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Copyright of Uzhhorod National University Herald Series Law is the property of Uzhhorod National University, State Higher Educational Establishment and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

It is indicated that the proper functioning of local executive power, the creation of an optimal system of local executive power bodies should ensure effective influence on the development of each region, especially the cross-border region. It is generally accepted that local bodies of executive power implement the functions of the state, which are close to the population. In Ukraine, a new people-centered model of activity of public administration subjects is being formed. The article examines the process of formation of administrative authorities and management in Subcarpathian Rus (Transcarpathia) during the first half of the 20s of the 20th century. It was established that the process of forming the structure of state administration in Subcarpathia began already at the beginning of 1919, and in the summer of the same year, several projects of the organization of government in the region were already developed in Prague. On the basis of the General Statute, the model of relations within the local government between the Directory, the administrator and the military leadership during 1919-1920 was analyzed. The formation of abstract departments at the Civil Administration, which was headed by an administrator, is briefly described. The importance of the changes introduced by the government decree No. 356/1920 «On amending the General Statute of Subcarpathian Rus» was revealed, according to which the functions and powers were radically redistributed in favor of the bodies that represented the central government in the region. The theory of the creation of two branches of administrative management in relation to the competence of the Civil Administration of Subcarpathian Rus is presented: autonomous institutions and institutions of the state. The description of the gubernatorial council as an advisory body under the governor is provided. It was noted that the new General Statute, in terms of the norms governing the activities of the vice-governor and the gubernatorial council, went beyond the Constitution of the Czechoslovak Republic. It is proved that the administrative reorganization in Czechoslovakia in 1925 and especially in 1927 only distanced Subcarpathian Rus from real autonomy, since the process of further centralization and unification of power and administration took place throughout the territory of the republic. Appropriate conclusions have been drawn regarding the retention and gradual incorporation (integration) of the region into the all-Czechoslovak legal system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThe Teaching and Research Staff (TRS) of Greek universities consists of lecturers, assistant professors, associate professors and full professors (or simply professors). In addition to their special role as public officials, they constitute a group of employees with specific intellectual qualifications, special skills and a scientific background. Therefore, they are not part of the national single salary and ranking system for public servants; instead, they are paid through a specific and specialized salary table.In recent years, due to the financial crisis, their salaries were reduced, while at the same time, there was an increase in taxes and contributions. These changes had a serious negative impact on their salaries. That situation led to the following questions: Which fiscal policies were employed by public management during crisis? What were the measures of the government policy aimed at ameliorating the consequences of the financial crisis? And how much was the reduction in the salaries of the TRS of Greek universities?We conducted a comprehensive search of both the literature and primary sources to answer these questions by presenting a thorough analysis of the current payroll status and changes over the years for the TRS at the University of Western Macedonia during the economic crisis.

