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3. CAGRA: Highly Parallel Graph Construction and Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search for GPUs

Author

Ootomo, Hiroyuki, Naruse, Akira, Nolet, Corey, Wang, Ray, Feher, Tamas, and Wang, Yong

Subjects
Computer Science - Data Structures and Algorithms, Computer Science - Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Computer Science - Databases, Computer Science - Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing, Computer Science - Information Retrieval
Abstract

Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search (ANNS) plays a critical role in various disciplines spanning data mining and artificial intelligence, from information retrieval and computer vision to natural language processing and recommender systems. Data volumes have soared in recent years and the computational cost of an exhaustive exact nearest neighbor search is often prohibitive, necessitating the adoption of approximate techniques. The balanced performance and recall of graph-based approaches have more recently garnered significant attention in ANNS algorithms, however, only a few studies have explored harnessing the power of GPUs and multi-core processors despite the widespread use of massively parallel and general-purpose computing. To bridge this gap, we introduce a novel parallel computing hardware-based proximity graph and search algorithm. By leveraging the high-performance capabilities of modern hardware, our approach achieves remarkable efficiency gains. In particular, our method surpasses existing CPU and GPU-based methods in constructing the proximity graph, demonstrating higher throughput in both large- and small-batch searches while maintaining compatible accuracy. In graph construction time, our method, CAGRA, is 2.2~27x faster than HNSW, which is one of the CPU SOTA implementations. In large-batch query throughput in the 90% to 95% recall range, our method is 33~77x faster than HNSW, and is 3.8~8.8x faster than the SOTA implementations for GPU. For a single query, our method is 3.4~53x faster than HNSW at 95% recall., Comment: Accepted to ICDE 2024

Published
2023

4. cuSLINK: Single-linkage Agglomerative Clustering on the GPU

Author

Nolet, Corey J., Gala, Divye, Fender, Alex, Doijade, Mahesh, Eaton, Joe, Raff, Edward, Zedlewski, John, Rees, Brad, and Oates, Tim

Subjects
Computer Science - Machine Learning, Statistics - Machine Learning
Abstract

In this paper, we propose cuSLINK, a novel and state-of-the-art reformulation of the SLINK algorithm on the GPU which requires only $O(Nk)$ space and uses a parameter $k$ to trade off space and time. We also propose a set of novel and reusable building blocks that compose cuSLINK. These building blocks include highly optimized computational patterns for $k$-NN graph construction, spanning trees, and dendrogram cluster extraction. We show how we used our primitives to implement cuSLINK end-to-end on the GPU, further enabling a wide range of real-world data mining and machine learning applications that were once intractable. In addition to being a primary computational bottleneck in the popular HDBSCAN algorithm, the impact of our end-to-end cuSLINK algorithm spans a large range of important applications, including cluster analysis in social and computer networks, natural language processing, and computer vision. Users can obtain cuSLINK at https://docs.rapids.ai/api/cuml/latest/api/#agglomerative-clustering, Comment: To appear in ECML PKDD 2023 by Springer Nature

Published
2023

6. NEXO: Neutrinoless double beta decay search beyond $10^{28}$ year half-life sensitivity

Author

nEXO Collaboration, Adhikari, G., Kharusi, S. Al, Angelico, E., Anton, G., Arnquist, I. J., Badhrees, I., Bane, J., Belov, V., Bernard, E. P., Bhatta, T., Bolotnikov, A., Breur, P. A., Brodsky, J. P., Brown, E., Brunner, T., Caden, E., Cao, G. F., Cao, L., Chambers, C., Chana, B., Charlebois, S. A., Chernyak, D., Chiu, M., Cleveland, B., Collister, R., Czyz, S. A., Dalmasson, J., Daniels, T., Darroch, L., DeVoe, R., Di Vacri, M. L., Dilling, J., Ding, Y. Y., Dolgolenko, A., Dolinski, M. J., Dragone, A., Echevers, J., Elbeltagi, M., Fabris, L., Fairbank, D., Fairbank, W., Farine, J., Ferrara, S., Feyzbakhsh, S., Fu, Y. S., Gallina, G., Gautam, P., Giacomini, G., Gingras, W. Gillis C., Goeldi, D., Gornea, R., Gratta, G., Hardy, C. A., Harouaka, K., Heffner, M., Hoppe, E. W., House, A., Iverson, A., Jamil, A., Jewell, M., Jiang, X. S., Karelin, A., Kaufman, L. J., Kotov, I., Krücken, R., Kuchenkov, A., Kumar, K. S., Lan, Y., Larson, A., Leach, K. G., Lenardo, B. G., Leonard, D. S., Li, G., Li, S., Li, Z., Licciardi, C., Lindsay, R., MacLellan, R., Mahtab, M., Martel-Dion, P., Masbou, J., Massacret, N., McElroy, T., McMichael, K., Peregrina, M. Medina, Michel, T., Mong, B., Moore, D. C., Murray, K., Nattress, J., Natzke, C. R., Newby, R. J., Ni, K., Nolet, F., Nusair, O., Ondze, J. C. Nzobadila, Odgers, K., Odian, A., Orrell, J. L., Ortega, G. S., Overman, C. T., Parent, S., Perna, A., Piepke, A., Pocar, A., Pratte, J-F., Priel, N., Radeka, V., Raguzin, E., Ramonnye, G. J., Rao, T., Rasiwala, H., Rescia, S., Retière, F., Ringuette, J., Riot, V., Rossignol, T., Rowson, P. C., Roy, N., Saldanha, R., Sangiorgio, S., Shang, X., Soma, A. K., Spadoni, F., Stekhanov, V., Sun, X. L., Tarka, M., Thibado, S., Tidball, A., Todd, J., Totev, T., Triambak, S., Tsang, R. H. M., Tsang, T., Vachon, F., Veeraraghavan, V., Viel, S., Vivo-Vilches, C., Vogel, P., Vuilleumier, J-L., Wagenpfeil, M., Wager, T., Walent, M., Wamba, K., Wang, Q., Wei, W., Wen, L. J., Wichoski, U., Wilde, S., Worcester, M., Wu, S. X., Wu, W. H., Wu, X., Xia, Q., Yan, W., Yang, H., Yang, L., Zeldovich, O., Zhao, J., and Ziegler, T.

Subjects
Nuclear Experiment, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract

The nEXO neutrinoless double beta decay experiment is designed to use a time projection chamber and 5000 kg of isotopically enriched liquid xenon to search for the decay in $^{136}$Xe. Progress in the detector design, paired with higher fidelity in its simulation and an advanced data analysis, based on the one used for the final results of EXO-200, produce a sensitivity prediction that exceeds the half-life of $10^{28}$ years. Specifically, improvements have been made in the understanding of production of scintillation photons and charge as well as of their transport and reconstruction in the detector. The more detailed knowledge of the detector construction has been paired with more assays for trace radioactivity in different materials. In particular, the use of custom electroformed copper is now incorporated in the design, leading to a substantial reduction in backgrounds from the intrinsic radioactivity of detector materials. Furthermore, a number of assumptions from previous sensitivity projections have gained further support from interim work validating the nEXO experiment concept. Together these improvements and updates suggest that the nEXO experiment will reach a half-life sensitivity of $1.35\times 10^{28}$ yr at 90% confidence level in 10 years of data taking, covering the parameter space associated with the inverted neutrino mass ordering, along with a significant portion of the parameter space for the normal ordering scenario, for almost all nuclear matrix elements. The effects of backgrounds deviating from the nominal values used for the projections are also illustrated, concluding that the nEXO design is robust against a number of imperfections of the model., Comment: 26 pages, 19 figures, version accepted by Journal of Phys. G

Published
2021
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7. Mitotic waves in an import-diffusion model with multiple nuclei in a shared cytoplasm

Author

Nolet, Felix E. and Gelens, Lendert

Subjects
Physics - Biological Physics, Nonlinear Sciences - Pattern Formation and Solitons
Abstract

Nuclei import and export proteins, including cell cycle regulators. These import-export processes are modulated periodically by the cell cycle, for example due to the periodic assembly and breakdown of the nuclear envelope. As such, replicated DNA can be segregated between the two daughter cells and the proteins that were localized in the nucleus are free to diffuse throughout the cytoplasm. Here, we study a mathematical import-diffusion model to show how proteins, i.e. cell cycle regulators, could be redistributed in the cytoplasm by nuclei that periodically toggle between interphase and mitosis. We show that when the cell cycle period depends on the local concentration of regulators, the model exhibits mitotic waves. We discuss how the velocity and spatial origin of these mitotic waves depend on the different model parameters. This work is motivated by recent in vitro experiments reporting on mitotic waves in cycling cell-free extracts made with Xenopus laevis frog eggs, where multiple nuclei share the same cytoplasm. Such experiments have shown that nuclei act as pacemakers for the cell cycle and thus play an important role in collectively defining the spatial origin of mitotic waves., Comment: 16 pages, 7 figures

