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The ability to recognize and name the sounds of alphabet letters is a crucial prerequisite for students as they embark on their journey to learn how to read. Regrettably, some children face significant challenges in this area. In this single-case multiple baseline study, we utilized mnemonic pictures to facilitate the memorization of the grapheme-phoneme correspondence of ten target letters. Our aim was to empower four struggling first-grade students to quickly and confidently retrieve this information. The results reveal that the students significantly benefited from the intervention. Furthermore, the approach was perceived as attractive and helpful by both the four children and their teacher. The study concludes by reflecting on its limitations and discussing potential implications and future avenues of research.

Mnemonic devices are memory aids that make it easier to recall information and are widely used by students studying anatomy and physiology. Simple musical instruments and toys can serve as mnemonic devices for students learning the functional anatomy of the larynx: balloons can help learners understand and recall how sound is produced; tuning pegs can help learners understand how tension affects vocal pitch; fingers on a fretboard can help learners understand how pitch is further modulated; and a common coach's whistle can demonstrate how vocal volume is controlled. Using instruments and toys engages adult learners and helps them connect complex laryngeal anatomy with previous experiences.

Childhood is a period when memory consolidation and knowledge base undergo rapid changes. The present study examined short-delay (overnight) and long-delay (after a 2-week period) consolidation of new information either congruent or incongruent with prior knowledge in typically developing 6- to 8-year-old children (n = 32), 9- to 11-year-old children (n = 33), and 18- to 30-year-old young adults (YA; n = 39). Both memory accessibility (cued recall of objects) and precision (precision of object placement) of initially well-learned object-scene pairs were measured. Our results showed that overnight, memory accessibility declined similarly in all age groups; memory precision improved more in younger children (YC) compared to older children (OC) and even declined in YA. After a 2-week period, both memory accessibility and precision became worse. Specifically, while age groups showed similar decline in memory accessibility, precision decline was less in YC than in OC and YA. The accessibility and precision of congruent and incongruent information changed similarly with consolidation in all age groups. Taken together, our results showed that, for initially well-learned information, YC have robust memory consolidation, despite their overall lower mnemonic performance compared to OC and YA, which is potentially crucial for stable and precise knowledge accumulation early on in development.

The sounds of birds form the outdoor playlist of our lives. Birds appeal to the public, in part because of the wide variety of interesting sounds they make. This popularity has led to a long history of amateur participation in ornithology, which has recently produced rapid increases in freely available online databases with hundreds of thousands of bird sounds recorded by birdwatchers. These databases provide unique opportunities for teachers to guide students through processes to learn to identify bird species by their sounds. The techniques we summarize here include combining the auditory components of recognizing different types of sounds birds make with visual components of reading sonograms, widely available visual representations of sounds.

The purpose of this experimental study was to examine the effectiveness of the keyword strategy, one of the mnemonic strategies, in learning science concepts for middle school students with specific learning disabilities (SLD) in Türkiye. The participants were 27 middle school students between the 5th and 8th grades receiving supplemental instruction in special education and rehabilitation centers. In addition to the existing supplemental instruction in the centers, the students in the experimental group received science concept instruction based on the keyword strategy. This implementation was carried out once a week for three weeks for each student. The students in the control group followed the regular supplemental instruction in their centers. Data was collected using the science concept measurement tool and the social validity form prepared by the researchers. The data was analyzed via the analysis of variance (ANOVA) test. The results indicated a significant improvement in science concept scores for students in the experimental group from pretest to posttest, and this improvement was retained in the scores of the follow-up test conducted six weeks after the implementation. The social validity findings showed that these students generally expressed positive opinions about the science concept instruction based on the keyword strategy. For future research, studies should compare the performance of typically developing students and students with SLD who receive instruction based on the mnemonic strategies.

The main purpose of this study is to determine the effect of using a new type of mnemonic device, utilizing dance steps in teaching Chemistry 7 in the retention rate of students on the properties of metals and non-metals. Different dance mnemonics corresponding to each property of the two types of elements were developed by the researcher. It was then utilized in teaching. The respondents of the study were the 91 grade 7 students of the two classes of the researcher in Science 7 during the first quarter of the S.Y. 2019-2020. Z-test was the statistical treatment used to compare the results of sample-experimental group to that of the population it was taken from. After utilizing the set of dance mnemonics developed corresponding to different properties of metals and non-metals, the samples performed better on the post-test compared to the population which means that using dance steps as mnemonic device increased the retention rate of grade 7 students. This study was limited only in the effect of using dance steps as a mnemonic device to increase the retention rate of grade 7 students in the properties of metals and non-metals.