Ioan Dimitrie Suciu (1917-1982) was born in Lugoj and grew up in the context of early losses, becoming an orphan of both parents by the age of 11. After finishing high school, he attended the Faculty of Letters and Philosophy at the University of Bucharest, publishing his first works on the history of Banat in newspapers and magazines. Recognized by Nicolae Iorga for his translation of a poem by the ruler Petru Cercel, he continued his historical research, being particularly interested in the study of literature and history from Banat, a region that did not benefit from a well-structured academic framework at the time. In 1940, Suciu published an important work on Banat literature, and a year later, he defended his bachelor's thesis on the military role of Transylvanian Romanians in the Hungarian state. He became the assistant of professor C.C. Giurescu and worked on a monograph about Nicolae Tincu Velia, a thesis with which he obtained his doctorate in 1943. His career continued at the Institute of National History and the Ministry of Culture. Besides his academic work, Suciu demonstrated an anti-fascist stance and advocated for various cultural and social causes, including the establishment of a university in Banat. The document reproduced here was identified in the family archive of historian I. D. Suciu and dates back to summer of 1945, shortly after the end of the World War II, when Romanian intellectuals still expressed optimism about the country's future. It is a memorandum submitted to the Romanian Government, in which the historian presents arguments regarding the necessity of establishing a higher education institution with a humanistic profile in Timişoara. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although military coups, memorandums and coup attempts do not occupy an important place in every society, they have an impact that changes the course of life in Turkey as in many other countries of the world. Sports emerge as an area that can be affected by coups, coup attempts and memorandums that have important economic, political and social effects for a society. The aim of the study was to examine sports in the context of the budget allocated to sports and sporting success in the period when coup attempts and memorandums were experienced, in particular military coups. As a conclusion present paper showed that sporting success increased after military coups and decreased after memorandums. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Memorandum: corrosion protection in structural engineering One of the most important materials in structural engineering is steel in the form of structural steel, reinforcing steel, fasteners etc. Steel offers high strength in combination with any formability, good workability and weldability. In order to exploit the potential of steel, knowledge of its main damage mechanism – corrosion – is essential to prevent corrosion processes through consistent planning, constant corrosion condition assessment and, if needed, corrosion repair measures. The aim of this memorandum for higher education is to offer, discuss and further develop the foundations of competence development in the field of corrosion protection in structural engineering. Due to the increasingly dynamic developments in civil engineering (e. g. through digitalization, sustainability requirements, new production methods, longer service lives of structures), the willingness to constantly reflect and further develop is indispensable to ensure high quality in the corrosion protection of engineering structures in the long term. This memorandum is the result of the cooperation with the working group "Corrosion Protection in Structural Engineering" of the Gesellschaft für Korrosionsschutz e. V. (GfKORR) and bauforumstahl e. V. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the preparation and proceedings of the Third World Congress of Free Ukrainians (WCFU). The author highlights the key challenges faced by the organizers of this event, including a lack of funds and a decline in interest. Furthermore, the article analyzes the influence of international factors on the activities of the WCFU, particularly the processes of decolonization and the increased focus on human rights and freedoms in the 1970s. As a result of these developments, representatives of the Ukrainian, Belarusian, Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian World Congresses jointly drafted a "Memorandum on Decolonization of the USSR" and submitted it for consideration by the United Nations (UN). To conclude the Congress, a demonstration titled "Defending the Rights of Ukraine - For the Decolonization of the USSR" was organized. The article highlights key achievements of the Commission on Human Rights of the WCFU, including the defense of the rights of political prisoners such as Valentyn Moroz, Leonid Plyushch, Mykola Rudenko, Oleksiy Tykhyi, Lev Lukianenko and others. The Commission also participated in conferences under the auspices of the UN in honor of the International Women's Year in Mexico in 1975 and Habitat Conference in Vancouver in 1976. Moreover, the article examines the reaction of the Soviet press to the Third WCFU and identifies the main clichés of Soviet propaganda used to describe this event. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Mevzu is the property of Ali Sever and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Th e purpose of the article is to determine the primary forms and directions and analyze the content and results of cooperation between the secret services of the Ukrainian People's Republic in exile and Japan in a specifi c chronological period. Being conditioned by this purpose, the research tasks reveal the primary stages of formation and development of cooperation of special services, specifi cs, and documentation features. Th e research methodology is based on the principles of historicism, scientifi city, and comprehensiveness. Problem-based, concrete historical, chronological and historical, and legal methods are used. The scientific novelty of the research is that the fi rst time the cooperation of the secret services of the Ukrainian People's Republic in exile and Japan is comprehensively covered. Conclusions. It is proved that the initiator of establishing relations between the secret services of the Ukrainian People's Republic in exile and Japan was V. Mursky, a representative of the UPR government in Istanbul, a diplomat, and Ukrainian special services offi cer, who was the fi rst to establish close contacts and exchange information with Japanese attachés in Turkey. Subsequently, this practice reached the senior political leadership of the State Center of the Ukrainian People's Republic and was extended to European centers, where Ukrainian politics emigration was concentrated. Th e talks focused on the functioning of the Ukrainian diaspora in the Far East, the possibility of creating a Ukrainian state as part of the UPR, ways, and means of disorganizing and dismembering the USSR in the event of its war with Japan, and ensuring Japanese support for the UPR and other participants of Prometheism. Th e results of the cooperation of special services were to improve the conditions of Ukrainian emigration organizations in Manchuria, whose territory was controlled by the Japanese military administration, to create favorable conditions for deepening contacts between the Japanese authorities and other currents of Ukrainian political emigration aimed at building an independent Ukrainian state. Due to the unfavorable international situation and the unequal political and legal status of the subjects of cooperation, it was not long-lasting and was curtailed in the mid-1930s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The approval of ethanol by the Biocidal Products Regulation has been under evaluation since 2007. This follows concern over alcohol uptake from ethanol-based hand rubs (EBHR). If ethanol is classified as carcinogenic, mutagenic, or reprotoxic by the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA), then this would affect infection prevention and control practices. Aim: A review was performed to prove that ethanol is toxicological uncritical and indispensable for hand antisepsis because of its unique activity against non-enveloped viruses and thus the resulting lack of alternatives. Therefore, the following main points are analyzed: The effectiveness of ethanol in hand hygiene, the evidence of ethanol at blood/tissue levels through hand hygiene in healthcare, and the evidence of toxicity of different blood/tissue ethanol levels and the non-comparability with alcoholic consumption and industrial exposure. Results: EBHR are essential for preventing infections caused by non-enveloped viruses, especially in healthcare, nursing homes, food industry and other areas. Propanols are effective against enveloped viruses as opposed to non-enveloped viruses but there are no other alternatives for virucidal hand antisepsis. Long-term ingestion of ethanol in the form of alcoholic beverages can cause tumours. However, lifetime exposure to ethanol from occupational exposure < 500 ppm does not significantly contribute to the cancer risk. Mutagenic effects were observed only at doses within the toxic range in animal studies. While reprotoxicity is linked with abuse of alcoholic beverages, there is no epidemiological evidence for this from EBHR use in healthcare facilities or from products containing ethanol in non-healthcare settings. Conclusion: The body of evidence shows EBHRs have strong efficacy in killing non-enveloped viruses, whereas 1-propanol and 2-propanol do not kill non-enveloped viruses, that pose significant risk of infection. Ethanol absorbed through the skin during hand hygiene is similar to consumption of beverages with hidden ethanol content (< 0.5% v/v), such as apple juice or kefir. There is no risk of carcinogenicity, mutagenicity or reprotoxicity from repeated use of EBHR. Hence, the WHO Task Force strongly recommend retaining ethanol as an essential constituent in hand rubs for healthcare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we examine the success rate of the memorandum in two peripheral eurozone countries (Ireland and Greece) that had significant differences in organisational structures and their development models. For this reason, we measure the quantile dependence between the returns of corporate bond investors and exchange rates employing a novel econometric methodology, the cross‐quantilogram. In Ireland, our key findings exhibit a higher rate of absorbing of structural reforms which contributes to more steady reinforcement of the enterprises, whether the European economy is stronger than the US or not. In contrast, Greece where the structural reforms are more intense, show a similar picture over a period longer than that of Ireland and only when the European economy goes beyond the US economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Itobiad: Journal of the Human & Social Science Researches / İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi is the property of Itobiad: Journal of the Human & Social Science Researches and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Kırıkkale University Journal of Social Sciences is the property of Kirikkale University Journal of Social Science (KUJSS) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In 1987, Moshe Amirav began unofficial secret negotiations with Palestinian intellectuals from the interior to reach a common agreement on a draft memorandum to be ratified by their leaders. The meetings lasted throughout the summer and resulted in a joint document establishing the general principles of peace between the two peoples. However, this draft was never ratified, causing