Published
2021

8. Reflectivity of VUV-sensitive Silicon Photomultipliers in Liquid Xenon

Author

Wagenpfeil, M., Ziegler, T., Schneider, J., Fieguth, A., Murra, M., Schulte, D., Althueser, L., Huhmann, C., Weinheimer, C., Michel, T., Anton, G., Adhikari, G., Kharusi, S. Al, Angelico, E., Arnquist, I. J., Badhrees, I., Bane, J., Beck, D., Belov, V., Bhatta, T., Bolotnikov, A., Breur, P. A., Brodsky, J. P., Brown, E., Brunner, T., Caden, E., Cao, G. F., Chambers, C., Chana, B., Charlebois, S. A., Chernyak, D., Chiu, M., Cleveland, B., Craycraft, A., Daniels, T., Darroch, L., Der Mesrobian-Kabakian, A., Croix, A. de St, Deslandes, K., DeVoe, R., Di Vacri, M. L., Dolinski, M. J., Echevers, J., Elbeltagi, M., Fabris, L., Fairbank, D., Fairbank, W., Farine, J., Ferrara, S., Feyzbakhsh, S., Gallina, G., Gautam, P., Giacomini, G., Gingras, C., Goeldi, D., Gorham, A., Gornea, R., Gratta, G., Hansen, E. V., Hardy, C. A., Harouaka, K., Heffner, M., Hoppe, E. W., House, A., Hughes, M., Iverson, A., Jamil, A., Jewell, M., Karelin, A., Kaufman, L. J., Krücken, R., Kuchenkov, A., Kumar, K. S., Lan, Y., Larson, A., Leach, K. G., Leonard, D. S., Li, G., Li, S., Li, Z., Licciardi, C., Lindsay, R., MacLellan, R., Martel-Dion, P., Massacret, N., McElroy, T., Peregrina, M. Medina, Mong, B., Moore, D. C., Murray, K., Nattress, J., Natzke, C. R., Newby, R. J., Nolet, F., Nusair, O., Ondze, J. C. Nzobadila, Odgers, K., Odian, A., Orrell, J. L., Ortega, G. S., Ostrovskiy, I., Overman, C. T., Parent, S., Piepke, A., Pocar, A., Pratte, J. -F., Raguzin, E., Ramonnye, G. J., Rasiwala, H., Rescia, S., Retière, F., Richard, C., Richman, M., Ringuette, J., Robinson, A., Rossignol, T., Rowson, P. C., Roy, N., Saldanha, R., Sangiorgio, S., Soma, A. K., Spadoni, F., Stekhanov, V., Stiegler, T., Tarka, M., Thibado, S., Tidball, A., Todd, J., Totev, T., Triambak, S., Tsang, R., Vachon, F., Veeraraghavan, V., Viel, S., Vivo-Vilches, C., Walent, M., Wichoski, U., Worcester, M., Wu, S. X., Xia, Q., Yan, W., Yang, L., and Zeldovich, O.

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract

Silicon photomultipliers are regarded as a very promising technology for next-generation, cutting-edge detectors for low-background experiments in particle physics. This work presents systematic reflectivity studies of Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPM) and other samples in liquid xenon at vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) wavelengths. A dedicated setup at the University of M\"unster has been used that allows to acquire angle-resolved reflection measurements of various samples immersed in liquid xenon with 0.45{\deg} angular resolution. Four samples are investigated in this work: one Hamamatsu VUV4 SiPM, one FBK VUV-HD SiPM, one FBK wafer sample and one Large-Area Avalanche Photodiode (LA-APD) from EXO-200. The reflectivity is determined to be 25-36% at an angle of incidence of 20{\deg} for the four samples and increases to up to 65% at 70{\deg} for the LA-APD and the FBK samples. The Hamamatsu VUV4 SiPM shows a decline with increasing angle of incidence. The reflectivity results will be incorporated in upcoming light response simulations of the nEXO detector., Comment: 18 pages, 11 figures

Published
2021
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9. GPU Semiring Primitives for Sparse Neighborhood Methods

Author

Nolet, Corey J., Gala, Divye, Raff, Edward, Eaton, Joe, Rees, Brad, Zedlewski, John, and Oates, Tim

Subjects
Computer Science - Machine Learning, Computer Science - Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing, Mathematics - Rings and Algebras
Abstract

High-performance primitives for mathematical operations on sparse vectors must deal with the challenges of skewed degree distributions and limits on memory consumption that are typically not issues in dense operations. We demonstrate that a sparse semiring primitive can be flexible enough to support a wide range of critical distance measures while maintaining performance and memory efficiency on the GPU. We further show that this primitive is a foundational component for enabling many neighborhood-based information retrieval and machine learning algorithms to accept sparse input. To our knowledge, this is the first work aiming to unify the computation of several critical distance measures on the GPU under a single flexible design paradigm and we hope that it provides a good baseline for future research in this area. Our implementation is fully open source and publicly available as part of the RAFT library of GPU-accelerated machine learning primitives (https://github.com/rapidsai/raft).

Published
2021

11. Event Reconstruction in a Liquid Xenon Time Projection Chamber with an Optically-Open Field Cage

Author

Stiegler, T., Sangiorgio, S., Brodsky, J. P., Heffner, M., Kharusi, S. Al, Anton, G., Arnquist, I. J., Badhrees, I., Barbeau, P. S., Beck, D., Belov, V., Bhatta, T., Bolotnikov, A., Breur, P. A., Brown, E., Brunner, T., Caden, E., Cao, G. F., Cao, L., Chambers, C., Chana, B., Charlebois, S. A., Chiu, M., Cleveland, B., Coon, M., Craycraft, A., Dalmasson, J., Daniels, T., Darroch, L., Croix, A. De St., Der Mesrobian-Kabakian, A., Deslandes, K., DeVoe, R., Di Vacri, M. L., Dilling, J., Ding, Y. Y., Dolinski, M. J., Dragone, A., Echevers, J., Edaltafar, F., Elbeltagi, M., Fabris, L., Fairbank, D., Fairbank, W., Farine, J., Ferrara, S., Feyzbakhsh, S., Gallina, G., Gautam, P., Giacomini, G., Goeldi, D., Gornea, R., Gratta, G., Hansen, E. V., Hoppe, E. W., Hößl, J., House, A., Hughes, M., Iverson, A., Jamil, A., Jewell, M. J., Jiang, X. S., Karelin, A., Kaufman, L. J., Koffas, T., Krücken, R., Kuchenkov, A., Kumar, K. S., Lan, Y., Larson, A., Leach, K. G., Lenardo, B. G., Leonard, D. S., Li, G., Li, S., Li, Z., Licciardi, C., Lv, P., MacLellan, R., Massacret, N., McElroy, T., Medina-Peregrina, M., Michel, T., Mong, B., Moore, D. C., Murray, K., Nakarmi, P., Natzke, C. R., Newby, R. J., Ni, K., Ning, Z., Njoya, O., Nolet, F., Nusair, O., Odgers, K., Odian, A., Oriunno, M., Orrell, J. L., Ortega, G. S., Ostrovskiy, I., Overman, C. T., Parent, S., Piepke, A., Pocar, A., Pratte, J. -F., Radeka, V., Raguzin, E., Rescia, S., Retière, F., Richman, M., Robinson, A., Rossignol, T., Rowson, P. C., Roy, N., Saldanha, R., VIII, K. Skarpaas, Soma, A. K., St-Hilaire, G., Stekhanov, V., Sun, X. L., Tarka, M., Thibado, S., Tidball, A., Todd, J., Totev, T. I., Tsang, R., Tsang, T., Vachon, F., Veeraraghavan, V., Viel, S., Visser, G., Vivo-Vilches, C., Vuilleumier, J. -L., Wagenpfeil, M., Wager, T., Walent, M., Wang, Q., Wei, W., Wen, L. J., Wichoski, U., Worcester, M., Wu, S. X., Wu, W. H., Wu, X., Xia, Q., Yang, H., Yang, L., Zeldovich, O., Zhao, J., Zhou, Y., and Ziegler, T.

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract

nEXO is a proposed tonne-scale neutrinoless double beta decay ($0\nu\beta\beta$) experiment using liquid ${}^{136}Xe$ (LXe) in a Time Projection Chamber (TPC) to read out ionization and scintillation signals. Between the field cage and the LXe vessel, a layer of LXe ("skin" LXe) is present, where no ionization signal is collected. Only scintillation photons are detected, owing to the lack of optical barrier around the field cage. In this work, we show that the light originating in the skin LXe region can be used to improve background discrimination by 5% over previous published estimates. This improvement comes from two elements. First, a fraction of the $\gamma$-ray background is removed by identifying light from interactions with an energy deposition in the skin LXe. Second, background from ${}^{222}Rn$ dissolved in the skin LXe can be efficiently rejected by tagging the $\alpha$ decay in the ${}^{214}Bi-{}^{214}Po$ chain in the skin LXe., Comment: 11 pages, 12 figures

Published
2020
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12. Bringing UMAP Closer to the Speed of Light with GPU Acceleration

Author

Nolet, Corey J., Lafargue, Victor, Raff, Edward, Nanditale, Thejaswi, Oates, Tim, Zedlewski, John, and Patterson, Joshua

Subjects
Computer Science - Machine Learning, Computer Science - Data Structures and Algorithms, Statistics - Machine Learning
Abstract

The Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection (UMAP) algorithm has become widely popular for its ease of use, quality of results, and support for exploratory, unsupervised, supervised, and semi-supervised learning. While many algorithms can be ported to a GPU in a simple and direct fashion, such efforts have resulted in inefficient and inaccurate versions of UMAP. We show a number of techniques that can be used to make a faster and more faithful GPU version of UMAP, and obtain speedups of up to 100x in practice. Many of these design choices/lessons are general purpose and may inform the conversion of other graph and manifold learning algorithms to use GPUs. Our implementation has been made publicly available as part of the open source RAPIDS cuML library (https://github.com/rapidsai/cuml).