This study explores the specific language learning strategies (LLS) employed by student-athletes in Higher Education institutions in Taiwan. Given these student-athletes' challenges in balancing academic and athletic commitments, understanding their adoption of LLS provides valuable pedagogical insights. This quantitative research gathered 150 responses, considering variables such as academic year, gender, duration of English study, and athletic specialization. Our findings indicate a moderate overall LLS usage, with a pronounced preference for metacognitive strategies. Strategies such as watching English shows and actively engaging in conversations were particularly favored. Conversely, kinesthetic and mnemonic approaches were less popular, such as acting out words or using rhymes. Delving deeper into the data, there were limited gender-based differences in LLS adoption. However, athletic specialization significantly influenced LLS preferences. Especially, martial arts or combat sports athletes had the highest LLS mean scores across all categories. These results highlight the distinct LLS preferences among Taiwanese student-athletes and suggest potential pedagogical adaptations to enhance their language learning experiences.

The current study evaluated the use of the self-regulated strategy development (SRSD) instructional approach to teach the TRAP mnemonic (Think before reading, Read a paragraph, Ask what is the main idea/important details, Paraphrase the paragraph) and its impact on youth reading comprehension performance. The TRAP mnemonic was taught to an adolescent female served in a residential treatment facility. An alternating treatment design was used to evaluate reading comprehension performance across oral retell, written retell, and written retell with word processor modalities. Social validity, treatment fidelity, and youth motivation scores are presented with limitations and areas for future research discussed.

The use of a verbal rehearsal strategy (repeating the items to be remembered to oneself in serial order) has been identified as a key factor in explaining working memory (WM) development. However, the debate remains open with regard to the age at which children are able to use it, and the actual benefits of using such a strategy. Numerous methodological constraints to identify WM strategies limit the interpretation of current findings reported in the literature. Moreover, the sequential nature of the cumulative rehearsal strategy means that its use may have a particular influence on maintaining serial order information. The present study aimed to examine: (1) whether children aged 4, 5, and 6 (n = 74, 39 female, n = 61, 29 female, and n = 72, 29 female, respectively) were able to implement an instructed verbal rehearsal strategy; and (2) the benefits of using such a strategy in terms of WM performance. Specifically, we invited children to use cumulative rehearsal, naming (simple rehearsal), or no strategy when performing verbal WM tasks (immediate serial recall and item and order serial recognition). Moreover, the specific influence of instructed strategies on item and serial order maintenance was assessed in the different age groups. While the benefits of using the naming strategy were limited, cumulative rehearsal instruction increased WM performance in all age groups, particularly for serial order information. Our results demonstrate that, as early as 4 years old, children were able to implement, and benefit from a short period of cumulative rehearsal instruction.

While our perceptual experience seems to unfold continuously over time, episodic memory preserves distinct events for storage and recollection. Previous work shows that stability in encoding context serves to temporally bind individual items into sequential composite events. This phenomenon has been almost exclusively studied using visual and spatial memory paradigms. Here we adapt these paradigms to test the role of speaker regularity for event segmentation of complex auditory information. The results of our auditory paradigm replicate the findings in other sensory modalities--finding greater within-event temporal memory for items within speaker-bound events and greater source memory for items at speaker or event transitions. The task we use significantly extends the ecological validity of past paradigms by allowing participants to encode the stimuli without any suggestions on the part of the experimenter. This unique property of our design reveals that, while memory performance is strongly dependent on self-reported mnemonic strategy, behavioral effects associated with event segmentation are robust to changes in mnemonic strategy. Finally, we consider the effect of serial position on segmentation effects during encoding and present a modeling approach to estimate the independent contribution of event segmentation. These findings provide several lines of evidence suggesting that contextual stability in perceptual features drives segmentation during word listening and supports a modality-independent role for mechanisms involved in event segmentation.

There is a growing recognition of the importance of effective instruction in the STEM subjects, including science. The movement towards increased requirements and expectations in science presents a challenge to both students and teachers as many students with Learning Disabilities (LD) often struggle, particularly in their science classes. The purpose of this study was to investigate the use of a technology intervention targeting the acquisition of science vocabulary for adolescents with LD in a general education secondary biology classroom. Additionally, a purpose was to examine the usability and feasibility of a tech-based science vocabulary intervention for secondary science teachers. Participants for this study included three secondary students with LD who were enrolled in a biology class. A multiple treatment reversal design was used to compare the effects of a keyword mnemonic vocabulary intervention via index cards or iPod touch on student vocabulary acquisition. All students acquired the content vocabulary equally well during both conditions. It was clear that the students had a strong interest in using technology to increase their grades and engagement; however, the teachers had little access and training on using technology to support their students with disabilities.

