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Central nervous system (CNS) infections comprise life-threatening clinical conditions in domestic species, and are commonly related to severe sequelae, disability, or high fatality rates. A set of bacterial pathogens have been identified in central nervous infections in livestock and companion animals, although the most of descriptions are restricted to case reports and a lack of comprehensive studies involving CNS-related bacterial infections have been focused on a great number of domestic species. In this scenario, we retrospectively investigated selected epidemiological data, clinical findings, bacteriological culture, and in vitro susceptibility patterns of 136 nonrepetitive neurologic cases in domestic species (2005-2021). Bacterial isolates were recovered from 25% (34/136) of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) sampled. The isolates were obtained from cattle (9/136 = 6.6%), dogs (7/136 = 5.1%), horses (6/136 = 4.4%), goats (3/136 = 2.2%), pigs (3/136 = 2.2%), sheep (3/136 = 2.2%), cats (2/136 = 1.5%), and asinine (1/136 = 0.7%). Among animals with bacterial isolation, Staphylococcus aureus (6/34 = 17.6%), Escherichia coli (5/34 = 14.7%), Staphylococcus beta-hemolytic (5/34 = 14.7%), and Trueperella pyogenes (3/34 = 8.8%) were predominant, in addition to a miscellaneous of other bacteria isolated in minor frequency, e.g., Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, Enterobacter cloacae, Mannheimia haemolytica, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Streptococcus equi subsp. equi. In vitro susceptibility tests of isolates revealed that amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (11/13 = 84.6%), cephalexin (9/11 = 81.8%), and florfenicol (9/12 = 75%) were the most effective antimicrobials. Conversely, isolates exhibited resistance mainly to tetracycline (6/10 = 60%), penicillin (6/11 = 54.5%), and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (5/11 = 45.5%). Also, multidrug resistance to ≥ 3 classes of antimicrobials was found in 23.5% (8/34) strains. Data relative to the outcome was available in 79.4% (27/34) of animals that had bacterial isolation, and from these, the lethality rate was 92.6% (25/27). Incoordination (14/34 = 41.2%), recumbency (11/34 = 32.4%), apathy (10/34 = 29.4%), anorexia (9/34 = 26.5%), blindness (7/34 = 20.6%), seizure (6/34 = 17.6%), limb paresis (5/34 = 14.7%), head-pressing (4/34 = 11.8%), and nystagmus (3/34 = 8.8%) were the most frequent clinical signs. A variety of bacterial pathogens were identified in the CSF of domestic species showing neurologic signs, with a predominance of staphylococci, streptococci, and enterobacteria. High lethality of cases, poor in vitro efficacy of conventional antimicrobials, and a high in vitro multidrug resistance pattern of isolates were seen. Our results contribute to etiological characterization, antimicrobial resistance patterns, and clinical-epidemiological findings of bacterial infections in domestic species with neurological signs.

O Brasil possui o maior plantel de equinos na América Latina e o terceiro mundial. Somados aos muares (mulas) e asininos (asnos) são 8 milhões de cabeças, movimentando R$ 7,3 bilhões, somente com a produção de cavalos. A criação de equinos contempla mais de 30 segmentos, distribuídos entre insumos, criação e destinação final e compõe a base do chamado Complexo do Agronegócio Cavalo, responsável pela geração de 3,2 milhões de empregos diretos e indiretos. Entre as várias enfermidades que acometem esta espécie, micro-organismos do gênero Clostridium são motivo de grande preocupação aos criadores. As doenças decorrentes desses micro-organismos são chamadas de closridioses, e possuem altas taxas de letalidade. A vacinação, de extrema importância para a profilaxia e controle da doença, não pode ser vista como a única medida de prevenção, pois cuidados ambientais e manejo correto de feridas naturais e cirúrgicas, assim como cuidado no ferrageamento e na alimentação são imprescindíveis. Quando o desafio externo for muito grande, podem ocorrer falhas vacinais podem ocorrer e levar animais vacinados a se contaminarem. Cabe aos profissionais do agronegócio informar corretamente os proprietários e produtores os riscos e as medidas de controle e profilaxia das clostridioses nos equinos.

AimsWe aimed to investigate the prevalence of rotavirus and coronavirus in dipterans that commonly inhabit the environment of dairy farms.Methods and ResultsWe collected 217 insect specimens from nine dairy farms, which were examined through hemi-nested RT-PCR followed by Sanger sequencing in search of VP1 and N genes for rotavirus and bovine coronavirus-BCoV, respectively. With a predominance of Muscidae (152/217 = 70%) 11 families of Diptera were identified. Rotavirus A (RVA) and betacoronavirus (BCoV) were detected in 14.7% (32/217) and 4.6% (10/217) of the dipterans, respectively. Sequencing of the amplicons was possible for 11.5% (25/217) of RVA and 0.5% (1/217) of BCoV, confirming the presence of these pathogens.ConclusionsOur findings highlight the role of dipterans as carriers of RVA and BCoV of great relevance for public and animal health.

Made available in DSpace on 2022-05-01T08:44:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-01-01 The present study investigated the serum microscopic agglutination test (MAT) among 203 bovine bulls with reproduction by natural means, without apparent signs of orchitis or inflammation of accessory reproductive glands. Simultaneously, the semen of all bulls was subjected to sperm viability analysis and PCR based on the 16S rRNA gene. PCR-positive results of semen samples were confirmed by sequencing. A modified seminal plasma agglutination (MSPA) test, replacing the blood serum of all bulls in the MAT with seminal plasma was performed as well. Eight (8/203 = 3.9%) semen samples from bulls were considered nonviable (necrospermia and azoospermia) without relation to the PCR diagnosis. No agglutinin titers were identified in MSPA test. A high frequency (132/203 = 65%) of leptospiral agglutinin titers was identified in the MAT, particularly for the Sejroe serogroup (Hardjo CTG, 100/203 = 49.3%; Wolffi 74/203 = 36.4%; Guaricura 72/203 = 35.5%; and Hardjoprajitno 56/203 = 27.6%). Three (3/203 = 1.5%) semen samples of bulls were positive in the PCR, but these results were not confirmed by sequencing. The high frequency of serovars from the Sejroe serogroup typically adapted to bovines indicates the need for measures for the prophylaxis/control of the pathogen on the sampled farms. Discrepancies among the MAT, sperm viability, and molecular detection of leptospires in semen highlight the need for a combination of methods to diagnose leptospirosis in bovine bulls. To our knowledge, modified seminal plasma agglutination is described for the first time here to investigate anti-Leptospira antibodies produced locally in the genital tract in the diagnosis of bovine leptospirosis among bulls that reproduce by natural means. Department of Animal Production and Preventive Veterinary Medicine School of Veterinary Medicine an Animal Science São Paulo State University - UNESP Santo Amaro University - UNISA Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Oeste Paulista Technology Faculty - FATEC APTA Beef Cattle Center Institute of Animal Science University of São Paulo - USP Department of Animal Production and Preventive Veterinary Medicine School of Veterinary Medicine an Animal Science São Paulo State University - UNESP

Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-29T08:31:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-01-01 We evaluated the use of MALDI-TOF MS for the identification of 3 major, dairy-associated Prototheca species, namely, Prototheca bovis (formerly P. zopfii genotype 2), P. blaschkeae, and P. ciferrii (formerly P. zopfii genotype 1). The MALDI-TOF MS spectra established for those species were introduced into the reference spectra library of the Bruker Biotyper MALDI-TOF MS analysis software. Next, 31 Prototheca isolates from Holstein cows with mastitis, from herds located in the midwestern area of São Paulo State, Brazil, were subjected to MALDI-TOF MS profiling. MALDI-TOF MS allowed identification of 22 of 27 P. bovis and 3 of 4 P. blaschkeae isolates with scores >2.0, with 5 of 27 P. bovis and 1 of 4 P. blaschkeae isolates identified only to the genus level. With our extended algae database, MALDI-TOF MS can contribute to quick and effective speciation of Prototheca from mastitis cases. Department of Animal Nutrition and Production School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science University of São Paulo-USP Department of Medical Microbiology Institute of Microbiology Faculty of Biology University of Warsaw Department of Animal Production and Preventive Veterinary Medicine School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences São Paulo State University-UNESP Department of Animal Production and Preventive Veterinary Medicine School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences São Paulo State University-UNESP

Caseous lymphadenitis is a well-known disease caused by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis affecting small ruminants with small significance to human health because of its minor zoonotic potential. In both cases, few treatment options are available and conventional antimicrobial therapy is commonly refractory due to development of pyogranulomatous reactions, bringing great interest in discovering novel therapeutics for more suitable approaches. Dideoxynucleotides presented antibacterial action against various bacteria but were never described for C. pseudotuberculosis. Hypothesizing the antimicrobial action of 2',3'-dideoxiadenosine (ddATP) against C. pseudotuberculosis, we performed for the first time an investigation of its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) in the ATCC® 19,410 strain and a well-characterized clinical isolate of C. pseudotuberculosis. We also assessed potential synergism with penicillin. ddATP showed a growth delay effect for C. pseudotuberculosis at 2 µmol/mL and a MIC and MBC of 4 µmol/mL against the ATCC® 19,410 strain, but not for the clinical strain. An antimicrobial effect was observed when using concentrations lower than the MIC of ddATP associated with penicillin for both strains tested. Our data suggest the potential of nucleotide analogs, especially adenosine, and its combination with penicillin, as a possible novel treatment for C. pseudotuberculosis-induced infections, and contributes with knowledge regarding alternative drugs to treat C. pseudotuberculosis infections.

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-12T02:13:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-10-01 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Difference in blood and peritoneal glucose (DBPG) is used in clinical practice to support a diagnosis of septic peritonitis in horses. It is inexpensive, easy and rapid to perform. The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of the DBPG to differentiate between septic and non-septic peritonitis in horses. Blood and peritoneal fluids were harvested from suspected animals. Plasma and peritoneal glucose levels, total nucleated cell count, direct microscopic and microbiological examinations of the peritoneal fluid were evaluated. Using DBPG levels, the animals were classified into two groups: difference ≥ 50 mg/dL (positive test) and difference < 50 mg/dL (negative test). Positive microbiological examination and/or presence of bacteria in direct microscopic examination was used as a gold standard to detect septic peritonitis. The accuracy parameters analysed were: sensitivity, specificity, and positive/negative predictive values, for which the results were respectively: 0.23, 0.91, 0.60 and 0.67. Due to poor accuracy, other cut-off margins and peritoneal glucose concentrations were evaluated. The test was considered most accurate when the DBPG was zero with sensitivity, specificity, and positive/negative predictive values of 0.85, 0.82, 0.73, 0.90 respectively. Peritoneal glucose concentrations alone were not a reliable feature to detect peritonitis. DBPG ≥50 mg/dL, widely used for the diagnosis of septic peritonitis, does not have a good accuracy and the DBPG = 0 has a better accuracy for detecting the disease. Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science Univ. Estadual Paulista (Unesp) Department of Animal Production and Preventive Veterinary Medicine School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science Univ. Estadual Paulista (Unesp) Department of Internal Medicine Botucatu Medical School Univ. Estadual Paulista (Unesp) Department of Veterinary Clinics School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science Univ. Estadual Paulista (Unesp) Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science Univ. Estadual Paulista (Unesp) Department of Animal Production and Preventive Veterinary Medicine School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science Univ. Estadual Paulista (Unesp) Department of Internal Medicine Botucatu Medical School Univ. Estadual Paulista (Unesp) Department of Veterinary Clinics School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science Univ. Estadual Paulista (Unesp) FAPESP: 2016/08712-8 e 2018/ 16013-8

Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-28T19:44:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2022-03-01 Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease with a global impact. Brucellasuis is one of the most pathogenic species to humans, requiring different measures for the control and/or eradication of the disease. The serological investigation for brucellosis was performed in pigs, horses, dogs, and cattle on a farm with a history of abortion in sows and necropsy of a boar with severe necrosuppurative orchitis. One sow, two cows, and two dogs reveled positive to Rose Bengal Test (RBT), although only the sow had a confirmatory outcome in 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME). The 2-ME-positive sow was euthanized and microbiological culture of lymph nodes and liver followed by biochemical characterization allowed phenotypic characterization of Brucellasuis biotype 1. PCR multiplex Bruce-ladder and Suis-ladder enabled molecular confirmation, respectively, of Brucellasuis and biotype 1. The transmission aspects of B.suis to pigs and other domestic species, the combination of diagnostic procedures to diagnosis, as well as human health concerns of brucellosis are discussed. Department of Animal Production and Preventive Veterinary Medicine Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics State University of Sao Paulo, SP Department of Veterinary Clinical Science Federal University of Jataí, GO