Published
2020

14. Machine Learning in Python: Main developments and technology trends in data science, machine learning, and artificial intelligence

Author

Raschka, Sebastian, Patterson, Joshua, and Nolet, Corey

Subjects
Computer Science - Machine Learning, Statistics - Machine Learning
Abstract

Smarter applications are making better use of the insights gleaned from data, having an impact on every industry and research discipline. At the core of this revolution lies the tools and the methods that are driving it, from processing the massive piles of data generated each day to learning from and taking useful action. Deep neural networks, along with advancements in classical ML and scalable general-purpose GPU computing, have become critical components of artificial intelligence, enabling many of these astounding breakthroughs and lowering the barrier to adoption. Python continues to be the most preferred language for scientific computing, data science, and machine learning, boosting both performance and productivity by enabling the use of low-level libraries and clean high-level APIs. This survey offers insight into the field of machine learning with Python, taking a tour through important topics to identify some of the core hardware and software paradigms that have enabled it. We cover widely-used libraries and concepts, collected together for holistic comparison, with the goal of educating the reader and driving the field of Python machine learning forward., Comment: Preprint of a manuscript accepted for publication in "Machine Learning with Python," a special issue of Information (ISSN 2078-2489)

Published
2020

15. Reflectance of Silicon Photomultipliers at Vacuum Ultraviolet Wavelengths

Author

Lv, P., Cao, G. F., Wen, L. J., Kharusi, S. Al, Anton, G., Arnquist, I. J., Badhrees, I., Barbeau, P. S., Beck, D., Belov, V., Bhatta, T., Breur, P. A., Brodsky, J. P., Brown, E., Brunner, T., Mamahit, S. Byrne, Caden, E., Cao, L., Chambers, C., Chana, B., Charlebois, S. A., Chiu, M., Cleveland, B., Coon, M., Craycraft, A., Dalmasson, J., Daniels, T., Darroch, L., Croix, A. De St., Der Mesrobian-Kabakian, A., Deslandes, K., DeVoe, R., Di Vacri, M. L., Dilling, J., Ding, Y. Y., Dolinski, M. J., Doria, L., Dragone, A., Echevers, J., Edaltafar, F., Elbeltagi, M., Fabris, L., Fairbank, D., Fairbank, W., Farine, J., Ferrara, S., Feyzbakhsh, S., Fucarino, A., Gallina, G., Gautam, P., Giacomini, G., Goeldi, D., Gornea, R., Gratta, G., Hansen, E. V., Heffner, M., Hoppe, E. W., Hößl, J., House, A., Hughes, M., Iverson, A., Jamil, A., Jewell, M. J., Jiang, X. S., Karelin, A., Kaufman, L. J., Koffas, T., Krücken, R., Kuchenkov, A., Kumar, K. S., Lan, Y., Larson, A., Leach, K. G., Lenardo, B. G., Leonard, D. S., Li, G., Li, S., Li, Z., Licciardi, C., MacLellan, R., Massacret, N., McElroy, T., Medina-Peregrina, M., Michel, T., Mong, B., Moore, D. C., Murray, K., Nakarmi, P., Natzke, C. R., Newby, R. J., Ning, Z., Njoya, O., Nolet, F., Nusair, O., Odgers, K., Odian, A., Oriunno, M., Orrell, J. L., Ortega, G. S., Ostrovskiy, I., Overman, C. T., Parent, S., Piepke, A., Pocar, A., Pratte, J. -F., Radeka, V., Raguzin, E., Rescia, S., Retière, F., Richman, M., Robinson, A., Rossignol, T., Rowson, P. C., Roy, N., Runge, J., Saldanha, R., Sangiorgio, S., VIII, K. Skarpaas, Soma, A. K., St-Hilaire, G., Stekhanov, V., Stiegler, T., Sun, X. L., Tarka, M., Todd, J., Totev, T. I., Tsang, R., Tsang, T., Vachon, F., Veeraraghavan, V., Viel, S., Visser, G., Vivo-Vilches, C., Vuilleumier, J. -L., Wagenpfeil, M., Wager, T., Walent, M., Wang, Q., Watkins, J., Wei, W., Wichoski, U., Wu, S. X., Wu, W. H., Wu, X., Xia, Q., Yang, H., Yang, L., Zeldovich, O., Zhao, J., Zhou, Y., and Ziegler, T.

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract

Characterization of the vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) reflectance of silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) is important for large-scale SiPM-based photodetector systems. We report the angular dependence of the specular reflectance in a vacuum of SiPMs manufactured by Fondazionc Bruno Kessler (FBK) and Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. (HPK) over wavelengths ranging from 120 nm to 280 nm. Refractive index and extinction coefficient of the thin silicon-dioxide film deposited on the surface of the FBK SiPMs are derived from reflectance data of a FBK silicon wafer with the same deposited oxide film as SiPMs. The diffuse reflectance of SiPMs is also measured at 193 nm. We use the VUV spectral dependence of the optical constants to predict the reflectance of the FBK silicon wafer and FBK SiPMs in liquid xenon.

Published
2019
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16. Measurements of electron transport in liquid and gas Xenon using a laser-driven photocathode

Author

Njoya, O., Tsang, T., Tarka, M., Fairbank, W., Kumar, K. S., Rao, T., Wager, T., Kharusi, S. Al, Anton, G., Arnquist, I. J., Badhrees, I., Barbeau, P. S., Beck, D., Belov, V., Bhatta, T., Brodsky, J. P., Brown, E., Brunner, T., Caden, E., Cao, G. F., Cao, L., Cen, W. R., Chambers, C., Chana, B., Charlebois, S. A., Chiu, M., Cleveland, B., Coon, M., Craycraft, A., Dalmasson, J., Daniels, T., Darroch, L., Daugherty, S. J., Croix, A. De St., Der Mesrobian-Kabakian, A., DeVoe, R., Di Vacri, M. L., Dilling, J., Ding, Y. Y., Dolinski, M. J., Dragone, A., Echevers, J., Elbeltagi, M., Fabris, L., Fairbank, D., Farine, J., Ferrara, S., Feyzbakhsh, S., Fontaine, R., Fucarino, A., Gallina, G., Gautam, P., Giacomini, G., Goeldi, D., Gornea, R., Gratta, G., Hansen, E. V., Heffner, M., Hoppe, E. W., Hossl, J., House, A., Hughes, M., Iverson, A., Jamil, A., Jewell, M. J., Jiang, X. S., Karelin, A., Kaufman, L. J., Kodroff, D., Koffas, T., Krucken, R., Kuchenkov, A., Lan, Y., Larson, A., Leach, K. G., Lenardo, B. G., Leonard, D. S., Li, G., Li, S., Li, Z., Licciardi, C., Lin, Y. H., Lv, P., MacLellan, R., McElroy, T., Medina-Peregrina, M., Michel, T., Mong, B., Moore, D. C., Murray, K., Nakarmi, P., Natzke, C. R., Newby, R. J., Ning, Z., Nolet, F., Nusair, O., Odgers, K., Odian, A., Oriunno, M., Orrell, J. L., Ortega, G. S., Ostrovskiy, I., Overman, C. T., Parent, S., Piepke, A., Pocar, A., Pratte, J. -F., Radeka, V., Raguzin, E., Rescia, S., Retiere, F., Richman, M., Robinson, A., Rossignol, T., Rowson, P. C., Roy, N., Runge, J., Saldanha, R., Sangiorgio, S., VIII, K. Skarpaas, Soma, A. K., St-Hilaire, G., Stekhanov, V., Stiegler, T., Sun, X. L., Todd, J., Tolba, T., Totev, T. I., Tsang, R., Vachon, F., Veeraraghavan, V., Viel, S., Visser, G., Vivo-Vilches, C., Vuilleumier, J. -L., Wagenpfeil, M., Walent, M., Wang, Q., Ward, M., Watkins, J., Weber, M., Wei, W., Wen, L. J., Wichoski, U., Wu, S. X., Wu, W. H., Wu, X., Xia, Q., Yang, H., Yang, L., Yen, Y. -R., Zeldovich, O., Zhao, J., Zhou, Y., and Ziegler, T.

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract

Measurements of electron drift properties in liquid and gaseous xenon are reported. The electrons are generated by the photoelectric effect in a semi-transparent gold photocathode driven in transmission mode with a pulsed ultraviolet laser. The charges drift and diffuse in a small chamber at various electric fields and a fixed drift distance of 2.0 cm. At an electric field of 0.5 kV/cm, the measured drift velocities and corresponding temperature coefficients respectively are $1.97 \pm 0.04$ mm/$\mu$s and $(-0.69\pm0.05)$\%/K for liquid xenon, and $1.42 \pm 0.03$ mm/$\mu$s and $(+0.11\pm0.01)$\%/K for gaseous xenon at 1.5 bar. In addition, we measure longitudinal diffusion coefficients of $25.7 \pm 4.6$ cm$^2$/s and $149 \pm 23$ cm$^2$/s, for liquid and gas, respectively. The quantum efficiency of the gold photocathode is studied at the photon energy of 4.73 eV in liquid and gaseous xenon, and vacuum. These charge transport properties and the behavior of photocathodes in a xenon environment are important in designing and calibrating future large scale noble liquid detectors.