serious consequences for its creators. The popularly called by the press the Amirav-Husseini plan would become a model for subsequent international negotiations between Israel and Palestine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The media, which has very important functions in the life of societies, and which is used in the policy development of states or people with its pioneering role in matters such as news, information, etc., aims to reach people from all walks of life, and this feature positions it as a means of mass communication. Within the scope of this study, it aims to evaluate the role of the media in the presentation of the coup or memorandum news, which is very closely related to society and the public. As an example, the news texts of two newspapers representing different views on the subject, which is described as the "retired admirals' statement" in April 2021 in the media, were handled, and analysis was tried to be made within the framework of T. Van Dijk's critical discourse analysis as a qualitative research method. In the findings obtained as a result of the study, it was concluded that the media has an important role in creating discourse, as well as a social power, and it has a direct effect on the ideological view on the texts and the discourse preferences completely differ in line with their ideological view the comments and evaluations are included in this direction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

75 years ago, the Groza government was facing an unexpected crisis triggered by Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister Gheorghe Tătărescu. It is a Memorandum that he sent to the leaders of the parties in power and which was a virulent attack on the communist methods of governing the country. Our study aims to determine the causes of this political gesture and its consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What are to be considered as threats against journalism? Whereas the literature on safety of journalists mainly discusses threats as part of armed conflicts, this article studies how other kinds of conflicts such as economic strangulation and the viability threat represent threats against journalists’ work and safety. It argues that acts of intimidation directed against journalists represent an attack on democracy itself as they have the effect of limiting the freedom of expression. The aim of this study is to explore how journalists operate in such a conflict and under such uncertainty, as an implication of (political) pressure caused by the politics of Memoranda in Greece, Cyprus, and Spain. The comparative analysis focuses on possible changes in the processes of message construction and in the journalistic practices of the participants, exploring if, how, and to what extent these changes were imposed to journalists directly or indirectly.

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The present study entitled, Biographical and intellectual profile of Septimiu Albini 1861-1919, proposes to offer yet another contribution regarding the hystoriography of the Transylvanian publicist, Septimiu Albini. Certainly, the future journalist and newsman is not unknown to our historiography, but in the current study we try to present some biographical and intellectual data which complete the already exisisting picture of Septimiu Albini. The current study regarding this research is mainly a re-evaluation of the so far published works on this topic. About the „publicist from Cut” we have the writings of Ilie Moise. Furthermore, Septimiu Albini enjoyed the attention of the historian Vlad Popovici. Personally I've dealt with this subject in my bachelor’s degree, having as main source in the process of a diachronic reconstruction of the future memorandist and political activist’s biographical and intellectual profile, his memoirs. Septimiu Albini’s memoirs are preserved in the Archives of the Metropolitan Library in Sibiu, in the Ioan Lupaș fund. Thus we can see that for this article I used both published sources like current articles and works on this topic, a general bibliography related to the national movement from Transylvania, as well as sources from archives, the above mentioned memoirs. The research method consisted in the reassessment of sources, archives, collation of texts, inserting various notes into unpublished documents, and a severe criticism of sources. In the present study there won’t be common references to the studied and interpreted archives, because the current research aims to provide an overview of the publicist, Septimiu Albini.

La Resolución 2065 (XX) de la ONU que invitaba a los gobiernos argentino y británico a proseguir sin demora las negociaciones a fin de solucionar la disputa de soberanía por las islas Malvinas/Falkland, el pedido del gobierno argentino en cumplir con ello, el deseo de mejorar la relación económica con la Argentina que otros países usufructuaban, y la conclusión de que las islas no eran estratégicas y su defensa resultaba onerosa, decidieron a funcionarios del Foreign Office a proponer el inicio de conversaciones con el gobierno argentino. En principio se consideró firmar un acuerdo pero luego éste se transformó en un Memorándum de Entendimiento –documento con menor compromiso- que explicitaría el grado de conformidad alcanzado. Por primera vez un documento se refería al reconocimiento de la soberanía argentina sobre las islas bajo determinadas condiciones. El presente trabajo fue redactado principalmente en base a documentos de los National Archives británicos. Su objetivo consistió en explorar las discusiones y la dinámica de la toma de decisiones dentro de las oficinas del gobierno británico que impulsaron las negociaciones con el gobierno argentino. Los documentos permiten conocer las sucesivas posiciones de ambos gobiernos y echan luz sobre los detalles del final de la negociación.