Made available in DSpace on 2022-05-01T12:09:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2022-03-01 Klebsiella species, particularly K. pneumoniae, are well-known opportunistic enterobacteria related to complexity of clinical infections in humans and animals, commonly refractory to conventional therapy. The domestic animals may represent a source of the pathogenic and multidrug-resistant Klebsiella species to humans. Nevertheless, most studies involving Klebsiella-induced infections in domestic animals are restricted to case reports or outbreaks. We retrospectively investigated selected epidemiological data, clinical aspects, and in vitro susceptibility pattern of 697 non-repetitive Klebsiella infections in livestock and companion species (1997–2019). The isolates were obtained from different clinical disorders from dogs (n = 393), cattle (n = 149), horses (n = 98), cats (n = 27), pigs (n = 22), sheep (n = 5), goats (n = 2), and buffalo (n = 1), except four isolates from subclinical bovine mastitis. Urinary (223/697 = 32%), enteric (117/697 = 16.8%), mammary (85/697 = 12.2%), reproductive (85/697 = 12.2%), and respiratory disorders (67/697 = 9.6%) were the most common clinical manifestations. Other miscellaneous clinical pictures (116/697 = 16.6%) included abscesses, otitis, hepatitis, conjunctivitis, pyodermitis, sepsis, and encephalitis. Norfloxacin (183/245 = 74.7%) and gentamicin (226/330 = 68.5%) were the most effective antimicrobials. High in vitro resistance of the isolates was seen to ampicillin (326/355 = 91.8%), amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (25/62 = 40.3%), and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (100/252 = 39.7), and multidrug resistance to ≥ 3 classes of antimicrobials was found in 20.4% (142/697) isolates. Wide variety of clinical manifestations of Klebsiella-induced infections was observed, with a predominance of urinary, enteric, mammary, reproductive, and respiratory tract disorders, reinforcing opportunistic behavior of agent. Poor in vitro efficacy was observed to some conventional antimicrobials and ~ 20% of isolates exhibited resistance pattern, reinforcing the need for proper use of drugs on therapy approaches in domestic animals to avoid multidrug-resistant bacteria, an emergent global concern. Department of Animal Production and Preventive Veterinary Medicine Sao Paulo State University-UNESP, SP School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science São Paulo State University-UNESP, SP Department of Veterinary Medicine Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences Antonio Nariño University Technology Faculty FATEC, SP Department of Animal Production and Preventive Veterinary Medicine Sao Paulo State University-UNESP, SP School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science São Paulo State University-UNESP, SP

Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-29T08:36:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2022-03-01 Tuberculosis remains one of the most important infectious diseases with well-known zoonotic nature that affect humans, wildlife, and domestic animals, including goats. Nonetheless, no intradermal tuberculin test has been standardized for caprine diagnosis of tuberculosis. The present study investigated the intradermal comparative cervical tuberculin test (ICCTT) in the diagnosis of tuberculosis among 60 goats from farms with history of tuberculosis. The cutoff applied to goats was based on a study where goats had been experimentally infected with Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium avium. Clinical examination, bacteriological culture, and histopathological staining were assessed to the diagnosis. Isolates compatible with mycobacteria were subjected for molecular diagnosis based on gyrB-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis and PCR restriction-enzyme analysis (PRA) of hsp65 gene by BstEII and HaeIII, namely PRA-hsp65 assay. From all goats, 60% (n = 36/60), 3.3% (n = 2/60), and 36.7% (n = 22/60) showed positive, inconclusive, and negative reactions, respectively. Out of 36 goats with ICCTT positive, 75% (n = 27/36) had isolation of mycobacteria and were detected M. bovis by gyrB-RFLP. Molecular diagnosis and histopathological findings compatible with tuberculosis showed 86.1% (n = 31/36) concordance with the ICCTT. When compared ICCTT with M. bovis isolation, gyrB-RFLP, and histopathology, the better arithmetic means of sensitivity and specificity were 2.5 mm for ICCTT compared with M. bovis isolation and gyrB-RFLP, and 4.55 mm when compared with histopathology. Both receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves presented statistical significance (P < 0.001). The identification of other mycobacteria, e.g., M. kansasii, M. flavescens, M. avium, M. florentinum, M. lentiflavum, M. simiae, and Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, not influenced positive results in ICCTT. The concordance between bacteriological, histopathological, and molecular identification with ICCTT findings indicate that the tuberculin test may be used as a valuable tool for diagnosis of caprine tuberculosis and reinforce the importance of association of methods to diagnostic of the disease from animal origin. Coordination of Sustainable Rural Development Secretariat of Agriculture and Supply of State of São Paulo, SP Animal Pathology Department School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences University of São Paulo-USP, SP Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science USP, SP Biological Institute of São Paulo Secretariat of Agriculture and Supply of State of São Paulo, SP Tuberculosis and Mycobacteriosies Laboratory Adolfo Lutz Institute, SP Departament of Clinics USP, SP Veterinary Medicine Academic Unit Federal University of Campina Grande UFCG, PB Department of Animal Production and Preventive Veterinary Medicine School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences São Paulo State University-UNESP, SP Department of Animal Production and Preventive Veterinary Medicine School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences São Paulo State University-UNESP, SP

Made available in DSpace on 2022-05-01T07:58:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-11-01 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG) Bloody diarrhea is a common condition in dogs, but studies evaluating the enteropathogens involved specifically in adult dogs are scarce. In the present study, stool samples from 45 adult dogs with bloody diarrhea were evaluated for the four enteric organisms mainly reported in these cases: canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2), Clostridioides difficile, Clostridium perfringens, and Salmonella spp. In addition, the samples were also tested for coronavirus, rotavirus, Giardia spp., and Escherichia coli pathotypes to provide a better understanding of possible co-occurrence. Vaccination status, diet, and clinical outcome were also obtained when available. CPV-2b was identified in 17 dogs (37.8%), being the most frequent cause of bloody diarrhea, including completely vaccinated adult dogs. Toxigenic C. difficile and C. perfringens netF+ were detected in 6 (13.3%) and 5 (11.1%) dogs, in some cases in a co-occurrence with other enteric organisms. Three fatal cases of salmonellosis were identified in dogs fed a raw meat-based diet, raising the risks associated with this increasing practice. Veterinary School. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG) UNESP-São Paulo State University - Department of Animal Production and Preventive Veterinary Medicine Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) Clínica Veterinária MedVet Clínica Veterinária VetMaster UNESP-São Paulo State University - Department of Animal Production and Preventive Veterinary Medicine CAPES: CAPES – Prêmio CAPES 2015 - 0774/2017 CNPq: CNPq - 406402/2018-3 FAPEMIG: FAPEMIG - APQ-00524-17