Published
2019
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17. Reflectivity and PDE of VUV4 Hamamatsu SiPMs in Liquid Xenon

Author

Nakarmi, P., Ostrovskiy, I., Soma, A. K., Retiere, F., Kharusi, S. Al, Alfaris, M., Anton, G., Arnquist, I. J., Badhrees, I., Barbeau, P. S., Beck, D., Belov, V., Bhatta, T., Blatchford, J., Breur, P. A., Brodsky, J. P., Brown, E., Brunner, T., Mamahit, S. Byrne, Caden, E., Cao, G. F., Cao, L., Chambers, C., Chana, B., Charlebois, S. A., Chiu, M., Cleveland, B., Coon, M., Craycraft, A., Dalmasson, J., Daniels, T., Darroch, L., Croix, A. De St., Der Mesrobian-Kabakian, A., DeVoe, R., Di Vacri, M. L., Dilling, J., Ding, Y. Y., Dolinski, M. J., Doria, L., Dragone, A., Echevers, J., Edaltafar, F., Elbeltagi, M., Fabris, L., Fairbank, D., Fairbank, W., Farine, J., Ferrara, S., Feyzbakhsh, S., Fontaine, R., Fucarino, A., Gallina, G., Gautam, P., Giacomini, G., Goeldi, D., Gornea, R., Gratta, G., Hansen, E. V., Heffner, M., Hoppe, E. W., Hößle, J., House, A., Hughes, M., Iverson, A., Jamil, A., Jewell, M. J., Jiang, X. S., Karelin, A., Kaufman, L. J., Koffas, T., Krücken, R., Kuchenkov, A., Kumar, K. S., Lan, Y., Larson, A., Leach, K. G., Lenardo, B. G., Leonard, D. S., Li, G., Li, S., Li, Z., Licciardi, C., Lv, P., MacLellan, R., Massacret, N., McElroy, T., Medina-Peregrina, M., Michel, T., Mong, B., Moore, D. C., Murray, K., Natzke, C. R., Newby, R. J., Ning, Z., Njoya, O., Nolet, F., Nusair, O., Odgers, K., Odian, A., Oriunno, M., Orrell, l J. L., Ortega, G. S., Overman, C. T., Parent, S., Piepke, A., Pocar, A., Pratte, J. -F., Radeka, V., Raguzin, E., Rescia, S., Richman, M., Robinson, A., Rossignol, T., Rowson, P. C., Roy, N., Runge, J., Saldanha, R., Sangiorgio, S., VIII, K. Skarpaas, St-Hilaire, G., Stekhanov, r V., Stiegler, T., Sun, X. L., Tarka, M., Todd, J., Totev, T. I., Tsang, R., Tsang, T., Vachon, F., Veeraraghavan, V., Viel, S., Visser, G., Vivo-Vilches, C., Vuilleumier, J. -L., Wagenpfeil, M., Wager, T., Walent, M., Wang, Q., Ward, M., Watkins, J., Weber, M., Wei, W., Wen, L. J., Wichoski, U., Wu, S. X., Wu, W. H., Wu, X., Xia, Q., Yang, H., Yang, L., Zeldovich, O., Zhao, J., Zhou, Y., and Ziegler, T.

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract

Understanding reflective properties of materials and photodetection efficiency (PDE) of photodetectors is important for optimizing energy resolution and sensitivity of the next generation neutrinoless double beta decay, direct detection dark matter, and neutrino oscillation experiments that will use noble liquid gases, such as nEXO, DARWIN, DarkSide-20k, and DUNE. Little information is currently available about reflectivity and PDE in liquid noble gases, because such measurements are difficult to conduct in a cryogenic environment and at short enough wavelengths. Here we report a measurement of specular reflectivity and relative PDE of Hamamatsu VUV4 silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) with 50 micrometer micro-cells conducted with xenon scintillation light (~175 nm) in liquid xenon. The specular reflectivity at 15 deg. incidence of three samples of VUV4 SiPMs is found to be 30.4+/-1.4%, 28.6+/-1.3%, and 28.0+/-1.3%, respectively. The PDE at normal incidence differs by +/-8% (standard deviation) among the three devices. The angular dependence of the reflectivity and PDE was also measured for one of the SiPMs. Both the reflectivity and PDE decrease as the angle of incidence increases. This is the first measurement of an angular dependence of PDE and reflectivity of a SiPM in liquid xenon., Comment: 21 pages, 15 figures, 6 tables. As accepted by JINST

Published
2019
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18. Simulation of charge readout with segmented tiles in nEXO

Author

Li, Z., Cen, W. R., Robinson, A., Moore, D. C., Wen, L. J., Odian, A., Kharusi, S. Al, Anton, G., Arnquist, I. J., Badhrees, I., Barbeau, P. S., Beck, D., Belov, V., Bhatta, T., Brodsky, J. P., Brown, E., Brunner, T., Caden, E., Cao, G. F., Cao, L., Chambers, C., Chana, B., Charlebois, S. A., Chiu, M., Cleveland, B., Coon, M., Craycraft, A., Dalmasson, J., Daniels, T., Darroch, L., Daugherty, S. J., Croix, A. De St., Der Mesrobian-Kabakian, A., DeVoe, R., Di Vacri, M. L., Dilling, J., Ding, Y. Y., Dolinski, M. J., Dragone, A., Echevers, J., Elbeltagi, M., Fabris, L., Fairbank, D., Fairbank, W., Farine, J., Ferrara, S., Feyzbakhsh, S., Fontaine, R., Fucarino, A., Gallina, G., Gautam, P., Giacomini, G., Goeldi, D., Gornea, R., Gratta, G., Hansen, E. V., Heffner, M., Hoppe, E. W., Hößl, J., House, A., Hughes, M., Iverson, A., Jamil, A., Jewell, M. J., Jiang, X. S., Karelin, A., Kaufman, L. J., Kodroff, D., Koffas, T., Krücken, R., Kuchenkov, A., Kumar, K. S., Lan, Y., Larson, A., Leach, K. G., Lenardo, B. G., Leonard, D. S., Li, G., Li, S., Licciardi, C., Lin, Y. H., Lv, P., MacLellan, R., McElroy, T., Medina-Peregrina, M., Michel, T., Mong, B., Murray, K., Nakarmi, P., Natzke, C. R., Newby, R. J., Ning, Z., Njoya, O., Nolet, F., Nusair, O., Odgers, K., Oriunno, M., Orrell, J. L., Ortega, G. S., Ostrovskiy, I., Overman, C. T., Parent, S., Piepke, A., Pocar, A., Pratte, J. -F., Radeka, V., Raguzin, E., Rescia, S., Retière, F., Richman, M., Rossignol, T., Rowson, P. C., Roy, N., Runge, J., Saldanha, R., Sangiorgio, S., VIII, K. Skarpaas, Soma, A. K., St-Hilaire, G., Stekhanov, V., Stiegler, T., Sun, X. L., Tarka, M., Todd, J., Tolba, T., Totev, T. I., Tsang, R., Tsang, T., Vachon, F., Veeraraghavan, V., Viel, S., Visser, G., Vivo-Vilches, C., Vuilleumier, J. -L., Wagenpfeil, M., Walent, M., Wang, Q., Ward, M., Watkins, J., Weber, M., Wei, W., Wichoski, U., Wu, S. X., Wu, W. H., Wu, X., Xia, Q., Yang, H., Yang, L., Yen, Y. -R., Zeldovich, O., Zhao, J., Zhou, Y., and Ziegler, T.

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract

nEXO is a proposed experiment to search for the neutrino-less double beta decay ($0\nu\beta\beta$) of $^{136}$Xe in a tonne-scale liquid xenon time projection chamber (TPC). The nEXO TPC will be equipped with charge collection tiles to form the anode. In this work, the charge reconstruction performance of this anode design is studied with a dedicated simulation package. A multi-variate method and a deep neural network are developed to distinguish simulated $0\nu\beta\beta$ signals from backgrounds arising from trace levels of natural radioactivity in the detector materials. These simulations indicate that the nEXO TPC with charge-collection tiles shows promising capability to discriminate the $0\nu\beta\beta$ signal from backgrounds. The estimated half-life sensitivity for $0\nu\beta\beta$ decay is improved by $\sim$20$~(32)\%$ with the multi-variate~(deep neural network) methods considered here, relative to the sensitivity estimated in the nEXO pre-conceptual design report.

