potentially resulting from different feeding preferences and geographical environments. The discriminant analysis revealed that isotopic composition could effectively distinguish individuals from different oceanic regions, whereas FA composition was more effective in distinguishing different forms within the same oceanic region. The combination of isotopes and FAs could accurately discriminate S. oualaniensis of different forms and from different oceanic regions, achieving a discrimination accuracy of 100%. This study provides a reference for tracing the origin of pelagic cephalopods with complex form structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitrous oxide (N 2 O) is a potent greenhouse gas and ozone depletion agent, with a significant natural source from marine oxygen-deficient zones (ODZs). Open questions remain, however, about the microbial processes responsible for this N 2 O production, especially hybrid N 2 O production when ammonia-oxidizing archaea are present. Using 15 N-labeled tracer incubations, we measured the rates of N 2 O production from ammonium (NH 4+), nitrite (NO 2-), and nitrate (NO 3-) in the eastern tropical North Pacific ODZ and the isotopic labeling of the central (α) and terminal (β) nitrogen (N) atoms of the N 2 O molecule. We observed production of both doubly and singly labeled N 2 O from each tracer, with the highest rates of labeled N 2 O production at the same depths as the near-surface N 2 O concentration maximum. At most stations and depths, the production of 45 N 2 O α and 45 N 2 O β were statistically indistinguishable, but at a few depths there were significant differences in the labeling of the two nitrogen atoms in the N 2 O molecule. Implementing the rates of labeled N 2 O production in a time-dependent numerical model, we found that N 2 O production from NO 3- dominated at most stations and depths, with rates as high as 1600 ± 200 pM N 2 O d -1. Hybrid N 2 O production, one of the mechanisms by which ammonia-oxidizing archaea produce N 2 O, had rates as high as 230 ± 80 pM N 2 O d -1 that peaked in both the near-surface and deep N 2 O concentration maxima. Based on the equal production of 45 N 2 O α and 45 N 2 O β in the majority of our experiments, we infer that hybrid N 2 O production likely has a consistent site preference, despite drawing from two distinct substrate pools. We also found that the rates and yields of hybrid N 2 O production were enhanced at low dissolved oxygen concentrations ([O 2 ]), with hybrid N 2 O yields as high as 20 % at depths where [O 2 ] was below detection (880 nM) but nitrification was still active. Finally, we identified a few incubations with [O 2 ] up to 20 µ M where N 2 O production from NO 3- was still active. A relatively high O 2 tolerance for N 2 O production via denitrification has implications for the feedbacks between marine deoxygenation and greenhouse gas cycling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitrous oxide (N 2 O), a potent greenhouse gas and ozone-destroying agent, is produced during nitrogen transformations in both natural and human-constructed environments. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) produce and emit N 2 O into the atmosphere during the nitrogen removal process. However, the impact of WWTPs on N 2 O emissions in downstream aquatic systems remains poorly constrained. By measuring N 2 O concentrations at a monthly resolution over a year in the Potomac River estuary, a tributary of the Chesapeake Bay in the eastern United States, we found a strong seasonal variation in N 2 O concentrations and fluxes: N 2 O concentrations were larger in fall and winter, but the flux was larger in summer and fall. Observations at multiple stations across the Potomac River estuary revealed hotspots of N 2 O emissions downstream of WWTPs. N 2 O concentrations were higher at stations downstream of WWTPs compared to other stations (median: 21.2 nM vs. 16.2 nM) despite the similar concentration of dissolved inorganic nitrogen, suggesting the direct discharge of N 2 O from WWTPs into the aquatic system or a higher N 2 O production yield in waters influenced by WWTPs. Meta-analysis of N 2 O measurements associated with WWTPs globally revealed variable influence of WWTPs on downstream N 2 O concentrations and emissions. Since wastewater production has increased substantially with the growing population and is projected to continue to rise, accurately accounting for N 2 O emissions downstream of WWTPs is important for constraining and predicting future global N 2 O emissions. Efficient N 2 O removal, in addition to dissolved nitrogen removal, should be an essential part of water quality control in WWTPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Precipitation is the most important driver of the hydrological cycle, but it is challenging to estimate it over large scales from satellites and models. Here, we assessed the performance of six global and quasi-global high-resolution precipitation datasets (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Reanalysis version 5 (ERA5), Climate Hazards group Infrared Precipitation with Stations version 2.0 (CHIRPS), Multi-Source Weighted-Ensemble Precipitation version 2.80 (MSWEP), TerraClimate (TERRA), Climate Prediction Centre Unified version 1.0 (CPCU), and Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Networks-Cloud