Os enteropatógenos podem ser considerados um dos principais grupos de micro-organismos patogênicos para humanos e animais. Podem estabelecer infecção nos suscetíveis devido a contaminação de água, alimentos ou pelo contato estreito com animais, incluindo as aves silvestres ou com o ambiente de criação. O acesso das aves da fauna silvestre ao ambiente próximo aos domicílios favorece a contaminação peridomiciliar pelas fezes dos passeriformes e psitaciformes. Locais como parques e praças podem se tornar propícios para veiculação destes patógenos devido a deficiente higienização e livre acesso destas aves silvestres. Neste artigo foram revisados alguns enteropatógenos de origem bacteriana e viral que podem ser considerados de alto risco para infecção humana levando-se em consideração a relevância das aves silvestres neste contexto.

Nocardia asiatica causing pyogranulomatous pleuropneumonia is reported for the first time in a dog coinfected with canine morbillivirus (CM), diagnosed based on epidemiological, clinical, haematological, images, microbiological, histopathological, polymerase chain reaction and hsp65 gene sequencing findings. The immunosuppression of CM probably favoured the opportunistic behaviour of N. asiatica. Despite the therapeutic measures, the animal died, mainly due to respiratory distress. The association of methods to improve early diagnosis, therapy procedures and prognosis of canine nocardiosis is discussed, as well as the close relationship between pets and their owners, which may favour the transmission of pathogens such as Nocardia from pets‐to‐humans, which poses an emerging public health issue., Nocardia asiatica causing pyogranulomatous pleuropneumonia were report for the first time in a dog coinfected with canine morbillivirus.

Made available in DSpace on 2021-07-14T10:41:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-07-05. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2021-07-14T11:36:01Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 S0036-46652021000100229.pdf: 260525 bytes, checksum: a7ea64bc800778898170240f8f1fbe4b (MD5) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Many infants are nurtured with milk supplied by human banks, whose bacteriological and physical-chemical profiles are a major issue. We investigated the bacteriological and physical-chemical characteristics, as well as genotypic and phenotypic and profiles of Staphylococcus species isolated from 240 samples of breast milk from a bank in a teaching hospital. Dornic acidity of milk revealed that 95.4% (229/240) had acceptable limits (< 8.0 oD). Caloric intake showed a wide variation in cream content (4%), fat (4%) and energy values (559.81 Kcal/L). Staphylococcus (105/186 or 56.5%) and Enterobacter (25/186 or 13.4%) were the most prevalent genera, although other microorganisms were identified, including Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (125/157 or 79.6%), vancomycin (115/157 or 73.2%), and cephalexin (112/157 or 71.3%) were the most effective antimicrobials. High resistance rates of isolates were found to penicillin G (141/157 or 89.8%), ampicillin (135/157 or 86%), and oxacillin (118/157 or 75.2%). Multidrug resistance to ≥ 3 antimicrobials occurred in 66.2% (123/186) of the isolates. Residues of microbial multiplication inhibitory substances were found in 85% (204/240) of samples. Among the coagulase-positive-CPS and negative-CoNS staphylococci, the mecA gene was detected in 53.3% (8/15) and 75% (30/40), respectively. Genes sea, seb and sec were detected in 20% (3/15) of CPS, while tsst-1 was detected in 13.34% (2/15). In addition, 13.3% (2/15) of S. aureus were toxin-producers. Genes sea, seb and sec were detected in 90% (36/40), 5% (2/40) and 15% (6/40) CoNS, respectively. Enterotoxin production was identified in 5% (2/40) of CoNS. The identification of multidrug-resistant bacteria, staphylococci species toxin-producers harboring methicillin-resistance genes, and residues of microbial multiplication inhibitory substances reinforce the need for a continuous vigilance of milk quality offered to infant consumption by human banks. Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia Universidade Estadual Paulista, Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Medicina Universidade de Feira de Santana, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia Universidade Estadual Paulista, Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Medicina FAPESP: 2010/50823-5 FAPESP: 2008/53499-4 CNPq: PQ-1D

Context. Confusing code is any code element in which developers have considerable difficulty reaching its comprehension. These difficulties may result from a plethora of characteristics of the source code and external issues. In this way, there is still a lack of knowledge on the core issues of confusing code. This knowledge is important for optimizing efforts in promoting program comprehension. Goal. In this paper, we investigate the social representations of confusing code among two distinct communities of software developers from industry. Method. We conducted free association tasks with the developers to characterize what is in their minds about confusing code. Then, we compiled and classified the associations composing the social representations of confusing code by each community. Finally, we compared the social representations from both communities. Results. We found that developers of both communities strongly associate confusing code with a common set of undesirable characteristics of the source code, such as different types of code smells and the badly naming of code elements. Besides, we found that the incidence of confusing code is a potential source of discouragement and conflict. In this way, we discuss alternatives for development teams overcoming these issues. Conclusion. The findings of our study reveal an initial set of core issues of confusing code. These issues can drive future investigations on technologies for promoting code comprehension.

Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T10:44:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-01-01 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Intraperitoneal ceftriaxone administration in healthy horses results in high and prolonged peritoneal concentrations. Recent findings suggest that intraperitoneal ceftriaxone might increase survival rates in horses affected by peritonitis. The present study aimed to evaluate plasma and peritoneal concentrations of ceftriaxone after intraperitoneal administration in horses with septic peritonitis. Twenty-six horses presenting clinical, laboratorial, and sonographic findings compatible with the disease were included. All horses received daily intraperitoneal ceftriaxone (25 mg/kg bwt) in addition or not with other antibiotics and support therapies. High-performance liquid chromatography was used to determine plasma and peritoneal ceftriaxone concentrations before and after 12 and 24 hours of ceftriaxone administration. Mean plasma concentrations 12 and 24 hours after administration were, respectively, 1.84 ± 0.43 and 0.37 ± 0.07 μg/mL, and mean peritoneal concentrations were 5.7 ± 2.84 and 0.42 ± 0.13 μg/mL. Ceftriaxone concentration was lower in comparison with previous studies in healthy horses and presented under the minimal inhibitory concentration for enterobacteria (≤1 μg/mL) and for gram-positive isolates (≤0.5 μg/mL) at 24 hours. The variation of the results obtained between healthy horses and with septic peritonitis demonstrated that pharmacokinetics/dynamics are different between these patients and suggests the use of an interval of dose of 12 hours. Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science Univ. Estadual Paulista (Unesp) Department of Natural Active Principles and Toxicology School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Univ. Estadual Paulista (Unesp) Department of Animal Production and Preventive Veterinary Medicine School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science Univ. Estadual Paulista (Unesp) Department of Veterinary Clinics School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science Univ. Estadual Paulista (Unesp) Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science Univ. Estadual Paulista (Unesp) Department of Natural Active Principles and Toxicology School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Univ. Estadual Paulista (Unesp) Department of Animal Production and Preventive Veterinary Medicine School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science Univ. Estadual Paulista (Unesp) Department of Veterinary Clinics School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science Univ. Estadual Paulista (Unesp) FAPESP: # 2016/08713-8

Etiology, multiple antibiotic resistance index, and acute-phase protein profile in the serum and synovial fluid of 44 horses presenting septic arthritis were investigated. Young animals up to 24 months of age not yet submitted to taming were sampled. Synovial samples from the horses were submitted to culture and bacterial isolates subjected to 18 antimicrobials to investigate the in vitro multidrug resistance pattern. Also, hematological aspects, fibrinogen, and serum levels of some acute-phase proteins (total protein, albumin, globulin, amyloid A, and C-reactive protein) were assessed. To statistical analysis, microbiological isolation were divided into four groups: G1 = animals with negative isolation, G2 = isolation of Gram-negative bacteria, G3 = isolation of Gram-positive bacteria), and G4 = isolation of fungi. Microbial isolation was obtained from 77.2% (32/44) of the synovial samples. Escherichia coli (7/44 = 15.9%), Staphylococcus aureus (5/44 = 11.4%), Streptococcus equi subsp. equi (3/44 = 6.8%), Aspergillus niger (3/44 = 6.8%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2/44 = 4.5%), Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus (1/44 = 2.3%), Trueperella pyogenes (1/44 = 2.3%), and Rhodococcus equi (1/44 = 2.3%) were prevalent bacterial agents. Aspergillus niger is reported by the first time as a primary agent of septic arthritis in horses. Gentamicin (84.9%), marbofloxacin (79.3%) and ceftriaxone (72.4%) were the most effective antimicrobials, whereas high resistance of the isolates (>50%) was found to erythromycin (75.9%), clarithromycin (75.9%), penicillin (69%), clindamycin (58.6%), and streptomycin (55.2%). Multiple antibiotic resistance index (≥ 0.3) was identified in 50% (16/32) of the isolates, with highest resistance in Gram-negative bacterial isolates. Serum levels of amyloid A, C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, globulin, and total protein, as well as the number of nucleated cells in the synovial fluid had values above the reference for horses, reinforcing acute-phase proteins as biomarkers in diagnosis of septic arthritis. We highlighted the diversity of microorganisms that may be involved in equine septic arthritis, the high resistance of bacterial isolates to conventional antimicrobials, the high lethality of young horses with septic arthritis, and importance of in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility pattern tests to therapeutic approaches in the disease. RESUMO: Foram investigados a etiologia, o índice de resistência múltipla aos antibióticos e o perfil de proteínas de fase aguda, no soro ou líquido sinovial, de 44 equinos com sinais clínicos compatíveis com artrite séptica. Foram amostrados animais até 24 meses de idade não submetidos a doma. As amostras de líquido sinovial dos 44 animais foram submetidas à cultura bacteriológica e fúngica, e os isolados bacterianos submetidos in vitro diante de 18 antimicrobianos visando investigar a multirresistência. Também foram avaliados os aspectos hematológicos e o fibrinogênio sérico, bem como os níveis séricos de certas proteínas de fase aguda (proteína total, albumina, globulina, amilóide sérico A e proteína C reativa). O isolamento microbiano das amostras foi dividido em quatro grupos: G1 = animais com isolamento negativo; G2 = isolamento de bactérias Gram-negativas; G3 = isolamento de bactérias Gram-positivas e G4 = isolamento fúngico. O isolamento microbiano foi obtido em 77,2% (32/44) das amostras de líquido sinovial. Escherichia coli (7/44 = 15,9%), Staphylococcus aureus (5/44 = 11,4%), Streptococcus equi subsp. equi (3/44 = 6,8%), Aspergillus niger (3/44 = 6,8%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2/44 = 4,5%), Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus (1/44 = 2,3%), Trueperella pyogenes (1/44=2,3%) e Rhodococcus equi (1/44 = 2,3%) foram os patógenos mais frequentes. Aspergillus niger é relatado pela primeira vez como agente primário de artrite séptica em cavalos. Gentamicina (84,9%), marbofloxacino (79,3%) e ceftriaxona (72,4%) foram os antimicrobianos mais eficazes, enquanto elevada resistência dos isolados (>50%) foi encontrada para eritromicina (75,9%), claritromicina (75,9%), penicilina (69%), clindamicina (58,6%) e estreptomicina (55,2%). O índice de resistência múltipla aos antibióticos (≥ 0,3) foi identificado em 50% (16/32) dos isolados, com maior resistência obervada em bactérias Gram-negativas. Os níveis séricos de amilóide A, proteína C reativa, fibrinogênio, globulina e concentração total de proteínas, bem como o número de células nucleadas no líquido sinovial apresentaram valores acima da referência para equinos saudáveis, reforçando o uso destas proteínas de fase aguda como biomarcadores no diagnóstico da doença. O presente estudo enfatiza a diversidade de microrganismos que podem estar envolvidos na artrite séptica equina, a alta resistência dos isolados aos antimicrobianos convencionais, a alta mortalidade de equinos jovens com artrite séptica e a importância de realizar o tratamento da afecção com respaldo em testes de sensibilidade microbiana in vitro.