Published
2019
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19. Characterization of the Hamamatsu VUV4 MPPCs for nEXO

Author

Gallina, G., Giampa, P., Retiere, F., Kroeger, J., Zhang, G., Ward, M., Margetak, P., Lic, G., Tsang, T., Doria, L., Kharusi, S. Al, Alfaris, M., Anton, G., Arnquist, I. J., Badhrees, I., Barbeau, P. S., Beck, D., Belov, V., Bhatta, T., Blatchford, J., Brodsky, J. P., Brown, E., Brunner, T., Cao, G. F., Cao, L., Cen, W. R., Chambers, C., Charlebois, S. A., Chiu, M., Cleveland, B., Coon, M., Craycraft, A., Dalmasson, J., Daniels, T., Darroch, L., Daugherty, S. J., Croix, A. De St., Der Mesrobian-Kabakian, A., DeVoe, R., Dilling, J., Ding, Y. Y., Dolinski, M. J., Dragone, A., Echevers, J., Elbeltagi, M., Fabris, L., Fairbank, D., Fairbank, W., Farine, J., Feyzbakhsh, S., Fontaine, R., Gautam, P., Giacomini, G., Gornea, R., Gratta, G., Hansen, E. V., Heffner, M., Hoppe, E. W., Hoßl, J., House, A., Hughes, M., Ito, Y., Iverson, A., Jamil, A., Jewell, M. J., Jiang, X. S., Karelin, A., Kaufman, L. J., Kodroff, D., Koffas, T., Krucken, R., Kuchenkov, A., Kumar, K. S., Lana, Y., Larson, A., Lenardo, B. G., Leonarda, D. S., Lik, S., Li, Z., Licciardi, C., Linw, Y. H., Lv, P., MacLellan, R., McElroy, T., Medina-Peregrina, M., Michel, T., Mong, B., Moore, D. C., Murray, K., Nakarmi, P., Newby, R. J., Ning, Z., Njoya, O., Nolet, F., Nusair, O., Odgers, K., Odian, A., Oriunno, M., Orrell, J. L., Ortega, G. S., Ostrovskiy, I., Overman, C. T., Parent, S., Piepkez, A., Pocar, A., Pratte, J. -F., Qiu, D., Radeka, V., Raguzin, E., Rescia, S., Richman, M., Robinson, A., Rossignol, T., Rowson, P. C., Roy, N., Saldanha, R., Sangiorgio, S., VIII, K. Skarpaas, Soma, A. K., St-Hilaire, G., Stekhanov, V., Stiegler, T., Sun, X. L., Tarka, M., Todd, J., Tolba, T., Totev, T. I., Tsang, R., Vachon, F., Veeraraghavan, V., Visser, G., Vuilleumier, J. -L., Wagenpfeil, M., Walent, M., Wang, Q., Watkins, J., Weber, M., Wei, W., Wen, L. J., Wichoski, U., Wu, S. X., Wu, W. H., Wu, X., Xia, Q., Yang, H., Yang, L., Yen, Y. -R., Zeldovich, O., Zhao, J., Zhou, Y., and Ziegler, T.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract

In this paper we report on the characterization of the Hamamatsu VUV4 (S/N: S13370-6152) Vacuum Ultra-Violet (VUV) sensitive Silicon Photo-Multipliers (SiPMs) as part of the development of a solution for the detection of liquid xenon scintillation light for the nEXO experiment. Various SiPM features, such as: dark noise, gain, correlated avalanches, direct crosstalk and Photon Detection Efficiency (PDE) were measured in a dedicated setup at TRIUMF. SiPMs were characterized in the range $163 \text{ } \text{K} \leq \text{T}\leq 233 \text{ } \text{K}$. At an over voltage of $3.1\pm0.2$ V and at $\text{T}=163 \text{ }\text{K}$ we report a number of Correlated Avalanches (CAs) per pulse in the $1 \upmu\text{s}$ interval following the trigger pulse of $0.161\pm0.005$. At the same settings the Dark-Noise (DN) rate is $0.137\pm0.002 \text{ Hz/mm}^{2}$. Both the number of CAs and the DN rate are within nEXO specifications. The PDE of the Hamamatsu VUV4 was measured for two different devices at $\text{T}=233 \text{ }\text{K}$ for a mean wavelength of $189\pm7\text{ nm}$. At $3.6\pm0.2$ V and $3.5\pm0.2$ V of over voltage we report a PDE of $13.4\pm2.6\text{ }\%$ and $11\pm2\%$, corresponding to a saturation PDE of $14.8\pm2.8\text{ }\%$ and $12.2\pm2.3\%$, respectively. Both values are well below the $24\text{ }\%$ saturation PDE advertised by Hamamatsu. More generally, the second device tested at $3.5\pm0.2$ V of over voltage is below the nEXO PDE requirement. The first one instead yields a PDE that is marginally close to meeting the nEXO specifications. This suggests that with modest improvements the Hamamatsu VUV4 MPPCs could be considered as an alternative to the FBK-LF SiPMs for the final design of the nEXO detector.

Published
2019
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20. Barnacle geese Branta leucopsis breeding on Novaya Zemlya: current distribution and population size estimated from tracking data

Author

Lameris, Thomas K., Pokrovskaya, Olga B., Kondratyev, Alexander V., Anisimov, Yuriy A., Buitendijk, Nelleke H., Glazov, Petr M., van der Jeugd, Henk P., Kampichler, Christian, Kruckenberg, Helmut, Litvin, Konstantin E., Loshchagina, Julia A., Moonen, Sander, Müskens, Gerard J. D., Nolet, Bart A., Schreven, Kees H. T., Sierdsema, Henk, Zaynagutdinova, Elmira M., and Boom, Michiel P.

Published
2023
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22. Study of Silicon Photomultiplier Performance in External Electric Fields

Author

Sun, X. L., Tolba, T., Cao, G. F., Lv, P., Wen, L. J., Odian, A., Vachon, F., Alamre, A., Albert, J. B., Anton, G., Arnquist, I. J., Badhrees, I., Barbeau, P. S., Beck, D., Belov, V., Bhatta, T., Bourque, F., Brodsky, J. P., Brown, E., Brunner, T., Burenkov, A., Cao, L., Cen, W. R., Chambers, C., Charlebois, S. A., Chiu, M., Cleveland, B., Coon, M., Côté, M., Craycraft, A., Cree, W., Dalmasson, J., Daniels, T., Darroch, L., Daugherty, S. J., Daughhetee, J., Delaquis, S., Der Mesrobian-Kabakian, A., DeVoe, R., Dilling, J., Ding, Y. Y., Dolinski, M. J., Dragone, A., Echevers, J., Fabris, L., Fairbank, D., Fairbank, W., Farine, J., Feyzbakhsh, S., Fierlinger, P., Fontaine, R., Fudenberg, D., Gallina, G., Giacomini, G., Gornea, R., Gratta, G., Hansen, E. V., Harris, D., Heffner, M., Hoppe, E. W., Hößl, J., House, A., Hufschmidt, P., Hughes, M., Ito, Y., Iverson, A., Jamil, A., Jessiman, C., Jewell, M. J., Jiang, X. S., Karelin, A., Kaufman, L. J., Kodroff, D., Koffas, T., Kravitz, S., Krücken, R., Kuchenkov, A., Kumar, K. S., Lan, Y., Larson, A., Leonard, D. S., Li, G., Li, S., Li, Z., Licciardi, C., Lin, Y. H., MacLellan, R., Michel, T., Moe, M., Mong, B., Moore, D. C., Murray, K., Newby, R. J., Ning, Z., Njoya, O., Nolet, F., Nusair, O., Odgers, K., Oriunno, M., Orrell, J. L., Ortega, G. S., Ostrovskiy, I., Overman, C. T., Parent, S., Piepke, A., Pocar, A., Pratte, J. -F., Qiu, D., Radeka, V., Raguzin, E., Rao, T., Rescia, S., Retière, F., Robinson, A., Rossignol, T., Rowson, P. C., Roy, N., Saldanha, R., Sangiorgio, S., Schmidt, S., Schneider, J., Sinclair, D., VIII, K. Skarpaas, Soma, A. K., St-Hilaire, G., Stekhanov, V., Stiegler, T., Tarka, M., Todd, J., Totev, T. I., Tsang, R., Tsang, T., Veenstra, B., Veeraraghavan, V., Visser, G., Vuilleumier, J. -L., Wagenpfeil, M., Wang, Q., Watkins, J., Weber, M., Wei, W., Wichoski, U., Wrede, G., Wu, S. X., Wu, W. H., Xia, Q., Yang, L., Yen, Y. -R., Zeldovich, O., Zhao, J., Zhou, Y., and Ziegler, T.

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract

We report on the performance of silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) light sensors operating in electric field strength up to 30 kV/cm and at a temperature of 149K, relative to their performance in the absence of an external electric field. The SiPM devices used in this study show stable gain, photon detection efficiency, and rates of correlated pulses, when exposed to external fields, within the estimated uncertainties. No observable physical damage to the bulk or surface of the devices was caused by the exposure., Comment: 16 pages, 12 figures, 2 tables and two conferences (INPC2016 and TIPP2017)

Published
2018
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23. Imaging individual barium atoms in solid xenon for barium tagging in nEXO