The goal of the paper is to pay attention to some important techniques and approaches including adequate designations as a tool for unambiguous understanding and a key to success in solving problems, vivid visual images as a mnemonic techniques, and special formulas as a universal tool for solving typical problems, when teaching medical students of mathematics. The motivation for this paper is to help non-mathematics students understand complicated mathematical topics in an easy, natural, and simple way.

In this single-case study, we evaluated the effects of PESTS, a simple mnemonic strategy to help students remember how to spell difficult words. Our participant was a 9;6-year-old girl with a suspected learning disability in reading and writing. We applied a multiple-baseline design across word sets with one follow-up measurement two weeks after the end of the intervention. The dependent measure was the number of correctly spelled words from a list of 15 difficult nouns. After only a couple of days, the student reached a perfect score on the test and even after two weeks did not commit a single spelling mistake. Although this is only a small single-case study, the findings give reasons for optimism that PESTS can be a very effective tool in supporting students with learning disabilities to overcome their spelling problems.

Teaching and learning of technical terms constitute a major problem for ESP instructors and students. To help the students learn, retain, apply and relate technical terms, a multiple-associations instructional approach that focuses on connecting the printed form of the technical term with its pronunciation (the hidden sounds, double and silent letters, and homophones), with its part of speech, singular or plural form, synonym or antonym, English and Arabic meanings, usage, component parts (prefixes, suffixes, roots), previously-encountered terms and others should be followed while presenting the new technical terms in business, computer science and engineering to the students. Categorization, association, and visualization skills and mnemonic approaches should be emphasized. Mind maps can be used to show those connections. Out of class, extensive listening and reading activities are also encouraged. Quizzes should require the students to make the multiple associations described in the article. The multiple associations instructional approach proved to be effective in enhancing the learning of technical terms by EFL college students. Further recommendations for strategies that can be used in teaching multiple associations are given.

The overall purpose of this study is to explore and understand how students acquire and apply new information (in particular, vocabulary) and how we as instructors can aid in this process. Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) as a whole tends to prioritize implicit learning but it is my belief that certain content can be understood more profoundly when presented in an explicit manner. This research seeks to determine the role of various mnemonic devices in the learning process and how effective they are for helping university students retain information in the English as a Foreign Language (EFL) classroom. Results collected from this experiment conclude that mnemonic devices can indeed improve a student's vocabulary retention and that Chinese EFL students prefer mnemonic techniques which bridge the linguistic gap between their native language and target language. In application, EFL instructors can utilize the findings of this research to raise a student's awareness of language learning techniques via explicit instruction and increase the volume of their vocabulary retention.

Disfluencies such as pauses, "um"s, and "uh"s are common interruptions in the speech stream. Previous work probing memory for disfluent speech shows memory benefits for disfluent compared to fluent materials. Complementary evidence from studies of language production and comprehension have been argued to show that different disfluency types appear in distinct contexts and, as a result, serve as a meaningful cue. If the disfluency-memory boost is a result of sensitivity to these form-meaning mappings, forms of disfluency that cue new upcoming information (fillers and pauses) may produce a stronger memory boost compared to forms that reflect speaker difficulty (repetitions). If the disfluency-memory boost is simply due to the attentional-orienting properties of a disruption to fluent speech, different disfluency forms may produce similar memory benefit. Experiments 1 and 2 compared the relative mnemonic benefit of three types of disfluent interruptions. Experiments 3 and 4 examined the scope of the disfluency-memory boost to probe its cognitive underpinnings. Across the four experiments, we observed a disfluency-memory boost for three types of disfluency that were tested. This boost was local and position dependent, only manifesting when the disfluency immediately preceded a critical memory probe word at the end of the sentence. Our findings reveal a short-lived disfluency-memory boost that manifests at the end of the sentence but is evoked by multiple types of disfluent forms, consistent with the idea that disfluencies bring attentional focus to immediately upcoming material. The downstream consequence of this localized memory benefit is better understanding and encoding of the speaker's message.

Specific to the topic of oxidation-reduction (redox), teachers are obligated by the discipline to prioritise symbolic traditions such as writing equations, documenting oxidation states, and describing changes (e.g., what undergoes oxidation/reduction). Although the chemistry education research community endorses connecting the vertices of Johnstone's triangle, how symbolic traditions undermine chemistry concept development, especially during lesson planning and teaching, is underexplored. To clarify this gap, we use the Mangle of Practice framework to unpack the clash between symbolic vs. particulate-focused instruction. We investigate teachers' (n = 3) co-planning and micro-teaching of a redox learning design at the VisChem Institute-2 using a narrative approach and video research methods. Our results show that the traditions of redox instruction are problematically entrenched in chemistry symbols. Mnemonics, the single replacement reaction scheme, and the written net ionic equation all constrain instruction focused on chemical mechanism and causality in various ways. We assert that the nature of redox knowledge in terms of what is worth teaching and learning must first be re-evaluated for reform-based efforts to succeed. Implications and suggestions for chemistry teaching and research at both secondary and tertiary levels are discussed.