Classification System-Climate Data Record (PERSIANN-CCS-CDR, hereafter PERCCDR) for hydrological modelling globally and quasi-globally. We forced the WBMsed global hydrological model with the precipitation datasets to simulate river discharge from 1983 to 2019 and evaluated the predicted discharge against 1825 hydrological stations worldwide, using a range of statistical methods. The results show large differences in the accuracy of discharge predictions when using different precipitation input datasets. Based on evaluation at annual, monthly, and daily timescales, MSWEP followed by ERA5 demonstrated a higher correlation (CC) and Kling–Gupta efficiency (KGE) than other datasets for more than 50 % of the stations, whilst ERA5 was the second-highest-performing dataset, and it showed the highest error and bias for about 20 % of the stations. PERCCDR is the least-well-performing dataset, with a bias of up to 99 % and a normalised root mean square error of up to 247 %. PERCCDR only show a higher KGE and CC than the other products for less than 10 % of the stations. Even though MSWEP provided the highest performance overall, our analysis reveals high spatial variability, meaning that it is important to consider other datasets in areas where MSWEP showed a lower performance. The results of this study provide guidance on the selection of precipitation datasets for modelling river discharge for a basin, region, or climatic zone as there is no single best precipitation dataset globally. Finally, the large discrepancy in the performance of the datasets in different parts of the world highlights the need to improve global precipitation data products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The response of N2 fixation to projected future conditions in the ocean cannot be reliably predicted to date. We conducted a minicosm experiment with preacclimated cultures of the globally significant diazotroph Crocosphaera watsonii strain WH8501 ("Crocosphaera"). PH and temperature were altered simultaneously to match the RCP scenarios 4.5 and 6 and investigate a more realistic future scenario compared to studies that focus on changes of a single stressor only. The cell abundance and nitrogen metabolism of Crocosphaera was monitored over 5 days. Our results imply that Crocosphaera is able to simultaneously perform N2 fixation and assimilate dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN, i.e., nitrate and ammonium) under all the conditions tested and implies a competition with non-diazotrophic phytoplankton for DIN, which should be further investigated. Using NanoSIMS analysis of single cells, our results point towards a preference for DIN assimilation over N2 fixation under more acidic and warmer conditions. Overall, our results show that while the combined alteration of pH and temperature had a negative effect on the diazotroph's growth and N2 fixation, Crocosphaera is likely to cope well with conditions in the future ocean. The high intra-population variability in nitrogen assimilation pathways may give this species the flexibility to quickly react to environmental changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blue Carbon is increasingly popular worldwide, and it also belongs to circular economy field which would last a long period in academy. To further understand the development and characteristics of Blue Carbon, this study uses CiteSpace software to perform quantitative analysis on literature published on Web of Science and Chinese CNKI database with the main topic of "Blue Carbon." The results show that: (1) Since 2009, increasing attention has been paid to Blue Carbon research, among which the United States, Australia and China are the leading countries. (2) Keywords such as "Blue Carbon," "mangrove," "carbon sequestration" and "carbon neutrality" are the high-frequency keywords appearing both in China and the World in recent years. (3) Spartina alterniflora, soil organic carbon, livestock, trophic cascade, biodiversity and seagrass ecosystem clustering are hot topics related to international Blue Carbon research, while organic carbon, seagrass-conservation, methodology, sustainable development, climate change, carbon neutralization, coastal zone and carbon storage are hot topics related to Chinese Blue Carbon research. In addition, based on the research trends of Blue Carbon, this paper attempts to sort out the research framework from three levels: core characteristics, theoretical basis and research methods, respectively. Facing a series of challenges brought by climate change, Blue Carbon research should strengthen the accurate estimations of Blue Carbon sink and its market potential, and explore the reasonable market mechanism and protection mechanism, to respond to realistic demands, solve major concerns and promote new progress in Blue Carbon theory and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Minor amputation is commonly needed to treat diabetes-related foot disease (DFD). Remoteness of residence is known to limit access to healthcare and has previously been associated with poor outcomes. The primary aim of this study was to examine the associations between ethnicity and remoteness of residency with the risk of major amputation and death following initial treatment of DFD by minor amputation. A secondary aim was to identify risk factors for major amputation and death