Developers often use the C preprocessor to handle variability and portability. However, many researchers and practitioners criticize the use of preprocessor directives because of their negative effect on code understanding, maintainability, and error proneness. This negative effect may lead to configuration-related code weaknesses, which appear only when we enable or disable certain configuration options. A weakness is a type of mistake in software that, in proper conditions, could contribute to the introduction of vulnerabilities within that software. Configuration-related code weaknesses may be harder to detect and fix than weaknesses that appear in all configurations, because variability increases complexity. To address this problem, we propose a sampling-based white-box technique to detect configuration-related weaknesses in configurable systems. To evaluate our technique, we performed an empirical study with 24 popular highly configurable systems that make heavy use of the C preprocessor, such as Apache Httpd and Libssh. Using our technique, we detected 57 configuration-related weaknesses in 16 systems. In total, we found occurrences of the following five kinds of weaknesses: 30 memory leaks, 10 uninitialized variables, 9 null pointer dereferences, 6 resource leaks, and 2 buffer overflows. The corpus of these weaknesses is a valuable source to better support further research on configuration-related code weaknesses.

Code smells typically indicate poor design implementation and choices that may degrade software quality. Hence, they need to be carefully detected to avoid such poor design. In this context, some studies try to understand the impact of code smells on the software quality, while others propose rules or machine learning-based techniques to detect code smells. However, none of those studies or techniques focus on analyzing code snippets that are really harmful to software quality. This paper presents a study to understand and classify code harmfulness. We analyze harmfulness in terms of CLEAN, SMELLY, BUGGY, and HARMFUL code. By HARMFUL CODE, we define a SMELLY code element having one or more bugs reported. These bugs may have been fixed or not. Thus, the incidence of HARMFUL CODE may represent a increased risk of introducing new defects and/or design problems during its fixing. We perform our study with 22 smell types, 803 versions of 13 open-source projects, 40,340 bugs and 132,219 code smells. The results show that even though we have a high number of code smells, only 0.07% of those smells are harmful. The Abstract Function Call From Constructor is the smell type more related to HARMFUL CODE. To cross-validate our results, we also perform a survey with 60 developers. Most of them (98%) consider code smells harmful to the software, and 85% of those developers believe that code smells detection tools are important. But, those developers are not concerned about selecting tools that are able to detect HARMFUL CODE. We also evaluate machine learning techniques to classify code harmfulness: they reach the effectiveness of at least 97% to classify HARMFUL CODE. While the Random Forest is effective in classifying both SMELLY and HARMFUL CODE, the Gaussian Naive Bayes is the less effective technique. Our results also suggest that both software and developers' metrics are important to classify HARMFUL CODE.

Program refactoring consists of code changes applied to improve the internal structure of a program and, as a consequence, its comprehensibility. Recent studies indicate that developers often perform composite refactorings, i.e., a set of two or more interrelated single refactorings. Recent studies also recommend certain patterns of composite refactorings to fully remove poor code structures, i.e, code smells, thus further improving the program comprehension. However, other recent studies report that composite refactorings often fail to fully remove code smells. Given their failure to achieve this purpose, these composite refactorings are considered incomplete, i.e, they are not able to entirely remove a smelly structure. Unfortunately, there is no study providing an in-depth analysis of the incompleteness nature of many composites and their possibly partial impact on improving, maybe decreasing, internal quality attributes. This paper identifies the most common forms of incomplete composites, and their effect on quality attributes, such as coupling and cohesion, which are known to have an impact on program comprehension. We analyzed 353 incomplete composite refactorings in 5 software projects, two common code smells (Feature Envy and God Class), and four internal quality attributes. Our results reveal that incomplete composite refactorings with at least one Extract Method are often (71%) applied without Move Methods on smelly classes. We have also found that most incomplete composite refactorings (58%) tended to at least maintain the internal structural quality of smelly classes, thereby not causing more harm to program comprehension. We also discuss the implications of our findings to the research and practice of composite refactoring.

The expensive maintenance of legacy systems lead companies to migrate such systems to a microservice architecture. This migration requires the identification of microservice candidates, which requires analysis of many criteria. Existing search-based approaches to solve this problem are only based on the coupling and cohesion criteria. To overcome these limitations, we propose a many-objective search-based approach for identifying microservice candidates. Its five objectives correspond to criteria pointed as useful by experienced developers. Our approach was evaluated in the context of a legacy system. The results show that our approach is very similar on optimizing the traditional criteria of coupling and cohesion, but much better when taking into account the additional criteria.

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-10T19:53:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-04-01 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Escherichia coli is a major pathogen involved in the etiology of environmentally derived bovine mastitis and is characterized by a variety of virulence factors (VF). Mammary infections with E. coli have shown a wide range of clinical signs, causing changes in milk (score 1, or mild), abnormal appearance of milk and udder inflammation (score 2, or moderate), and abnormalities in milk, udder inflammation, and systemic signs of illness (score 3, or severe). Nevertheless, to date, the profile of the genes related to the virulence of the pathogen in mammary infections arid the severity scores of cases have not been thoroughly elucidated. Therefore, a panel of 18 virulence-encoding genes associated with extra-enteric pathogenicity of E. coli (ExPEC) were investigated in addition to in vitro swimming and swarming motility profiles and antimicrobial susceptibility/resistance patterns among 114 E. coli strains isolated from cows with clinical mastitis and different severity scores. Of 114 clinical cases, 39.5, 54.4, and 6.1% were mild, moderate, and severe, respectively. The main genes related to VF harbored by isolates were adhesins (fimH 100%; ecpA 64.0%, firnA 31.6%), serum resistance (traT 81.6%; ompT 35.1%), siderophores (irp2 9.6%), and hemolysin (hlyA 7%). Among the isolates studied, 99.1% showed in vitro resistance to bacitracin and cloxacillin, and 98.2% to lincosamin. Of the total isolates, 98.2% were considered multidrug resistant based on the multiple antimicrobial resistance index. No significant difference was observed between mean swimming (13.8 mm) and swarming (13.5 mm) motility, as well as severity scores of clinical mastitis and the ExPEC genes studied. The isolation of strains resistant to various antimicrobials, even though tested only in vitro, highlights the importance of rational use of antimicrobials for mastitis treatment. The high prevalence of the genes related to serum resistance (traT and ompT) and adhesion (ecpA) of the pathogen, in addition to main associations between the genes fimH, ecpA, and traT among cows with severity scores of 1 (15%) arid 2 (22.6%), indicates that the genes traT, ecpA, and ompT could be further studied as biomarkers of ExPEC for clinical intramammary infections. In addition, the ExPEC genes ompT (protectin), ibe10 (invasiri), arid ecpA (adhesin) were investigated for the first time among cows with mastitis, where scores of clinical severity were assessed. Results of this study contribute to the characterization of virulence mechanisms and antimicrobial resistance profile of ExPEC variants that affect dairy cows with different scores of clinical mastitis. Sao Paulo State Univ, Sch Vet Med & Anim Sci, Dept Vet Hyg & Publ Hlth, BR-18618681 Botucatu, SP, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, BR-18618689 Botucatu, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Campinas, Dept Genet Evolut Microbiol & Immunol, BR-13083970 Campinas, SP, Brazil Paulista Agcy Agribusiness Technol, BR-17030000 Bauru, SP, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ, Sch Vet Med & Anim Sci, Dept Vet Hyg & Publ Hlth, BR-18618681 Botucatu, SP, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, BR-18618689 Botucatu, SP, Brazil FAPESP: 2015/19688-8 FAPESP: 2017/08102-8