It is well documented in the cognitive literature that visual stimuli create strong memory connections (Shapiro & Waters, 2005). In L2 research, mnemonic devices have been found to be a relevant factor in the development of vocabulary learning (Sagarra & Alba, 2006). However, the extent to which visual cues are needed in the association of an L2 item with an acoustic link has not been explored. Thus, the present study sought to compare two different versions of the Keyword Method (KM) (Atkinson & Raugh, 1975) in an EFL setting and to assess their effectiveness when compared to a group using Rote Learning. To this end, 37 EFL learners from a private university majoring in Journalism were divided into three groups (KM + visual cues, KM with no visual cues, and Rote Learning) and were exposed to the three different approaches to learn and retain 15 unknown target words. A Kruskal-Wallis test ran with immediate and delayed outcome measures (passive recall and passive recognition) showed that there were no significant differences in the three groups. However, a trend was seen where the version of the KM with no visual cues consistently had higher scores than the other version of the KM. Furthermore, it was found that rote rehearsal may be an effective vocabulary learning tool when the pedagogical goal is to learn and retain a discrete number of lexical items.

Mnemonic strategies provide information about which steps should be followed respectively while solving students' mathematical problems. The main purpose of this study is to examine the effectiveness of READER problem solving strategy, which is one of the mnemonic strategies, on problem solving performances of students with intellectual disabilities. In the study, the generalization of students' performances in change problems to classification and comparison problems and their ability to maintain this performance were determined. Three students participated in the study and "Multiple Probe Design", one of the experimental designs with a single subject, was used in the study. READER strategy teaching was carried out with the Self Regulation Strategy Development teaching approach. Findings were graphically illustrated and analysed. Research findings showed that the READER strategy was effective in solving change problems for students with intellectual disabilities and that the students who gained this strategy continued their problem solving performance 1, 3 and 5 weeks after the intervention ended. In addition, it was found that students generalized their change problem-solving performances to classification and comparison problem types, and continued their generalized performance even after 2, 3 and 4 weeks. Research findings were discussed within the framework of problem solving literature and theoretical views. Suggestions were also made for future research.

Understanding chemical models can be challenging for many university students studying chemistry. This study analysed students' understanding of molecular structures using the Lewis structure as a model, and examined what hinders their understanding. We conducted pre- and post-tests to analyse students' conceptions and changes in them. The measures contained multiple-choice questions and drawing tasks testing their understanding of concepts, such as polarity, geometry, charge or formal charge and expanded octet. The pre-test revealed a lack of knowledge and several misconceptions in students' prior knowledge. For example, the concept of polarity was well-known, but the combination of polarity and geometry appeared to be difficult. For some students, the representation of molecules was intuitive and lacking a systematic approach. Certain students used mnemonics and draw ball-and-stick models connected to surficial representations. After the chemistry courses, the conceptions and drawings had generally changed, and the level of the students' knowledge increased markedly. Although, fewer ball-and-stick models were drawn in the post-test, some students still used them. The main result was that students who drew ball-and-stick models in the pre-test were less capable of drawing the correct Lewis structures with electrons in the post-test. In addition, heuristics seem to hinder learning and some concepts, such as resonance, remained difficult. This is probably due to the fact that understanding molecular structures requires systemic understanding, where several matters must be understood at the same time. Our study highlights that the understanding of molecular structures requires conceptual change related to several sub-concepts.

Recently, a mnemonic device, SHORES, was created for counselors to utilize with clients with suicidal ideation. The acronym of SHORES stands for Skills and strategies for coping (S); Hope (H); Objections (O); Reasons to live and Restricted means (R); Engaged care (E); and Support (S). In this manuscript, SHORES is introduced as a way for school counselors to address protective factors against suicide. In addition, the authors review the literature on comprehensive school suicide prevention and suicide protective factors; describe the relevance of a suicide protective factors mnemonic that school counselors can use; and illustrate the mnemonic's application in classroom guidance, small-group, and individual settings.