following minor amputation to treat DFD. Research design and methods: This was a retrospective analysis of data from patients who required a minor amputation to treat DFD between 2000 and 2019 at a regional tertiary hospital in Queensland, Australia. Baseline characteristics were collected together with remoteness of residence and ethnicity. Remoteness was classified according to the 2019 Modified Monash Model (MMM) system. Ethnicity was based on self-identification as an Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander or non-Indigenous person. The outcomes of major amputation, repeat minor amputation and death were examined using Cox-proportional hazard analyses. Results: A total of 534 participants were included, with 306 (57.3%) residing in metropolitan or regional centres, 228 (42.7%) in rural and remote communities and 144 (27.0%) were Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander people. During a median (inter quartile range) follow-up of 4.0 (2.1–7.6) years, 103 participants (19.3%) had major amputation, 230 (43.1%) had repeat minor amputation and 250 (46.8%) died. The risks (hazard ratio [95% CI]) of major amputation and death were not significantly higher in participants residing in rural and remote areas (0.97, 0.67–1.47; and 0.98, 0.76–1.26) or in Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander people (HR 1.44, 95% CI 0.96, 2.16 and HR 0.89, 95% CI 0.67, 1.18). Ischemic heart disease (IHD), peripheral artery disease (PAD), osteomyelitis and foot ulceration (p<0.001 in all instances) were independent risk factors for major amputation. Conclusion: Major amputation and death are common following minor amputation to treat DFD and people with IHD, PAD and osteomyelitis have an increased risk of major amputation. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People and residents of remote areas were not at excess risk of major amputation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: This study revealed an increased incidence of Parkinson's disease (PD) events in individuals diagnosed with head and neck cancer (HNC). The statistically significant rise in PD risk became evident after seven years post HNC diagnosis, with the elevated risk persisting after that. Particularly noteworthy was the heightened association between PD events and middle-aged patients with HNC as well as cases where the malignancies were localized to the oral cavity. As a result, we emphasize the importance of implementing proactive strategies for early detection and management in patients with HNC to address this elevated risk effectively. Head and neck cancers (HNC) are frequently associated with neurodegeneration. However, the association between HNC and Parkinson's disease (PD) remains unclear. This study aimed to clarify the relationship between HNC and subsequent PD. This retrospective study used data from a nationally representative cohort. Patients with HNC were identified based on the presence of corresponding diagnostic codes. Participants without cancer were selected using 4:1 propensity score matching based on sociodemographic factors and year of enrollment; 2296 individuals without HNC and 574 individuals with HNC were included in the study. Hazard ratios (HR) for the incidence of PD in patients with HNC were calculated using 95% confidence intervals (CI). The incidence of PD was 4.17 and 2.18 per 1000 person-years in the HNC and control groups, respectively (adjusted HR = 1.89, 95% CI = 1.08–3.33). The HNC group also showed an increased risk of subsequent PD development. The risk of PD was higher in middle-aged (55–69 years) patients with HNC and oral cavity cancer. Our findings suggest that middle-aged patients with HNC have an increased incidence of PD, specifically those with oral cavity cancer. Therefore, our findings provide new insights into the development of PD in patients with HNC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The southeastern United States Coastal Plain ecosystem contains baldcypress (Taxodium distichum) swamps and grass‐dominated marshes. These ecosystems also occurred on the exposed continental shelf during lower sea levels but are rarely preserved due to the mechanically erosive nature of transgression and regression. Two presently marine sites on the northeastern Gulf of Mexico's continental shelf contain well‐preserved woody terrestrial sediments that were the subject of previous studies. This study continues the investigation using geochemical (δ13C, δ15N, δ34S) and palynological characteristics of these formerly terrestrial sediments to determine if swamps and/or marshes existed at the time of deposition. The first site is located ∼20 km southeast of Horn Island, Mississippi (MS) and the core has terrestrial sediments radiocarbon dated to 11,066–10,228 (2σ) calibrated years BP (early Holocene). The second site is the "Alabama Underwater Forest" located ∼13 km south of Gulf Shores, Alabama (AL) and the cores have terrestrial sediments optically stimulated luminescence dated to 63 ka (±10 ka, 2σ) to 72 ka (±16 ka, 2σ) (late Pleistocene). Geochemical results for the MS sediments indicate a swamp‐to‐freshwater marsh transitional series, whereas the AL sediments indicate a swamp‐to‐saltwater marsh transitional series, both supported by palynological results. Further exploration of the geochemical results using linear discriminant