Author

Chambers, C., Walton, T., Fairbank, D., Craycraft, A., Yahne, D. R., Todd, J., Iverson, A., Fairbank, W., Alamare, A., Albert, J. B., Anton, G., Arnquist, I. J., Badhrees, I., Barbeau, P. S., Beck, D., Belov, V., Bhatta, T., Bourque, F., Brodsky, J. P., Brown, E., Brunner, T., Burenkov, A., Cao, G. F., Cao, L., Cen, W. R., Charlebois, S. A., Chiu, M., Cleveland, B., Coon, M., Cree, W., Côté, M., Dalmasson, J., Daniels, T., Darroch, L., Daugherty, S. J., Daughhetee, J., Delaquis, S., Der Mesrobian-Kabakian, A., DeVoe, R., Dilling, J., Ding, Y. Y., Dolinski, M. J., Dragone, A., Echevers, J., Fabris, L., Farine, J., Feyzbakhsh, S., Fontaine, R., Fudenberg, D., Giacomini, G., Gornea, R., Gratta, G., Hansen, E. V., Heffner, M., Hoppe, E. W., Hößl, J., House, A., Hufschmidt, P., Hughes, M., Ito, Y., Jamil, A., Jessiman, C., Jewell, M. J., Jiang, X. S., Karelin, A., Kaufman, L. J., Kodroff, D., Koffas, T., Kravitz, S., Krücken, R., Kuchenkov, A., Kumar, K. S., Lan, Y., Larson, A., Leonard, D. S., Li, G., Li, S., Li, Z., Licciardi, C., Lin, Y. H., Lv, P., MacLellan, R., Michel, T., Mong, B., Moore, D. C., Murray, K., Newby, R. J., Ning, Z., Njoya, O., Nolet, F., Nusair, O., Odgers, K., Odian, A., Oriunno, M., Orrell, J. L., Ortega, G. S., Ostrovskiy, I., Overman, C. T., Parent, S., Piepke, A., Pocar, A., Pratte, J. -F., Qiu, D., Radeka, V., Raguzin, E., Rao, T., Rescia, S., Retière, F., Robinson, A., Rossignol, T., Rowson, P. C., Roy, N., Saldanha, R., Sangiorgio, S., Schmidt, S., Schneider, J., Schubert, A., Sinclair, D., VIII, K. Skarpaas, Soma, A. K., St-Hilaire, G., Stekhanov, V., Stiegler, T., Sun, X. L., Tarka, M., Tolba, T., Tsang, T. I. Totev. R., Tsang, T., Vachon, F., Veenstra, B., Veeraraghavan, V., Visser, G., Vuilleumier, J. -L., Wagenpfeil, M., Wang, Q., Watkins, J., Weber, M., Wei, W., Wen, L. J., Wichoski, U., Wrede, G., Wu, S. X., Wu, W. H., Xia, Q., Yang, L., Yen, Y. -R., Zeldovich, O., Zhang, X., Zhao, J., Zhou, Y., and Ziegler, T.

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract

The search for neutrinoless double beta decay probes the fundamental properties of neutrinos, including whether or not the neutrino and antineutrino are distinct. Double beta detectors are large and expensive, so background reduction is essential for extracting the highest sensitivity. The identification, or 'tagging', of the $^{136}$Ba daughter atom from double beta decay of $^{136}$Xe provides a technique for eliminating backgrounds in the nEXO neutrinoless double beta decay experiment. The tagging scheme studied in this work utilizes a cryogenic probe to trap the barium atom in solid xenon, where the barium atom is tagged via fluorescence imaging in the solid xenon matrix. Here we demonstrate imaging and counting of individual atoms of barium in solid xenon by scanning a focused laser across a solid xenon matrix deposited on a sapphire window. When the laser sits on an individual atom, the fluorescence persists for $\sim$30~s before dropping abruptly to the background level, a clear confirmation of one-atom imaging. No barium fluorescence persists following evaporation of a barium deposit to a limit of $\leq$0.16\%. This is the first time that single atoms have been imaged in solid noble element. It establishes the basic principle of a barium tagging technique for nEXO.

Published
2018

24. VUV-sensitive Silicon Photomultipliers for Xenon Scintillation Light Detection in nEXO

Author

Jamil, A., Ziegler, T., Hufschmidt, P., Li, G., Lupin-Jimenez, L., Michel, T., Ostrovskiy, I., Retière, F., Schneider, J., Wagenpfeil, M., Albert, J. B., Anton, G., Arnquist, I. J., Badhrees, I., Barbeau, P., Beck, D., Belov, V., Brodsky, J. P., Brown, E., Brunner, T., Burenkov, A., Cao, G. F., Cao, L., Cen, W. R., Chambers, C., Charlebois, S. A., Chiu, M., Cleveland, B., Coon, M., Craycraft, A., Cree, W., Côté, M., Dalmasson, J., Daniels, T., Daugherty, S. J., Daughhetee, J., Delaquis, S., Der Mesrobian-Kabakian, A., DeVoe, R., Didberidze, T., Dilling, J., Ding, Y. Y., Dolinski, M. J., Dragone, A., Echevers, J., Fabris, L., Fairbank, D., Fairbank, W., Farine, J., Feyzbakhsh, S., Fontaine, R., Fudenberg, D., Gallina, G., Giacomini, G., Gornea, R., Gratta, G., Hansen, E. V., Harris, D., Hasan, M., Heffner, M., Hoppe, E. W., House, A., Hughes, M., Hößl, J., Ito, Y., Iverson, A., Jewell, M., Jiang, X. S., Karelin, A., Kaufman, L. J., Koffas, T., Kravitz, S., Krücken, R., Kuchenkov, A., Kumar, K. S., Lan, Y., Leonard, D. S., Li, S., Li, Z., Licciardi, C., Lin, Y. H., MacLellan, R., Mong, B., Moore, D., Murray, K., Newby, R. J., Ning, Z., Njoya, O., Nolet, F., Odgers, K., Odian, A., Oriunno, M., Orrell, J. L., Overman, C. T., Ortega, G. S., Parent, S., Piepke, A., Pocar, A., Pratte, J. -F., Qiu, D., Radeka, V., Raguzin, E., Rao, T., Rescia, S., Robinson, A., Rossignol, T., Rowson, P. C., Roy, N., Saldanha, R., Sangiorgio, S., Schmidt, S., Schubert, A., Sinclair, D., Skarpaas, K., Soma, A. K., St-Hilaire, G., Stekhanov, V., Stiegler, T., Sun, X. L., Tarka, M., Todd, J., Tolba, T., Tsang, R., Tsang, T., Vachon, F., Veeraraghavan, V., Visser, G., Vuilleumier, J. -L., Wang, Q., Weber, M., Wei, W., Wen, L. J., Wichoski, U., Wrede, G., Wu, S. X., Wu, W. H., Xia, Q., Yang, L., Yen, Y. -R., Zeldovich, O., Zhang, X., Zhao, J., and Zhou, Y.

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract

Future tonne-scale liquefied noble gas detectors depend on efficient light detection in the VUV range. In the past years Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs) have emerged as a valid alternative to standard photomultiplier tubes or large area avalanche photodiodes. The next generation double beta decay experiment, nEXO, with a 5 tonne liquid xenon time projection chamber, will use SiPMs for detecting the $178\,\text{nm}$ xenon scintillation light, in order to achieve an energy resolution of $\sigma / Q_{\beta\beta} = 1\, \%$. This paper presents recent measurements of the VUV-HD generation SiPMs from Fondazione Bruno Kessler in two complementary setups. It includes measurements of the photon detection efficiency with gaseous xenon scintillation light in a vacuum setup and dark measurements in a dry nitrogen gas setup. We report improved photon detection efficiency at $175\,\text{nm}$ compared to previous generation devices, that would meet the criteria of nEXO. Furthermore, we present the projected nEXO detector light collection and energy resolution that could be achieved by using these SiPMs., Comment: 11 pages, 13 figures, 2 tables

Published
2018
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25. nEXO Pre-Conceptual Design Report

Author

nEXO Collaboration, Kharusi, S. Al, Alamre, A., Albert, J. B., Alfaris, M., Anton, G., Arnquist, I. J., Badhrees, I., Barbeau, P. S., Beck, D., Belov, V., Bhatta, T., Bourque, F., Brodsky, J. P., Brown, E., Brunner, T., Burenkov, A., Cao, G. F., Cao, L., Cen, W. R., Chambers, C., Charlebois, S. A., Chiu, M., Cleveland, B., Conley, R., Coon, M., Côté, M., Craycraft, A., Cree, W., Dalmasson, J., Daniels, T., Danovitch, D., Darroch, L., Daugherty, S. J., Daughhetee, J., DeVoe, R., Delaquis, S., Der Mesrobian-Kabakian, A., Di Vacri, M. L., Dilling, J., Ding, Y. Y., Dolinski, M. J., Dragone, A., Echevers, J., Fabris, L., Fairbank, D., Fairbank, W., Farine, J., Ferrara, S., Feyzbakhsh, S., Fierlinger, P., Fontaine, R., Fudenberg, D., Gallina, G., Giacomini, G., Gornea, R., Gratta, G., Haller, G., Hansen, E. V., Harris, D., Hasi, J., Heffner, M., Hoppe, E. W., Hößl, J., House, A., Hufschmidt, P., Hughes, M., Ito, Y., Iverson, A., Jamil, A., Jessiman, C., Jewell, M. J., Jiang, X. S., Karelin, A., Kaufman, L. J., Kenney, C., Killick, R., Kodroff, D., Koffas, T., Kravitz, S., Krücken, R., Kuchenkov, A., Kumar, K. S., Lan, Y., Larson, A., Lenardo, B. G., Leonard, D. S., Lewis, C. M., Li, G., Li, S., Li, Z., Licciardi, C., Lin, Y. H., Lv, P., MacLellan, R., McFarlane, K., Michel, T., Mong, B., Moore, D. C., Murray, K., Newby, R. J., Nguyen, T., Ning, Z., Njoya, O., Nolet, F., Nusair, O., Odgers, K., Odian, A., Oriunno, M., Orrell, J. L., Ortega, G. S., Ostrovskiy, I., Overman, C. T., Parent, S., Patel, M., Peña-Perez, A., Piepke, A., Pocar, A., Pratte, J. -F., Qiu, D., Radeka, V., Raguzin, E., Rao, T., Rescia, S., Retière, F., Robinson, A., Rossignol, T., Rowson, P. C., Roy, N., Runge, J., Saldanha, R., Sangiorgio, S., Schmidt, S., Schneider, J., Schubert, A., Segal, J., Skarpaas~VIII, K., Soma, A. K., Spitaels, K., St-Hilaire, G., Stekhanov, V., Stiegler, T., Sun, X. L., Tarka, M., Todd, J., Tolba, T., Totev, T. I., Tsang, R., Tsang, T., Vachon, F., Veenstra, B., Veeraraghavan, V., Visser, G., Vogel, P., Vuilleumier, J. -L., Wagenpfeil, M., Wang, Q., Ward, M., Watkins, J., Weber, M., Wei, W., Wen, L. J., Wichoski, U., Wrede, G., Wu, S. X., Wu, W. H., Xia, Q., Yang, L., Yen, Y. -R., Zeldovich, O., Zhang, X., Zhao, J., Zhou, Y., and Ziegler, T.