This article presents the results of a research project carried out in 2017 at the Agricultural High School of Universidad Autónoma Chapingo in Texcoco, Mexico, with the aim of determining which vocabulary strategies students used, as well as the frequency of their use. A Likert-scale questionnaire with 5 points, adapted from Easterbrook (2013), was distributed to 107 students with an elementary level of English proficiency (i.e., Level A2), corresponding to the Common European Framework of Reference of Languages (CEFRL) (Council of Europe, 2001). The results showed that the participants used vocabulary-learning strategies (VLSs) at a medium level based on the mean statistical measure used. Out of the 51 VLSs included in the questionnaire, 13 experienced a high level of use, 21 a medium level of use and 17 a low level of use. Identifying new words in different sources and predicting their meaning from context stood out among the high-use strategies. More than half of the medium-use strategies were of mnemonic type and various memorization approaches. Most low-use strategies involved organizing vocabulary information by theme, rote memorization and review. Overall, the pattern of strategy use suggests that the participants in this study did invest time in discovering the meanings of new words they encountered in context, but their effort was less focused reviewing vocabulary as a means to commit them to the long-term memory. This diagnostic examination of VLSs showed that students may not possess effective means to acquiring vocabulary and therefore, instruction need to include familiarizing students with strategies for them to effectively acquire, store and retrieve vocabulary items.

IUPAC nomenclature of lower alkanes (1C to 10C) is quite common and digestible. But students face problems remembering and predict IUPAC word-root during IUPAC nomenclature of higher alkanes (C >11). Here in this innovative article, I have tried to focus IUPAC nomenclature of higher alkanes (11C to 90C) through the prediction of IUPAC word root by using innovative mnemonics to make the concept unambiguous, simpler, time economic, and interesting.

In this approach, formulae-based mnemonics by using the classification of negative charge (localized or delocalized) have been highlighted by innovative and time economic way to enhance interest of students' who belong to paranoia zone of chemistry for the prediction of hybridization state of carbon atom containing negative charge (one or more) and aromatic, anti-aromatic, non-aromatic behavior of different organic compounds. Here, I have tried to hub three (03) time economic mnemonics by including three (03) formulae for the prediction of hybridization state of carbon atom (containing negative charge), aromatic, anti-aromatic, and non-aromatic behavior of organic compounds. Educators can use these mnemonics in their teaching style in the classroom lectures after discussing conventional methods and its limitation to make chemistry intriguing. This article encourages students to solve multiple choice type questions (MCQs) on 'Aromaticity of negative charge containing organic compounds' at different competitive examinations in a time economic ground.

This study was designed to investigate the impact of visual mnemonic technique on young and adult Iranian English learners' vocabulary learning. The current study followed a quasi-experimental design. 48 female students were selected based on their performance on the Quick Placement Test. The participants were divided into four groups, two experimental and two control groups. Prior to the treatment, the participants of both groups were given a pre-test to determine the knowledge of vocabulary. Then, the experimental groups received the visual mnemonic technique for 8 sessions. The control groups went through a traditional method of teaching vocabulary. After 8 sessions, a post-test was administered to all groups. Two-way ANOVA between groups was run to the results of the vocabulary tests. The results exhibited that the experimental groups who received instruction on mnemonic technique outperformed their counterparts in post-test of vocabulary. However, the differences between the effects of mnemonic technique for young and adult learners who received the specific treatment were not statistically significant (P=0.05).

This article explores the use of an interactive mnemonic device called a "Map of Memories" to navigate the museum theater production "Our Footprints," staged in 2017 in the Bergtheil Museum in Durban, South Africa. The Map is an interactive tool used by audience members to explore the exhibits and the performance through connecting their own memories and understandings to what is seen and experienced. The Map, along with the performance, encourages emotional and personal connections to the factual content of the museum exhibitions, with the aim of promoting stronger opportunities for remembering, learning, and new insight.

Vocabulary is the kernel for all language skills; it helps learners to interact with the speakers of that language. This study aims to scrutinize the effect of a short story on developing students' vocabulary. It is an out-product of fieldwork to figure out the useful points for teaching and learning vocabulary through short stories. The test was used to identify the effect of utilising the short story on vocabulary retention. The test was distributed to forty (40) students of Jalna College. The data of the study were collected from students after teaching them the short story for one month--three hours per week. The data was analyzed by using the SPSS software package. The overall results from the test indicated that the participants were very much impressed with the short story. The students successfully recalled most of the words used in the short story context. Some recommendations were suggested for the teachers to include short stories in their lessons and curriculum.