Copyright of Ataturk Yolu Journal / Atatürk Yolu Dergisi is the property of Ataturk Yolu Journal / Ataturk Yolu Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Afyon Kocatepe University Journal of Social Sciences / Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi is the property of Afyon Kocatepe University (AKU) Sosyal Bilimler Enstitusu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In May 2011, Cyprus was cut off from international markets and entered a three-year economic crisis with an initial drop in GDP by 2.2%. In March 2013, a memorandum agreement was signed between the Cyprus Government and the Troika (European Commission, World Bank and the International Monetary Fund) accounting for 10 billion Euros. The recession continued with a decrease in GDP by -5.9% in 2013 and -2.5% in 2014. According to EU-28 statistics, Cyprus enjoys a high level of health in comparison to the rest of the EU Member States. Cyprus's infant mortality rate is lower than the average of the 28 Member States of the European Union and the life expectancy is higher. Cyprus spends the lowest share of its GDP on health (6.7% of the GDP) and records the highest share in private health expenditure (3.83% of the GDP). The financing of health care imposes a burden on the household budgets of Cypriots. Prior to the financial crisis, two segregated public and private health systems were in operation. There was a lack of universal coverage and inefficiency in financing and monitoring. The health system suffered from inequalities in access to services, and inefficiency in the distribution and utilization of services. In June 2017, the Cyprus Parliament approved unanimously the Troika's proposals for the implementation of a General Health System (GESY), to ensure universal coverage to all citizens, equal access to services and free choice of physician. The reforms in the health system were implemented in two phases. The first phase aimed at the introduction of GESY outpatient services. The second phase, the introduction of GESY inpatient care, began on 1st June, 2020. Both the citizens of Cyprus and the Members of Parliament voted strongly in favor, and support the health reforms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ataturk Yolu Journal / Atatürk Yolu Dergisi is the property of Ataturk Yolu Journal / Ataturk Yolu Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of History Studies (13094688) is the property of History Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

On 12 December 1917, Archbishop of Bucharest, Raymond Netzhaummer, sent a report to Teodoro Valfre di Bonzo, Nuncio of Austria-Hungary which includes a Memorandum of Theodorian Carada a Romanian fervent Catholique. This Memorandum contained a proposal, in fact, a plan of action, in which he advised the Holy See to profit of the situation of Romania and realize the union of the Catholic Church and the Orthodox Church. In this article, we present the Theodorian Carada' s Memorandum and the attempt of Nunziatura Apostolica Wienn to realize the union of Romanian Orthodox Church with the Vatican during 1918. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Modern Turkish History Studies / Çagdas Türkiye Tarihi Arastirmalari Dergisi is the property of Journal of Modern Turkish History Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

What are to be considered as threats against journalism? Whereas the literature on safety of journalists mainly discusses threats as part of armed conflicts, this article studies how other kinds of conflicts such as economic strangulation and the viability threat represent threats against journalists' work and safety. It argues that acts of intimidation directed against journalists represent an attack on democracy itself as they have the effect of limiting the freedom of expression. The aim of this study is to explore how journalists operate in such a conflict and under such uncertainty, as an implication of (political) pressure caused by the politics of Memoranda in Greece, Cyprus, and Spain. The comparative analysis focuses on possible changes in the processes of message construction and in the journalistic practices of the participants, exploring if, how, and to what extent these changes were imposed to journalists directly or indirectly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]