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-12T02:36:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-04-01 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG) Pró-Reitoria de Pesquisa, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais The occurrence and characteristics of Clostridioides (previously Clostridium) difficile and Clostridium perfringens in the feces of diarrheic and non-diarrheic cats was investigated. Apparently healthy animals were more likely to be positive for C. perfringens type A (p = 0.009). Two isolates (0.7%), one each from a diarrheic and an apparently healthy cat, were positive for the enterotoxin-encoding gene but negative for the NetF-encoding gene. Six toxigenic C. difficile isolates were isolated, all RT106 and ST42, which is commonly reported in humans with C. difficile infection. Veterinary School Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627 UNESP-São Paulo State University - Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Public Health UNESP-São Paulo State University - Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Public Health

Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T10:33:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-08-22 Background Intraperitoneal administration of ceftriaxone maintains therapeutic abdominal concentrations for 24 hours in healthy horses. Therefore, it is a possible treatment for septic peritonitis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of ceftriaxone as an adjuvant treatment in horses with septic peritonitis. Methods Twenty-six horses with clinical signs, sonography and/or laboratory findings of septic peritonitis were included. Peritoneal fluid was collected for microbiological culture and in vitro microbial sensitivity profile assessment. Daily intraperitoneal administration of ceftriaxone (25 mg/kg) was initiated with supportive and systemic antimicrobial treatment. The animals were divided into three groups: group 1 - gastrointestinal tract injuries and abdominal surgery (excluding perforations/ruptures); group 2 - not related to changes in the gastrointestinal tract; group 3 - secondary to intestinal rupture and/or faeces contamination. Results The mean success rate of the treatment was 77 per cent (20/26 animals), with success rates of 84.6 per cent in group 1; 87.5 per cent, group 2; and 40 per cent, group 3. Conclusions This is the first study to report adjuvant intraperitoneal treatment ceftriaxone for septic peritonitis in horses and indicates that this treatment can successfully treat septic peritonitis in horses. Department of Veterinary Surgery and Anaesthesiology Univ Estadual Paulista (UNESP) School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (FMVZ) Department of Veterinary Clinics Univ Estadual Paulista (UNESP) School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (FMVZ) Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Public Health Univ Estadual Paulista (UNESP) School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (FMVZ) Department of Veterinary Surgery and Anaesthesiology Univ Estadual Paulista (UNESP) School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (FMVZ) Department of Veterinary Clinics Univ Estadual Paulista (UNESP) School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (FMVZ) Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Public Health Univ Estadual Paulista (UNESP) School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (FMVZ)

Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T10:44:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-03-01 Caseous lymphadenitis (CL) in sheep is a chronic contagious disease caused by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, commonly characterized by abscess formation in peripheral lymph nodes and disseminated infections. Nonetheless, other microorganisms, including with zoonotic relevance, can be isolated from CL-resembling lymph nodes. Currently, mycobacteria have been reported in visceral granulomatous lesions in small ruminants, a fact that poses a public health issue, particularly in slaughtered sheep intended for human consumption. Cytology using fine needle aspiration and microbiological culturing are suitable tests for routine diagnostic, whereas present drawbacks and molecular methods have been confirmatory. Data about the occurrence of mycobacteria in both lymph nodes with aspect of CL and apparently healthy visceral nodes of sheep slaughtered for human consumption are scarce. In this study, 197 visceral lymph nodes of sheep showed lymphadenitis and 202 healthy visceral lymph nodes of slaughtered sheep intended for human consumption were submitted to conventional bacteriological diagnosis, mycobacteria culturing, and cytological evaluation. Compatible Corynebacterium isolates were subjected to multiplex PCR targeting 16S rRNA, rpoB, and pld genes to detect C. pseudotuberculosis. Based on microbiological identification, C. pseudotuberculosis (86/197; 43.7%), streptococci γ-hemolytic (17/197; 8.6%), and Trueperella pyogenes (12/197; 6.1%) were prevalent in lymph nodes with abscesses, as opposed to staphylococci (53/202; 26.2%) in apparently healthy lymph nodes. No mycobacteria were isolated. Cytology identified 49.2% (97/197) Gram-positive pleomorphic organisms (coryneform aspect). Multiplex PCR confirmed genetic material of C. pseudotuberculosis in 74.4% (64/86) of the samples with C. pseudotuberculosis isolation and 66% (64/97) samples with cytological coryneform aspect (κ = 86.78%; 95% CI = 79.87–93.68%). These findings emphasize the prevalence of C. pseudotuberculosis in abscess formation among peripheral lymph nodes of sheep. Other bacteria were also identified in lymph nodes sampled that resembling C. pseudotuberculosis–induced infections that may difficult the diagnosis. Multiplex PCR revealed a valuable assay to detect C. pseudotuberculosis, in addition to routine methods applied to CL-diagnosis. No mycobacteria were identified in lymph nodes sampled, with and without apparent lesions. Nonetheless, due to public health impacts, this pathogen should be considered as a differential diagnosis of C. pseudotuberculosis–induced infections during inspection procedures of slaughtered sheep intended for human consumption. Department of Animal Production and Preventive Veterinary Medicine School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science São Paulo State University (UNESP) Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Genetics Institute of Biologic Sciences Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG) School of Agrarian Sciences University of Western São Paulo (UNOESTE) Technology Faculty FATEC Zoonosis and Public Health Research Group Department of Biologial Sciences Feira de Santana State University (UEFS) Department of Animal Production and Preventive Veterinary Medicine School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science São Paulo State University (UNESP)