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract

The projected performance and detector configuration of nEXO are described in this pre-Conceptual Design Report (pCDR). nEXO is a tonne-scale neutrinoless double beta ($0\nu\beta\beta$) decay search in $^{136}$Xe, based on the ultra-low background liquid xenon technology validated by EXO-200. With $\simeq$ 5000 kg of xenon enriched to 90% in the isotope 136, nEXO has a projected half-life sensitivity of approximately $10^{28}$ years. This represents an improvement in sensitivity of about two orders of magnitude with respect to current results. Based on the experience gained from EXO-200 and the effectiveness of xenon purification techniques, we expect the background to be dominated by external sources of radiation. The sensitivity increase is, therefore, entirely derived from the increase of active mass in a monolithic and homogeneous detector, along with some technical advances perfected in the course of a dedicated R&D program. Hence the risk which is inherent to the construction of a large, ultra-low background detector is reduced, as the intrinsic radioactive contamination requirements are generally not beyond those demonstrated with the present generation $0\nu\beta\beta$ decay experiments. Indeed, most of the required materials have been already assayed or reasonable estimates of their properties are at hand. The details described herein represent the base design of the detector configuration as of early 2018. Where potential design improvements are possible, alternatives are discussed. This design for nEXO presents a compelling path towards a next generation search for $0\nu\beta\beta$, with a substantial possibility to discover physics beyond the Standard Model., Comment: 182 pages, minor revisions

Published
2018

26. Dynamics of new strain emergence on a temporal network

Author

Chakraborty, Sukankana, Hoffmann, Xavier R., Leguia, Marc G., Nolet, Felix, Ortiz, Elisenda, Prunas, Ottavia, Zavojanni, Leonardo, Valdano, Eugenio, and Poletto, Chiara

Subjects
Physics - Physics and Society, Quantitative Biology - Populations and Evolution
Abstract

Multi-strain competition on networks is observed in many contexts, including infectious disease ecology, information dissemination or behavioral adaptation to epidemics. Despite a substantial body of research has been developed considering static, time-aggregated networks, it remains a challenge to understand the transmission of concurrent strains when links of the network are created and destroyed over time. Here we analyze how network dynamics shapes the outcome of the competition between an initially endemic strain and an emerging one, when both strains follow a susceptible-infected-susceptible dynamics, and spread at time scales comparable with the network evolution one. Using time-resolved data of close-proximity interactions between patients admitted to a hospital and medical health care workers, we analyze the impact of temporal patterns and initial conditions on the dominance diagram and coexistence time. We find that strong variations in activity volume cause the probability that the emerging strain replaces the endemic one to be highly sensitive to the time of emergence. The temporal structure of the network shapes the dominance diagram, with significant variations in the replacement probability (for a given set of epidemiological parameters) observed from the empirical network and a randomized version of it. Our work contributes towards the description of the complex interplay between competing pathogens on temporal networks., Comment: 9 pages, 4 figures

Published
2018

27. Imaging individual barium atoms in solid xenon for barium tagging in nEXO

Author

Chambers, C, Walton, T, Fairbank, D, Craycraft, A, Yahne, DR, Todd, J, Iverson, A, Fairbank, W, Alamare, A, Albert, JB, Anton, G, Arnquist, IJ, Badhrees, I, Barbeau, PS, Beck, D, Belov, V, Bhatta, T, Bourque, F, Brodsky, JP, Brown, E, Brunner, T, Burenkov, A, Cao, GF, Cao, L, Cen, WR, Charlebois, SA, Chiu, M, Cleveland, B, Coon, M, Cree, W, Côté, M, Dalmasson, J, Daniels, T, Darroch, L, Daugherty, SJ, Daughhetee, J, Delaquis, S, Mesrobian-Kabakian, A Der, DeVoe, R, Dilling, J, Ding, YY, Dolinski, MJ, Dragone, A, Echevers, J, Fabris, L, Farine, J, Feyzbakhsh, S, Fontaine, R, Fudenberg, D, Giacomini, G, Gornea, R, Gratta, G, Hansen, EV, Heffner, M, Hoppe, EW, Hößl, J, House, A, Hufschmidt, P, Hughes, M, Ito, Y, Jamil, A, Jessiman, C, Jewell, MJ, Jiang, XS, Karelin, A, Kaufman, LJ, Kodroff, D, Koffas, T, Kravitz, S, Krücken, R, Kuchenkov, A, Kumar, KS, Lan, Y, Larson, A, Leonard, DS, Li, G, Li, S, Li, Z, Licciardi, C, Lin, YH, Lv, P, MacLellan, R, Michel, T, Mong, B, Moore, DC, Murray, K, Newby, RJ, Ning, Z, Njoya, O, Nolet, F, Nusair, O, Odgers, K, Odian, A, Oriunno, M, Orrell, JL, Ortega, GS, Ostrovskiy, I, Overman, CT, Parent, S, and Piepke, A

Subjects
physics.ins-det, nucl-ex, Nuclear and Plasma Physics, Particle and High Energy Physics, Physical Sciences, nEXO Collaboration, General Science & Technology
Abstract

The search for neutrinoless double beta decay probes the fundamentalproperties of neutrinos, including whether or not the neutrino and antineutrinoare distinct. Double beta detectors are large and expensive, so backgroundreduction is essential for extracting the highest sensitivity. Theidentification, or 'tagging', of the $^{136}$Ba daughter atom from double betadecay of $^{136}$Xe provides a technique for eliminating backgrounds in thenEXO neutrinoless double beta decay experiment. The tagging scheme studied inthis work utilizes a cryogenic probe to trap the barium atom in solid xenon,where the barium atom is tagged via fluorescence imaging in the solid xenonmatrix. Here we demonstrate imaging and counting of individual atoms of bariumin solid xenon by scanning a focused laser across a solid xenon matrixdeposited on a sapphire window. When the laser sits on an individual atom, thefluorescence persists for $\sim$30~s before dropping abruptly to the backgroundlevel, a clear confirmation of one-atom imaging. No barium fluorescencepersists following evaporation of a barium deposit to a limit of $\leq$0.16\%.This is the first time that single atoms have been imaged in solid nobleelement. It establishes the basic principle of a barium tagging technique fornEXO.

Published
2019

28. Sensitivity and discovery potential of the proposed nEXO experiment to neutrinoless double beta decay

Author

nEXO Collaboration, Albert, J. B., Anton, G., Arnquist, I. J., Badhrees, I., Barbeau, P. S., Beck, D., Belov, V., Bourque, F., Brodsky, J. P., Brown, E., Brunner, T., Burenkov, A., Cao, G. F., Cao, L., Cen, W. R., Chambers, C., Charlebois, S. A., Chiu, M., Cleveland, B., Coon, M., Côté, M., Craycraft, A., Cree, W., Dalmasson, J., Daniels, T., Daugherty, S. J., Daughhetee, J., DeVoe, R., Delaquis, S., Der Mesrobian-Kabakian, A., Didberidze, T., Dilling, J., Ding, Y. Y., Dolinski, M. J., Dragone, A., Fabris, L., Fairbank, W., Farine, J., Feyzbakhsh, S., Fontaine, R., Fudenberg, D., Giacomini, G., Gornea, R., Graham, K., Gratta, G., Hansen, E. V., Harris, D., Hasan, M., Heffner, M., Hoppe, E. W., Hößl, J., House, A., Hufschmidt, P., Hughes, M., Ito, Y., Iverson, A., Jamil, A., Jewell, M. J., Jiang, X. S., Johnson, T. N., Johnston, S., Karelin, A., Kaufman, L. J., Killick, R., Koffas, T., Kravitz, S., Krücken, R., Kuchenkov, A., Kumar, K. S., Lan, Y., Leonard, D. S., Li, G., Li, S., Li, Z., Licciardi, C., Lin, Y. H., MacLellan, R., Michel, T., Mong, B., Moore, D. C., Murray, K., Newby, R. J., Ning, Z., Njoya, O., Nolet, F., Odgers, K., Odian, A., Oriunno, M., Orrell, J. L., Ortega, G. S., Ostrovskiy, I., Overman, C. T., Parent, S., Piepke, A., Pocar, A., Pratte, J. -F., Qiu, D., Radeka, V., Raguzin, E., Rao, T., Rescia, S., Retière, F., Robinson, A., Rossignol, T., Rowson, P. C., Roy, N., Saldanha, R., Sangiorgio, S., Schmidt, S., Schneider, J., Schubert, A., Sinclair, D., VIII, K. Skarpaas, Soma, A. K., St-Hilaire, G., Stekhanov, V., Stiegler, T., Sun, X. L., Tarka, M., Todd, J., Tolba, T., Tsang, R., Tsang, T., Vachon, F., Veeraraghavan, V., Visser, G., Vogel, P., Vuilleumier, J. -L., Wagenpfeil, M., Wang, Q., Weber, M., Wei, W., Wen, L. J., Wichoski, U., Wrede, G., Wu, S. X., Wu, W. H., Yang, L., Yen, Y. -R., Zeldovich, O., Zettlemoyer, J., Zhang, X., Zhao, J., Zhou, Y., and Ziegler, T.