To maximize the advantages of virtual learning, the present study highlights the potential for Internet meme design and creation in English language learning (ELL) courses as an innovative activity that raises student agency, increases multimodal literacy, inculcates intercultural communication, and teaches idiomatic expression. Memes resonate a multimodal feedback loop of popular culture. In the context of language education, multimodal literacy is a necessity for 21st-century education because the affordances of digital learning platforms present "the world told" alongside "the world shown." While some studies feature the usefulness of memes in English as a foreign language (EFL) learning, none have underscored meme creation as a learning activity. To demonstrate the activity in situ, a vignette at two Korean universities features two instructors who ask their respective students (N = 49) to design one meme using an idiom discovered in their ELL materials from a prescribed list, then asks: 1) What common power relations and ideologies emerge in the multimodal discourse of the collected pool of student "idiomemes"? 2) What do the findings tell us about student attitudes and engagement with the activity? 3) What do the findings tell us about the importance of multimodal discourse in EFL learning? Using a multimodal critical discourse analysis of the student-created Internet memes, the findings reveal that students chose culturally familiar images to complete the assignment, suggesting that their engagement and understanding of multimodal, English discourse increases commensurately with content intuitive to their culture. The implications suggest that empowering students with a measure of agency in expressing culturally relevant, multimodal discourse in ELL course content increases their engagement in virtual classrooms. Designing idiomemes, as a virtual learning activity, is further explored as a curricular augmentation that increases the value of a student's language-learning investment.

It is said that our species use mnemonics -- that "magic of memorization" -- to engrave an enormous amount of information in the brain. Yet, it is unclear how mnemonics affect memory and what the neural underpinnings are. In this electroencephalography study, we examined the hypotheses whether mnemonic training improved processing-efficiency and/or altered encoding-pattern to support memory enhancement. By 22-day training of a digit-image mnemonic (a custom memory technique used by world-class mnemonists), a group of children showed increased short-term memory after training, but with limited gain generalization. This training resulted in regular odd-even neural patterns (i.e., enhanced P200 and theta power during the encoding of digits at even- versus odd- positions in a sequence). Critically, the P200 and theta power effects predicted the training-induced memory improvement. These findings provide evidence of how mnemonics alter encoding pattern, as reflected in functional brain organization, to support memory enhancement.

The authors in this study used a pre-posttest experimental design with random assignment to treatment or control group to assess the use of an electronic editing cognitive strategy. The participants were 16 college students with intellectual and developmental disabilities enrolled in a 2-year postsecondary program at a Midwestern institute of higher education. Students who were taught the strategy received eight 50-minute lessons once a week for eight weeks. Each strategy lesson was driven by the strategy mnemonic and incorporated an explicit instruction format with modeling, guided practice with feedback, and independent practice. Strategy instruction included students using desktop PCs and Microsoft Word to identify and correct editing errors in electronic passages. Posttests revealed a significant difference in favor of the treatment group for total editing errors corrected and specific error types corrected for spelling, punctuation, and substance. No significant difference was found for overall appearance and capitalization errors. Two weeks following posttest, a maintenance probe revealed that students in the treatment group corrected a significantly higher number of editing errors than those in the control group.

In previous published articles, formulae-based mnemonics by counting the total number of s bonds with a lone pair of electrons (LP), a localized negative charge (LNC), or a localized lone pair of electrons (LLP) and subtracting one (01) from this total value (TSLP, TSLNC, or TSLLP) to predict the power of the hybridization state of simple molecules or ions and organic compounds, including heterocyclic compounds have been discussed. These are the innovative and time-efficient methods of enhancing student interest. Here, in this new article, the limitations of conventional formulae in comparison to the use of innovative formulae have been discussed along with the application of the hybridization state in different fields of chemical education. This article encourages students to solve multiple choice type questions (MCQs) at different competitive examinations in a time economic ground on the prediction of hybridization state of simple molecules or ions to know their normal and subnormal geometry and prediction of hybridization state of hetero atom in different heterocyclic compounds to know the planarity of the compounds, which is very essential factor for prediction of aromaticity of heterocyclic compounds. Educators can use this comparative study in their classroom lectures to make chemistry authentic and intriguing. Because the use of mnemonics in classroom lectures is an essential tool to become a distinguished educator.

Formulaic language, such as lexical phrases as hot as hell or pass the buck, in English is common in daily usage. Although formulaic language is common, the lexical phrases are often excluded from word lists. Second language learners of English need to use formulaic language to enhance their proficiency level. Beyond incorporating lexical phrases to word lists, other methods should be examined. This study examined the mnemonic benefit of noticing alliterative and assonant phrases with low and high proficiency learners of English. Previous research has shown that highlighting the concepts of alliteration and assonance is beneficial in recalling monosyllabic two-word units such as pet peeve or bite size. This study inquired whether the mnemonic effect is effective with longer lexical phrases beyond two-syllable phrases even when deliberative learning is not involved. Students from two public universities in Japan participated in the semester-long activity. The participants were asked to classify the phrases into different categories, and then recall the phrases over time. The results indicate that the mnemonic effect is not as clear with longer lexical phrases than it is with monosyllabic lexical phrases. Recall for alliterative expressions seemed to be better than for assonant expressions, but similar to non-salient expressions. Lower proficiency learners seem to process the longer lexical phrases similar to higher proficiency learners so the benefit of noticing alliterative and assonant expressions might be equal for both groups.