Made available in DSpace on 2022-05-01T09:00:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-11-01 Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Rhodococcus equi is a well-known intracellular facultative bacterium that is opportunistic in nature, and a contagious disease-causing agent of pyogranulomatous infections in humans and multihost animals. Feline rhodococcosis is an uncommon or unnoticed clinical condition, in which the organism is usually refractory to conventional antimicrobial therapy. The pathogenicity of the agent is intimately associated with plasmid-governed infectivity, which is attributed to the presence of plasmid-encoded virulence-associated proteins (Vap). Three host-adapted virulence plasmid types (VAPs) have been distinguished to date: pVAPA, pVAPB, and pVAPN, whose infections are related to equine, pig, and bovine or caprine origin, respectively, while humans are infected by all three VAP types. Most virulence studies with R. equi plasmid types in animals involve livestock species. Conversely, data on the pathogenicity and human relevance of the virulence plasmid profile of R. equi isolated from cats remains unclear. This report describes a case of cellulitis-related R. equi that harbors the pVAPA-type in a cat with cutaneous lesion. Long-term therapy of the cat using marbofloxacin, a broad-spectrum third-generation fluoroquinolone, resulted effectiveness. pVAPA is a host-adapted virulent type that has been associated predominantly with pulmonary foal infections. Our cat had a history of contact with other cats, livestock (including horses), and farm environment that could have favored the transmission of the pathogen. Besides no clear evidence of cat-to-humans transmission of the pathogen, the identification of R. equi harboring pVAPA-type in a cat with cutaneous abscessed lesion represent relevance in human health because this virulent type has been described in people worldwide with clinical rhodococcal disorders. Veterinary Clinic of Companion Animals Pet Center Cariri UNESP-São Paulo State University Department of Animal Production and Preventive Veterinary Medicine Animal Vetlab Graduate Program in Animal Science School of Life Sciences Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná – PUCPR Kitasato University Department of Animal Hygiene UNESP-São Paulo State University Department of Animal Production and Preventive Veterinary Medicine CNPq: 310345/2020-0

Rhodococcus equi is a well-recognized Gram-positive intracellular facultative bacterium that is opportunistic in nature, which causes pyogranulomatous infections in humans and multiple host animals. The pathogenicity of the microorganism has been attributed to the presence of plasmid-encoded virulence-associated proteins (Vap). To date, three host-associated virulence plasmid types of R. equi have been identified as follows: the circular pVAPA and pVAPB, related, respectively, to equine and porcine isolates, and a recently described linear pVAPN plasmid associated with bovine strains, although these three types are found in human isolates. Recent phylogenomic studies support the evidence that human R. equi infection is zoonotically acquired. Nevertheless, data regarding distribution and prevalence of the host-adapted virulence plasmid types of R. equi isolated from meat animals are scarce or unnoticed. Here, the three host-associated virulence plasmid types (pVAPA, pVAPB, and pVAPN) were investigated in 154 R. equi isolates recovered from lymph nodes of cattle with lymphadenitis (n = 31), faeces of cattle without enteric signs (n = 49), as well as different clinical specimens from human patients (n = 74). The analysis of virulence profile of 74 R. equi from humans revealed six (8.1%) isolates pVAPB (type 8), two (2.7%) pVAPN, and one (1.3%) pVAPB (type 11), all of which were from lung samples from people living with HIV/AIDS. From the lymph node samples of cattle, 41.9% (13 of 31) isolates revealed pVAPN type, whereas all isolates from faecal samples were negative for three host-associated types. Here, recently described bovine-associated pVAPN type was detected in R. equi isolates recovered from the lungs of people living with HIV/AIDS and lymph nodes from slaughtered cattle intended for human consumption; a finding that represents a public health concern, mainly in countries where undercooked or raw meat are traditionally consumed.

As espécies Tayassu tajacu e o Tayassu pecari conhecidos popularmente como cateto equeixada, respectivamente, ou também denominados porcos-do-mato, pertencem à famíliaTayassuidae. A criação em cativeiro destas espécies tem-se difundido em vários países nasúltimas décadas, em razão da demanda de carnes exóticas, principalmente em restaurantesespecializados. Devido ao crescente consumo deste tipo de carne, há a necessidade deimplantação de programas de manejo, reprodutivos e de saúde, visando à criação em cativeirode modo sustentável, economicamente viável e com níveis adequados de biosseguridade. Acriação em cativeiro dos catetos e queixadas pode gerar produtos de grande valor comercial erepresentam uma alternativa proteica ao consumo humano, bem como pode minimizar osefeitos da caça predatória, fragmentação de habitat, tráfico e extinção das espécies, quepoderiam resultar em desequilíbrios ecológicos. Os Tayassuídeos de vida livre ou de cativeirosão susceptíveis a maioria dos agentes infecciosos que acometem os suínos domésticos,incluindo micro-organismos de potencial zoonótico, apesar de certa variação geográfica naprevalência das doenças. O presente estudo revisou os principais aspectos da criação deTayassuídeos no Brasil, com ênfase as principais doenças de origem bacteriana, viral eparasitárias que acometem essas espécies.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-11T17:34:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2017-10-01 A strain of an achlorophyllic alga, named PR24T, was isolated from cow milk samples from the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Based on 18S rDNA, 28S rRNA, D1/D2 region of the LSU rDNA and SSU rRNA gene sequence similarities, this strain was found to be a member of the genus Prototheca and closely related to Prototheca blaschkeae SAG2064T. However, the novel strain could easily be distinguished from recognized Prototheca species by internal transcribed spacer, species-specific PCR, single-strand conformation polymorphism-PCR analysis and phenotypic characteristics. The inability to grow in Sabouraud broth at pH 4.0 and the different cellular fatty acid composition clearly distinguished PR24T from the reference strain of P. blaschkeae. The combination of genotypic and phenotypic data indicates that strain PR24T represents a subspecies of P. blaschkeae, for which the name Prototheca blaschkeae subsp. brasiliensis subsp. nov. is proposed. The respective type strain is PR24T (=DSM 103592T=IHEM 26958T). Institute of Sciences of Food Production Italian National Research Council (CNR ISPA), Via Celoria 2 Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology Italian National Research Council (CNR IBBA), Via Einstein Council for Agricultural Research and Economics – Research Centre for Animal Production and Aquaculture (CREA-ZA), Via Lombardo 11 Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Public Health Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Department of Veterinary Medicine Federal University of Lavras Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Via Einstein Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Public Health Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)