Subjects
Nuclear Experiment, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract

The next-generation Enriched Xenon Observatory (nEXO) is a proposed experiment to search for neutrinoless double beta ($0\nu\beta\beta$) decay in $^{136}$Xe with a target half-life sensitivity of approximately $10^{28}$ years using $5\times10^3$ kg of isotopically enriched liquid-xenon in a time projection chamber. This improvement of two orders of magnitude in sensitivity over current limits is obtained by a significant increase of the $^{136}$Xe mass, the monolithic and homogeneous configuration of the active medium, and the multi-parameter measurements of the interactions enabled by the time projection chamber. The detector concept and anticipated performance are presented based upon demonstrated realizable background rates., Comment: v2 as published

Published
2017
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29. Characterization of an Ionization Readout Tile for nEXO

Author

nEXO Collaboration, Jewell, M., Schubert, A., Cen, W. R., Dalmasson, J., DeVoe, R., Fabris, L., Gratta, G., Jamil, A., Li, G., Odian, A., Patel, M., Pocar, A., Qiu, D., Wang, Q., Wen, L. J., Albert, J. B., Anton, G., Arnquist, I. J., Badhrees, I., Barbeau, P., Beck, D., Belov, V., Bourque, F., Brodsky, J. P., Brown, E., Brunner, T., Burenkov, A., Cao, G. F., Cao, L., Chambers, C., Charlebois, S. A., Chiu, M., Cleveland, B., Coon, M., Craycraft, A., Cree, W., Côté, M., Daniels, T., Daugherty, S. J., Daughhetee, J., Delaquis, S., Der Mesrobian-Kabakian, A., Didberidze, T., Dilling, J., Ding, Y. Y., Dolinski, M. J., Dragone, A., Fairbank, W., Farine, J., Feyzbakhsh, S., Fontaine, R., Fudenberg, D., Giacomini, G., Gornea, R., Hansen, E. V., Harris, D., Hasan, M., Heffner, M., Hoppe, E. W., House, A., Hufschmidt, P., Hughes, M., Hößl, J., Ito, Y., Iverson, A., Jiang, X. S., Johnston, S., Karelin, A., Kaufman, L. J., Koffas, T., Kravitz, S., Krücken, R., Kuchenkov, A., Kumar, K. S., Lan, Y., Leonard, D. S., Li, S., Li, Z., Licciardi, C., Lin, Y. H., MacLellan, R., Michel, T., Mong, B., Moore, D., Murray, K., Newby, R. J., Ning, Z., Njoya, O., Nolet, F., Odgers, K., Oriunno, M., Orrell, J. L., Ostrovskiy, I., Overman, C. T., Ortega, G. S., Parent, S., Piepke, A., Pratte, J. -F., Radeka, V., Raguzin, E., Rao, T., Rescia, S., Retiere, F., Robinson, A., Rossignol, T., Rowson, P. C., Roy, N., Saldanha, R., Sangiorgio, S., Schmidt, S., Schneider, J., Sinclair, D., Skarpaas, K., Soma, A. K., St-Hilaire, G., Stekhanov, V., Stiegler, T., Sun, X. L., Tarka, M., Todd, J., Tolba, T., Tsang, R., Tsang, T., Vachon, F., Veeraraghavan, V., Visser, G., Vuilleumier, J. -L., Wagenpfeil, M., Weber, M., Wei, W., Wichoski, U., Wrede, G., Wu, S. X., Wu, W. H., Xuan, Z., Yang, L., Yayun, D., Yen, Y. -R., Zeldovich, O., Zhang, X., Zhao, J., Zhe, N., Zhou, Y., and Ziegler, T.

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract

A new design for the anode of a time projection chamber, consisting of a charge-detecting "tile", is investigated for use in large scale liquid xenon detectors. The tile is produced by depositing 60 orthogonal metal charge-collecting strips, 3~mm wide, on a 10~\si{\cm} $\times$ 10~\si{\cm} fused-silica wafer. These charge tiles may be employed by large detectors, such as the proposed tonne-scale nEXO experiment to search for neutrinoless double-beta decay. Modular by design, an array of tiles can cover a sizable area. The width of each strip is small compared to the size of the tile, so a Frisch grid is not required. A grid-less, tiled anode design is beneficial for an experiment such as nEXO, where a wire tensioning support structure and Frisch grid might contribute radioactive backgrounds and would have to be designed to accommodate cycling to cryogenic temperatures. The segmented anode also reduces some degeneracies in signal reconstruction that arise in large-area crossed-wire time projection chambers. A prototype tile was tested in a cell containing liquid xenon. Very good agreement is achieved between the measured ionization spectrum of a $^{207}$Bi source and simulations that include the microphysics of recombination in xenon and a detailed modeling of the electrostatic field of the detector. An energy resolution $\sigma/E$=5.5\% is observed at 570~\si{keV}, comparable to the best intrinsic ionization-only resolution reported in literature for liquid xenon at 936~V/\si{cm}., Comment: 18 pages, 13 figures, as published

Published
2017
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31. Multi-center real-world comparison of the fully automated Idylla™ microsatellite instability assay with routine molecular methods and immunohistochemistry on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue of colorectal cancer

Author

Velasco, Ana, Tokat, Fatma, Bonde, Jesper, Trim, Nicola, Bauer, Elisabeth, Meeney, Adam, de Leng, Wendy, Chong, George, Dalstein, Véronique, Kis, Lorand L., Lorentzen, Jon A., Tomić, Snjezana, Thwaites, Keeley, Putzová, Martina, Birnbaum, Astrid, Qazi, Romena, Primmer, Vanessa, Dockhorn-Dworniczak, Barbara, Hernández-Losa, Javier, Soares, Fernando A., Gertler, Asaf A., Kalman, Michal, Wong, Chris, Carraro, Dirce M., Sousa, Ana C., Reis, Rui M., Fox, Stephen B., Fassan, Matteo, Brevet, Marie, Merkelbach-Bruse, Sabine, Colling, Richard, Soilleux, Elizabeth, Teo, Ryan Yee Wei, D’Haene, Nicky, Nolet, Serge, Ristimäki, Ari, Väisänen, Timo, Chapusot, Caroline, Soruri, Afsaneh, Unger, Tina, Wecgowiec, Johanna, Biscuola, Michele, Frattini, Milo, Long, Anna, Campregher, Paulo V, and Matias-Guiu, Xavier

Published
2021
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48. The reliability of pressure pain threshold in individuals with low back or neck pain: a systematic review

Author

Bhattacharyya, Anit, Hopkinson, Lily D, Nolet, Paul S, and Srbely, John

Abstract

Background and Objective Low-back and neck pain affect a great number of individuals worldwide. The pressure pain threshold has the potential to be a useful quantitative measure of mechanical pain in a clinical setting, if it proves to be reliable in this population. The objectives of this systematic review are to: (1) analyze the literature evaluating the reliability of pressure pain threshold (PPT) measurements in the assessment of neck and low-back pain, (2) summarize the evidence from these studies, and (3) characterize the limitations of PPT measurement.Databases and Data Treatment Relevant literature from PubMed and the Web of Science electronic databases were screened in a 3-step process according to inclusion/exclusion criteria. Relevant studies were assessed for risk of bias using the Quality Appraisal of Reliability Studies (QAREL) tool, and results of all studies were summarized and tabulated.Results Of 922 citations identified, 11 studies were deemed relevant for critical appraisal, and 8 studies were deemed to have low risk-of bias. Intra-rater reliability, reported in all studies (n= 637) and inter-rater reliability, reported in 2 studies (n= 200) were consistently reported to be good to excellent (ICC 0.75–0.99 and ICC 0.81–0.90, respectively). Studies were also found to have significant variation in PPT measurement procedures.Conclusions Though intra- and inter-rater reliability was found to be high in all studies, the variation in PPT measurement protocols could affect validity and absolute reliability. As such, it is recommended that standard guidelines be developed for clinical use.

Published
2023
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50. Contributions of a global network of tree diversity experiments to sustainable forest plantations

Author

Verheyen, Kris, Vanhellemont, Margot, Auge, Harald, Baeten, Lander, Baraloto, Christopher, Barsoum, Nadia, Bilodeau-Gauthier, Simon, Bruelheide, Helge, Castagneyrol, Bastien, Godbold, Douglas, Haase, Josephine, Hector, Andy, Jactel, Hervé, Koricheva, Julia, Loreau, Michel, Mereu, Simone, Messier, Christian, Muys, Bart, Nolet, Philippe, Paquette, Alain, Parker, John, Perring, Mike, Ponette, Quentin, Potvin, Catherine, Reich, Peter, Smith, Andy, Weih, Martin, and Scherer-Lorenzen, Michael

Published
2016
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