The study was designed to assess the effectiveness of an alternative teaching approach strategy called the Hybrid Strategy. It was intended specifically in minimising the common errors made by students, which were Comprehension and Transformation errors, and aimed at helping students to perceive word problems as a story line to be completed using the Hybrid Strategy. This strategy is a step-by-step guidance to improve students' visualisations and perceptions of mathematical word problems. The strategy incorporates the use of pictorial representations for students' visualisation and interrogative words (who, what, where, when and how) using the mnemonic Mr. How and his 4 Warriors to prompt students' understanding when solving 1-step and 2-step word problems. The study involved 39 Year 5students from a local government school in the Brunei-Muara district of Brunei Darussalam. The four research instruments were used in collecting the data: diagnostic pre-test, diagnostic post-test, Newman's Error Analysis interviews and general observations during intervention lessons. Analyses from students' written test responses revealed that the students committed all five types of Newman error and the most common type of errors occurred in this study are Comprehension errors. Further analyses showed that the use of the Hybrid Strategy in minimising Comprehension and Transformation errors was successful. However, there was only a slight improvement of students' scores in their post-test, contributing to only a minor extent of the effectiveness of the Hybrid Strategy used in this study. Additionally, slight positive shifts of students' perceptions were observed towards solving mathematical word problems.

Human physiology is a prerequisite to pathophysiology for baccalaureate of nursing sciences students and requisite for undergraduate exercise sciences students, in an undergraduate health sciences curriculum of Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division. This is the first human physiology course required for these first-year students (following anatomy); as such, methods to help students memorize these newly introduced topics during lecture were key. Here we examine the efficacy of mnemonics in an undergraduate health professions human physiology course. During lectures on the nervous system, cell membrane, and action potentials, the author integrated four mnemonics to assist students in memorizing the details of these topics. Student participants (n = 123) completed an anonymous and voluntary qualitative survey. Their responses to the mnemonics survey indicated an overall positive rate [greater than or equal to] 93% of self-reported effectiveness in memorizing these physiological concepts.

Adults with intellectual and developmental disability (IDD) increasingly are accessing inclusive college programs to gain academic and employment preparation for future community living. Decision-making and self-determination are two inter-related skills taught in these programs. In this study, we investigated an intervention that combined remote audio coaching (RAC) and a mnemonic strategy to teach employment decision-making skills to three college students with IDD. We evaluated the intervention using the range-bound changing criterion design to assess students' stepwise progress. All students substantially increased their employment decision-making skills, generalized those skills to a novel job coach who was not part of the intervention, and maintained the skills after the intervention was removed. We discuss implications of the procedures and results of this decision-making intervention, as well as the goodness-of-fit of the experimental design for evaluating controlled, gradual skill increases.

Normative word frequency has played a key role in the study of human memory, but there is little agreement as to the mechanism responsible for its effects. To determine whether word frequency affects binding probability or memory precision, we used a continuous reproduction task to examine working memory for spatial positions of words. In three experiments, after studying a list of five words, participants had to report the spatial location of one of them on a circle. Across experiments we varied word frequency, presentation rate, and the proportion of low-frequency words on each trial. A mixture model dissociated memory precision, binding failure, and guessing rate parameters from the continuous distribution of errors. On trials that contained only low- or only high-frequency words, low-frequency words led to a greater degree of error in recalling the associated location. This was due to a higher word-location binding failure and not due to differences in memory precision or guessing rates. Slowing down the presentation rate eliminated the word frequency effect by reducing binding failures for low-frequency words. Mixing frequencies in a single trial hurt high-frequency and helped low-frequency words. These findings support the idea that word frequency can lead to both positive and negative mnemonic effects depending on a trade-off between an HF encoding advantage and a LF retrieval cue advantage. We suggest that (1) low-frequency words require more resources for binding, (2) that these resources recover gradually over time, and that (3) binding fails when these resources are insufficient.