analysis, trained with published geochemical data, supports the swamp and marsh interpretations. We conclude that the near‐pristine preservation of these woody deposits is not solely due to physical mechanisms, such as rapid burial, but is also coupled with anoxia‐ and euxinia‐driven biogeochemical reactions promoting wood and woody debris preservation in swamp and marsh environments. Plain Language Summary: Scientists have studied unique sites offshore of Alabama and Mississippi that contain soils, peat, wood, and tree stumps. Scientists have determined that the trees from the Alabama site are between 42,000 and 72,000 years old and were alive during the last ice age when sea levels were much lower than today. The Mississippi site contains woody peat sediments about 11,000 years old and occurred when sea levels were rapidly rising globally. These types of formally land‐based sediments are eroded as the sea level rises at the end of the glacial periods. Furthermore, wood and plant matter decay after the plant dies and become part of the soil. We investigated the chemistry of the preserved soils to understand the conditions that lead to their preservation. Chemical and pollen analyses found that these deposits are past swamp and marsh ecosystems that occurred on land similar to those occurring along the United States Gulf Coast today. Swamps and marshes have still waters with little oxygen that stop decay leading to the preservation of the wood and tree stumps. Swamps occur in depressions where water can collect and over time they fill with sediments. These preserved swamp deposits are time capsules from the past. Key Points: Multiple paleo‐terrestrial deposits containing wood and peat are preserved offshore in the northeastern Gulf of MexicoGeochemical and microfossil analyses find that these deposits are past swamp and marsh ecosystemsSwamps and marshes that are anoxic and/or euxinic promote the biogeochemical preservation of woody and organic matter [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Estimating global river solids, nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P), in both quantity and composition, is necessary for understanding the development and persistence of many harmful algal blooms, hypoxic events, and other water quality issues in inland and coastal waters. This requires a comprehensive freshwater model that can resolve intertwined algae, solid, and nutrient dynamics, yet previous global watershed models have limited mechanistic resolution of instream biogeochemical processes. Here we develop the global, spatially explicit, and process-based Freshwater Algae, Nutrient, and Solid cycling and Yields (FANSY) model and incorporate it within the Land Model (LM3). The resulting model, LM3-FANSY v1.0, is intended as a baseline for eventual linking of global terrestrial and ocean biogeochemistry in next-generation Earth system models to project global changes that may challenge empirical approaches. LM3-FANSY explicitly resolves interactions between algae, N, P, and solid dynamics in rivers and lakes at 1° spatial and 30 min temporal resolution. Simulated suspended solids (SS), N, and P in multiple forms (particulate or dissolved, organic or inorganic) agree well with measurement-based yield (kg km -2 yr -1), load (kt yr -1), and concentration (mg L -1) estimates across a globally distributed set of large rivers, with an accuracy comparable to other global nutrient and SS models. Furthermore, simulated global river loads of SS, N, and P in different forms to the coastal ocean are consistent with published ranges, though regional biases are apparent. River N loads are estimated to contain approximately equal contributions by dissolved inorganic N (41 %) and dissolved organic N (39 %), with a lesser contribution by particulate organic N (20 %). For river P load estimates, particulate P, which includes both organic and sorbed inorganic forms, is the most abundant form (64 %), followed by dissolved inorganic and organic P (25 % and 11 %). Time series analysis of river solid and nutrient loads in large US rivers for the period ∼ 1963–2000 demonstrates that simulated SS and N loads in different N forms covary with variations of measurement-based loads. LM3-FANSY, however, has less capability to capture interannual variability of P loads, likely due to the lack of terrestrial P dynamics in LM3. Analyses of the model results and sensitivity to components, parameters, and inputs suggest that fluxes from terrestrial litter and soils, wastewater, and weathering are the most critical inputs to the fidelity of simulated river nutrient loads for observation-based estimates. Sensitivity analyses further demonstrate a critical role of algal dynamics in controlling the ratios of inorganic and organic nutrient forms in freshwaters. While the simulations are able to capture significant cross-watershed contrasts at a global scale, disagreement for individual rivers can be substantial. This limitation is shared by other global river models and could be ameliorated through further refinements in nutrient sources, freshwater model dynamics, and observations. Current targets for future LM3-FANSY development include the additions of terrestrial P dynamics, freshwater carbon, alkalinity, enhanced sediment dynamics, and anthropogenic hydraulic controls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]