Decision-making is the central element of self-determination, requiring targeted, systematic instruction to learn. In this study, researchers developed a multicomponent intervention, "What ELSE about this job?", to teach job decision-making skills to college students with intellectual and developmental disabilities. The intervention coupled remote audio coaching (RAC) with a mnemonic device, 'ELSE', to guide students to make decisions about whether certain jobs would be a good fit for them. The study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of the intervention and determine whether the skills would maintain once the intervention was removed. All students who received the intervention substantially increased their ability to make job decisions. Additionally, all participants maintained the skills upon removal of the intervention, and showed signs of generalizing their skills to novel job coaches and web-based job search apps. Implications and future research are discussed.

Vector cross product transformations are essential components in general physics. The numerous mnemonic devices catered towards each potential transformation result in confusion, defeating their purpose of reducing learning barriers. Therefore, a general mnemonic device, subject-environment interaction or the subject, is proposed to help students in determining the resulting vector direction of various vector cross products.

We examined the efficacy of a combined electronic essay writing and editing mnemonic driven strategy with 24 college students in a two-year postsecondary program for students with developmental disabilities. We used a pre-posttest experimental design with random assignment to treatment/control groups. During 26 sessions each consisting of 50 min., students in the treatment group received essay writing and editing mnemonic-driven instruction that included explicit instruction and graphic organizers. Students used PCs and Microsoft Word to analyze essay-test questions, complete pre-writing planning, construct essay responses, and edit their work. Univariate analysis of posttests revealed a significant positive difference for the treatment group in using the essay writing and editing strategy steps, and in constructing essay responses. Following the end of the intervention, students responded to an essay prompt. The treatment group significantly outperformed the control group in applying strategy steps and produced better quality essays for ideas/organization, length, and spelling errors.

Vocabulary as an undeniable part of language learning is a main component in communication which requires to be taught in innovative ways. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of musical mnemonic on vocabulary recalling, and long-term retention of words by young learners. The design of study was experimental. Sixty teenagers from Shokoh Language Institute in small town of Khorramdare, Iran participated in the study. To conduct the study, participants were divided into experimental and control groups. A list of 14 words were harmonized to melody of mentioned song and recorded in a professional studio. Validity of the words were examined by Lawsh CVR (Content Validity Ratio) and CVI (Content Validity Index). The results from Independent T-Tests indicated that experimental group outscored control group. Regarding research questions, it was found that musical mnemonic improves vocabulary recalling of experimental group in comparison to control group. In addition, results related to research questions showed that musical mnemonic help learners better understand words in new contexts. The findings imply that musical mnemonic can improve memory, and comprehension by practicing, and using melodic and rhythmic information.

Lexical competence is considered as an important indicator of language proficiency. While learning vocabulary, learners need to remember various aspects of knowledge about the word (e.g., meaning, form and use). Many vocabulary learning strategies have been proposed to help learners consolidate vocabulary knowledge. Among them, grouping words belonging to the same meaning categories is conducive to recall (Schmitt, 1997). On the other hand, learning chunks is also a mnemonic device for increasing vocabulary. Taking into consideration these two important vocabulary memory strategies that help students learn faster and recall better, the current study proposes grouping and learning lexical phrases sharing semantic equivalence but differing in use (i.e., phrasal paraphrases) (e.g., "is worth reading", "is worthy of being read" and "is worthwhile reading"). For this, a corpus-based paraphrasing system, PREFER, was introduced because it provides a sufficient number of paraphrases and corresponding Chinese translations, usage patterns and example sentences. Such information could widen and deepen learners' vocabulary knowledge. A pre-and post-test was conducted on 49 college freshmen to examine their performance in phrasal paraphrase learning. The results showed that with the assistance of the introduced system, students achieved substantial gains regardless of their proficiency level. Furthermore, students' errors on the test sheets were thoroughly analyzed for the purpose of understanding students' learning difficulties while learning paraphrases. Despite its exploratory nature, the current study shed some light on the effects of learning phrasal paraphrases on vocabulary expansion.

The objective of this research was to determine the predominant learning strategy that is related to the development of the autonomy of students belonging to the seventh semester from a public educational institution in Lima. It was developed as a substantive research and with a quantitative approach. Its design was non-experimental and cross-sectional-correlational. The population consisted of 171 students, to whom two questionnaires were applied. The results showed that the information coding strategy has more weight on the development of the autonomy of the students in question. Likewise, it is a risk strategy that means that a student who does not manage it, he will always present low levels of autonomous learning.

In the area of written expression, students with emotional and behavioral disorders (EBD) typically perform one to two grades below their same age, non-disabled peers. Unfortunately, there is a lack of research on writing interventions to improve these outcomes. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of a persuasive writing strategy called POWER UP to improve the quality of persuasive essays for secondary students with EBD. The results suggest that a mnemonic strategy based on the Self-Regulated Strategy Development Model (SRSD) can improve the quality of persuasive writing essays for secondary students with EBD.